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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of SJW Group, its wholly owned subsidiaries, and two variable interest entities in which two SJW Group subsidiaries are the primary beneficiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. SJW Group’s principal subsidiary, San Jose Water Company, is a regulated California water utility providing water service to approximately one million people in the greater metropolitan San Jose area. San Jose Water Company’s accounting policies comply with the applicable uniform system of accounts prescribed by the California Public Utilities Commission (“CPUC”) and conform to generally accepted accounting principles for rate-regulated public utilities. Approximately 91% of San Jose Water Company’s revenues are derived from the sale of water to residential and business customers. SJWTX, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of SJW Group, is incorporated in the State of Texas and is doing business as Canyon Lake Water Service Company (“CLWSC”). CLWSC is a public utility in the business of providing water service to approximately 49,000 people. CLWSC’s service area comprises more than 246 square miles in the southern region of the Texas Hill Country in Blanco, Comal, Hays and Travis counties, the growing region between San Antonio and Austin, Texas. SJWTX, Inc. has a 25% interest in Acequia Water Supply Corporation. Acequia has been determined to be a variable interest entity within the scope of ASC Topic 810 with SJWTX, Inc. as the primary beneficiary. As a result, Acequia has been consolidated with SJWTX, Inc. SJW Land Company owns a commercial property, an undeveloped real estate property, and a warehouse property in the state of Tennessee. In September 1999, SJW Land Company contributed real property for a 70% limited partnership interest in 444 West Santa Clara Street, L.P. A commercial building was constructed on the partnership property and was leased to an unrelated international real estate firm under a long-term lease. 444 West Santa Clara Street, L.P. has been determined to be a variable interest entity within the scope of ASC Topic 810 with SJW Land Company as the primary beneficiary. As a result, 444 West Santa Clara Street L.P. has been consolidated with SJW Land Company. The consolidated financial statements of SJW Group at December 31, 2018 and 2017 include the operating results of 444 West Santa Clara Street, L.P. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Results of operations and balances of the non-controlling interest are not material to the consolidated financial statements (see Note 1, “Real Estate Investments”). Hydro Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of SJW Group, is a Connecticut corporation that was formed on March 9, 2018, for the sole purpose of effecting the proposed merger of SJW Group and Connecticut Water Service, Inc. (“CTWS”). See Note 12 for a discussion of the SJW Group and CTWS Merger Agreement. Texas Water Alliance Limited (“TWA”), formerly a wholly owned subsidiary of SJW Group, was undertaking activities that were necessary to develop a water supply project in Texas. On February 22, 2016, SJW Group entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement with the Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority (“GBRA”) pursuant to which SJW Group agreed to sell all of its equity interests in TWA to GBRA for $31,000 in cash. The sales transaction closed on November 16, 2017. As provided in the sale agreement, GBRA held back $3,000 (“Holdback Amount“) from the payment of the purchase price at the closing, which amount will be paid to SJW Group on June 30, 2021, subject to reduction under certain conditions. The transaction resulted in a pre-tax gain on sale of utility property of $12,501, excluding the Holdback Amount. Recently Adopted Accounting Principles In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new standard replaced most existing revenue recognition guidance in generally accepted accounting principles. The updated guidance also requires additional disclosures regarding the nature, timing and uncertainty of revenue transactions. SJW Group adopted the new revenue standard on January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective method, and determined that no adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings was necessary for contracts with remaining obligations as of the effective date. In addition, SJW Group applied the “right to invoice” practical expedient. The adoption of the new standard requires certain changes to the recognition of balancing and memorandum account revenue and related costs (See Note 1, “Balancing and Memorandum Accounts”). However, the changes did not have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations, financial position, or cash flows. Concurrently, the company implemented ASU 2017-10, “Identifying the Customer in a Service Concession Arrangement.” Upon adoption of ASU 2017-10, the service concession fee paid to the City of Cupertino was determined to be an up-front payment and accordingly will be amortized as a reduction to future revenue as opposed to amortized as an expense on SJW Group’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, “Financial Instruments - Overall” which changes the recognition of changes in fair value of financial liabilities when the fair value option is elected. In addition, the standard requires equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income instead of through other comprehensive income. The updated guidance affected the accounting for the company’s equity investment in California Water Service Group stock classified as an available-for-sale security. The new standard became effective for SJW Group beginning in the first quarter of the fiscal year ending December 31, 2018. Prior to adoption of ASU 2016-01, SJW Group recognized changes in fair value of its equity investment in California Water Service Group stock through other comprehensive income or loss on the statement of comprehensive income. Upon adoption on January 1, 2018, SJW Group began recording the change in fair value of its equity investment in other income and expense. In addition, the ASU stated that entities should apply the new standard by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. As such, SJW Group recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment of $2,203 to beginning retained earnings to eliminate the cumulative change in fair value of its equity investment, net of tax from accumulated other comprehensive income. Subsequent to the adoption of ASU 2016-01, SJW Group sold its investment in California Water Service Group stock. See below in Note 1, “Investment in California Water Service Group” for further discussion. In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, “Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory,” which modifies existing guidance and is intended to reduce diversity in practice with respect to accounting for the income tax consequences of intra-entity transfers of assets. The ASU requires that the current and deferred income tax consequences of intra-entity transfers of assets be immediately recognized. Prior guidance allowed the entities to defer the consolidated tax consequences of an intercompany transfer of an asset other than inventory to a future period and amortize those tax consequences over time. SJW Group adopted ASU 2016-16 effective January 1, 2018. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-16, SJW Group did not record an unamortized tax expense. As a result, the company did not record a cumulative catch-up adjustments upon adoption of this ASU. In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07, “Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Costs,” which requires employers to present the service cost component of the net periodic benefit cost in the same income statement line item as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period. The standard provides that only the service cost component of net periodic pension costs is eligible for asset capitalization. Companies should present the other components of net periodic benefit costs separately from the line items that include the service cost and outside of any subtotal of operating income, if one is presented. ASU 2017-07 requires retrospective presentation in the income statement of the service cost component and the other components of net periodic cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost and prospective presentation from date of adoption for the capitalization in assets of only the service cost component of net periodic cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost. SJW Group adopted ASU 2017-07 effective January 1, 2018. As such, the consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the periods presented have been reclassified to reflect the retrospective changes. See Note 9, “Benefit Plans” for further discussion. Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Utility Plant The cost of additions, replacements and betterments to utility plant is capitalized. The amount of interest capitalized in 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $2,856, $2,807 and $2,188, respectively. Construction in progress was $68,765 and $45,851 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The major components of depreciable plant and equipment as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:
| 2018 |  | 2017
Equipment | $ | 335,358 |  |  | 307,938 |
Transmission and distribution | 1,375,821 |  |  | 1,295,690 |
Office buildings and other structures | 121,872 |  |  | 110,600 |
Total depreciable plant and equipment | $ | 1,833,051 |  |  | 1,714,228 |
Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated remaining service lives of groups of assets, ranging from 5 to 75 years. The estimated service lives of depreciable plant and equipment are as follows:
| Useful Lives
Equipment | 5 to 35 years
Transmission and distribution plant | 35 to 75 years
Office buildings and other structures | 7 to 50 years
For the years 2018, 2017 and 2016, depreciation expense as a percent of the beginning of the year balance of depreciable plant was approximately 3.6%, 3.6% and 3.5%, respectively. A portion of depreciation expense was allocated to administrative and general expense. For the years 2018, 2017 and 2016, the amounts allocated to administrative and general expense were $2,306, $2,209 and $1,670, respectively. Depreciation expense for utility plant for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $53,031, $46,456 and $42,659, respectively. The cost of utility plant retired, including retirement costs (less salvage), is charged to accumulated depreciation and no gain or loss is recognized. Utility Plant Intangible Assets All intangible assets are recorded at cost and are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset, ranging from 5 to 70 years (see Note 6, “Intangible Assets”). Real Estate Investments Real estate investments are recorded at cost and consist primarily of land and buildings. Net gains and losses from the sale of real estate investments are recorded as a component of other (expense) income in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Nonutility property in Water Utility Services is also classified in real estate investments and not separately disclosed on the balance sheet based on the immateriality of the amount. Nonutility property is property that is neither used nor useful in providing water utility services to customers and is excluded from the rate base for rate-setting purposes. San Jose Water Company recognizes gain/loss on disposition of nonutility property in accordance with CPUC Code Section 790, whereby the net proceeds are reinvested back into property that is useful in providing water utility services to customers. There is no depreciation associated with nonutility property as it is all land. The major components of real estate investments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:
| 2018 |  | 2017
Land | $ | 13,262 |  |  | 13,262 |
Buildings and improvements | 43,074 |  |  | 42,951 |
Total real estate investment | $ | 56,336 |  |  | 56,213 |
Depreciation on buildings and improvements for real estate investments is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, ranging from 7 to 39 years. On April 6, 2017, 444 West Santa Clara Street, L.P. sold all of its interests in the commercial building and land the partnership owned and operated for $11,000. 444 West Santa Clara Street, L.P. recognized a pre-tax gain on sale of real estate investments of $6,323, after selling expenses of $1,157. SJW Land Company holds a 70% limited interest in 444 West Santa Clara Street, L.P. SJW Land Company and the noncontrolling interest recognized a pre-tax gain on sale of real estate investments of $4,427 and $1,896, respectively, on the transaction. In addition, SJW Land Company sold undeveloped land located in San Jose, California for $1,350 on April 6, 2017. SJW Land Company recognized a pre-tax gain on sale of real estate investments of $580 on the transaction, after selling expenses of $14. In 2015, SJW Land Company was notified by the Arizona Department of Transportation that in order to achieve their goals of developing a new freeway extension, they, in conjunction with the Federal Highway Commission, would be exercising their powers of eminent domain for SJW Land Company’s warehouse building located in Phoenix, Arizona. On September 8, 2016, SJW Land Company sold the Arizona warehouse building and received a settlement value of $20,000. Title to the property transferred on October 13, 2016 upon the recording of the court’s Final Order of Condemnation. SJW Group recognized a pre-tax gain on sale of real estate investments in the fourth quarter of 2016 of $9,981, after selling expenses of $112. Real estate investments include $56,090 and $55,966 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, of assets that are leased or available for lease. The following schedule shows the future minimum rental payments to be received from third parties under operating leases that have remaining noncancelable lease terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2018:
Year ending December 31: | Rental Revenue
2019 | $ | 4,432 |
2020 | 4,513 |
2021 | 2,644 |
2022 | 1,184 |
2023 | 1,198 |
Thereafter | 5,565 |
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets In accordance with the requirements of FASB ASC Topic 360—“Property, Plant and Equipment,” the long-lived assets of SJW Group are reviewed for impairment when changes in circumstances or events require adjustments to the carrying values of the assets. When such changes in circumstances or events occur, the company assesses recoverability by determining whether the carrying value of such assets will be recovered through the undiscounted expected future cash flows. To the extent an impairment exists, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value with a corresponding charge to operations in the period in which the impairment is identified. Long-lived assets consist primarily of utility plant in service, real estate investments, intangible assets, and regulatory assets. In addition, the company tests unamortized intangible assets, which primarily relate to water rights, at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. SJW Group first performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative impairment test. In assessing the qualitative factors, SJW Group considers the impact of these key factors: change in industry and competitive environment, financial performance, and other relevant Company-specific events. If SJW Group determines that as a result of the qualitative assessment it is more likely than not (> 50% likelihood) that the fair value is less than carrying amount, then a quantitative test is performed. No impairments occurred during 2018, 2017 or 2016. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash on deposit with banks and investments in a money market fund with maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. Financial Instruments The following instruments are not measured at fair value on the company’s consolidated balance sheets but require disclosure of fair values: cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable. The estimated fair value of such instruments approximates their carrying value as reported on the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of such financial instruments are determined using the income approach based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. The fair value of these instruments would be categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy, with the exception of cash and cash equivalents, which would be categorized as Level 1. The fair value of investment in California Water Service Group Stock is discussed in Note 1, long-term debt in Note 4 and pension plan assets in Note 9. Financial instruments that are potentially subject to concentration of credit risk is primarily cash and cash equivalents which primarily consists of a short-term money market fund. The money market fund is managed by a reputable financial institution. Investment in California Water Service Group SJW Group’s investment in California Water Service Group was accounted for under FASB ASC Topic 320—“Investments—Debt and Equity Securities,” as an available-for-sale marketable security. The investment was recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at its quoted market price with the change in unrealized gain or loss reported, net of tax, as a component of other expense (income) with the adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018. Prior to adoption, the changes in unrealized gain or loss, net of tax, were reported as a component of other comprehensive income. As of December 31, 2018, SJW Group held no remaining shares of California Water Service Group. During the year ended December 31, 2018, SJW Group sold 100,000 shares of California Water Service Group for $4,112 before fees of $9. SJW Group recognized a gain on the sale of the stock of approximately $104 and tax expense of approximately $29 for a net gain of $75. During the year ended December 31, 2016, SJW Group sold 159,151 shares of California Water Service Group for $4,510 before fees of $20. SJW Group recognized a gain on the sale of the stock of approximately $3,197 and tax expense of approximately $1,303 for a net gain of $1,894. The unrealized holding gain associated with the shares sold in 2016 was reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income was $1,742 and was based on the fair value of the stock as of the date of the transaction. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, fair value of the SJW Group’s investment in California Water Service Group was $0 and $4,535, respectively, and was categorized as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Regulatory Rate Filings California Regulatory Affairs San Jose Water Company’s rates, service and other matters affecting its business are subject to regulation by the CPUC. Generally, there are three types of rate adjustments that affect San Jose Water Company’s revenue collection: general rate adjustments, cost of capital adjustments, and offset rate adjustments. General rate adjustments are authorized in general rate case decisions, which usually authorize an initial rate adjustment followed by two annual escalation adjustments. General rate applications are normally filed and processed during the last year covered by the most recent general rate case as required by the CPUC in order to avoid any gaps in regulatory decisions on general rate adjustments. Cost of capital adjustments are rate adjustments resulting from the CPUC’s usual tri-annual establishment of a reasonable rate of return for San Jose Water Company’s capital investments. The purpose of an offset rate adjustment is to compensate utilities for changes in specific pre-authorized offsettable capital investments or expenses, primarily for purchased water, groundwater extraction, purchased power and pensions. Pursuant to Section 792.5 of the California Public Utilities Code, a balancing account must be maintained for each expense item for which such revenue offsets have been authorized. Memorandum accounts track revenue impacts due to catastrophic events, certain unforeseen water quality expenses related to new federal and state water quality standards, energy efficiency, water conservation, water tariffs and other approved activities or as directed by the CPUC such as the memorandum account for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (H.R. 1) (the “Tax Act”). The purpose of a balancing and memorandum account is to track the under-collection or over-collection associated with such expense changes. On November 15, 2017, San Jose Water Company filed Advice Letter No. 513/513A with the CPUC requesting a revenue increase of $15,670, or 4.22%, for the 2018 escalation year included in the 2015 General Rate Case. This request was approved and the new rates became effective on January 1, 2018. On November 29, 2017, San Jose Water Company filed Advice Letter No. 514 with the CPUC requesting to adjust the Utilities Reimbursement Account User Fees as directed by CPUC Resolution M-4832. The reimbursement fee was reduced from 1.44% to 1.40%. This request was approved and the new fee became effective on January 1, 2018. San Jose Water Company filed Advice Letter No. 515 on December 28, 2017, with the CPUC requesting authorization to establish the 2018 Tax Accounting Memorandum Account. This memorandum account will capture any changes to revenue requirement resulting from the impact of the Tax Act signed into law December 22, 2017. This request became effective on January 1, 2018. As required by the CPUC, on April 3, 2017, San Jose Water Company filed an application requesting authority to establish its authorized Cost of Capital for the period from January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2020. On March 22, 2018, the CPUC approved a new cost of capital for San Jose Water Company in Decision 18-03-035 that lowers the rate of return from 8.09% to 7.64% thereby reducing the 2018 revenue requirement by $5,843 or 1.57% effective January 1, 2018. On March 22, 2018, San Jose Water Company filed Advice Letter No. 518 with the CPUC requesting authorization to adjust water rates to reflect the decision effective March 22, 2018. On January 4, 2018, San Jose Water Company filed General Rate Case Application No. 18-01-004 (“GRC”) with the CPUC requesting authority for an increase of revenue of $34,288, or 9.76%, in 2019, $14,232, or 3.70%, in 2020 and $20,582, or 5.17%, in 2021. Among other things, the application also includes requests to recover $20,725 from balancing and memorandum accounts, the establishment of a Water Revenue Adjustment Mechanism and Sales Reconciliation Mechanism (“WRAM/SRM”), and a shift to greater revenue collection in the service charge. On June 28, 2018, the CPUC issued an order in the case identifying the issues to be considered, including whether the proposed merger between SJW Group and Connecticut Water Service, Inc. will have any ratemaking impact on the customers of San Jose Water Company (see discussion on the proposed merger at Note 12). This consideration was subsequently removed from the GRC to be considered in an Order Instituting Investigation (“OII”) on the proposed merger issued on July 20, 2018, see below for further discussion. On August 10, 2018, San Jose Water Company and the Office of Ratepayer Advocates filed a joint motion for partial settlement (“Settlement”) of the GRC with the CPUC, resolving all issues in the GRC with the exception of authorization of a WRAM/SRM and the recovery of the balance in the Hydro Generation Research, Development and Demonstration Memorandum Account, such issues being subsequently contested in legal briefs. On October 16, 2018 the CPUC issued a Proposed Decision adopting the Settlement in part, without any impact on the proposed revenue requirement outlined in the Settlement, and delaying ruling on the contested issues in order to allow the Settlement rates to become effective January 1, 2019. On December 4, 2018, the CPUC issued Decision 18-11-025 authorizing new rates for 2019. Accordingly, San Jose Water Company filed Advice Letter No. 528/528A on December 7, 2018 requesting authorization to increase revenue requirement by $16,378 or 4.55% in 2019. This was approved on December 28, 2018 and new rates became effective January 1, 2019. On March 23, 2018, San Jose Water Company filed Advice Letter No. 519 with the CPUC requesting authorization to update the Rule 15 income tax provisions as a result of the recent changes to the federal tax laws. This advice letter has no impact on water rates and was effective January 1, 2018. The CPUC directed its Class A water utilities, including San Jose Water Company, to reflect the changes to the Internal Revenue Code resulting from the passage of the Tax Act in customer rates. On May 8, 2018, the CPUC directed San Jose Water Company to file an advice letter to implement a change in water rates to reflect the lower income tax rate provided by the Tax Act, effective July 1, 2018. On May 23, 2018, San Jose Water Company filed Advice Letter No. 522 in compliance with the CPUC’s directive. On June 7, 2018, San Jose Water Company filed Advice Letter No. 522A amending the rate change to reflect a reduction in revenue requirement for 2018 of $14,801 or 3.89%, with no impact on after tax income. This request became effective July 1, 2018. On June 13, 2018, San Jose Water Company filed Advice Letter No. 523 with the CPUC requesting authorization to implement surcharges to offset the increases to purchased potable water charges, the ground water extraction fee, and purchased recycled water charges implemented by the Santa Clara Valley Water District (“SCVWD”) and South Bay Water Recycling effective July 1, 2018. The increases amount to a revenue increase of $13,732 or 3.75%. This request became effective July 1, 2018. San Jose Water Company filed Advice Letter No. 524 with the CPUC on July 26, 2018, requesting authorization to recover the 2017 capital additions related to the Montevina Water Treatment Plant Upgrade Project. The filing requested a revenue increase of $3,155 or 0.83% and became effective August 25, 2018. On July 20, 2018 the CPUC issued OII No. 18-07-007 concerning SJW Group’s merger with Connecticut Water Service, Inc. In its filing, the CPUC committed to a schedule that would complete its investigation in a time frame to allow the proposed merger to move forward by the end of 2018, if appropriate. At a required pre-hearing Conference on August 22, 2018, the CPUC confirmed its commitment to the schedule and a Scoping Memorandum was subsequently issued on September 7, 2018, which identified issues to be considered on whether the proposed merger is subject to CPUC approval and its likely impacts within California. On September 14, 2018, SJW Group and San Jose Water Company submitted joint comments in response to the issues identified above in accordance with the Scoping Memorandum’s adopted schedule, and reply comments were submitted on October 19, 2018. A Public Participation Hearing was held on January 31, 2019, with a CPUC decision now expected in the second quarter of 2019. In January 2017, a San Jose Water Company customer inquired about the company’s billing practice as it related to the proration of service charges in billing cycles where a rate change occurred. After reviewing its existing practice as well as those of other Class A water utilities, San Jose Water Company determined that it was appropriate to modify its existing practice to prorate service charges similar to the manner in which it prorates quantity charges - that is by applying both the old and new rates to the portion of the billing cycle for which the rates were in effect. This change was implemented on January 30, 2017, and retroactively applied to January 1, 2017. Subsequently, on May 8, 2017, the CPUC’s Water Division notified San Jose Water Company that it had violated Public Utilities Code 532 and other CPUC Orders and directed the company to file an advice letter providing refunds for the period of January 1, 2014, through December 31, 2016. As directed, San Jose Water Company filed Advice Letter 510 on June 6, 2017, to propose customer refunds in the amount of $1,794 for the same period. On June 22, 2017, San Jose Water Company was served with Complaint 17-06-009 regarding its billing practice for service charge rate changes. On August 11, 2017, the Water Division rejected Advice Letter 510 in light of the CPUC’s investigation into San Jose Water Company’s past and present billing practice. The billing issue was made a part of San Jose Water Company’s current GRC proceeding. Testimony was provided by the Office of Ratepayer Advocates (now the Public Advocates Office or “Cal PA”) on May 23, 2018. On June 8, 2018, the company provided its rebuttal testimony. On August 10, 2018, San Jose Water Company and Cal PA submitted a partial settlement agreement on issues presented in the GRC. Both the company and Cal PA settled on the billing issue limiting the duration from which to calculate customer refunds from June 1, 2011 through December 31, 2016. Accordingly, San Jose Water Company has provided an additional reserve to cover the remaining period covered by the settlement. In accordance with Decision 18-11-025 for the GRC, San Jose Water Company filed Advice Letter No. 530 proposing total refunds of $2,020 for the period from June 1, 2011 through December 31, 2016. This advice letter became effective February 8, 2019. On September 14, 2018, the CPUC issued OII No. 18-09-003 to which San Jose Water Company was named as Respondent. The OII will determine whether the company unlawfully overcharged customers over a 30-year period by failing to pro-rate service charges when increases occurred during a billing period, and whether the company double-billed service charges during one billing period when allegedly switching from billing such charges in advance to billing in arrears. The OII resulted from a report by the CPUC’s Consumer Protection and Enforcement Division (“CPED”), dated August 16, 2018, recommending an investigation into San Jose Water Company’s billing practice. CPED calculated a refund obligation of approximately $2,061 for the years 2014 to 2016 that had been the subject of San Jose Water Company’s Advice Letter 510. CPED calculated a further refund obligation of approximately $1,990 for the years 1987 to 2013. CPED also asserted that the company double-billed its customers during a billing period when it allegedly converted from billing in advance to billing in arrears, assumed that such double-billing occurred in January 2011, and calculated a refund obligation of approximately $4,935. The OII notes these estimates and identifies the proper refund amount as an issue in the proceeding. The OII also identifies the CPUC’s authority to consider imposing penalties on San Jose Water Company in amounts ranging from five hundred dollars to fifty thousand dollars per offense, per day. San Jose Water Company continues to cooperate with the CPUC to resolve these issues. On October 15, 2018, San Jose Water Company filed a response to the OII with the CPUC, in which the company stated that it believes it would not be appropriate for the Commission to require refunds extending prior to June 2011, that no double billing has occurred and that no penalties should be imposed on the company. The company believes it is only probable that refunds agreed to in the partial settlement, $2,020, in the GRC will be refunded to customers and has provided for this amount in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. A prehearing conference on the matter was concluded on January 7, 2019, and a scoping memorandum outlining the remaining part of the proceeding scheduled was issued on February 11, 2019. The scoping memorandum outlined the following issues to be determined: (1) Did San Jose Water Company overbill its customers for water service during the period from January 1987 to June 2011, (2) If San Jose Water Company overbilled its customers during the above period, should the Commission fine San Jose Water Company or impose some other form of penalty on it, and (3) Is this action subject to any statute of limitations including, but not limited to, Section 736 of the Public Utilities Code? San Jose Water Company is unable to determine an estimate at this time, if any. The CPUC is expected to issue a final decision in the matter in September of 2019. Texas Regulatory Affairs CLWSC is subject to the economic regulation of the Public Utilities Commission of Texas (“PUCT”). The PUCT authorize rate increases after the filing of an Application for a Rate/Tariff Change. Rate cases may be filed as they become necessary, provided there is no current rate case outstanding. Further, rate cases may not be filed more frequently than once every 12 months. As required, CLWSC submitted on July 31, 2018 its Water Pass-Through Charge (“WPC”) true-up report to the PUCT reflecting a change from $1.15 to $1.13 per thousand gallons. The WPC is the annual filing to change that amount of CLWSC’s water rates for changes in purchased water costs since the last annual true-up report. The change for 2018 became effective on water bills being prepared as of February 1, 2018. The PUCT directed CLWSC (as well as other Class A water utilities in Texas) to quantify all of the impacts of the passage of the Tax Act and make rate adjustments reflecting such impacts on a prospective basis. PUCT Order 47945-36 as amended by Order 47945-41 requires the water utilities to record a regulatory liability that reflects (1) the difference between the revenues collected under existing rates and the revenues that would have been collected had the existing rates been set using the recently approved federal income tax rates; and (2) the balance of excess accumulated deferred federal income taxes that now exists because of the decrease in the federal income tax rate from 35% to 21%. A rate proposal reflecting these tax changes was submitted for PUCT’s review on April 19, 2018. CLWSC subsequently amended its filing on April 30, 2018 to update the customer notice, and to replace estimates for April with recorded April 2018 information. This filing will return to the ratepayers the difference between the revenues collected under the existing rates and what water rates would have been using the 21% federal income tax rate now effective under the Tax Act. The accrued amounts for the period January 25, 2018 through April 30, 2018 were refunded along with the regular monthly Federal Tax Cut Credit (“FTCC”) on bills prepared during the month of June. The FTCC customer credit will continue to be reflected on customer bills every month until the implementation of new rates resulting from the next rate case. This credit reduced water revenue by $927 in 2018 with no impact on after tax income. CLWSC’s Sale Transfer and Merger application (“STM”) to acquire the Deer Creek Ranch Water Co., LLC’s assets was filed with the PUCT on December 20, 2017. Notices to customers and surrounding water companies and municipalities were mailed in January 2018 and on April 3, 2018 and the PUCT filed 47888-12, Order No. 4, approving the transaction between CLWSC and the Deer Creek Ranch Water Co., LLC to proceed in closing. The acquisition subsequently closed on July 2, 2018. The required completed transaction report was filed with the PUCT on July 5, 2018, and the Joint Proposed Notice of Approval was filed with the PUCT on September 17, 2018. The final order transferring the Certificate of Convenience and Necessity, or the exclusive right to provide water utility service, from Deer Creek Ranch Water Co., LLC to CLWSC was issued on November 29, 2018. Balancing and Memorandum Accounts For California, the CPUC has established a balancing account mechanism for the purpose of tracking the under-collection or over-collection associated with expense changes and the revenue authorized by the CPUC to offset those expense changes. San Jose Water Company also maintains memorandum accounts t o track revenue impacts due to catastrophic events, certain unforeseen water quality expenses related to new federal and state water quality standards, energy efficiency, water conservation, water tariffs, and other approved activities or as directed by the CPUC such as the memorandum account for the T ax Act. Balancing and memorandum accounts are recognized by San Jose Water Company when it is probable that future recovery of previously incurred costs or future refunds that are to be credited to customers will occur through the ratemaking process. In addition, in the case of special revenue programs such as the Water Conservation Memorandum Account (“WCMA”), San Jose Water Company follows the requirements of ASC Topic 980-605-25—“Alternative Revenue Programs” in determining revenue recognition, including the requirement that such revenues will be collected within 24 months of the year-end in which the revenue is recorded. A reserve is recorded for amounts SJW Group estimates will not be collected within the 24-month period. This reserve is based on an estimate of actual usage over the recovery period, offset by applicable drought surcharges. In assessing the probability criteria for balancing and memorandum accounts between general rate cases, San Jose Water Company considers evidence that may exist prior to CPUC authorization that would satisfy ASC Topic 980 subtopic 340-25 recognition criteria. Such evidence may include regulatory rules and decisions, past practices, and other facts and circumstances that would indicate that recovery or refund is probable. When such evidence provides sufficient support, the balances are recorded in SJW Group’s financial statements. Based on ASC Topic 980-605-25, San Jose Water Company recognized regulatory assets of $9,386 due to lost revenues accumulated in the 2018 WCMA account for the year ended December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, there was no reserve recorded to offset the 2018 WCMA. The amounts have been reflected in the 2018 WCMA balance shown in the table below. San Jose Water Company recognized regulatory assets of $1,182 due to lost revenues accumulated in the 2017 WCMA account which represented the relief of the prior year reserve of $1,169 and interest earned on the balance during the year ended December 31, 2018. The prior year reserve represented the estimated amount that may not be collected within the 24-month period defined in the guidance. These amounts have been recorded in the 2017 WCMA balance shown in the table below for the year ended December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, there was no reserve balance netted from the balance below. A cost of capital memorandum account was approved by the CPUC on March 14, 2018. The account tracks the difference between current water rates and the lower rates adopted in the cost of capital decision issued on March 22, 2018. San Jose Water Company recorded a regulatory liability of $1,379 in the cost of capital memorandum account for the year ended December 31, 2018 with a corresponding reduction to revenue. The amount has been reflected in the 2018 cost of capital memorandum account balance shown in the table below. The CPUC directed San Jose Water Company to establish a memorandum account to capture all of the impacts of the Tax Act including the benefit of the reduction in the federal statutory income tax rate from 35% to 21% on its regulated revenue requirement. The CPUC has indicated that the net benefit from implementing the new law should ultimately be passed on to ratepayers. The benefits associated with regulatory activities is expected to flow back to customers as directed by the CPUC, with no impact to net income. Per Advice Letter 522A filed with the CPUC, the benefit of the reduction in the federal statutory income tax rate from 35% to 21% were reflected in the customer bills effective July 1, 2018. As such, the tax memorandum account only includes the benefit of the reduction in the federal statutory income tax rate through June 30, 2018. The other impacts of the Tax Act were recorded in the tax memorandum account for the entire year. Accordingly, San Jose Water Company recorded a regulatory liability of $6,504 in the tax memorandum account for the for the year ended December 31, 2018 with a corresponding reduction to revenue. The amount has been reflected in the tax memorandum account balance shown in the table below. San Jose Water Company re-evaluated the accounting for cost-recovery balancing and memorandum accounts under the new revenue recognition guidance, ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” Prior to adoption, San Jose Water Company recorded cost-recovery accounts as a component of revenue. Upon adoption of ASU 2014-09, San Jose Water Company began recording such balances as capitalized costs until recovery is approved by the CPUC. The change is reflected in the cost-recovery balancing and memorandum accounts as shown in the table below. San Jose Water Company met the recognition requirements for certain of its balancing and memorandum accounts and certain amounts subject to balancing and memorandum accounts and recorded revenue and regulatory assets as follows:
| For the year ended December 31, 2018
Beginning Balance |  | Regulatory Asset Increase (Decrease) |  | Refunds (Collections) Adjustments |  | Surcharge Offset and Other |  | Ending Balance
Revenue accounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2014 - 2016 WCMA | 191 |  |  | (116 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |
2017 WCMA | 6,489 |  |  | 1,182 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,671 |
2018 WCMA | — |  |  | 9,386 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,386 |
2012 General Rate Case true-up | 11,319 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,328 |
2015 General Rate Case true-up | 115 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 118 |
Cost of capital memorandum accounts | (144 | ) |  | (1,379 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,523 | )
Tax memorandum account | — |  |  | (6,504 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,504 | )
All others | 3,735 |  |  | 1,258 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,994 |
Total revenue accounts | $ | 21,705 |  |  | 3,827 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,549 |
Cost-recovery accounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Water supply costs | 8,679 |  |  | 939 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | 9,617 |
Pension | (2,459 | ) |  | 614 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,843 | )
All others | — |  |  | 1,090 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,090 |
Total cost-recovery accounts | $ | 6,220 |  |  | 2,643 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,864 |
Total | $ | 27,925 |  |  | 6,470 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,413 |
| For the year ended December 31, 2017
Beginning Balance |  | Regulatory Asset Increase (Decrease) |  | Refunds (Collections) Adjustments |  | Surcharge Offset and Other |  | Ending Balance
Revenue accounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2014 - 2016 WCMA | 1,589 |  |  | 4,758 |  |  | (4,704 | ) |  | (1,452 | ) |  | 191 |
2017 WCMA | — |  |  | 12,530 |  |  | — |  |  | (6,041 | ) |  | 6,489 |
2012 General Rate Case true-up | 20,682 |  |  | — |  |  | (9,363 | ) |  | — |  |  | 11,319 |
2015 General Rate Case true-up | 5,528 |  |  | — |  |  | (5,413 | ) |  | — |  |  | 115 |
Cost of capital memorandum accounts | (817 | ) |  | — |  |  | 673 |  |  | — |  |  | (144 | )
Drought surcharges | (7,688 | ) |  | — |  |  | (765 | ) |  | 8,453 |  |  | — |
Cost-recovery accounts | 3,181 |  |  | 3,815 |  |  | (776 | ) |  | — |  |  | 6,220 |
All others | 3,434 |  |  | 1,084 |  |  | (858 | ) |  | 75 |  |  | 3,735 |
Total | $ | 25,909 |  |  | 22,187 |  |  | (21,206 | ) |  | 1,035 |  |  | 27,925 |
| For the year ended December 31, 2016
Beginning Balance |  | Regulatory Asset Increase (Decrease) |  | Refunds (Collections) Adjustments |  | Surcharge Offset and Other |  | Ending Balance
Revenue accounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2014 - 2016 WCMA | 8,316 |  |  | 17,107 |  |  | (7,126 | ) |  | (16,708 | ) |  | 1,589 |
2012 General Rate Case true-up | 33,070 |  |  | — |  |  | (12,388 | ) |  | — |  |  | 20,682 |
2015 General Rate Case true-up | — |  |  | 8,767 |  |  | (3,239 | ) |  | — |  |  | 5,528 |
Cost of capital memorandum accounts | (1,440 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | 620 |  |  | — |  |  | (817 | )
Drought surcharges | (359 | ) |  | — |  |  | (24,037 | ) |  | 16,708 |  |  | (7,688 | )
Cost-recovery accounts | 2,219 |  |  | 2,740 |  |  | (1,778 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3,181 |
All others | 3,400 |  |  | 1,270 |  |  | (1,236 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3,434 |
Total | $ | 45,206 |  |  | 29,887 |  |  | (49,184 | ) |  | — |  |  | 25,909 |
As of December 31, 2018, the total balance in San Jose Water Company’s balancing and memorandum accounts combined, including interest, that has not been recorded into the financial statements was a net under-collection of $1,573. On December 28, 2018, San Jose Water Company’s GRC with the CPUC was approved with new rates effective on January 1, 2019. As part of the GRC decision, $27,045 of balancing and memorandum accounts were also approved for recovery over a 12-month period at $0.5894 per CCF surcharge effective on January 1, 2019. All balancing accounts and memorandum-type accounts not included for recovery or refund in the current general rate case will be reviewed by the CPUC in San Jose Water Company’s next general rate case or at the time an individual account reaches a threshold of 2% of authorized revenue, whichever occurs first. Regulatory Assets and Liabilities Generally accepted accounting principles for water utilities include the recognition of regulatory assets and liabilities as permitted by ASC Topic 980. In accordance with ASC Topic 980, Water Utility Services, to the extent applicable, records deferred costs and credits on the balance sheet as regulatory assets and liabilities when it is probable that these costs and credits will be recognized in the ratemaking process in a period different from when the costs and credits are incurred. Accounting for such costs and credits is based on management’s judgment and prior historical ratemaking practices, and it occurs when management determines that it is probable that these costs and credits will be recognized in the future revenue of Water Utility Services through the ratemaking process. The regulatory assets and liabilities recorded by Water Utility Services, in particular, San Jose Water Company, primarily relate to the recognition of deferred income taxes for ratemaking versus tax accounting purposes, balancing and memorandum accounts, postretirement pension benefits, medical costs, accrued benefits for vacation and asset retirement obligations that have not yet been passed through in rates. The Company adjusts the related asset and liabilities for these items through its regulatory asset and liability accounts at year-end, except for certain postretirement benefit costs and balancing and memorandum accounts which are adjusted monthly. The Company expects to recover regulatory assets related to plant depreciation income tax temporary differences over the average lives of the plant assets of between 5 to 75 years. Rate-regulated enterprises are required to charge a regulatory asset to earnings if and when that asset no longer meets the criteria for being recorded as a regulatory asset. San Jose Water Company continually evaluates the recoverability of regulatory assets by assessing whether the amortization of the balance over the remaining life can be recovered through expected and undiscounted future cash flows. Regulatory assets and liabilities are comprised of the following as of December 31:
| 2018 |  | 2017
Regulatory assets: |  |  |
Postretirement pensions and other medical benefits | $ | 66,233 |  |  | $ | 68,556 |
Balancing and memorandum accounts, net | 34,413 |  |  | 27,925 |
Other, net | 2,979 |  |  | 3,073 |
Total regulatory assets, net in Consolidated Balance Sheets | $ | 103,625 |  |  | 99,554 |
Less: current regulatory asset, net | 26,910 |  |  | — |
Total regulatory assets, net, less current portion | $ | 76,715 |  |  | 99,554 |
Regulatory liability: |  |  |
Income tax temporary differences, net | $ | 59,149 |  |  | 62,476 |
Total regulatory liability in Consolidated Balance Sheets | $ | 59,149 |  |  | 62,476 |
Income Taxes On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into law. Among other things, the Tax Act lowers the corporate tax rate to 21% from the maximum rate of 35%, effective for tax years including or commencing January 1, 2018. See also Note 5, “Income Taxes”. Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the effect of temporary differences between financial and tax reporting. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using current tax rates in effect. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. To the extent permitted by the CPUC, investment tax credits resulting from utility plant additions are deferred and amortized over the estimated useful lives of the related property. Advances for Construction and Contributions in Aid of Construction In California, advances for construction received after 1981 are refunded ratably over 40 years. Estimated refunds for the next five years and thereafter are shown below:
| Estimated Refunds
2019 | $ | 2,818 |
2020 | 2,818 |
2021 | 2,818 |
2022 | 2,818 |
2023 | 2,806 |
Thereafter | 51,257 |
As of December 31, 2018, advances for construction was $80,610 of which $15,275 was related to non-refundable advances for construction. Contributions in aid of construction represent funds received from developers that are not refundable under applicable regulations. Depreciation applicable to utility plant constructed with these contributions is charged to contributions in aid of construction. Customer advances and contributions in aid of construction received subsequent to 1986 and prior to June 12, 1996 generally must be included in federal taxable income. Taxes paid relating to advances and contributions are recorded as deferred tax assets for financial reporting purposes and are amortized over 40 years for advances and over the tax depreciable life of the related asset for contributions. Receipts subsequent to June 12, 1996 are generally exempt from federal taxable income, unless specifically prescribed under treasury regulations. Advances and contributions received subsequent to 1991 and prior to 1997 are included in California state taxable income. Asset Retirement Obligation SJW Group’s asset retirement obligation is recorded as a liability included in other non-current liabilities. It reflects principally the retirement costs of wells and other anticipated clean-up costs, which by law, must be remediated upon retirement. Retirement costs have historically been recovered through rates at the time of retirement. As a result, the liability is offset by a regulatory asset. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the asset retirement obligation is as follows:
| 2018 |  | 2017
Retirement obligation | $ | 4,803 |  |  | 5,231 |
Discount rate | 6 | % |  | 6 | %
Regulatory asset, present value, recorded as a liability | $ | 942 |  |  | 1,184 |
Revenue On January 1, 2018, SJW Group adopted FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606 - “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” In accordance with Topic 606, management has determined that the company has principally four categories of revenues. The first category, revenue from contracts with customers, represents metered revenue of Water Utility Services which includes billings to customers based on meter readings plus an estimate of water used between the customers’ last meter reading and the end of the accounting period. SJW Group satisfies its performance obligation upon delivery of water to the customer at which time the customer consumes the benefits provided by the company. The customer is typically billed on a bi-monthly basis after water delivery has occurred. The customer is charged both a service charge which is based upon meter size and covers a portion of the fixed costs of furnishing water to the customer and a consumption charge based on actual water usage. Unbilled revenue from the last meter reading date to the end of the accounting period is estimated based on the most recent usage patterns, production records and the effective tariff rates. As the company has the right to bill for services that it has provided, SJW Group estimates the dollar value of deliveries during the unbilled period and recognizes the associated revenue. Actual results could differ from those estimates, which may result in an adjustment to revenue when billed in a subsequent period. The second category, rental income, represents lease rental income from SJW Land Company tenants. The tenants pay monthly in accordance with lease agreements and SJW Group recognizes the income ratably over the lease term as this is the most representative of the pattern in which the benefit is expected to be derived from SJW Group’s underlying asset. The third and fourth revenue categories are other balancing and memorandum accounts and alternative revenue programs. Both are scoped out of Topic 606 and are accounted for under FASB ASC Topic 980 - “Regulated Operations.” Balancing and memorandum accounts are recognized by San Jose Water Company when it is probable that future recovery of previously incurred costs or future refunds that are to be credited to customers will occur through the ratemaking process. In addition, in the case of special revenue programs such as the WCMA, San Jose Water Company follows the requirements of ASC Topic 980-605-25, “Alternative Revenue Programs” in determining revenue recognition, including the requirement that such revenues will be collected within 24 months of the year-end in which the revenue is recorded. A reserve is recorded for amounts SJW Group estimates will not be collected within the 24-month period. This reserve is based on an estimate of actual usage over the recovery period, offset by applicable drought surcharges. In assessing the probability criteria for balancing and memorandum accounts between general rate cases, San Jose Water Company considers evidence that may exist prior to CPUC authorization that would satisfy ASC Topic 980 subtopic 340-25 recognition criteria. Such evidence may include regulatory rules and decisions, past practices, and other facts and circumstances that would indicate that recovery or refund is probable. When such evidence provides sufficient support, the balances are recorded in SJW Group’s financial statements. From 2014 to 2016, California was in a severe drought. In response to the drought, the State Water Resources Control Board (the “State Water Board”) imposed mandatory water use restrictions and conservation targets. SCVWD, San Jose Water Company’s principal water supplier, also mandated water use restrictions along with conservation targets at levels higher than the State Water Board. While the Governor of California declared the drought over on April 7, 2017, the State Water Board made certain water use restrictions permanent while SCVWD maintained a conservation target at 20%. On May 31, 2018, Governor Edmund G. Brown signed into law Assembly Bill 1668 and Senate Bill 606. Both bills set an initial limit for indoor water use of 55 gallons per person per day by 2022 and reduced the limit further to 50 gallons per person per day by 2030. Implementation details remain to be developed as to how local water providers will meet this mandate as well as to how the CPUC will direct its regulated utilities to comply. To encourage conservation, San Jose Water Company received approval from the CPUC to implement a Mandatory Conservation Revenue Adjustment Memorandum Account in 2014. This account was subsequently replaced with a WCMA. The WCMA allows San Jose Water Company to track lost revenue, net of related water costs, associated with reduced sales due to water conservation and associated calls for water use reductions. San Jose Water Company records the lost revenue captured in the WCMA regulatory accounts once the revenue recognition requirements of FASB ASC Topic 980 - “Regulated Operations,” subtopic 605-25 are met. For further discussion, please see “Balancing and Memorandum Accounts” in Note 1. The major streams of revenue for SJW Group are as follows:
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Revenue from contracts with customers | 389,302 |  |  | $ | 381,777 |  |  | 328,249 |
Alternative revenue programs, net - WCMA | 10,456 |  |  | 12,584 |  |  | 9,981 |
Other balancing and memorandum accounts revenue, net (1) | (7,541 | ) |  | (10,838 | ) |  | (5,241 | )
Rental income | 5,482 |  |  | 5,702 |  |  | 6,717 |
| 397,699 |  |  | $ | 389,225 |  |  | 339,706 |
___________________________________ (1) For year ended December 31, 2018, $2,643 of amounts related to cost-recovery balancing accounts which upon adoption of Topic 606 are recorded as capitalized costs rather than revenue until recovery is approved by the CPUC. Prior to adoption of Topic 606, these amounts were recorded as revenue. For further discussion, please see “Balancing and Memorandum Accounts” above. Revenue also includes a surcharge collected from regulated customers that is paid to the CPUC. This surcharge is recorded both in operating revenues and administrative and general expenses. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the surcharge was $5,013, $5,017 and $3,770, respectively. Share-Based Payment SJW Group calculates the fair value of restricted stock awards based on the grant date fair market value of the company’s stock price reduced by the present value of the dividends expected to be declared on outstanding shares. SJW Group utilizes the Monte Carlo valuation model, which requires the use of subjective assumptions, to compute the fair value of market-vesting restricted stock units. The compensation cost charged to income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is the vesting period. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. Maintenance Expense Planned major maintenance projects are charged to expense as incurred. Earnings per Share Basic earnings per share is calculated using income available to common stockholders, divided by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year. The two-class method in computing basic earnings per share is not used because the number of participating securities as defined in FASB ASC Topic 260—“Earnings Per Share” is not significant. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for each class of common stock and participating security. Diluted earnings per share is calculated using income available to common stockholders divided by the weighted average number of shares of common stock including both shares outstanding and shares potentially issuable in connection with deferred restricted common stock awards under SJW Group’s Long-Term Incentive Plan and shares potentially issuable under the Employee Stock Purchase Plans. Restricted common stock units of 5,551, 4,474 and 6,689 as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, were excluded from the dilutive earnings per share calculation as their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

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