10-Q 1 trimas_09302018x10q.htm 10-Q
Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

(Mark One) |  |
x |  | Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2018
Or
o |  | Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the Transition Period from to .

Commission file number 001-10716
TRIMAS CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | 38-2687639 (IRS Employer Identification No.)

38505 Woodward Avenue, Suite 200
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 48304
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(248) 631-5450
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | x |  | Accelerated filer | o
Non-accelerated filer | o |  | Smaller reporting company | o
|  |  | Emerging growth company | o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
As of October 23, 2018, the number of outstanding shares of the Registrant's common stock, $0.01 par value, was 45,814,673 shares.

Table of Contents
TriMas Corporation
Index

Part I. |  | Financial Information |
|  |  |  | Forward-Looking Statements | 2
|  | Item 1. |  | Consolidated Financial Statements | 3
|  |  |  | Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 | 3
|  |  |  | Consolidated Statement of Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 4
|  |  |  | Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 5
|  |  |  | Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 6
|  |  |  | Consolidated Statement of Shareholders' Equity for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 | 7
|  |  |  | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
|  | Item 2. |  | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 22
|  | Item 3. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 37
|  | Item 4. |  | Controls and Procedures | 37
Part II. |  | Other Information |
|  | Item 1. |  | Legal Proceedings | 38
|  | Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors | 38
|  | Item 2. |  | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 38
|  | Item 3. |  | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 38
|  | Item 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosures | 38
|  | Item 5. |  | Other Information | 38
|  | Item 6. |  | Exhibits | 39
|  | Signature s | 40

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Forward-Looking Statements
This report may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 about our financial condition, results of operations and business. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking words, such as “may,” “could,” “should,” “estimate,” “project,” “forecast,” “intend,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “target,” “plan” or other comparable words, or by discussions of strategy that may involve risks and uncertainties.
These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results including, but not limited to: general economic and currency conditions; material and energy costs; risks and uncertainties associated with intangible assets, including goodwill or other intangible asset impairment charges; competitive factors; future trends; our ability to realize our business strategies; our ability to identify attractive acquisition candidates, successfully integrate acquired operations or realize the intended benefits of such acquisitions; the performance of our subcontractors and suppliers; supply constraints; market demand; technology factors; intellectual property factors; litigation; government and regulatory actions, including, without limitation, the impact of tariffs, quotas and surcharges; our leverage; liabilities imposed by our debt instruments; labor disputes; changes to fiscal and tax policies; contingent liabilities relating to acquisition activities; information technology factors; the disruption of operations from catastrophic or extraordinary events, including natural disasters; the potential impact of Brexit; tax considerations relating to the Cequent spin-off; our future prospects; and other risks that are discussed in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors," in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and elsewhere in this report are not the only risks facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deemed to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations or cash flows.
The cautionary statements set forth above should be considered in connection with any subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements that we or persons acting on our behalf may issue. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on the statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. We do not undertake any obligation to review or confirm analysts' expectations or estimates or to release publicly any revisions to any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this report or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.
We disclose important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from our expectations implied by our forward-looking statements under Part I, Item 2, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," and elsewhere in this report. These cautionary statements qualify all forward-looking statements attributed to us or persons acting on our behalf. When we indicate that an event, condition or circumstance could or would have an adverse effect on us, we mean to include effects upon our business, financial and other conditions, results of operations, prospects and ability to service our debt.
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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements
TriMas Corporation
Consolidated Balance Sheet
(Dollars in thousands)

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Assets |  | (unaudited) |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 79,630 |  |  | $ | 27,580 |
Receivables, net of reserves of approximately $4.1 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively |  | 132,630 |  |  | 112,220 |
Inventories |  | 165,470 |  |  | 155,350 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 8,360 |  |  | 16,120 |
Total current assets |  | 386,090 |  |  | 311,270 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 185,080 |  |  | 190,250 |
Goodwill |  | 316,730 |  |  | 319,390 |
Other intangibles, net |  | 179,280 |  |  | 194,220 |
Deferred income taxes |  | — |  |  | 9,100 |
Other assets |  | 9,390 |  |  | 8,970 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,076,570 |  |  | $ | 1,033,200 |
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 77,780 |  |  | $ | 72,410 |
Accrued liabilities |  | 50,260 |  |  | 49,470 |
Total current liabilities |  | 128,040 |  |  | 121,880 |
Long-term debt, net |  | 293,290 |  |  | 303,080 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 6,060 |  |  | 5,650 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 41,690 |  |  | 58,570 |
Total liabilities |  | 469,080 |  |  | 489,180 |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par: Authorized 100,000,000 shares; Issued and outstanding: None |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par: Authorized 400,000,000 shares; Issued and outstanding: 45,846,487 shares at September 30, 2018 and 45,724,453 shares at December 31, 2017 |  | 460 |  |  | 460 |
Paid-in capital |  | 822,280 |  |  | 823,850 |
Accumulated deficit |  | (196,370 | ) |  | (262,960 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (18,880 | ) |  | (17,330 | )
Total shareholders' equity |  | 607,490 |  |  | 544,020 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  | $ | 1,076,570 |  |  | $ | 1,033,200 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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TriMas Corporation
Consolidated Statement of Income
(Unaudited—dollars in thousands, except for per share amounts)

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net sales |  | $ | 223,780 |  |  | $ | 209,330 |  |  | $ | 665,790 |  |  | $ | 622,530 |
Cost of sales |  | (162,060 | ) |  | (150,440 | ) |  | (478,910 | ) |  | (452,350 | )
Gross profit |  | 61,720 |  |  | 58,890 |  |  | 186,880 |  |  | 170,180 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | (31,840 | ) |  | (30,600 | ) |  | (90,270 | ) |  | (99,560 | )
Operating profit |  | 29,880 |  |  | 28,290 |  |  | 96,610 |  |  | 70,620 |
Other expense, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | (3,480 | ) |  | (3,390 | ) |  | (10,660 | ) |  | (10,360 | )
Debt financing and related expenses |  | — |  |  | (6,640 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6,640 | )
Other income (expense), net |  | 410 |  |  | (370 | ) |  | (2,330 | ) |  | (1,290 | )
Other expense, net |  | (3,070 | ) |  | (10,400 | ) |  | (12,990 | ) |  | (18,290 | )
Income before income tax expense |  | 26,810 |  |  | 17,890 |  |  | 83,620 |  |  | 52,330 |
Income tax expense |  | (4,140 | ) |  | (4,760 | ) |  | (17,030 | ) |  | (17,360 | )
Net income |  | $ | 22,670 |  |  | $ | 13,130 |  |  | $ | 66,590 |  |  | $ | 34,970 |
Basic earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share |  | $ | 0.49 |  |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 1.45 |  |  | $ | 0.77 |
Weighted average common shares—basic |  | 45,850,288 |  |  | 45,721,155 |  |  | 45,850,187 |  |  | 45,669,782 |
Diluted earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share |  | $ | 0.49 |  |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 1.44 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |
Weighted average common shares—diluted |  | 46,166,558 |  |  | 46,029,361 |  |  | 46,198,884 |  |  | 45,953,578 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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TriMas Corporation
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited—dollars in thousands)

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net income |  | $ | 22,670 |  |  | $ | 13,130 |  |  | $ | 66,590 |  |  | $ | 34,970 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Defined benefit pension and postretirement plans (Note 14) |  | 180 |  |  | 170 |  |  | 3,030 |  |  | 500 |
Foreign currency translation |  | (2,210 | ) |  | 910 |  |  | (6,300 | ) |  | 4,640 |
Derivative instruments (Note 9) |  | 50 |  |  | 2,540 |  |  | 1,720 |  |  | 2,520 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (1,980 | ) |  | 3,620 |  |  | (1,550 | ) |  | 7,660 |
Total comprehensive income |  | $ | 20,690 |  |  | $ | 16,750 |  |  | $ | 65,040 |  |  | $ | 42,630 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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TriMas Corporation
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
(Unaudited—dollars in thousands)

|  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 66,590 |  |  | $ | 34,970 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
Loss on dispositions of assets |  | 70 |  |  | 3,210 |
Depreciation |  | 18,630 |  |  | 18,890 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 14,600 |  |  | 14,920 |
Amortization of debt issue costs |  | 1,020 |  |  | 1,030 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 9,290 |  |  | 2,420 |
Non-cash compensation expense |  | 4,400 |  |  | 5,090 |
Debt financing and related expenses |  | — |  |  | 6,640 |
Increase in receivables |  | (20,060 | ) |  | (12,700 | )
Increase in inventories |  | (10,750 | ) |  | (580 | )
Decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets |  | 7,180 |  |  | 7,110 |
Decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | (6,740 | ) |  | (8,590 | )
Other operating activities |  | (1,140 | ) |  | 240 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 83,090 |  |  | 72,650 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures |  | (15,890 | ) |  | (24,120 | )
Net proceeds from disposition of property and equipment |  | 250 |  |  | 1,800 |
Net cash used for investing activities |  | (15,640 | ) |  | (22,320 | )
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of senior notes |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
Repayments of borrowings on term loan facilities |  | — |  |  | (257,940 | )
Proceeds from borrowings on revolving credit and accounts receivable facilities |  | 59,060 |  |  | 353,710 |
Repayments of borrowings on revolving credit and accounts receivable facilities |  | (68,490 | ) |  | (435,250 | )
Debt financing fees |  | — |  |  | (6,070 | )
Shares surrendered upon exercise and vesting of equity awards to cover taxes |  | (2,380 | ) |  | (480 | )
Payments to purchase common stock |  | (3,590 | ) |  | — |
Other financing activities |  | — |  |  | (250 | )
Net cash used for financing activities |  | (15,400 | ) |  | (46,280 | )
Cash and Cash Equivalents: |  |  |  |
Net increase for the period |  | 52,050 |  |  | 4,050 |
At beginning of period |  | 27,580 |  |  | 20,710 |
At end of period |  | $ | 79,630 |  |  | $ | 24,760 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 7,840 |  |  | $ | 9,020 |
Cash paid for taxes |  | $ | 5,020 |  |  | $ | 13,140 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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TriMas Corporation
Consolidated Statement of Shareholders' Equity
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(Unaudited—dollars in thousands)

|  | Common Stock |  | Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total
Balances, December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 460 |  |  | $ | 823,850 |  |  | $ | (262,960 | ) |  | $ | (17,330 | ) |  | $ | 544,020 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66,590 |  |  | — |  |  | 66,590 |
Other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,550 | ) |  | (1,550 | )
Purchase of common stock |  | — |  |  | (3,590 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,590 | )
Shares surrendered upon exercise and vesting of equity awards to cover taxes |  | — |  |  | (2,380 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,380 | )
Non-cash compensation expense |  | — |  |  | 4,400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,400 |
Balances, September 30, 2018 |  | $ | 460 |  |  | $ | 822,280 |  |  | $ | (196,370 | ) |  | $ | (18,880 | ) |  | $ | 607,490 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
1. Basis of Presentation
TriMas Corporation ("TriMas" or the "Company"), and its consolidated subsidiaries, is a diversified industrial manufacturer of products for customers in the consumer products, aerospace, industrial, petrochemical, refinery and oil and gas end markets.
In the first quarter of 2018, TriMas realigned its reporting structure from four segments to three. While there were no changes to the Packaging and Aerospace reportable segments, the Company combined its previous Energy and Engineered Components reportable segments into a new reportable segment titled Specialty Products. This change was made in connection with recent realignment efforts, providing a more streamlined operating structure and to better leverage resources across the divisions in this segment. See Note 11, "Segment Information," for further information on each of the Company's reportable segments.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries and, in the opinion of management, contain all adjustments, including adjustments of a normal and recurring nature, necessary for a fair presentation of financial position and results of operations. Results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform with current year presentation. The accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
2. New Accounting Pronouncements
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2018-14, "Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General (Subtopic 715-20)" ("ASU 2018-14"), which modifies the disclosure requirements for employers who sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. ASU 2018-14 is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. ASU 2018-14 is to be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of adoption on its consolidated financial statements.
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220)" ("ASU 2018-02"), which provides for the option to reclassify stranded tax effects within accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Reform Act"). ASU 2018-02 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. ASU 2018-02 is to be applied retrospectively to each period in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate related to the Tax Reform Act is recorded. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of adoption on its consolidated financial statements.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment" ("ASU 2017-04"), which simplifies the test for goodwill impairment by eliminating the requirement to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure the amount of goodwill impairment. ASU 2017-04 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of adoption on its consolidated financial statements.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)" ("ASU 2016-02"), which requires that lessees, at the lease commencement date, recognize a lease liability representing the lessee's obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease as well as a right-of-use asset, which represents the lessee's right to use, or control the use of a specified asset, for the lease term. The new guidance also aligns lessor accounting to the lessee accounting model and to Topic 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers." Since the issuance of the original standard, the FASB has issued several subsequent updates. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2018, and is to be applied using a modified retrospective approach with early adoption permitted. We plan to adopt the standard effective January 1, 2019. We anticipate this standard will have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheet. However, we do not expect adoption will have a material impact on our consolidated statement of income. While we are continuing to assess potential impacts of the standard, we currently expect the most significant impact will be the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for operating leases.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
3. Revenue
Revenue is recognized when control of promised goods are transferred to customers, which generally occurs when products are shipped from the Company’s facilities to its customers. The amount of revenue recorded reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for transferring those goods. Net sales are comprised of gross revenues, based on observed stand-alone selling prices, less estimates of expected returns, trade discounts and customer allowances, which include incentives such as volume discounts and other supply agreements in connection with various programs. Such deductions are estimated and recorded during the period the related revenue is recognized. The Company may adjust these estimates when the expected amount of consideration changes based on sales volumes or other contractual terms. Sales and other consumption taxes the Company collects from customers and remits to government agencies are excluded from revenue. The Company has elected to account for freight and shipping costs that occur after control of the related goods transfer to the customer as a fulfillment cost within cost of sales. The nature and timing of the Company's revenue transactions are similar, as substantially all revenue is based on point-in-time transactions with customers under industry-standard payment terms. The Company may require shortened payment terms, including cash-in-advance, on an individual customer basis depending on its assessment of the customer's credit risk.
The following table presents the Company’s disaggregated net sales by primary end market served (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
Customer End Markets |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Consumer |  | $ | 72,440 |  |  | $ | 68,380 |  |  | $ | 209,160 |  |  | $ | 194,040 |
Aerospace |  | 49,070 |  |  | 48,550 |  |  | 140,500 |  |  | 141,550 |
Industrial |  | 51,880 |  |  | 46,120 |  |  | 162,200 |  |  | 145,410 |
Oil and gas |  | 50,390 |  |  | 46,280 |  |  | 153,930 |  |  | 141,530 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 223,780 |  |  | $ | 209,330 |  |  | $ | 665,790 |  |  | $ | 622,530 |

The Company’s Packaging reportable segment earns revenues from the consumer and industrial end markets. The Aerospace reportable segment earns revenues from the aerospace end market. The Specialty Products reportable segment earns revenues from the industrial and oil and gas end markets.
4. Facility Closures
Bangalore, India facility
In May 2018, the Company exited its Bangalore, India facility within the Specialty Products reportable segment. In connection with this action, the Company recorded pre-tax charges of approximately $0.7 million within selling, general and administrative expenses and approximately $0.6 million within cost of sales related to severance benefits for employees involuntarily terminated, facility closure costs and costs related to the disposal of certain assets.
Reynosa, Mexico facility
In March 2017, the Company announced plans within the Specialty Products reportable segment to cease production at its Reynosa, Mexico facility, and consolidate production into its Houston, Texas facility. During the second quarter of 2017, upon the cease use date of the facility, the Company recorded a pre-tax charge of approximately $1.5 million within cost of sales for estimated future unrecoverable lease obligations, net of estimated sublease recoveries, for the lease that expires in 2025. In addition, in the second quarter of 2017, the Company incurred approximately $1.2 million of pre-tax non-cash charges within cost of sales related to accelerated depreciation expense as a result of shortening the expected lives on certain machinery, equipment and leasehold improvement assets that the Company no longer used following the facility closure.
During the second quarter of 2018, following entry into a sublease agreement for the facility, the Company re-evaluated its estimate of unrecoverable future obligations, and reduced its estimate by approximately $1.1 million.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
Wolverhampton, United Kingdom facility
In March 2017, the Company exited its Wolverhampton, United Kingdom facility within the Specialty Products reportable segment. In connection with this action, the Company recorded pre-tax charges of approximately $3.5 million within selling, general and administrative expenses, of which approximately $3.2 million were non-cash charges related to the disposal of certain assets.
5. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Packaging |  | Aerospace |  | Specialty Products |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2017 | $ | 166,400 |  |  | $ | 146,430 |  |  | $ | 6,560 |  |  | $ | 319,390 |
Foreign currency translation and other | (2,660 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,660 | )
Balance, September 30, 2018 | $ | 163,740 |  |  | $ | 146,430 |  |  | $ | 6,560 |  |  | $ | 316,730 |

The Company amortizes its other intangible assets over periods ranging from one to 30 years. The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of the Company's other intangibles as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are summarized below (dollars in thousands):

|  | As of September 30, 2018 |  | As of December 31, 2017
Intangible Category by Useful Life |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization
Finite-lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships, 5 – 12 years |  | $ | 73,240 |  |  | $ | (46,410 | ) |  | $ | 73,910 |  |  | $ | (41,000 | )
Customer relationships, 15 – 25 years |  | 132,230 |  |  | (57,060 | ) |  | 132,230 |  |  | (51,880 | )
Total customer relationships |  | 205,470 |  |  | (103,470 | ) |  | 206,140 |  |  | (92,880 | )
Technology and other, 1 – 15 years |  | 57,030 |  |  | (30,900 | ) |  | 57,340 |  |  | (29,120 | )
Technology and other, 17 – 30 years |  | 43,300 |  |  | (35,080 | ) |  | 43,300 |  |  | (33,490 | )
Total technology and other |  | 100,330 |  |  | (65,980 | ) |  | 100,640 |  |  | (62,610 | )
Indefinite-lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trademark/Trade names |  | 42,930 |  |  | — |  |  | 42,930 |  |  | — |
Total other intangible assets |  | $ | 348,730 |  |  | $ | (169,450 | ) |  | $ | 349,710 |  |  | $ | (155,490 | )

Amortization expense related to intangible assets as included in the accompanying consolidated statement of income is summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Technology and other, included in cost of sales |  | $ | 1,230 |  |  | $ | 1,280 |  |  | $ | 3,680 |  |  | $ | 3,990 |
Customer relationships, included in selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 3,630 |  |  | 3,650 |  |  | 10,920 |  |  | 10,930 |
Total amortization expense |  | $ | 4,860 |  |  | $ | 4,930 |  |  | $ | 14,600 |  |  | $ | 14,920 |

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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
6. Inventories
Inventories consist of the following components (dollars in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Finished goods |  | $ | 85,730 |  |  | $ | 86,310 |
Work in process |  | 27,300 |  |  | 24,580 |
Raw materials |  | 52,440 |  |  | 44,460 |
Total inventories |  | $ | 165,470 |  |  | $ | 155,350 |

7. Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment consists of the following components (dollars in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Land and land improvements |  | $ | 15,580 |  |  | $ | 15,500 |
Buildings |  | 74,120 |  |  | 73,550 |
Machinery and equipment |  | 311,530 |  |  | 303,880 |
|  | 401,230 |  |  | 392,930 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation |  | 216,150 |  |  | 202,680 |
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 185,080 |  |  | $ | 190,250 |

Depreciation expense as included in the accompanying consolidated statement of income is as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Depreciation expense, included in cost of sales |  | $ | 5,490 |  |  | $ | 5,440 |  |  | $ | 17,330 |  |  | $ | 17,380 |
Depreciation expense, included in selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 270 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 1,300 |  |  | 1,510 |
Total depreciation expense |  | $ | 5,760 |  |  | $ | 5,840 |  |  | $ | 18,630 |  |  | $ | 18,890 |

8. Long-term Debt
The Company's long-term debt consists of the following (dollars in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
4.875% Senior Notes due October 2025 |  | $ | 300,000 |  |  | $ | 300,000 |
Credit Agreement |  | — |  |  | 10,810 |
Debt issuance costs |  | (6,710 | ) |  | (7,730 | )
Long-term debt, net |  | $ | 293,290 |  |  | $ | 303,080 |

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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
Senior Notes
In September 2017, the Company issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.875% senior notes due October 15, 2025 ("Senior Notes") at par value in a private placement under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The Company used the proceeds from the offering to fully repay the $250.9 million principal, plus $0.4 million related interest, outstanding on its former senior secured term loan A facility due 2020 ("Term Loan A Facility"), repay approximately $41.7 million of outstanding obligations under the Company's accounts receivable facility, pay fees and expenses of $5.0 million related to the Senior Notes offering, pay fees and expenses of $1.1 million related to amending its existing credit agreement, with the remaining amount retained as cash on its consolidated balance sheet. Of the $5.0 million of fees and expenses related to the Senior Notes, approximately $4.9 million was capitalized as debt issuance costs and approximately $0.1 million was recorded as debt financing and related expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of income.
The Senior Notes accrue interest at a rate of 4.875% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15, commencing on April 15, 2018. The payment of principal and interest is jointly and severally guaranteed, on a senior unsecured basis, by certain subsidiaries of the Company (each a "Guarantor" and collectively the "Guarantors"). The Senior Notes are pari passu in right of payment with all existing and future senior indebtedness and subordinated to all existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness.
Prior to October 15, 2020, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes at a redemption price of 104.875% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings provided that each such redemption occurs within 90 days of the date of closing of each such equity offering. In addition, the Company may redeem all or part of the Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, plus a "make whole" premium. On or after October 15, 2020, the Company may redeem all or part of the Senior Notes at the redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, if redeemed during the twelve-month period beginning on October 15 of the years indicated below:

Year |  | Percentage
2020 |  | 102.438 | %
2021 |  | 101.219 | %
2022 and thereafter |  | 100.000 | %

Credit Agreement
The Company is a party to a credit agreement ("Credit Agreement") consisting of a $300.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility, which permits borrowings denominated in specific foreign currencies, subject to a $125.0 million sub limit, matures on September 20, 2022 and is subject to interest at London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") plus 1.50%. The interest rate spread is based upon the leverage ratio, as defined, as of the most recent determination date.
The Credit Agreement also provides incremental revolving credit facility commitments in an amount not to exceed the greater of $200.0 million and an amount such that, after giving effect to such incremental commitments and the incurrence of any other indebtedness substantially simultaneously with the making of such commitments, the senior secured net leverage ratio, as defined, is no greater than 3.00 to 1.00. The terms and conditions of any incremental revolving credit facility commitments must be no more favorable than the existing credit facility.
The Company's revolving credit facility allows for the issuance of letters of credit, not to exceed $40.0 million in aggregate. At September 30, 2018, the Company had no amounts outstanding under its revolving credit facility and had approximately $284.9 million potentially available after giving effect to approximately $15.1 million of letters of credit issued and outstanding. At December 31, 2017, the Company had approximately $10.8 million outstanding under its revolving credit facility and had approximately $274.3 million potentially available after giving effect to approximately $14.9 million of letters of credit issued and outstanding. However, including availability under its former accounts receivable facility and after consideration of leverage restrictions contained in the Credit Agreement, the Company had approximately $284.9 million and $332.1 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, of borrowing capacity available for general corporate purposes.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
The debt under the Credit Agreement is an obligation of the Company and certain of its domestic subsidiaries and is secured by substantially all of the assets of such parties. Borrowings under the $125.0 million (equivalent) foreign currency sub limit of the $300.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility are secured by a cross-guarantee amongst, and a pledge of the assets of, the foreign subsidiary borrowers that are a party to the agreement. The Credit Agreement also contains various negative and affirmative covenants and other requirements affecting the Company and its subsidiaries, including the ability to, subject to certain exceptions and limitations, incur debt, liens, mergers, investments, loans, advances, guarantee obligations, acquisitions, assets dispositions, sale-leaseback transactions, hedging agreements, dividends and other restricted payments, transactions with affiliates, restrictive agreements and amendments to charters, bylaws, and other material documents. The terms of the Credit Agreement also require the Company and its restricted subsidiaries to meet certain restrictive financial covenants and ratios computed quarterly, including a maximum total net leverage ratio (total consolidated indebtedness plus outstanding amounts under the accounts receivable securitization facility, less the aggregate amount of certain unrestricted cash and unrestricted permitted investments, as defined, over consolidated EBITDA, as defined), a maximum senior secured net leverage ratio (total consolidated senior secured indebtedness, less the aggregate amount of certain unrestricted cash and unrestricted permitted investments, as defined, over consolidated EBITDA, as defined) and a minimum interest expense coverage ratio (consolidated EBITDA, as defined, over the sum of consolidated cash interest expense, as defined, and preferred dividends, as defined). At September 30, 2018, the Company was in compliance with its financial covenants contained in the Credit Agreement.
In September 2017, the Company amended its existing credit agreement in connection with the Senior Notes offering and extended the maturity date, increased the permitted borrowings denominated in specific foreign currencies, removed the Term Loan A Facility and resized the revolving credit facility. The Company incurred fees and expenses of approximately $1.1 million related to the amendment, all of which was capitalized as debt issuance costs. The Company also recorded approximately $2.0 million non-cash expense related to the write-off of previously capitalized deferred financing fees within debt financing and related expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of income.
Receivables Facility
In March 2018, the Company terminated its accounts receivable facility previously utilized through TSPC, Inc. ("TSPC"), a wholly-owned subsidiary. The facility was used to sell trade accounts receivable of substantially all of the Company's domestic business operations. Under this facility, TSPC, from time to time, could sell an undivided fractional ownership interest in the pool of receivables up to $75.0 million to a third-party multi-seller receivables funding company. The cost of funds under this facility consisted of a 1-month LIBOR-based rate plus a usage fee of 1.00% and a fee on the unused portion of the facility of 0.35%.
At December 31, 2017, the Company had no amounts outstanding under the facility and approximately $57.8 million available but not utilized. Aggregate costs incurred under the facility were approximately $0.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, and $0.1 million and $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are included in interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statement of income.
Fair Value of Debt
The valuations of the Senior Notes and revolving credit facility were determined based on Level 2 inputs under the fair value hierarchy, as defined. The carrying amounts and fair values were as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
Senior Notes |  | $ | 300,000 |  |  | $ | 288,000 |  |  | $ | 300,000 |  |  | $ | 300,750 |
Revolving credit facility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,810 |  |  | 10,490 |

9. Derivative Instruments
In October 2017, the Company entered into cross-currency swap agreements to hedge its net investment in Euro-denominated assets against future volatility in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Euro. By doing so, the Company synthetically converted a portion of its U.S. dollar-based long-term debt into Euro-denominated long-term debt. The agreements have a five year tenor at notional amounts declining from $150.0 million to $75.0 million over the contract period. Under the terms of the swap agreements, the Company is to receive net interest payments at a fixed rate of approximately 2.10% of the notional amount. At inception, the cross-currency swaps were designated as net investment hedges.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
The Company has historically utilized interest rate swap agreements to fix the LIBOR-based variable portion of the interest rate on its long-term debt. Prior to its debt refinancing in September 2017, the Company had interest rate swap agreements in place that hedged a declining notional value of debt ranging from approximately $238.4 million to approximately $192.7 million, amortizing consistent with future scheduled debt principal payments. The interest rate swap agreements required the Company to receive a variable interest rate and pay a fixed interest rate in a range of 0.74% to 2.68% with various expiration terms extending to June 30, 2020. At inception, the interest rate swaps were designated as cash flow hedges.
In September 2017, immediately following the debt refinancing, the Company determined the likelihood of the hedged transactions occurring was less than probable and de-designated the interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges and terminated the interest rate swaps for a cash payment of approximately $4.7 million. There were no interest rate swaps outstanding as of September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017. The cash flows associated with the cash flow hedges are reported in net cash provided by operating activities on the statement of cash flows. Up to the date of the termination, the Company utilized hedge accounting, which allows for the effective portion of the interest rate swaps to be recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss ("AOCI") in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. At the date the Company de-designated the swaps as effective hedges, there was approximately $2.9 million (net of tax of $1.8 million) of unrealized losses remaining in AOCI, which were reclassified into debt financing and related expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of income during the third quarter of 2017.
As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the fair value carrying amount of the Company's derivative instruments are recorded as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  | Asset / (Liability) Derivatives
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  | Balance Sheet Caption |  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Net Investment Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps |  | Other long-term liabilities |  | $ | (1,880 | ) |  | $ | (4,110 | )

The following table summarizes the loss recognized in AOCI on derivative contracts designated as hedging instruments as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, and the amounts reclassified from AOCI into earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| Amount of Loss Recognized in AOCI on Derivative (Effective Portion, net of tax) |  |  |  | Amount of Loss Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings
|  |  |  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| As of September 30, 2018 |  | As of December 31, 2017 |  | Location of Loss Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings (Effective Portion) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net Investment Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps | $ | (1,450 | ) |  | $ | (3,170 | ) |  | Other income (expense), net |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Interest expense |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (320 | )
|  |  |  |  | Debt financing and related expenses |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,680 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,680 | )

Over the next 12 months, the Company does not expect to reclassify any pre-tax deferred losses from AOCI into earnings.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
The fair value of the Company's derivatives are estimated using an income approach based on valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single, discounted amount. Estimates of the fair value of the Company's interest rate swaps and cross-currency swaps use observable inputs such as interest rate yield curves and forward currency exchange rates. Fair value measurements and the fair value hierarchy level for the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are shown below (dollars in thousands):

| Description |  | Frequency |  | Asset / (Liability) |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
September 30, 2018 | Cross-currency swaps |  | Recurring |  | $ | (1,880 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,880 | ) |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2017 | Cross-currency swaps |  | Recurring |  | $ | (4,110 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,110 | ) |  | $ | — |

10. Commitments and Contingencies
Asbestos
As of September 30, 2018, the Company was a party to 390 pending cases involving an aggregate of 4,833 claims primarily alleging personal injury from exposure to asbestos containing materials formerly used in gaskets (both encapsulated and otherwise) manufactured or distributed by certain of its subsidiaries for use primarily in the petrochemical, refining and exploration industries. The following chart summarizes the number of claims, number of claims filed, number of claims dismissed, number of claims settled, the average settlement amount per claim and the total defense costs, excluding amounts reimbursed under the Company's primary insurance, at the applicable date and for the applicable periods:

|  | Claims pending at beginning of period |  | Claims filed during period |  | Claims dismissed during period |  | Claims settled during period |  | Claims pending at end of period |  | Average settlement amount per claim during period |  | Total defense costs during period
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | 5,256 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 517 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 4,833 |  |  | $ | 7,603 |  |  | $ | 1,718,100 |
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2017 |  | 5,339 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 5,256 |  |  | $ | 8,930 |  |  | $ | 2,280,000 |

In addition, the Company acquired various companies to distribute its products that had distributed gaskets of other manufacturers prior to acquisition. The Company believes that many of its pending cases relate to locations at which none of its gaskets were distributed or used.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
The Company may be subjected to significant additional asbestos-related claims in the future, the cost of settling cases in which product identification can be made may increase, and the Company may be subjected to further claims in respect of the former activities of its acquired gasket distributors. The Company is unable to make a meaningful statement concerning the monetary claims made in the asbestos cases given that, among other things, claims may be initially made in some jurisdictions without specifying the amount sought or by simply stating the requisite or maximum permissible monetary relief, and may be amended to alter the amount sought. The large majority of claims do not specify the amount sought. Of the 4,833 claims pending at September 30, 2018, 54 set forth specific amounts of damages (other than those stating the statutory minimum or maximum). At September 30, 2018, of the 54 claims that set forth specific amounts, there were no claims seeking specific amounts for punitive damages. Below is a breakdown of the amount sought for those claims seeking specific amounts:

|  | Compensatory
Range of damages sought (dollars in millions) |  | $0.0 to $0.6 |  | $0.6 to $5.0 |  | $5.0+
Number of claims |  | — |  | 14 |  | 40

In addition, relatively few of the claims have reached the discovery stage and even fewer claims have gone past the discovery stage.
Total settlement costs (exclusive of defense costs) for all such cases, some of which were filed over 20 years ago, have been approximately $8.8 million. All relief sought in the asbestos cases is monetary in nature. To date, approximately 40% of the Company's costs related to settlement and defense of asbestos litigation have been covered by its primary insurance. Effective February 14, 2006, the Company entered into a coverage-in-place agreement with its first level excess carriers regarding the coverage to be provided to the Company for asbestos-related claims when the primary insurance is exhausted. The coverage-in-place agreement makes asbestos defense costs and indemnity insurance coverage available to the Company that might otherwise be disputed by the carriers and provides a methodology for the administration of such expenses. Nonetheless, the Company believes it is likely there will be a period within the next six months, prior to the commencement of coverage under this agreement and following exhaustion of the Company's primary insurance coverage, during which the Company will be solely responsible for defense costs and indemnity payments, the duration of which would be subject to the scope of damage awards and settlements paid.
Based on the settlements made to date and the number of claims dismissed or withdrawn for lack of product identification, the Company believes that the relief sought (when specified) does not bear a reasonable relationship to its potential liability. Based upon the Company's experience to date, including the trend in annual defense and settlement costs incurred to date, and other available information (including the availability of excess insurance), the Company does not believe these cases will have a material adverse effect on its financial position and results of operations or cash flows.
Metaldyne Corporation
Prior to June 6, 2002, the Company was wholly-owned by Metaldyne Corporation ("Metaldyne"). In connection with the reorganization between TriMas and Metaldyne in June 2002, TriMas assumed certain liabilities and obligations of Metaldyne, mainly comprised of contractual obligations to former TriMas employees, tax related matters, benefit plan liabilities and reimbursements to Metaldyne of normal course payments to be made on TriMas' behalf.
In 2007, Metaldyne merged into a subsidiary of Asahi Tec Corporation (“Asahi”) whereby Metaldyne became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Asahi, and in 2009, Metaldyne and its U.S. subsidiaries filed voluntary petitions in the United States Bankruptcy Court under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.
On January 11, 2018, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court entered a final decree to close all remaining cases and finalize the Metaldyne bankruptcy distribution trust, effectively terminating any potential obligation by TriMas to Metaldyne. In consideration of the final decree, the Company removed the obligation from its balance sheet during the first quarter of 2018, resulting in an approximate $8.2 million non-cash reduction in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of income.
Claims and Litigation
The Company is subject to other claims and litigation in the ordinary course of business, but does not believe that any such claim or litigation will have a material adverse effect on its financial position and results of operations or cash flows.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
11. Segment Information
In the first quarter of 2018, TriMas realigned its reporting structure into three reportable segments: Packaging, Aerospace, and Specialty Products. Each of these segments has discrete financial information that is regularly evaluated by TriMas' president and chief executive officer (chief operating decision maker) in determining resource, personnel and capital allocation, as well as assessing strategy and performance. The Company utilizes its proprietary TriMas Business Model as a standardized set of processes to manage and drive results and strategy across its multi-industry businesses.
Within the Company's reportable segments, there are no individual products or product families for which reported net sales accounted for more than 10% of the Company's consolidated net sales. See below for more information regarding the types of products and services provided within each reportable segment:
Packaging – The Packaging segment, which consists primarily of the Rieke® brand, develops and manufactures specialty dispensing and closure products for the health, beauty and home care, food and beverage, and industrial markets.
Aerospace – The Aerospace segment, which includes the Monogram Aerospace Fasteners™, Allfast Fastening Systems®, Mac Fasteners™ and Martinic Engineering™ brands, develops, qualifies and manufactures highly-engineered, precision fasteners and machined products to serve the aerospace market.
Specialty Products – The Specialty Products segment, which includes the Norris Cylinder™, Lamons® and Arrow® Engine brands, designs, manufactures and distributes highly-engineered steel cylinders, sealing and fastener products, and wellhead engines and compression systems for use within the industrial, petrochemical, and oil and gas exploration and refining markets.
Segment activity is as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net Sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging |  | $ | 95,250 |  |  | $ | 89,560 |  |  | $ | 278,540 |  |  | $ | 259,260 |
Aerospace |  | 49,070 |  |  | 48,550 |  |  | 140,500 |  |  | 141,550 |
Specialty Products |  | 79,460 |  |  | 71,220 |  |  | 246,750 |  |  | 221,720 |
Total |  | $ | 223,780 |  |  | $ | 209,330 |  |  | $ | 665,790 |  |  | $ | 622,530 |
Operating Profit (Loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging |  | $ | 22,060 |  |  | $ | 23,140 |  |  | $ | 64,450 |  |  | $ | 61,630 |
Aerospace |  | 8,290 |  |  | 7,810 |  |  | 20,680 |  |  | 19,860 |
Specialty Products |  | 7,720 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | 26,610 |  |  | 11,770 |
Corporate(a) |  | (8,190 | ) |  | (7,660 | ) |  | (15,130 | ) |  | (22,640 | )
Total |  | $ | 29,880 |  |  | $ | 28,290 |  |  | $ | 96,610 |  |  | $ | 70,620 |

__________________________

(a) | During the first quarter of 2018, the Company removed an obligation from its balance sheet, resulting in an approximate $8.2 million non-cash reduction in selling, general and administrative expenses. See Note 10, "Commitments and Contingencies," for further details.

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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
12. Equity Awards
Stock Options
The Company did not grant any stock option awards during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Information related to stock options at September 30, 2018 is as follows:

|  | Number of Stock Options |  | Weighted Average Option Price |  | Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2018 |  | 206,854 |  |  | $ | 13.19 |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Cancelled |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Expired |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at September 30, 2018 |  | 206,854 |  |  | $ | 13.19 |  |  | 5.8 |  | $ | 3,558,967 |

As of September 30, 2018, 156,854 stock options outstanding were exercisable under the Company's long-term equity incentive plans. As of September 30, 2018, there was approximately $0.1 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options that is expected to be recorded over a weighted average period of 0.8 years.
The Company recognized approximately $0.1 million and $0.1 million of stock-based compensation expense related to stock options during the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and approximately $0.2 million and $0.5 million of stock-based compensation expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The stock-based compensation expense is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of income.
Restricted Stock Units
The Company awarded the following restricted stock units ("RSUs") during the nine months ended September 30, 2018:

• | granted 141,203 RSUs to certain employees, which are subject only to a service condition and vest ratably over three years so long as the employee remains with the Company; and

• | granted 25,830 RSUs to its non-employee independent directors, which vest one year from date of grant so long as the director and/or Company does not terminate the director's service prior to the vesting date.

In addition, the Company issued 5,907 RSUs related to director fee deferrals for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The Company allows for its non-employee independent directors to make an annual election to defer all or a portion of their directors fees and to receive the deferred amount in cash or equity. Certain of the Company's directors have elected to defer all or a portion of their directors fees and to receive the amount in Company common stock at a future date.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
During 2018, the Company awarded 104,532 performance-based RSUs to certain Company key employees which vest three years from the grant date as long as the employee remains with the Company. These awards are earned 50% based upon the Company's achievement of earnings per share compound annual growth rate ("EPS CAGR") metrics over a period beginning January 1, 2018 and ending December 31, 2020. The remaining 50% of the grants are earned based on the Company's total shareholder return ("TSR") relative to the TSR of the common stock of a pre-defined industry peer-group and measured over the performance period. TSR is calculated as the Company's average closing stock price for the 20-trading days at the end of the performance period plus Company dividends, divided by the Company's average closing stock price for the 20-trading days prior to the start of the performance period. The Company estimated the grant-date fair value and term of the awards subject to a market condition using a Monte Carlo simulation model, using the following weighted average assumptions: risk-free rate of 2.67% and annualized volatility of 30.2%. Depending on the performance achieved for these two metrics, the amount of shares earned, if any, can vary from 40% of the target award to a maximum of 200% of the target award for the EPS CAGR metric and 0% of the target award to a maximum of 200% of the target award for the TSR metric.
During 2015, the Company awarded performance-based RSUs to certain Company key employees which were earned based upon the Company's TSR relative to the TSR of the common stock of a pre-defined industry peer-group and measured over a period beginning September 10, 2015 and ending on December 31, 2017. Depending on the performance achieved, the amount of shares earned could vary from 0% of the target award to a maximum of 200% of the target award. The Company attained 126.9% of the target on a weighted average basis, resulting in an increase of 31,021 shares during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Information related to RSUs at September 30, 2018 is as follows:

|  | Number of Unvested RSUs |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2018 |  | 726,936 |  |  | $ | 22.60 |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 308,493 |  |  | 30.29 |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  | (338,141 | ) |  | 21.61 |  |  |  |  |
Cancelled |  | (34,931 | ) |  | 23.29 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at September 30, 2018 |  | 662,357 |  |  | $ | 26.65 |  |  | 1.2 |  | $ | 20,135,653 |

As of September 30, 2018, there was approximately $9.3 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs that is expected to be recorded over a weighted average period of 2.2 years.
The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs of approximately $1.7 million and $1.6 million during the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and approximately $4.2 million and $4.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The stock-based compensation expense is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of income.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
13. Earnings per Share
Net income is divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period to calculate basic earnings per share. Diluted earnings per share is calculated to give effect to stock options and RSUs. The following table summarizes the dilutive effect of RSUs and options to purchase common stock for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Weighted average common shares—basic |  | 45,850,288 |  |  | 45,721,155 |  |  | 45,850,187 |  |  | 45,669,782 |
Dilutive effect of restricted stock units |  | 203,800 |  |  | 233,859 |  |  | 246,347 |  |  | 226,617 |
Dilutive effect of stock options |  | 112,470 |  |  | 74,347 |  |  | 102,350 |  |  | 57,179 |
Weighted average common shares—diluted |  | 46,166,558 |  |  | 46,029,361 |  |  | 46,198,884 |  |  | 45,953,578 |

In November 2015, the Company announced its Board of Directors had authorized the Company to purchase its common stock up to $50 million in the aggregate. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 the Company purchased 23,191 and 124,138 shares of its outstanding common stock for approximately $0.7 million and $3.6 million, respectively. The Company did not purchase any shares of its outstanding common stock in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.
14. Defined Benefit Plans
Net periodic pension benefit costs for the Company's defined benefit pension plans cover certain foreign employees, union hourly employees and salaried employees. The components of net periodic pension cost for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Pension Plans
|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Service costs |  | $ | 270 |  |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | 850 |  |  | $ | 840 |
Interest costs |  | 260 |  |  | 310 |  |  | 850 |  |  | 950 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (340 | ) |  | (370 | ) |  | (1,190 | ) |  | (1,100 | )
Settlement/curtailment loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,500 |  |  | — |
Amortization of net loss |  | 180 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 670 |  |  | 760 |
Net periodic benefit cost |  | $ | 370 |  |  | $ | 490 |  |  | $ | 3,680 |  |  | $ | 1,450 |

The service cost component of net periodic benefit cost is recorded in cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expenses, while non-service cost components are recorded in other income (expense), net in the accompanying consolidated statement of income.
During the second quarter of 2018, the Company purchased an annuity contract to transfer certain retiree defined benefit obligations to an insurance company. The annuity contract was funded by plan assets. The Company recognized a one-time settlement charge of approximately $2.5 million, which is included in other income (expense), net in the accompanying consolidated statement of income.
The Company contributed approximately $0.8 million and $2.0 million to its defined benefit pension plans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The Company expects to contribute approximately $2.4 million to its defined benefit pension plans for the full year 2018.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
15. Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Changes in AOCI by component for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 are summarized as follows, net of tax (dollars in thousands):

|  | Defined Benefit Plans |  | Derivative Instruments |  | Foreign Currency Translation |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2017 |  | $ | (10,450 | ) |  | $ | (3,170 | ) |  | $ | (3,710 | ) |  | $ | (17,330 | )
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period (a) |  | — |  |  | 1,720 |  |  | (6,300 | ) |  | (4,580 | )
Less: Net realized losses reclassified to net income (b) |  | (3,030 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,030 | )
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 3,030 |  |  | 1,720 |  |  | (6,300 | ) |  | (1,550 | )
Balance, September 30, 2018 |  | $ | (7,420 | ) |  | $ | (1,450 | ) |  | $ | (10,010 | ) |  | $ | (18,880 | )

__________________________

(a) | Derivative instruments, net of income tax of approximately $0.5 million. See Note 9, "Derivative Instruments," for further details.

(b) | Defined benefit plans, net of income tax of approximately $0.9 million. See Note 14, "Defined Benefit Plans," for further details.

Changes in AOCI by component for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 are summarized as follows, net of tax (dollars in thousands):

|  | Defined Benefit Plans |  | Derivative Instruments |  | Foreign Currency Translation |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2016 |  | $ | (12,120 | ) |  | $ | (2,520 | ) |  | $ | (9,760 | ) |  | $ | (24,400 | )
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period (a) |  | — |  |  | (580 | ) |  | 4,640 |  |  | 4,060 |
Less: Net realized losses reclassified to net income (b) |  | (500 | ) |  | (3,100 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,600 | )
Net current-period other comprehensive income |  | 500 |  |  | 2,520 |  |  | 4,640 |  |  | 7,660 |
Balance, September 30, 2017 |  | $ | (11,620 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (5,120 | ) |  | $ | (16,740 | )

__________________________

(a) | Derivative instruments, net of income tax of approximately $0.4 million. See Note 9, "Derivative Instruments," for further details.

(b) | Defined benefit plans, net of income tax of approximately $0.2 million. See Note 14, "Defined Benefit Plans," for further details. Derivative instruments, net of income tax of approximately $1.9 million. See Note 9, "Derivative Instruments," for further details.

16. Subsequent Event
In October 2018, the Company terminated its existing cross-currency swap agreements, de-designating the swaps as net investment hedges and receiving approximately $1.1 million of cash. The Company also entered into new cross currency swap agreements to hedge its net investment in Euro-denominated assets against future volatility in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Euro. The new agreements have a five year tenor at notional amounts declining from $125.0 million to $75.0 million over the contract period. Under the terms of the swap agreements, the Company is to receive net interest payments at a fixed rate of approximately 2.9% of the notional amount.
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition contains forward-looking statements regarding industry outlook and our expectations regarding the performance of our business. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described under the heading "Forward-Looking Statements," at the beginning of this report. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements. You should read the following discussion together with the Company's reports on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Introduction
We are a diversified industrial manufacturer of products for customers in the consumer products, aerospace, industrial, petrochemical, refinery and oil and gas end markets. Our wide range of innovative and quality product solutions are engineered and designed to address our customers' application-specific needs. We believe our businesses share important and distinguishing characteristics, including: well-recognized and leading brand names in the niche markets we serve; established distribution networks; innovative product technologies and features; customer approved processes and qualified products; relatively low ongoing capital investment requirements; strong cash flow conversion and long-term growth opportunities. While the majority of our revenue is in the United States, we manufacture and supply products globally to a wide range of companies. We are principally engaged in three reportable segments: Packaging, Aerospace and Specialty Products.
Key Factors Affecting Our Reported Results
Our businesses and results of operations depend upon general economic conditions. We serve customers in cyclical industries that are highly competitive and are themselves significantly impacted by changes in economic conditions.
During the third quarter of 2018, there were four significant factors impacting our reported results as compared to the third quarter of 2017.
The first factor was an increase in sales levels across most of our end markets. Third quarter 2018 net sales increased by 6.9% compared with third quarter 2017, with increases in each of our three reportable segments, driven primarily by growth in our health, beauty and home care end market within our Packaging reportable segment and increased volume of steel cylinder and oil and gas-related products within our Specialty Products reportable segment. We believe general industrial year-to-date activity levels have been higher in 2018 versus 2017, particularly in the United States, and we are well positioned to take advantage of the incremental volume opportunities.
The second factor was continued positive momentum as we further leveraged the TriMas Business Model ("TBM"), which provides for a common platform to operate and manage our multi-industry set of businesses. Using the TBM, we have continued to drive and leverage operating improvements, as well as continuously evaluate, realign and streamline fixed and selling, general and administrative expenses. Operating under the TBM contributed to increased operating profit on higher sales levels as we leveraged our fixed costs at a greater rate than in third quarter 2017.
The third factor affecting our year-over-year results was the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Reform Act") on December 22, 2017. We adopted the new legislation in the fourth quarter of 2017, and recorded one-time provisional charges of approximately $12.7 million related to taxing previously deferred foreign income and revaluing our net deferred tax assets. In the third quarter of 2018, we significantly benefited from the reduction in the U.S. Federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, which is the primary reason for a decrease in our overall effective tax rate from 26.6% in third quarter 2017 to 15.4% in third quarter 2018.
The fourth factor impacting our third quarter 2018 results was an increase in material costs, primarily related to oil and metal-based commodities. We believe these increased costs unfavorably impacted our third quarter by approximately $2 million compared to 2017, primarily in our Packaging reportable segment. Costs for these commodities were higher than in 2017 and have trended upward throughout 2018, and we believe have further increased in third quarter as a result of governmental intervention in trade matters. Historically, we have been able to work with our suppliers to manage costs. Tactics we employ in mitigating commodity cost increases include commercial pricing adjustments, both contractual and negotiated, resourcing to alternate suppliers to secure better pricing or avoid import and transportation costs, and insourcing to better leverage our global manufacturing footprint. Certain of these measures take time, and in some cases some investment, to implement. While we have not fully recovered the commodity cost increases in the first three quarters of 2018, historically we have been generally able to mitigate the impact of increased commodity costs over time.
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In addition to the third quarter 2018 events, another significant factor affecting our 2018 reported results was an adjustment to terminate a legacy liability of approximately $8.2 million during the first quarter of 2018, which resulted in a reduction to corporate office selling, general and administrative expenses. Prior to 2002, we were wholly-owned by Metaldyne Corporation ("Metaldyne"). In connection with the reorganization between TriMas and Metaldyne in June 2002, we assumed certain liabilities and obligations of Metaldyne, mainly comprised of contractual obligations to former TriMas employees, tax related matters, benefit plan liabilities and reimbursements to Metaldyne of normal course payments to be made on TriMas' behalf. Metaldyne and its U.S. subsidiaries filed voluntary petitions in the United States Bankruptcy Court under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code in 2009. On January 11, 2018, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court entered a final decree to close all remaining cases and finalize the Metaldyne bankruptcy distribution trust, effectively terminating any potential obligation by TriMas to Metaldyne.
Additional Key Risks that May Affect Our Reported Results
Critical factors affecting our ability to succeed include: our ability to create organic growth through product development, cross selling and extending product-line offerings, and our ability to quickly and cost-effectively introduce new products; our ability to acquire and integrate companies or products that supplement existing product lines, add new distribution channels or customers, expand our geographic coverage or enable better absorption of overhead costs; our ability to manage our cost structure more efficiently via supply base management, internal sourcing and/or purchasing of materials, selective outsourcing and/or purchasing of support functions, working capital management, and greater leverage of our administrative functions.
Our overall business does not experience significant seasonal fluctuation, other than our fourth quarter, which has tended to be the lowest net sales quarter of the year due to holiday shutdowns at certain customers or other customers deferring capital spending to the following year. Given the short-cycle nature of most of our businesses, we do not consider sales order backlog to be a material factor. A growing amount of our sales is derived from international sources, which exposes us to certain risks, including currency risks.
We are sensitive to price movements in our raw materials supply base. Our largest material purchases are for resins (such as polypropylene and polyethylene), steel, aluminum and other oil and metal-based purchased components. Although we are generally able to mitigate the impact of higher commodity costs, we may experience additional material costs and disruptions in supply in the future and may not be able to pass along higher costs to our customers in the form of price increases.
Certain of our businesses in our Specialty Products reportable segment are sensitive to the demand for natural gas and crude oil in North America. For example, our Arrow Engine business is most directly impacted by these factors, as its engine pumpjack and compressor products are impacted by oil and gas rig counts and well completion activities. In addition, a portion of our Lamons business serves upstream customers at oil well sites that are impacted by fluctuating oil prices. The majority of this business provides parts for oil refineries and petrochemical plants, which may or may not decide to incur capital expenditures for their preventive maintenance or capacity expansion activities, both of which require use of our gaskets and bolts, in times of fluctuating oil prices. Separately, oil-based commodity costs are a significant driver of raw materials and purchased components used within our Packaging reportable segment. Although we have escalator/de-escalator clauses in commercial contracts with certain of our customers, or can modify prices based on market conditions to recover higher costs, we cannot be assured of full cost recovery in the open market.
Each year, as a core tenet of the TBM, our businesses target cost savings from continuous improvement and productivity initiatives in an effort to lower input costs or increase throughput and yield rates with a goal of at least covering inflationary and market cost increases. In addition, we continuously review our costs to ensure alignment with current market demand.
As our businesses continue to generate cash, we continue to evaluate strategies to redeploy our cash, which includes returning capital to our shareholders. In November 2015, we announced our Board of Directors had authorized us to purchase our common stock up to $50 million in the aggregate. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 the Company purchased 23,191 and 124,138 shares of its outstanding common stock for approximately $0.7 million and $3.6 million, respectively. The 2018 share purchases represent the first stock buyback activity under this authorization. We will continue to evaluate opportunities to return capital to shareholders through the purchase of our common stock, depending on market conditions and other factors.
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Segment Information and Supplemental Analysis
The following table summarizes financial information for our reportable segments for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| Three months ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | As a Percentage of Net Sales |  | 2017 |  | As a Percentage of Net Sales
Net Sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 95,250 |  |  | 42.6 | % |  | $ | 89,560 |  |  | 42.8 | %
Aerospace | 49,070 |  |  | 21.9 | % |  | 48,550 |  |  | 23.2 | %
Specialty Products | 79,460 |  |  | 35.5 | % |  | 71,220 |  |  | 34.0 | %
Total | $ | 223,780 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 209,330 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Gross Profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 30,690 |  |  | 32.2 | % |  | $ | 31,880 |  |  | 35.6 | %
Aerospace | 13,850 |  |  | 28.2 | % |  | 13,500 |  |  | 27.8 | %
Specialty Products | 17,180 |  |  | 21.6 | % |  | 13,510 |  |  | 19.0 | %
Total | $ | 61,720 |  |  | 27.6 | % |  | $ | 58,890 |  |  | 28.1 | %
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 8,630 |  |  | 9.1 | % |  | $ | 8,740 |  |  | 9.8 | %
Aerospace | 5,560 |  |  | 11.3 | % |  | 5,690 |  |  | 11.7 | %
Specialty Products | 9,460 |  |  | 11.9 | % |  | 8,510 |  |  | 11.9 | %
Corporate | 8,190 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 7,660 |  |  | N/A |
Total | $ | 31,840 |  |  | 14.2 | % |  | $ | 30,600 |  |  | 14.6 | %
Operating Profit (Loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 22,060 |  |  | 23.2 | % |  | $ | 23,140 |  |  | 25.8 | %
Aerospace | 8,290 |  |  | 16.9 | % |  | 7,810 |  |  | 16.1 | %
Specialty Products | 7,720 |  |  | 9.7 | % |  | 5,000 |  |  | 7.0 | %
Corporate | (8,190 | ) |  | N/A |  |  | (7,660 | ) |  | N/A |
Total | $ | 29,880 |  |  | 13.4 | % |  | $ | 28,290 |  |  | 13.5 | %
Depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 2,950 |  |  | 3.1 | % |  | $ | 3,160 |  |  | 3.5 | %
Aerospace | 1,590 |  |  | 3.2 | % |  | 1,450 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Specialty Products | 1,160 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 1,210 |  |  | 1.7 | %
Corporate | 60 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 20 |  |  | N/A |
Total | $ | 5,760 |  |  | 2.6 | % |  | $ | 5,840 |  |  | 2.8 | %
Amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 2,270 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | $ | 2,320 |  |  | 2.6 | %
Aerospace | 2,160 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | 2,160 |  |  | 4.4 | %
Specialty Products | 430 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | 450 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Corporate | — |  |  | N/A |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |
Total | $ | 4,860 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | $ | 4,930 |  |  | 2.4 | %

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The following table summarizes financial information for our reportable segments for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| Nine months ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | As a Percentage of Net Sales |  | 2017 |  | As a Percentage of Net Sales
Net Sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 278,540 |  |  | 41.8 | % |  | $ | 259,260 |  |  | 41.7 | %
Aerospace | 140,500 |  |  | 21.1 | % |  | 141,550 |  |  | 22.7 | %
Specialty Products | 246,750 |  |  | 37.1 | % |  | 221,720 |  |  | 35.6 | %
Total | $ | 665,790 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 622,530 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Gross Profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 91,550 |  |  | 32.9 | % |  | $ | 89,770 |  |  | 34.6 | %
Aerospace | 37,750 |  |  | 26.9 | % |  | 36,710 |  |  | 25.9 | %
Specialty Products | 57,580 |  |  | 23.3 | % |  | 43,700 |  |  | 19.7 | %
Total | $ | 186,880 |  |  | 28.1 | % |  | $ | 170,180 |  |  | 27.3 | %
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 27,100 |  |  | 9.7 | % |  | $ | 28,140 |  |  | 10.9 | %
Aerospace | 17,070 |  |  | 12.1 | % |  | 16,850 |  |  | 11.9 | %
Specialty Products | 30,970 |  |  | 12.6 | % |  | 31,930 |  |  | 14.4 | %
Corporate | 15,130 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 22,640 |  |  | N/A |
Total | $ | 90,270 |  |  | 13.6 | % |  | $ | 99,560 |  |  | 16.0 | %
Operating Profit (Loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 64,450 |  |  | 23.1 | % |  | $ | 61,630 |  |  | 23.8 | %
Aerospace | 20,680 |  |  | 14.7 | % |  | 19,860 |  |  | 14.0 | %
Specialty Products | 26,610 |  |  | 10.8 | % |  | 11,770 |  |  | 5.3 | %
Corporate | (15,130 | ) |  | N/A |  |  | (22,640 | ) |  | N/A |
Total | $ | 96,610 |  |  | 14.5 | % |  | $ | 70,620 |  |  | 11.3 | %
Depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 9,510 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  | $ | 9,250 |  |  | 3.6 | %
Aerospace | 4,940 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | 4,370 |  |  | 3.1 | %
Specialty Products | 3,980 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | 5,120 |  |  | 2.3 | %
Corporate | 200 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 150 |  |  | N/A |
Total | $ | 18,630 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | $ | 18,890 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 6,840 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | $ | 7,100 |  |  | 2.7 | %
Aerospace | 6,470 |  |  | 4.6 | % |  | 6,470 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Specialty Products | 1,290 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | 1,350 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Corporate | — |  |  | N/A |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |
Total | $ | 14,600 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | $ | 14,920 |  |  | 2.4 | %

Results of Operations
The principal factors impacting us during the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2017, were:

• | increased sales levels across our end markets, primarily driven by growth in our health, beauty and home care end market within our Packaging reportable segment and from higher demand for our industrial and oil and gas-related products within our Specialty Products reportable segment;

• | benefits of leveraging the TBM, as we continue to drive operating improvements, as well as evaluate, realign and streamline fixed costs and selling, general and administrative expenses;

• | the impact of fees and expenses related to our third quarter 2017 refinancing activities;

• | the impact of the Tax Reform Act, contributing to a lower overall effective tax rate; and

• | higher commodity costs, primarily related to oil and steel-based raw materials, primarily impacting our Packaging reportable segment.

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Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Compared with Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Overall, net sales increased approximately $14.5 million, or 6.9%, to $223.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $209.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2017, primarily driven by $5.5 million higher sales of health, beauty and home care products within our Packaging reportable segment as well as $4.2 million higher sales of our oil and gas-related products and $4.1 million higher sales of industrial cylinder products, both within our Specialty Products reportable segment. These increases were partially offset by approximately $0.6 million of net unfavorable currency exchange, as our reported results in U.S. dollars were negatively impacted as a result of the stronger U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies.
Gross profit margin (gross profit as a percentage of sales) approximated 27.6% and 28.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Gross profit dollars increased primarily as a result of higher sales levels, while gross profit margin decreased, as the impact of higher sales levels was more than offset by higher commodity-related costs and a less favorable product sales mix.
Operating profit margin (operating profit as a percentage of sales) approximated 13.4% and 13.5% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Operating profit increased approximately $1.6 million, or 5.6%, to $29.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, from $28.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 primarily due to higher sales levels, which were partially offset by higher commodity-related costs, a less favorable product sales mix and slightly higher selling, general and administrative expenses, primarily in our Specialty Products reportable segment.
Interest expense increased approximately $0.1 million, to $3.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $3.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, as an increase in our interest rates more than offset lower weighted average borrowings.
In September 2017, we issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.875% senior notes due October 15, 2025 ("Senior Notes") at par value in a private placement under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. We incurred debt financing and related expenses of approximately $6.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, related to costs associated with the issuance of our Senior Notes, repayment of all outstanding obligations of our former senior secured term loan A facility due 2020 ("Term Loan A Facility"), termination of the interest rate swaps and the amendment of our existing credit agreement.
Other income (expense), net decreased approximately $0.8 million, to $0.4 million of other income, net for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $0.4 million of other expense, net for the three months ended September 30, 2018, primarily due to an increase in gains on transactions denominated in foreign currencies.
The effective income tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was 15.4% and 26.6%, respectively. The decrease in the rate was primarily a result of the Tax Reform Act signed into law on December 22, 2017, which reduced the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% and added the Foreign Derived Intangible Income deduction effective January 1, 2018. In addition, we recognized a net tax benefit of approximately $2.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018 related to provision to return adjustments for our U.S. Federal tax return, which included an approximate $1.1 million benefit due to additional regulations that were issued during the three months ended September 30, 2018 in connection with the Tax Reform Act.
Net income increased by approximately $9.6 million, to $22.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $13.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in net income was primarily the result of a decrease in debt financing and related expenses of approximately $6.6 million, an increase in operating profit of approximately $1.6 million, a decrease in income tax expense of approximately $0.6 million and a decrease in other income (expense), net of approximately $0.8 million, partially offset by an increase in interest expense of approximately $0.1 million.
See below for a discussion of operating results by segment.
Packaging. Net sales increased approximately $5.7 million, or 6.4%, to $95.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $89.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2017. Sales of our health, beauty and home care products increased approximately $5.5 million, primarily due to higher demand in Asia and North America. Sales of our industrial closures increased approximately $1.8 million due to higher demand in North America. Sales of our food and beverage products decreased by approximately $1.0 million. Additionally, net sales decreased by approximately $0.6 million due to unfavorable currency exchange, as our reported results in U.S. dollars were negatively impacted as a result of the stronger U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies.
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Packaging's gross profit decreased approximately $1.2 million to $30.7 million, or 32.2% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $31.9 million, or 35.6% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2017. Gross profit decreased by approximately $2.0 million as a result of higher resin-based and steel raw material costs, which increased during the quarter and resin price escalation clauses and other measures had not yet taken effect to recover or offset. In addition, while profit increased on higher sales levels, this impact was partially offset by a less favorable product sales mix and continued pricing pressures, most notably in the health, beauty and home care end market.
Packaging's selling, general and administrative expenses decreased approximately $0.1 million to $8.6 million, or 9.1% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $8.7 million, or 9.8% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2017, as this segment leveraged its spending levels well on higher sales levels.
Packaging's operating profit decreased approximately $1.1 million to $22.1 million, or 23.2% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $23.1 million, or 25.8% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2017, as the impact of higher raw material costs, a less favorable product sales mix and pricing pressures more than offset the impact of higher sales levels and lower selling, general, and administrative expenses.
Aerospace. Net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2018 increased approximately $0.5 million, or 1.1%, to $49.1 million, as compared to $48.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2017. Sales of our fastener products increased by approximately $0.7 million due to organic growth and improved throughput, as customer demand continued at expected levels. Sales of our machined components products decreased by approximately $0.2 million, primarily due to the impact of our decision to exit certain less profitable components.
Gross profit within Aerospace increased approximately $0.4 million to $13.9 million, or 28.2% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2018, from $13.5 million, or 27.8% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to higher sales levels and as a result of improved production efficiencies and a more favorable product sales mix, which more than offset incremental costs and temporary inefficiencies related to finalizing the collective bargaining agreement in our Commerce, CA facility.
Selling, general and administrative expenses remained relatively flat at $5.6 million, or 11.3% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $5.7 million, or 11.7% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2017.
Operating profit within Aerospace increased approximately $0.5 million to $8.3 million, or 16.9% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $7.8 million, or 16.1% of sales in the three months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to higher sales levels, improved production efficiencies and a more favorable product sales mix.
Specialty Products. Net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2018 increased approximately $8.3 million, or 11.6%, to $79.5 million, as compared to $71.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2017. Sales of our industrial products increased by approximately $4.1 million due to increased sales volume of steel cylinders. Sales of our oil and gas related products increased by approximately $4.2 million, primarily as a result of higher sales of engines and compressors to wellhead sites due to higher levels of drilling activity in the United States and Canada, as well as due to higher levels of refinery turnaround activity. These increases were partially offset by approximately $0.1 million of net unfavorable currency exchange, as our reported results in U.S. dollars were negatively impacted as a result of the stronger U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies.
Gross profit within Specialty Products increased approximately $3.7 million to $17.2 million, or 21.6% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $13.5 million, or 19.0% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2017. Higher third quarter 2018 sales levels improved both gross profit dollars and margin, as each business in this segment continues to leverage a lower fixed cost footprint. These increases were partially offset by higher specialty steel costs in third quarter 2018 used in the manufacture of our industrial cylinder products.
Selling, general and administrative expenses within Specialty Products increased approximately $1.0 million to $9.5 million, or 11.9% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $8.5 million, or 11.9% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to increased selling costs consistent with the support required to meet the higher sales volumes.
Operating profit within Specialty Products increased approximately $2.7 million to $7.7 million, or 9.7% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $5.0 million, or 7.0% of sales, in the three months ended September 30, 2017, as a result of higher sales levels and a lower fixed cost structure resulting from previous business realignment actions, partially offset by higher specialty steel costs and higher selling, general and administrative expenses.
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Corporate. Corporate expenses consist of the following (dollars in millions):

|  | Three months ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Corporate operating expenses |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  | $ | 5.2 |
Non-cash stock compensation |  | 1.8 |  |  | 1.8 |
Legacy expenses |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.7 |
Corporate expenses |  | $ | 8.2 |  |  | $ | 7.7 |

Corporate expenses increased approximately $0.5 million to $8.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, from $7.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. Corporate operating expenses increased approximately $0.5 million, primarily due to an increase in professional fees related to corporate development activities.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 Compared with Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Overall, net sales increased approximately $43.3 million, or 6.9%, to $665.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $622.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily driven by $13.0 million higher sales of health, beauty and home care products within our Packaging reportable segment, as well as $12.6 million higher sales of industrial cylinder products and $11.7 million higher oil and gas-related product sales, both within our Specialty Products reportable segment. In addition, net sales increased by approximately $3.6 million due to net favorable currency exchange, as our reported results in U.S. dollars were favorably impacted as a result of the weakening U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies.
Gross profit margin (gross profit as a percentage of sales) approximated 28.1% and 27.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Gross profit increased primarily as a result of higher sales levels and lower facility exit costs, primarily within our Specialty Products and Packaging reportable segments. These increases were partially offset by the impact of higher commodity-related costs, a less favorable product sales mix and pricing pressures, most notably in our health, beauty and home care end market within our Packaging reportable segment.
Operating profit margin (operating profit as a percentage of sales) approximated 14.5% and 11.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Operating profit increased approximately $26.0 million, or 36.8%, to $96.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $70.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Operating profit increased primarily due to overall higher sales levels and lower costs to exit, move and consolidate facilities in the first nine months of 2018 as compared to 2017. Operating profit also increased by approximately $8.2 million due to a reduction of our recorded liability to Metaldyne following the U.S. Bankruptcy Court's final decree to close all remaining cases and terminate the Metaldyne bankruptcy distribution trust.
Interest expense increased approximately $0.3 million, to $10.7 million, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $10.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, as an increase in our interest rates more than offset lower weighted average borrowings.
We incurred debt financing and related expenses of approximately $6.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, related to costs associated with the issuance of our Senior Notes, repayment of all outstanding obligations of the Term Loan A Facility, termination of the interest rate swaps and the amendment of our existing credit agreement.
Other income (expense), net increased approximately $1.0 million, to $2.3 million of expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, from $1.3 million of expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to a one-time, non-cash charge of approximately $2.5 million related to the settlement of defined benefit obligations, which was partially offset by an increase in gains on transactions denominated in foreign currencies.
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The effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was 20.4% and 33.2%, respectively. The decrease in the rate was primarily a result of the Tax Reform Act signed into law on December 22, 2017, which reduced the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% and added the Foreign Derived Intangible Income deduction effective January 1, 2018. Our tax rate also decreased as we recognized a net tax benefit of approximately $2.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 related to provision to return adjustments for our U.S. Federal tax return, which included an approximate $1.1 million benefit due to additional regulations that were issued in connection with the Tax Reform Act. We also generated fewer losses at certain foreign subsidiaries where no tax benefit could be recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. This decrease was partially offset by the Tax Reform Act’s repeal of the domestic manufacturing activities deduction and limitation of deductions related to executive compensation.
Net income increased by approximately $31.6 million, to $66.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $35.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase was primarily the result of an increase in operating profit of approximately $26.0 million, a decrease in debt financing and related expenses of approximately $6.6 million and a decrease in income tax expense of approximately $0.3 million, partially offset by an increase in other income (expense), net of approximately $1.0 million and an increase in interest expense of approximately $0.3 million.
See below for a discussion of operating results by segment.
Packaging. Net sales increased approximately $19.3 million, or 7.4%, to $278.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $259.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Sales of our health, beauty and home care products increased approximately $13.0 million, driven by higher sales in Asia and North America as well as the ramp up of new products. Sales of our industrial closures increased approximately $3.4 million due to increased demand in North America. Additionally, net sales increased by approximately $2.9 million due to favorable currency exchange, as our reported results in U.S. dollars were favorably impacted as a result of the weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies.
Packaging's gross profit increased approximately $1.8 million to $91.6 million, or 32.9% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $89.8 million, or 34.6% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily as a result higher sales levels, as well as approximately $1.4 million of costs incurred in the first nine months of 2017 to consolidate manufacturing facilities in India and to finalize the move to a new facility in Mexico that did not recur and approximately $1.3 million due to favorable currency exchange, as our reported results in U.S. dollars were favorably impacted as a result of the weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies. These increases were partially offset by higher steel and resin-based material costs, as well as a less favorable product sales mix and pricing pressures, most notably in our health, beauty and home care end market.
Packaging's selling, general and administrative expenses decreased approximately $1.0 million to $27.1 million, or 9.7% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $28.1 million, or 10.9% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to a charge of approximately $1.1 million during the second quarter of 2017 to reserve for an outstanding accounts receivable deemed uncollectable from a European customer who filed for insolvency, which was partially offset by higher employee-related costs in the first nine months of 2018 supporting our sales growth initiatives.
Packaging's operating profit increased approximately $2.8 million to $64.5 million, or 23.1% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $61.6 million, or 23.8% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Operating profit increased primarily due to higher sales levels, lower consolidation and move costs than in 2017, lower selling, general, and administrative expenses and approximately $0.9 million due to favorable currency exchange, all of which were partially offset by higher material costs, a less favorable product sales mix and pricing pressures.
Aerospace. Net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 decreased approximately $1.1 million, or 0.7%, to $140.5 million, as compared to $141.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Sales of our fastener products decreased by approximately $0.8 million, primarily as a result of higher sales levels in the first half of 2017, as compared to the first half of 2018, when we reduced our past due order levels. Order intake activity for fastener products was, as expected, higher in the first nine months of 2018 than the first nine months of 2017. Sales of our machined components products decreased by approximately $0.3 million due to our decision to exit certain less profitable components.
Gross profit within Aerospace increased approximately $1.0 million to $37.8 million, or 26.9% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, from $36.7 million, or 25.9% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily as a result of improved production efficiencies and a more favorable product sales mix.
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased approximately $0.2 million to $17.1 million, or 12.1% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $16.9 million, or 11.9% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to a reduction in estimated uncollectable accounts receivable following cash collections from a customer in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 that did not recur.
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Operating profit within Aerospace increased approximately $0.8 million to $20.7 million, or 14.7% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $19.9 million, or 14.0% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2017, as the impact of improved production efficiencies and a more favorable product mix more than offset the impact of lower sales levels and higher selling, general and administrative expenses.
Specialty Products. Net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased approximately $25.0 million, or 11.3%, to $246.8 million, as compared to $221.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Sales of our industrial products increased by approximately $12.6 million, primarily due to increased demand for steel cylinders. Sales of our oil and gas related products increased by approximately $11.7 million, due to higher levels of refinery turnaround activity as well as increased sales of engines and compressors to wellhead sites due to higher levels of drilling activity in the United States and Canada. In addition, net sales increased by approximately $0.7 million of net favorable currency exchange, as our reported results in U.S. dollars were positively impacted as a result of the weaker U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies.
Gross profit within Specialty Products increased approximately $13.9 million to $57.6 million, or 23.3% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $43.7 million, or 19.7% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Gross profit dollars and margin increased primarily as a result of higher sales levels, as this segment continues to leverage its lower fixed cost footprint. In addition, gross profit dollars and margin increased as a result of approximately $4.7 million lower costs in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with 2017, related to the closure of our former Reynosa, Mexico and Bangalore, India facilities. These increases were partially offset by higher specialty steel costs in the first nine months of 2018 used in the manufacture of our industrial cylinder products.
Selling, general and administrative expenses within Specialty Products decreased approximately $0.9 million to $31.0 million, or 12.6% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $31.9 million, or 14.4% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily as a result of a $3.5 million charge recorded in 2017 related to the exit of the Wolverhampton, United Kingdom facility, which was partially offset by increased selling costs as a result of higher sales volumes and approximately $0.7 million of severance and restructuring costs associated with the exit of our Bangalore, India facility.
Operating profit within Specialty Products increased approximately $14.8 million to $26.6 million, or 10.8% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $11.8 million, or 5.3% of sales, in the nine months ended September 30, 2017, as a result of higher sales levels, lower costs associated with facility closures, and lower selling, general and administrative expenses, partially offset by increased specialty stock costs related to the manufacture of industrial cylinders.
Corporate. Corporate expenses, net consist of the following (dollars in millions):

|  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Corporate operating expenses |  | $ | 16.9 |  |  | $ | 15.8 |
Non-cash stock compensation |  | 4.4 |  |  | 5.1 |
Legacy (income) expenses, net |  | (6.2 | ) |  | 1.7 |
Corporate expenses, net |  | $ | 15.1 |  |  | $ | 22.6 |

Corporate expenses, net decreased approximately $7.5 million to $15.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, from $22.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to the termination of the liability to Metaldyne in first quarter 2018, resulting in an approximate $8.2 million non-cash reduction in legacy (income) expenses, net. Corporate operating expenses increased approximately $1.1 million, primarily due to an increase in professional fees related to corporate development activities and an increase in expense related to the timing and estimated attainment of our short-term incentive compensation plans. Non-cash stock compensation decreased approximately $0.7 million, primarily due to the timing and amount of equity grants in 2018 compared with 2017.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Flows
Cash flows provided by operating activities were approximately $83.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to approximately $72.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Significant changes in cash flows provided by operating activities and the reasons for such changes were as follows:

• | For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company generated approximately $113.5 million of cash, based on the reported net income of approximately $66.6 million and after considering the effects of non-cash items related to depreciation, amortization, loss on dispositions of assets, changes in deferred income taxes, debt financing and related expenses, stock-based compensation and other operating activities. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company generated approximately $87.4 million in cash flows based on the reported net income of approximately $35.0 million and after considering the effects of similar non-cash items.

• | Increases in accounts receivable resulted in a use of cash of approximately $20.1 million and $12.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increased use of cash for each of the nine month periods is due primarily to the timing of sales and collection of cash related thereto within the periods. Days sales outstanding of receivables remained flat period-over-period.

• | We increased our investment in inventory by approximately $10.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, primarily as a result of operating at higher production levels to support sales growth. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we increased our investment in inventory by approximately $0.6 million.

• | Decreases in prepaid expenses and other assets resulted in a cash source of approximately $7.2 million and $7.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, primarily as a result of the timing of payments made for income taxes and certain operating expenses.

• | Decreases in accounts payable and accrued liabilities were approximately $6.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, primarily related to an approximate $8.2 million non-cash reduction in an obligation during first quarter 2018. Decreases in accounts payable and accrued liabilities resulted in a cash use of approximately $8.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily as a result of timing of payments made to suppliers and the mix of vendors and related terms. Our days accounts payable on hand decreased by approximately three days period-over-period.

Net cash used for investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $15.6 million and $22.3 million, respectively. During the first nine months of 2018, we incurred approximately $15.9 million in capital expenditures, as we continued our investment in growth, capacity and productivity-related capital projects. Cash received from the disposition of property and equipment was approximately $0.3 million. During the first nine months of 2017, we incurred approximately $24.1 million in capital expenditures and received cash from the disposition of property and equipment of approximately $1.8 million.
Net cash used for financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $15.4 million and $46.3 million, respectively. During the first nine months of 2018, we made net repayments of approximately $9.4 million on our revolving credit and accounts receivable facilities. We also purchased approximately $3.6 million of outstanding common stock and used a net cash amount of approximately $2.4 million related to our stock compensation arrangements. During the first nine months of 2017, the Company issued $300.0 million principal Senior Notes, repaid approximately $257.9 million on our former Term Loan A Facility and made net repayments of approximately $81.5 million on our revolving credit and accounts receivable facilities. In connection with the refinancing of our long-term debt in the third quarter of 2017, we paid approximately $6.1 million of debt financing fees. We also used a net cash amount of approximately $0.5 million related to our stock compensation arrangements.
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Our Debt and Other Commitments
The $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes accrue interest at a rate of 4.875% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15, commencing on April 15, 2018. The payment of principal and interest is jointly and severally guaranteed, on a senior unsecured basis by certain named subsidiaries of the Company (each a "Guarantor" and collectively the "Guarantors"). The Senior Notes are pari passu in right of payment with all existing and future senior indebtedness and subordinated to all existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, our consolidated subsidiaries that do not guarantee the Senior Notes represented approximately 13% of the total of guarantor and non-guarantor net sales, treating each as a consolidated group and excluding intercompany transactions between guarantor and non-guarantor subsidiaries. In addition, our non-guarantor subsidiaries represented approximately 29% and 7% of the total guarantor and non-guarantor assets and liabilities, respectively, as of September 30, 2018, treating the guarantor and non-guarantor subsidiaries each as a consolidated group and excluding intercompany transactions between such groups.
Prior to October 15, 2020, we may redeem up to 35% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes at a redemption price of 104.875% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings provided that each such redemption occurs within 90 days of the date of closing of each such equity offering. In addition, we may redeem all or part of the Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, plus a "make whole" premium.
We are party to a credit agreement ("Credit Agreement") consisting of a $300.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility, which permits borrowings denominated in specific foreign currencies, subject to a $125.0 million sub limit. The Credit Agreement matures on September 20, 2022 and is subject to interest at London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") plus 1.50%. The interest rate spread is based upon the leverage ratio, as defined, as of the most recent determination date. The Credit Agreement allows issuance of letters of credit, not to exceed $40.0 million in aggregate, against revolving credit facility commitments.
The Credit Agreement also provides for incremental revolving credit commitments in an amount not to exceed the greater of $200.0 million and an amount such that, after giving effect to such incremental commitments and the incurrence of any other indebtedness substantially simultaneously with the making of such commitments, the senior secured net leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, is no greater than 3.00 to 1.00. The terms and conditions of any incremental revolving credit facility commitments must be no more favorable than the existing credit facility.
Amounts drawn under our revolving credit facility fluctuate daily based upon our working capital and other ordinary course needs. Availability under our revolving credit facility depends upon, among other things, compliance with our Credit Agreement's financial covenants. Our Credit Agreement contains various negative and affirmative covenants and other requirements affecting us and our subsidiaries, including the ability to, subject to certain exceptions and limitations, incur debt, liens, mergers, investments, loans, advances, guarantee obligations, acquisitions, assets dispositions, sale-leaseback transactions, hedging agreements, dividends and other restricted payments, transactions with affiliates, restrictive agreements and amendments to charters, bylaws, and other material documents. The terms of our Credit Agreement require us and our subsidiaries to meet certain restrictive financial covenants and ratios computed quarterly, including a maximum total net leverage ratio (total consolidated indebtedness plus outstanding amounts under the accounts receivable securitization facility, less the aggregate amount of certain unrestricted cash and unrestricted permitted investments, as defined, over consolidated EBITDA, as defined), a maximum senior secured net leverage ratio (total consolidated senior secured indebtedness, less the aggregate amount of certain unrestricted cash and unrestricted permitted investments, as defined, over consolidated EBITDA, as defined) and a minimum interest expense coverage ratio (consolidated EBITDA, as defined, over the sum of consolidated cash interest expense, as defined, and preferred dividends, as defined). Our permitted total net leverage ratio under the Credit Agreement is 4.00 to 1.00 as of September 30, 2018. If we were to complete an acquisition which qualifies for a Covenant Holiday Period, as defined in our Credit Agreement, then our permitted total net leverage ratio cannot exceed 4.50 to 1.00 during that period. Our actual total net leverage ratio was 1.50 to 1.00 at September 30, 2018. Our permitted senior secured net leverage ratio under the Credit Agreement is 3.50 to 1.00 as of September 30, 2018. If we were to complete an acquisition which qualifies for a Covenant Holiday Period, as defined in our Credit Agreement, then our permitted senior secured net leverage ratio cannot exceed 4.00 to 1.00 during that period. Our actual senior secured net leverage ratio was not meaningful at September 30, 2018. Our permitted interest expense coverage ratio under the Credit Agreement is 3.00 to 1.00 as of September 30, 2018. Our actual interest expense coverage ratio was 12.11 to 1.00 at September 30, 2018. At September 30, 2018, we were in compliance with our financial covenants.
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The following is a reconciliation of net income, as reported, which is a GAAP measure of our operating results, to Consolidated Bank EBITDA, as defined in our Credit Agreement, for the twelve months ended September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands). We present Consolidated Bank EBITDA to show our performance under our financial covenants.

|  | Twelve Months Ended September 30, 2018
Net income |  | $ | 62,580 |
Bank stipulated adjustments: |  |
Interest expense |  | 14,700 |
Income tax expense |  | 33,300 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 46,290 |
Non-cash compensation expense(1) |  | 6,090 |
Other non-cash expenses or losses |  | 3,670 |
Non-recurring expenses or costs(2) |  | 3,090 |
Extraordinary, non-recurring or unusual gains or losses |  | (6,300 | )
Business and asset dispositions |  | 490 |
Consolidated Bank EBITDA, as defined |  | $ | 163,910 |

| September 30, 2018 |
Total Indebtedness, as defined(3) | $ | 246,210 |  |
Consolidated Bank EBITDA, as defined | 163,910 |  |
Total net leverage ratio | 1.50 |  | x
Covenant requirement | 4.00 |  | x

| September 30, 2018 |
Total Senior Secured Indebtedness(4) | $ | (57,740 | ) |
Consolidated Bank EBITDA, as defined | 163,910 |  |
Senior secured net leverage ratio | n/m |  | x
Covenant requirement | 3.50 |  | x

|  | Twelve Months Ended September 30, 2018
Interest expense |  | $ | 14,700 |
Bank stipulated adjustments: |  |
Interest income |  | (40 | )
Non-cash amounts attributable to amortization of financing costs |  | (1,130 | )
Total Consolidated Cash Interest Expense, as defined |  | $ | 13,530 |

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| September 30, 2018 |
Consolidated Bank EBITDA, as defined | $ | 163,910 |  |
Total Consolidated Cash Interest Expense, as defined | 13,530 |  |
Actual interest expense coverage ratio | 12.11 |  | x
Covenant requirement | 3.00 |  | x

_____________________________

(1) | Non-cash compensation expenses resulting from the grant of equity awards.

(2) | Non-recurring costs and expenses relating to severance, relocation, restructuring and curtailment expenses.

(3) | Includes $4.0 million of acquisition deferred purchase price.

(4) | Senior secured indebtedness is negative at September 30, 2018 due to the deduction of certain unrestricted cash and unrestricted permitted investments as allowed under the Credit Agreement.

During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we terminated our $75.0 million accounts receivable facility, under which we had the ability to sell eligible accounts receivable to a third-party multi-seller receivables funding company. At December 31, 2017, we had no amounts outstanding under the facility and approximately $57.8 million available but not utilized.
At September 30, 2018, we had no amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility and had approximately $284.9 million potentially available after giving effect to approximately $15.1 million of letters of credit issued and outstanding. At December 31, 2017, we had approximately $10.8 million outstanding under our revolving credit facility and had approximately $274.3 million potentially available after giving effect to approximately $14.9 million of letters of credit issued and outstanding. The letters of credit are used for a variety of purposes, including support of certain operating lease agreements, vendor payment terms and other subsidiary operating activities, and to meet various states' requirements to self-insure workers' compensation claims, including incurred but not reported claims. Including availability under our accounts receivable facility and after consideration of leverage restrictions contained in the Credit Agreement, as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had approximately $284.9 million and $332.1 million, respectively, of borrowing capacity available for general corporate purposes.
We rely upon our cash flow from operations and available liquidity under our revolving credit facility to fund our debt service obligations and other contractual commitments, working capital and capital expenditure requirements. At the end of each quarter, we use cash on hand from our domestic and foreign subsidiaries to pay down amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility, as applicable.
Our weighted average borrowings during the first nine months of 2018 approximated $320.2 million, compared to approximately $380.0 million during the first nine months of 2017. The overall decrease is primarily due to repayments using cash flows from operations.
Cash management related to our revolving credit facility is centralized. We monitor our cash position and available liquidity on a daily basis and forecast our cash needs on a weekly basis within the current quarter and on a monthly basis outside the current quarter over the remainder of the year. Our business and related cash forecasts are updated monthly. While approximately 50% of our cash on hand as of September 30, 2018 is located in jurisdictions outside the U.S., given aggregate available funding under our revolving credit facility of $284.9 million at September 30, 2018 (after consideration of the aforementioned leverage restrictions) and based on forecasted cash sources and requirements inherent in our business plans, we believe that our liquidity and capital resources, including anticipated cash flows from operations, will be sufficient to meet our debt service, capital expenditure and other short-term and long-term obligations for the foreseeable future.
We are subject to variable interest rates on our revolving credit facility. At September 30, 2018, 1-Month LIBOR approximated 2.26%. At September 30, 2018, we had no amounts outstanding on our revolving credit facility and therefore no variable rate-based borrowings outstanding.
In addition to our long-term debt, we have other cash commitments related to leases. We account for these lease transactions as operating leases, and annual rent expense for continuing operations related thereto approximated $16.7 million in 2017. We expect leasing will continue to be an available financing option to fund future capital expenditure requirements.
We continuously evaluate strategies to redeploy our cash, including returning capital to our shareholders. In November 2015, we announced our Board of Directors had authorized us to purchase our common stock up to $50 million in the aggregate. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 we purchased 23,191 and 124,138 shares of our outstanding common stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $0.7 million and $3.6 million, respectively. We will continue to evaluate opportunities to return capital to shareholders through the purchase of our common stock, depending on market conditions and other factors.
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Market Risk
We conduct business in various locations throughout the world and are subject to market risk due to changes in the value of foreign currencies. The functional currencies of our foreign subsidiaries are primarily the local currency in the country of domicile. We manage these operating activities at the local level and revenues and costs are generally denominated in local currencies; however, results of operations and assets and liabilities reported in U.S. dollars will fluctuate with changes in exchange rates between such local currencies and the U.S. dollar.
We have historically used derivative financial instruments to manage currency risks, albeit in immaterial notional contracts, as we explored the predictability of our procurement activities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our subsidiaries and the impact of currency rate volatility on our earnings. We use cross-currency swap agreements to mitigate currency risks associated with the net investment in certain of our foreign subsidiaries. See Note 9, "Derivative Instruments," included in Part 1, Item 1, "Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements," within this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for additional information.
We are also subject to interest risk as it relates to our long-term debt. We have historically used interest rate swap agreements to fix the variable portion of our debt to manage this risk. See Note 9, "Derivative Instruments," included in Part 1, Item 1, "Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements," within this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for additional information.
Common Stock
TriMas is listed in the NASDAQ Global Select Market SM. Our stock trades under the symbol "TRS."
Credit Rating
We and certain of our outstanding debt obligations are rated by Standard & Poor's and Moody's. On June 7, 2018, Moody's upgraded our Senior Notes rating to Ba3 from B1, as presented in Note 8, "Long-term Debt" included in Part I, Item 1, "Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements" within this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. Moody's also upgraded our Corporate Family Rating to Ba2 from Ba3 and maintained its outlook as stable. On May 11, 2018, Standard & Poor's upgraded our senior unsecured debt rating to BB- from B+, upgraded our corporate credit rating to BB from BB- and maintained its outlook as stable. If our credit ratings were to decline, our ability to access certain financial markets may become limited, our cost of borrowings may increase, the perception of us in the view of our customers, suppliers and security holders may worsen and as a result, we may be adversely affected.
Outlook
Our results for the first nine months of 2018 continue our recent positive momentum, as we further improve our operating efficacy under the TriMas Business Model, which provides a standardized set of processes that we follow to drive results across our multi-industry set of businesses. We experienced year-over-year increases in sales and operating profit, with further improvement in net income as a result of a lower tax rate following the enactment of the Tax Reform Act.
We expect sales levels for 2018 will be higher than originally projected considering our year-to-date growth, which have been boosted by improved economic activity and the continued success of our organic sales growth programs. We believe fourth quarter year-over-year growth may moderate from the 6.9% growth we achieved in the first nine months of 2018 compared to 2017, given economic uncertainty around direct and indirect impacts of recently enacted tariffs on foreign-sourced materials.
We will continue our efforts to mitigate the impact of external factors, while focusing on those areas we can control. We will continue to prioritize growth programs, particularly in our Packaging and Aerospace reportable segments. We will also continue to monitor the cost structure of our Specialty Products reportable segment, to ensure it remains aligned with customer demand in the end markets we serve.
We will continue to leverage the tenets of the TriMas Business Model to execute our improvement actions, adjust our product portfolios to deemphasize or no longer sell certain lower-margin products, and seek lower-cost sources for input costs, all while continuously assessing our manufacturing footprint, productivity and fixed cost structure.
Impact of New Accounting Standards
See Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements," included in Part 1, Item 1, "Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements," within this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.
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Critical Accounting Policies
Certain of our accounting policies require the application of significant judgment by management in selecting the appropriate assumptions for calculating financial estimates. By their nature, these judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. These judgments are based on our historical experience, our evaluation of business and macroeconomic trends, and information from other outside sources, as appropriate.
During the quarter ended September 30, 2018, there were no material changes to the items that we disclosed as our critical accounting policies in Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
In completing our 2017 assessment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, we determined the fair value of the Aerospace reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by more than 15%, and thus there was no goodwill impairment. All other reporting units with goodwill had an implied fair value greater than carrying value by more than 89% in our last quantitative assessment. The amount of remaining goodwill attributable to the Aerospace reporting unit was approximately $146.4 million as of each of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. We have not identified any events or changes in circumstances that could reasonably be expected to have an other than temporary effect on the significant assumptions used in estimating the fair value of our Aerospace or other reporting units with goodwill.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to market risk associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We are also subject to interest risk as it relates to long-term debt. See Part I, Item 2, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," for details about our primary market risks, and the objectives and strategies used to manage these risks. Also see Note 8, "Long-term Debt," and Note 9, "Derivative Instruments," in Part I, Item 1, "Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements," included within this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for additional information.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures
As of September 30, 2018, an evaluation was carried out by management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) pursuant to Rule 13a-15 of the Exchange Act. The Company's disclosure controls and procedures are designed only to provide reasonable assurance that they will meet their objectives. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of September 30, 2018, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that they would meet their objectives.
Changes in internal control over financial reporting
There have been no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
TRIMAS CORPORATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
See Note 10, "Commitments and Contingencies," included in Part I, Item 1, "Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements," within this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part 1, Item 1A., "Risk Factors," in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. There have been no significant changes in our risk factors as disclosed in our 2017 Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The following table provides information about purchases made by the Company, or on behalf of the Company by an affiliated purchaser, of shares of the Company's common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2018.

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (1)
July 1, 2018 to July 31, 2018 |  | 23,191 |  |  | $ | 28.96 |  |  | 23,191 |  |  | $ | 46,408,538 |
August 1, 2018 to August 31, 2018 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 46,408,538 |
September 1, 2018 to September 30, 2018 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 46,408,538 |
Total |  | 23,191 |  |  | $ | 28.96 |  |  | 23,191 |  |  | $ | 46,408,538 |

__________________________

(1) | Pursuant to a publicly announced share repurchase program from November 2015, during the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company repurchased 23,191 shares of its common stock at a cost of approximately $0.7 million. The share repurchase program, pursuant to which the Company is authorized to purchase up to $50 million in aggregate of its common stock, is effective and has no expiration date.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Not applicable.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
Not applicable.
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Item 6. Exhibits
Exhibits Index:

3.1(a) | Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of TriMas Corporation.
3.2(b) | Third Amended and Restated By-laws of TriMas Corporation.
31.1 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

(a) |  | Incorporated by reference to the Exhibits filed with our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 3, 2007 (File No. 001-10716).
(b) |  | Incorporated by reference to the Exhibits filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 18, 2015 (File No. 001-10716).

*Management contracts and compensatory plans or arrangements.
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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | TRIMAS CORPORATION (Registrant)
|  |  |  | /s/ ROBERT J. ZALUPSKI
Date: | October 30, 2018 | By: |  | Robert J. Zalupski Chief Financial Officer

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