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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

(Mark One) |  |  |
☒ |  | Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended | March 31, 2024
Or
☐ |  | Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the Transition Period from to .

Commission file number 001-10716
TRIMAS CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 38-2687639
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)

38505 Woodward Avenue, Suite 200
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 48304
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(248) 631-5450
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading symbol(s) | Name of exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.01 par value | TRS | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of April 23, 2024, the number of outstanding shares of the Registrant's common stock, $0.01 par value, was 40,733,302 shares.

Table of Contents
TriMas Corporation
Index

Part I. |  | Financial Information |
|  |  |  | Forward-Looking Statements | 2
|  | Item 1. |  | Consolidated Financial Statements | 3
|  |  |  | Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 3 1, 202 4 and December 31, 20 23 | 3
|  |  |  | Consolidated Statement of Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 202 4 and 20 23 | 4
|  |  |  | Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the Three Months Ended March 3 1, 202 4 and 20 23 | 5
|  |  |  | Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the Thre e Months Ended Mar c h 31, 202 4 and 20 23 | 6
|  |  |  | Consolidated Statement of Shareholders' Equity for the Thre e Months Ended Mar ch, 202 4 and 20 23 | 7
|  |  |  | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
|  | Item 2. |  | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 23
|  | Item 3. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 36
|  | Item 4. |  | Controls and Procedures | 36
Part II. |  | Other Information |
|  | Item 1. |  | Legal Proceedings | 37
|  | Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors | 37
|  | Item 2. |  | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 37
|  | Item 3. |  | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 37
|  | Item 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosures | 37
|  | Item 5. |  | Other Information | 37
|  | Item 6. |  | Exhibits | 38
|  | Signature s | 39

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Forward-Looking Statements
This report may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 about our financial condition, results of operations and business. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking words, such as “may,” “could,” “should,” “estimate,” “project,” “forecast,” “intend,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “target,” “plan” or other comparable words, or by discussions of strategy that may involve risks and uncertainties.
These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results including, but not limited to: general economic and currency conditions; competitive factors; market demand; our ability to realize our business strategies; our ability to identify attractive acquisition candidates, successfully integrate acquired operations or realize the intended benefits of such acquisitions; pressures on our supply chain, including availability of raw materials and inflationary pressures on raw material and energy costs, and customers; the performance of our subcontractors and suppliers; risks and uncertainties associated with intangible assets, including goodwill or other intangible asset impairment charges; risks associated with a concentrated customer base; information technology and other cyber-related risks; risks related to our international operations, including, but not limited to, risks relating to tensions between the United States and China; government and regulatory actions, including, without limitation, climate change legislation and other environmental regulations, as well as the impact of tariffs, quotas and surcharges; changes to fiscal and tax policies; intellectual property factors; uncertainties associated with our ability to meet customers’ and suppliers’ sustainability and environmental, social and governance ("ESG") goals and achieve our sustainability and ESG goals in alignment with our own announced targets; litigation; contingent liabilities relating to acquisition activities; interest rate volatility; our leverage; liabilities imposed by our debt instruments; labor disputes and shortages; the disruption of operations from catastrophic or extraordinary events, including, but not limited to, natural disasters, geopolitical conflicts and public health crises; the amount and timing of future dividends and/or share repurchases, which remain subject to Board approval and depend on market and other conditions; our future prospects; our ability to successfully complete the sale of our Arrow Engine business; and other risks that are discussed in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors," in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and elsewhere in this report. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and elsewhere in this report are not the only risks facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deemed to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations or cash flows.
The cautionary statements set forth above should be considered in connection with any subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements that we or persons acting on our behalf may issue. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on the statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. We do not undertake any obligation to review or confirm analysts' expectations or estimates or to release publicly any revisions to any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this report or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.
We disclose important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from our expectations implied by our forward-looking statements under Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and elsewhere in this report. These cautionary statements qualify all forward-looking statements attributed to us or persons acting on our behalf. When we indicate that an event, condition or circumstance could or would have an adverse effect on us, we mean to include effects upon our business, financial and other conditions, results of operations, prospects and ability to service our debt.
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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements
TriMas Corporation
Consolidated Balance Sheet
(Dollars in thousands)

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets |  | (unaudited) |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 30,470 |  |  | $ | 34,890 |
Receivables, net of reserves of $4.9 million and $4.2 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively |  | 162,650 |  |  | 148,030 |
Inventories |  | 206,260 |  |  | 192,450 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 28,350 |  |  | 22,010 |
Total current assets |  | 427,730 |  |  | 397,380 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 332,090 |  |  | 329,990 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 41,690 |  |  | 43,220 |
Goodwill |  | 361,260 |  |  | 363,770 |
Other intangibles, net |  | 175,740 |  |  | 181,020 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 9,880 |  |  | 10,230 |
Other assets |  | 16,090 |  |  | 16,050 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,364,480 |  |  | $ | 1,341,660 |
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 82,250 |  |  | $ | 91,910 |
Accrued liabilities |  | 66,510 |  |  | 59,640 |
Lease liabilities, current portion |  | 8,030 |  |  | 7,900 |
Total current liabilities |  | 156,790 |  |  | 159,450 |
Long-term debt, net |  | 424,930 |  |  | 395,660 |
Lease liabilities |  | 37,950 |  |  | 39,690 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 26,120 |  |  | 23,290 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 45,470 |  |  | 40,620 |
Total liabilities |  | 691,260 |  |  | 658,710 |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par: Authorized 100,000,000 shares; Issued and outstanding: None |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par: Authorized 400,000,000 shares; Issued and outstanding: 40,784,202 shares at March 31, 2024 and 41,202,110 shares at December 31, 2023 |  | 410 |  |  | 410 |
Paid-in capital |  | 667,430 |  |  | 677,660 |
Retained earnings |  | 7,630 |  |  | 4,230 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (2,250) |  |  | 650 |
Total shareholders' equity |  | 673,220 |  |  | 682,950 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  | $ | 1,364,480 |  |  | $ | 1,341,660 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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TriMas Corporation
Consolidated Statement of Income
(Unaudited—dollars in thousands, except for per share amounts)

|  |  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net sales |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 227,100 |  |  | $ | 215,460 |
Cost of sales |  |  |  |  |  | (174,390) |  |  | (167,770) |
Gross profit |  |  |  |  |  | 52,710 |  |  | 47,690 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  | (40,270) |  |  | (37,700) |
Operating profit |  |  |  |  |  | 12,440 |  |  | 9,990 |
Other expense, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  | (4,930) |  |  | (3,700) |
Other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  |  | (320) |  |  | (70) |
Other expense, net |  |  |  |  |  | (5,250) |  |  | (3,770) |
Income before income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  | 7,190 |  |  | 6,220 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  | (2,050) |  |  | (1,310) |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,140 |  |  | $ | 4,910 |
Basic earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.13 |  |  | $ | 0.12 |
Weighted average common shares—basic |  |  |  |  |  | 41,018,049 |  |  | 41,543,625 |
Diluted earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.12 |
Weighted average common shares—diluted |  |  |  |  |  | 41,322,014 |  |  | 41,802,037 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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TriMas Corporation
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited—dollars in thousands)

|  |  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,140 |  |  | $ | 4,910 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Defined benefit plans (Note 16) |  |  |  |  |  | 20 |  |  | 20 |
Foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  |  | (3,510) |  |  | 5,290 |
Derivative instruments (Note 9) |  |  |  |  |  | 590 |  |  | (1,860) |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | (2,900) |  |  | 3,450 |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,240 |  |  | $ | 8,360 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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TriMas Corporation
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
(Unaudited—dollars in thousands)

|  | Three months ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 5,140 |  |  | $ | 4,910 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used for) operating activities, net of acquisition impact: |  |  |  |
Gain on dispositions of assets |  | (60) |  |  | (10) |
Depreciation |  | 9,980 |  |  | 8,760 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 4,210 |  |  | 4,590 |
Amortization of debt issue costs |  | 240 |  |  | 230 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 3,410 |  |  | 2,070 |
Non-cash compensation expense |  | 4,570 |  |  | 2,940 |
Provision for losses on accounts receivable |  | 770 |  |  | — |
Increase in receivables |  | (16,190) |  |  | (11,850) |
Increase in inventories |  | (14,260) |  |  | (1,590) |
Decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets |  | 510 |  |  | 1,490 |
Decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | (3,670) |  |  | (2,360) |
Other operating activities |  | 1,660 |  |  | 510 |
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities, net of acquisition impact |  | (3,690) |  |  | 9,690 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures |  | (13,250) |  |  | (14,790) |
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired |  | — |  |  | (37,790) |
Net proceeds from disposition of property and equipment |  | 110 |  |  | 10 |
Net cash used for investing activities |  | (13,140) |  |  | (52,570) |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: |  |  |  |
Proceeds from borrowings on revolving credit facilities |  | 68,890 |  |  | 10,840 |
Repayments of borrowings on revolving credit facilities |  | (39,820) |  |  | (10,840) |
Payments to purchase common stock |  | (13,320) |  |  | (10,400) |
Shares surrendered upon exercise and vesting of equity awards to cover taxes |  | (1,560) |  |  | (2,310) |
Dividends paid |  | (1,660) |  |  | (1,660) |
Other financing activities |  | (120) |  |  | (2,950) |
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities |  | 12,410 |  |  | (17,320) |
Cash and Cash Equivalents: |  |  |  |
Decrease for the period |  | (4,420) |  |  | (60,200) |
At beginning of period |  | 34,890 |  |  | 112,090 |
At end of period |  | $ | 30,470 |  |  | $ | 51,890 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 490 |  |  | $ | 210 |
Cash paid for taxes |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 1,780 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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TriMas Corporation
Consolidated Statement of Shareholders' Equity
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited—dollars in thousands)

|  | Common Stock |  | Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total
Balances, December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 410 |  |  | $ | 677,660 |  |  | $ | 4,230 |  |  | $ | 650 |  |  | $ | 682,950 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,140 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,140 |
Other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,900) |  |  | (2,900) |
Purchase of common stock |  | — |  |  | (13,240) |  |  | (80) |  |  | — |  |  | (13,320) |
Shares surrendered upon exercise and vesting of equity awards to cover taxes |  | — |  |  | (1,560) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,560) |
Non-cash compensation expense |  | — |  |  | 4,570 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,570 |
Dividends declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,660) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,660) |
Balances, March 31, 2024 |  | $ | 410 |  |  | $ | 667,430 |  |  | $ | 7,630 |  |  | $ | (2,250) |  |  | $ | 673,220 |

|  | Common Stock |  | Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total
Balances, December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 420 |  |  | $ | 696,160 |  |  | $ | (36,130) |  |  | $ | (8,620) |  |  | $ | 651,830 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,910 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,910 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,450 |  |  | 3,450 |
Purchase of common stock |  | — |  |  | (10,400) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,400) |
Shares surrendered upon exercise and vesting of equity awards to cover taxes |  | — |  |  | (2,310) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,310) |
Non-cash compensation expense |  | — |  |  | 2,940 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,940 |
Dividends declared |  | — |  |  | (1,660) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,660) |
Balances, March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 420 |  |  | $ | 684,730 |  |  | $ | (31,220) |  |  | $ | (5,170) |  |  | $ | 648,760 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
1. Basis of Presentation
TriMas Corporation ("TriMas" or the "Company"), and its consolidated subsidiaries, designs, engineers and manufactures innovative products under leading brand names for customers primarily in the consumer products, aerospace & defense, and industrial markets.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries and, in the opinion of management, contain all adjustments, including adjustments of a normal and recurring nature, necessary for a fair presentation of financial position and results of operations. The preparation of financial statements requires management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ from such estimates and assumptions due to risks and uncertainties, including uncertainty and volatility in the current economic environment due to input cost inflation, supply chain disruptions, and shortages in global markets for commodities, logistics and labor. To the extent there are differences between these estimates and actual results, the Company's consolidated financial statements may be materially affected.
Results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year. The accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the Company's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
2. New Accounting Pronouncements
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" ("ASU 2023-09"), which requires enhanced jurisdictional disclosures for income taxes paid and requires the use of specific categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of adoption on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures" ("ASU 2023-07"), which requires disclosure of significant segment expenses and other segment items by reportable segment on an annual and interim basis, the title and position of chief operating decision maker ("CODM") and how the CODM uses reported measures in assessing segment performance, and also extends the requirement of annual disclosures currently required by Topic 280 to interim periods. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of adoption on its consolidated financial statements.
3. Revenue
The following table presents the Company’s disaggregated net sales by primary market served (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  | Three months ended March 31,
Customer Markets |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Consumer Products |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 103,580 |  |  | $ | 95,290 |
Aerospace & Defense |  |  |  |  |  | 67,340 |  |  | 49,990 |
Industrial |  |  |  |  |  | 56,180 |  |  | 70,180 |
Total net sales |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 227,100 |  |  | $ | 215,460 |

The Company’s Packaging segment earns revenues from the consumer products (comprised of the beauty and personal care, food and beverage, home care, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and medical submarkets) and industrial markets. The Aerospace segment earns revenues from the aerospace & defense market (comprised of commercial, regional and business jet, and military submarkets). The Specialty Products segment earns revenues from a variety of submarkets within the industrial market.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
4. Acquisitions
2023 Acquisitions
On April 21, 2023, the Company acquired Weldmac Manufacturing Company ("Weldmac") for a purchase price of $34.0 million, with additional contingent consideration ranging from zero to $10 million based on achievement of earnings targets, as defined in the purchase agreement. The fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed included $23.7 million of property and equipment, $20.3 million of net working capital and $10 million of contingent consideration liability, with such estimate representing the Company's best estimate of fair value of contingent consideration based on Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy, as defined. Located in El Cajon, California, and reported in the Company's Aerospace segment, Weldmac is a designer and manufacturer of complex metal fabricated components and assemblies for the aerospace, defense and space launch end markets and historically generated $33 million in annual revenue. On July 10, 2023, the Company made a cash payment of $5.5 million as additional consideration for the purchase of Weldmac based on achievement of earnings targets, as defined in the purchase agreement. The remaining possible contingent consideration ranges from zero to $4.5 million, based on achievement of 2023 earnings targets, as defined in the purchase agreement. At March 31, 2024, the Company believes it is probable the maximum contingent consideration will be earned.
On February 1, 2023, the Company acquired Aarts Packaging B.V. ("Aarts"), a luxury packaging solutions provider for beauty and lifestyle brands, as well as for customers in the food and life sciences end markets, for a purchase price of $37.8 million, net of cash acquired. The fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed included $20.4 million of goodwill, $10.9 million of intangible assets, $8.5 million of property and equipment, $7.4 million of net working capital, $3.9 million of net deferred tax liabilities and $5.5 million of other liabilities. Aarts, which is reported in the Company's Packaging segment, is located in Waalwijk, The Netherlands, and historically generated €23 million in annual revenue.
5. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Packaging |  | Aerospace |  | Specialty Products |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2023 | $ | 287,350 |  |  | $ | 69,860 |  |  | $ | 6,560 |  |  | $ | 363,770 |
Foreign currency translation and other | (2,350) |  |  | (160) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,510) |
Balance, March 31, 2024 | $ | 285,000 |  |  | $ | 69,700 |  |  | $ | 6,560 |  |  | $ | 361,260 |

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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
Other Intangible Assets
The Company amortizes its other intangible assets over periods ranging from one to 30 years. The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of the Company's other intangibles are summarized below (dollars in thousands):

|  | As of March 31, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023
Intangible Category by Useful Life |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization
Finite-lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships, 5 – 12 years |  | $ | 140,430 |  |  | $ | (90,600) |  |  | $ | 141,260 |  |  | $ | (89,020) |
Customer relationships, 15 – 25 years |  | 129,660 |  |  | (82,130) |  |  | 129,830 |  |  | (80,600) |
Total customer relationships |  | 270,090 |  |  | (172,730) |  |  | 271,090 |  |  | (169,620) |
Technology and other, 1 – 15 years |  | 56,910 |  |  | (42,530) |  |  | 56,970 |  |  | (41,850) |
Technology and other, 17 – 30 years |  | 43,300 |  |  | (40,810) |  |  | 43,300 |  |  | (40,730) |
Total technology and other |  | 100,210 |  |  | (83,340) |  |  | 100,270 |  |  | (82,580) |
Indefinite-lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trademark/Trade names |  | 61,510 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,860 |  |  | — |
Total other intangible assets |  | $ | 431,810 |  |  | $ | (256,070) |  |  | $ | 433,220 |  |  | $ | (252,200) |

Amortization expense related to intangible assets as included in the accompanying consolidated statement of income is summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Technology and other, included in cost of sales |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 790 |  |  | $ | 810 |
Customer relationships, included in selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 3,420 |  |  | 3,780 |
Total amortization expense |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,210 |  |  | $ | 4,590 |

6. Inventories
Inventories consist of the following components (dollars in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Finished goods |  | $ | 88,060 |  |  | $ | 82,300 |
Work in process |  | 58,610 |  |  | 51,990 |
Raw materials |  | 59,590 |  |  | 58,160 |
Total inventories |  | $ | 206,260 |  |  | $ | 192,450 |

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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
7. Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment consists of the following components (dollars in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Land and land improvements |  | $ | 32,730 |  |  | $ | 32,840 |
Buildings |  | 99,550 |  |  | 99,230 |
Machinery and equipment |  | 511,110 |  |  | 502,090 |
|  | 643,390 |  |  | 634,160 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation |  | 311,300 |  |  | 304,170 |
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 332,090 |  |  | $ | 329,990 |

Depreciation expense as included in the accompanying consolidated statement of income is as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Depreciation expense, included in cost of sales |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,750 |  |  | $ | 8,560 |
Depreciation expense, included in selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 230 |  |  | 200 |
Total depreciation expense |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,980 |  |  | $ | 8,760 |

8. Long-term Debt
The Company's long-term debt consists of the following (dollars in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
4.125% Senior Notes due April 2029 |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 400,000 |
Credit Agreement |  | 29,040 |  |  | — |
Debt issuance costs |  | (4,110) |  |  | (4,340) |
Long-term debt, net |  | $ | 424,930 |  |  | $ | 395,660 |

Senior Notes
In March 2021, the Company issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.125% senior notes due April 15, 2029 ("Senior Notes") at par value in a private placement under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended ("Securities Act"). The Senior Notes accrue interest at a rate of 4.125% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15. The payment of principal and interest is jointly and severally guaranteed, on a senior unsecured basis, by certain subsidiaries of the Company. The Senior Notes are pari passu in right of payment with all existing and future senior indebtedness and effectively subordinated to all existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
Prior to April 15, 2024, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes at a redemption price of 104.125% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings provided that each such redemption occurs within 90 days of the date of closing of each such equity offering. In addition, prior to April 15, 2024, the Company may redeem all or part of the Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, plus a "make whole" premium. On or after April 15, 2024, the Company may redeem all or part of the Senior Notes at the redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, if redeemed during the twelve-month period beginning on April 15 of the years indicated below:

Year |  | Percentage
2024 |  | 102.063 | %
2025 |  | 101.031 | %
2026 and thereafter |  | 100.000 | %

Credit Agreement
The Company is a party to a credit agreement ("Credit Agreement") consisting of a $300.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility, which permits borrowings denominated in specific foreign currencies, subject to a $125.0 million sub limit, maturing on March 29, 2026. The Credit Agreement is subject to benchmark interest rates determined based on the currency denomination of borrowings, with British pound sterling borrowings subject to the Sterling Overnight Index Average and Euro borrowings to the Euro InterBank Offered Rate, both plus a spread of 1.625%, and U.S. dollar borrowings subject to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus a spread of 1.725%. The interest rate spread is based upon the leverage ratio, as defined, as of the most recent determination date. The Company's revolving credit facility allows for the issuance of letters of credit, not to exceed $40.0 million in aggregate.
The Credit Agreement also provides incremental revolving credit facility commitments in an amount not to exceed the greater of $200.0 million and an amount such that, after giving effect to such incremental commitments and the incurrence of any other indebtedness substantially simultaneously with the making of such commitments, the senior secured net leverage ratio, as defined, is no greater than 3.00 to 1.00. The terms and conditions of any incremental revolving credit facility commitments must be no more favorable than the existing credit facility.
At March 31, 2024, the Company had $29.0 million outstanding under its revolving credit facility and had $265.0 million potentially available after giving effect to $6.0 million of letters of credit issued and outstanding. At December 31, 2023, the Company had no amounts outstanding under its revolving credit facility and had $294.0 million potentially available after giving effect to $6.0 million of letters of credit issued and outstanding. After consideration of leverage restrictions contained in the Credit Agreement, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $227.0 million and $256.9 million, respectively, of borrowing capacity available for general corporate purposes.
The debt under the Credit Agreement is an obligation of the Company and certain of its domestic subsidiaries and is secured by substantially all of the assets of such parties. Borrowings under the $125.0 million (equivalent) foreign currency sub limit of the $300.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility are secured by a cross-guarantee amongst, and a pledge of the assets of, the foreign subsidiary borrowers that are a party to the agreement. The Credit Agreement also contains various negative and affirmative covenants and other requirements affecting the Company and its subsidiaries, including the ability, subject to certain exceptions and limitations, to incur debt, liens, mergers, investments, loans, advances, guarantee obligations, acquisitions, assets dispositions, sale-leaseback transactions, hedging agreements, dividends and other restricted payments, transactions with affiliates, restrictive agreements and amendments to charters, bylaws, and other material documents. The terms of the Credit Agreement also require the Company and its restricted subsidiaries to meet certain restrictive financial covenants and ratios computed quarterly, including a maximum total net leverage ratio (total consolidated indebtedness plus outstanding amounts under any accounts receivable securitization facility, less the aggregate amount of certain unrestricted cash and unrestricted permitted investments, as defined, over consolidated EBITDA, as defined), a maximum senior secured net leverage ratio (total consolidated senior secured indebtedness, less the aggregate amount of certain unrestricted cash and unrestricted permitted investments, as defined, over consolidated EBITDA, as defined) and a minimum interest expense coverage ratio (consolidated EBITDA, as defined, over the sum of consolidated cash interest expense, as defined, and preferred dividends, as defined). At March 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with its financial covenants contained in the Credit Agreement.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
Other Revolving Loan Facility
In May 2021, the Company, through one of its non-U.S. subsidiaries, entered into a revolving loan facility with a borrowing capacity of $4 million. The facility is guaranteed by TriMas Corporation. There were no borrowings outstanding on this loan facility as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Fair Value of Debt
The valuations of the Senior Notes and revolving credit facility were determined based on Level 2 inputs under the fair value hierarchy, as defined. The carrying amounts and fair values were as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
4.125% Senior Notes due April 2029 |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 362,000 |  |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 364,000 |
Revolving credit facility |  | 29,040 |  |  | 29,040 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

9. Derivative Instruments
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
In February 2024, the Company entered into a cross-currency swap agreement to hedge its net investment in Euro-denominated assets against future volatility in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Euro. By doing so, the Company synthetically converts a portion of its U.S. dollar-based long-term debt into Euro-denominated long-term debt. The agreement is effective as of April 15, 2024, has a notional amount of $75.0 million and a contract period end date of April 15, 2029. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company is to receive net interest payments at a fixed rate of approximately 1.06% of the notional amount. At inception, the cross-currency swap was designated as a net investment hedge. At designation, the cross currency swap had an inception date non-zero fair value equal to a $4.9 million liability, which offset the inception date non-zero fair value of a $75.0 million foreign currency exchange forward contract entered into on the same date. The non-zero fair value of the cross currency swap was recognized in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of income during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
In February 2024, immediately prior to entering into the new cross-currency swap agreement, the Company voluntarily discontinued hedge accounting for its existing cross-currency swap agreement, de-designating the swap as a net investment hedge. The de-designated agreement has a notional amount of $75.0 million and a contract period end date of April 15, 2024. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company is to receive net interest payments at a fixed rate of approximately 2.4% of the notional amount.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value carrying amount of the Company's derivatives designated as hedging instruments are recorded as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  | Asset / (Liability) Derivatives
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  | Balance Sheet Caption |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Net Investment Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps |  | Accrued liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (6,510) |
Cross-currency swaps |  | Other long-term liabilities |  | (6,010) |  |  | — |

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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
The following table summarizes the income recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") on derivative contracts designated as hedging instruments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and the amounts reclassified from AOCI into earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

| Amount of Income Recognized in AOCI on Derivatives (Effective Portion, net of tax) |  |  |  |  |  |  | Amount of Income (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings
| As of March 31, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023 |  | Location of Income (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings (Effective Portion) |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net Investment Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps | $ | 13,850 |  |  | $ | 13,260 |  |  | Other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Over the next 12 months, the Company does not expect to reclassify any pre-tax deferred amounts from AOCI into earnings.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
As of March 31, 2024, the Company was party to foreign currency exchange forward contracts to economically hedge changes in foreign currency rates with notional amounts of $207.9 million and a cross-currency swap agreement previously designated as a net investment hedge with notional amount of $75.0 million. The Company uses foreign exchange contracts to mitigate the risk associated with fluctuations in currency rates impacting cash flows related to certain of its receivables, payables and intercompany transactions denominated in foreign currencies. The foreign exchange contracts primarily mitigate currency exposures between the U.S. dollar and the Euro, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, and the Mexican peso, as well as between the Euro and British pound, and have various settlement dates through September 2024. These contracts are not designated as hedge instruments; therefore, gains and losses on these contracts are recognized each period directly into the consolidated statement of income.
The following table summarizes the effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Company's consolidated statement of income (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Amount of Income (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Derivatives
|  |  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  | Location of Income (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Derivatives |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,710 |  |  | $ | (760) |
Cross-currency swaps |  | Other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  |  | (300) |  |  | — |

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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
Fair Value of Derivatives
The fair value of the Company's derivatives are estimated using an income approach based on valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single, discounted amount. Estimates of the fair value of the Company's cross-currency swaps and foreign exchange contracts use observable inputs such as interest rate yield curves and forward currency exchange rates. Fair value measurements and the fair value hierarchy level for the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are shown below (dollars in thousands):

Description |  | Frequency |  | Asset / (Liability) |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps |  | Recurring |  | $ | (10,870) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (10,870) |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Recurring |  | $ | 5,060 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,060 |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps |  | Recurring |  | $ | (6,510) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (6,510) |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Recurring |  | $ | (140) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (140) |  |  | $ | — |

10. Leases
The majority of the Company's lease obligations are non-cancelable operating leases for certain equipment and facilities. The Company's finance leases are for certain equipment as part of the Company's acquisition of Aarts. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; expense related to these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Supplemental balance sheet information related to the Company's leases are shown below (dollars in thousands):

|  | Balance Sheet Location |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 41,690 |  |  | $ | 43,220 |
Finance leases |  | Property and equipment, net (a) |  | 2,380 |  |  | 2,470 |
Total lease assets |  |  |  | $ | 44,070 |  |  | $ | 45,690 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | Lease liabilities, current portion |  | $ | 7,560 |  |  | $ | 7,410 |
Finance leases |  | Lease liabilities, current portion |  | 470 |  |  | 490 |
Long-term: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | Lease liabilities |  | 36,390 |  |  | 37,980 |
Finance leases |  | Lease liabilities |  | 1,560 |  |  | 1,710 |
Total lease liabilities |  |  |  | $ | 45,980 |  |  | $ | 47,590 |

__________________________
(a) Finance leases were recorded net of accumulated depreciation of $0.3 million as of March 31, 2024.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
The components of lease expense are as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, |
|  | Statement of Income Location |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Operating lease cost |  | Cost of sales and Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,280 |  |  | $ | 2,580 |  |
Finance lease cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation of lease assets |  | Cost of sales |  |  |  |  |  | 60 |  |  | 40 |  |
Interest on lease liabilities |  | Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |
Short-term, variable and other lease costs |  | Cost of sales and Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 1,090 |  |  | 640 |  |
Total lease cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,440 |  |  | $ | 3,270 |  |

Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year ended December 31, |  | Operating Leases(a) |  | Finance Leases(a)
2024 (excluding the three months ended March 31, 2024) |  | $ | 6,870 |  |  | $ | 390 |
2025 |  | 8,450 |  |  | 520 |
2026 |  | 8,730 |  |  | 600 |
2027 |  | 7,520 |  |  | 690 |
2028 |  | 5,580 |  |  | — |
Thereafter |  | 12,850 |  |  | — |
Total lease payments |  | 50,000 |  |  | 2,200 |
Less: Imputed interest |  | (6,050) |  |  | (170) |
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 43,950 |  |  | $ | 2,030 |

__________________________
(a) The maturity table excludes cash flows associated with exited lease facilities. Liabilities for exited lease facilities are included in accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
Other information related to the Company's leases are as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,360 |  |  | $ | 2,590 |
Operating cash flows from finance leases |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases |  |  |  |  |  | 120 |  |  | 80 |
Lease assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  |  |  |  | 870 |  |  | 4,780 |
Finance leases |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2,620 |

The weighted-average remaining lease term of the Company's operating leases and finance leases as of March 31, 2024 is 6.2 years and 3.3 years, respectively. The weighted-average discount rate for the operating leases and finance leases as of March 31, 2024 is 4.1% and 2.6%, respectively.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
11. Other Long-term liabilities
Other long-term liabilities consist of the following components (dollars in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Non-current asbestos-related liabilities |  | $ | 23,250 |  |  | $ | 23,880 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 22,220 |  |  | 16,740 |
Total other long-term liabilities |  | $ | 45,470 |  |  | $ | 40,620 |

12. Commitments and Contingencies
Asbestos
As of March 31, 2024, the Company was a party to 465 pending cases involving an aggregate of 4,880 claimants primarily alleging personal injury from exposure to asbestos containing materials formerly used in gaskets (both encapsulated and otherwise) manufactured or distributed by its former Lamons division and certain other related subsidiaries for use primarily in the petrochemical, refining and exploration industries. The following chart summarizes the number of claims, number of claims filed, number of claims dismissed, number of claims settled, the average settlement amount per claim and the total defense costs, at the applicable date and for the applicable periods:

|  | Claims pending at beginning of period |  | Claims filed during period |  | Claims dismissed during period |  | Claims settled during period |  | Claims pending at end of period |  | Average settlement amount per claim during period |  | Total defense costs during period
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  | 4,863 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 4,880 |  |  | $ | 22,857 |  |  | $ | 460,000 |
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023 |  | 4,798 |  |  | 261 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 4,863 |  |  | $ | 15,465 |  |  | $ | 1,920,000 |

In addition, the Company acquired various companies to distribute its products that had distributed gaskets of other manufacturers prior to acquisition. The Company believes that many of its pending cases relate to locations at which none of its gaskets were distributed or used.
The Company may be subjected to significant additional asbestos-related claims in the future, and will aggressively defend or reasonably resolve, as appropriate. The cost of settling cases in which product identification can be made may increase, and the Company may be subjected to further claims in respect of the former activities of its acquired gasket distributors. The cost of claims varies as claims may be initially made in some jurisdictions without specifying the amount sought or by simply stating the requisite or maximum permissible monetary relief, and may be amended to alter the amount sought. The large majority of claims do not specify the amount sought. Of the 4,880 claims pending at March 31, 2024, 34 set forth specific amounts of damages (other than those stating the statutory minimum or maximum). At March 31, 2024, of the 34 claims that set forth specific amounts, there were no claims seeking more than $5 million for punitive damages. Below is a breakdown of the compensatory damages sought for those claims seeking specific amounts:

|  |  |  | Compensatory |  |
Range of damages sought (dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $0.0 to $0.6 |  | $0.6 to $5.0 |  | $5.0+ |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of claims |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | 3 |  | 31 |  |  |  |  |  |

Relatively few claims have reached the discovery stage and even fewer claims have gone past the discovery stage. Total settlement costs (exclusive of defense costs) for all such cases, some of which were filed over 30 years ago, have been $13.2 million. All relief sought in the asbestos cases is monetary in nature. Based on the settlements made to date and the number of claims dismissed or withdrawn for lack of product identification, the Company believes that the relief sought (when specified) does not bear a reasonable relationship to its potential liability.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
The Company records a liability for asbestos-related claims, which includes both known and unknown claims, based on a study from the Company’s third-party actuary, the Company's review of the study, as well as the Company’s own review of asbestos claims and claim resolution activity.
In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company commissioned its actuary to update the study, based on data as of September 30, 2022, which yielded a range of possible future liability of $29.6 million to $39.5 million. The Company did not believe any amount within the range of potential outcomes represented a better estimate than another given the many factors and assumptions inherent in the projections, and therefore increased the liability estimate to $29.6 million, at the low-end of the range. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s total asbestos-related liability was $25.9 million and $26.6 million, respectively, and is included in accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities, respectively, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
The Company’s primary insurance, which covered approximately 40% of historical costs related to settlement and defense of asbestos litigation, expired in November 2018, upon which the Company became solely responsible for defense costs and indemnity payments. The Company is party to a coverage-in-place agreement (entered into in 2006) with its first level excess carriers regarding the coverage to be provided to the Company for asbestos-related claims. The coverage-in-place agreement makes asbestos defense costs and indemnity insurance coverage available to the Company that might otherwise be disputed by the carriers and provides a methodology for the administration of such expenses. The Company will continue to be solely responsible for defense costs and indemnity payments prior to the commencement of coverage under this agreement, the duration of which would be subject to the scope of damage awards and settlements paid. Based upon the Company’s review of the actuarial study, the Company does not believe it is probable that it will reach the threshold of qualified future settlements required to commence excess carrier insurance coverage under the coverage-in-place agreement.
Based upon the Company's experience to date, including the trend in annual defense and settlement costs incurred to date, and other available information (including the availability of excess insurance), the Company does not believe these cases will have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
Claims and Litigation
The Company is subject to other claims and litigation in the ordinary course of business, but does not believe that any such claim or litigation will have a material adverse effect on its financial position and results of operations or cash flows.
13. Segment Information
TriMas reports its operations in three segments: Packaging, Aerospace and Specialty Products. Each of these segments has discrete financial information that is regularly evaluated by TriMas' President and Chief Executive Officer (chief operating decision maker) in determining resource, personnel and capital allocation, as well as assessing strategy and performance. The Company utilizes its proprietary TriMas Business Model as its platform, which is based upon a standardized set of processes, to manage and drive results and strategy across its multi-industry businesses.
Within each of the Company's reportable segments, there are no individual products or product families for which reported net sales accounted for more than 10% of the Company's consolidated net sales. See below for more information regarding the types of products and services provided within each reportable segment:
Packaging – TriMas' Packaging segment consists primarily of the Rieke, Affaba & Ferrari, Taplast, Rapak, Plastic Srl, Aarts Packaging, Intertech and Omega brands. TriMas Packaging develops and manufactures a broad array of dispensing products (such as foaming pumps, lotion, hand soap and sanitizer pumps, beverage dispensers, perfume sprayers, nasal sprayers and trigger sprayers), polymeric and steel caps and closures (such as food lids, flip-top closures, child resistant caps, beverage closures, fragrance and cosmetic caps, drum and pail closures, and flexible spouts), polymeric jar products, fully integrated dispensers for fill-ready bag-in-box applications, and consumable vascular delivery and diagnostic test components, all for a variety of consumer products submarkets including, but not limited to, beauty and personal care, food and beverage, home care, and life sciences, including but not limited to pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and medical, as well as industrial markets (including agricultural).
Aerospace – TriMas' Aerospace segment, which includes the Monogram Aerospace Fasteners, Allfast Fastening Systems, Mac Fasteners, TFI Aerospace, RSA Engineered Products, Martinic Engineering, and Weldmac Manufacturing Company brands, develops, qualifies and manufactures highly-engineered, precision fasteners, tubular products and assemblies for fluid conveyance, and machined products and assemblies to serve the aerospace and defense market.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
Specialty Products – TriMas' Specialty Products segment, which includes the Norris Cylinder and Arrow Engine brands, designs, manufactures and distributes highly-engineered steel cylinders for use within industrial and aerospace markets, natural gas-fired engines for remote power generation applications and compression systems for use within the North American industrial oil and gas and power generation end-markets.
Segment activity is as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net Sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 127,020 |  |  | $ | 116,220 |
Aerospace |  |  |  |  |  | 67,340 |  |  | 49,990 |
Specialty Products |  |  |  |  |  | 32,740 |  |  | 49,250 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 227,100 |  |  | $ | 215,460 |
Operating Profit (Loss) and Income Before Income Tax Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Segment operating profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 17,110 |  |  | $ | 14,390 |
Aerospace |  |  |  |  |  | 7,130 |  |  | 1,430 |
Specialty Products |  |  |  |  |  | 2,610 |  |  | 9,750 |
Segment operating profit |  |  |  |  |  | 26,850 |  |  | 25,570 |
Corporate (a) |  |  |  |  |  | (14,410) |  |  | (15,580) |
Total operating profit |  |  |  |  |  | 12,440 |  |  | 9,990 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  | (4,930) |  |  | (3,700) |
Other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  |  | (320) |  |  | (70) |
Income before income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,190 |  |  | $ | 6,220 |

__________________________
(a) Corporate consists of the corporate office and related corporate activities. Corporate expenses primarily include compensation, benefits, professional services, information technology and other administrative costs. Corporate expenses reconcile reportable segment information to the consolidated totals.
14. Equity Awards
Restricted Stock Units
The Company awarded the following restricted stock units ("RSUs") during the three months ended March 31, 2024:
•Granted 281,405 RSUs to certain employees, which are subject only to a service condition and vest ratably over three years so long as the employee remains with the Company;
•Granted 32,544 RSUs to its non-employee independent directors, which fully vest one year from date of grant so long as the director and/or Company does not terminate the director's service prior to the vesting date;
•Issued 28 RSUs to certain employees related to dividend equivalent rights on existing equity awards; and
•Issued 1,171 RSUs related to director fee deferrals as certain of the Company's directors elected to defer all or a portion of their director fees and to receive the amount in Company common stock at a future date.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
During 2024, the Company also awarded 109,640 performance-based RSUs to certain Company key employees which vest three years from the grant date as long as the employee remains with the Company. These awards are initially earned 50% based upon the Company's achievement of an earnings per share compound annual growth rate ("EPS CAGR") metric and 50% based upon the Company's cash return on net assets ("Cash RONA") metric over a period beginning January 1, 2024 and ending December 31, 2026. The total EPS CAGR and Cash RONA performance-based RSUs initially earned shall be subject to modification based on the Company's total shareholder return ("TSR") relative to the TSR of the common stock of a pre-defined industry peer-group, measured over the performance period. TSR is calculated as the Company's average closing stock price for the 20 trading days at the end of the performance period plus Company dividends, divided by the Company's average closing stock price for the 20 trading days prior to the start of the performance period. The Company estimates the grant-date fair value subject to a market condition using a Monte Carlo simulation model, using the following weighted average assumptions: risk-free rate of 4.50% and annualized volatility of 31.4%. Depending on the performance achieved for these two metrics, the amount of shares earned, if any, can vary for each metric from 0% of the target award to a maximum of 250% of the target.
Information related to RSUs at March 31, 2024 is as follows:

|  | Number of Unvested RSUs |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2024 |  | 691,836 |  |  | $ | 30.97 |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 424,788 |  |  | 24.85 |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  | (183,582) |  |  | 30.65 |  |  |  |  |
Cancelled |  | (67,524) |  |  | 34.96 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at March 31, 2024 |  | 865,518 |  |  | $ | 27.73 |  |  | 1.7 |  | $ | 23,135,296 |

As of March 31, 2024, there was $10.2 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs that is expected to be recorded over a weighted average period of 2.4 years.
RSUs granted to employees who are eligible for retirement on the date of the grant are expensed immediately, and RSUs granted to employees who will become retirement-eligible prior to the end of the vesting term are expensed over the period through which the employee will become retirement-eligible since these awards vest upon retirement from the Company. Compensation expense for RSUs granted to employees who will not become retirement-eligible prior to the end of the vesting term is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs of $4.6 million and $2.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The stock-based compensation expense is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of income.
15. Earnings per Share
Net income is divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period to calculate basic earnings per share. Diluted earnings per share is calculated to give effect to RSUs. The following table summarizes the dilutive effect of RSUs to purchase common stock for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

|  |  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Weighted average common shares—basic |  |  |  |  |  | 41,018,049 |  |  | 41,543,625 |
Dilutive effect of restricted stock units |  |  |  |  |  | 303,965 |  |  | 258,412 |
Weighted average common shares—diluted |  |  |  |  |  | 41,322,014 |  |  | 41,802,037 |

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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
In March 2020, the Company announced its Board of Directors had authorized the Company to increase the purchase of its common stock up to $250 million in the aggregate. This announcement represented the most recent update from the initial authorization, approved in November 2015, of up to $50 million of purchases in the aggregate of its common stock. In the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company purchased 540,037 shares of its outstanding common stock for $13.3 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company purchased 350,862 shares of its outstanding common stock for $10.4 million. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had $73.6 million remaining under the repurchase authorization.
Holders of common stock are entitled to dividends at the discretion of the Company's Board of Directors. In 2021, the Company's Board of Directors declared the first dividend since the Company's initial public offering in 2007. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company's cash dividends declared were $0.04 per share of common stock and total dividends declared and paid on common shares were $1.7 million. In the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company's cash dividends declared were $0.04 per share of common stock and total dividends declared and paid on common shares were $1.7 million.
16. Defined Benefit Plans
Net periodic pension benefit costs for the Company's defined benefit pension plans cover certain foreign employees, union hourly employees and salaried employees. The components of net periodic pension cost (income) are as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Service costs |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | 120 |
Interest costs |  |  |  |  |  | 330 |  |  | 320 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  |  |  |  | (510) |  |  | (530) |
Amortization of net loss |  |  |  |  |  | 50 |  |  | 30 |
Net periodic benefit cost (income) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (60) |

The service cost component of net periodic benefit cost is recorded in cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expenses, while non-service cost components are recorded in other income (expense), net in the accompanying consolidated statement of income.
The Company contributed $0.2 million to its defined benefit pension plans during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The Company expects to contribute $1.2 million to its defined benefit pension plans for the full year 2024.
17. Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Changes in AOCI by component for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are summarized as follows, net of tax (dollars in thousands):

|  | Defined Benefit Plans |  | Derivative Instruments |  | Foreign Currency Translation |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2023 |  | $ | (5,730) |  |  | $ | 13,260 |  |  | $ | (6,880) |  |  | $ | 650 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period (a) |  | — |  |  | 590 |  |  | (3,510) |  |  | (2,920) |
Less: Net realized losses reclassified to net income |  | (20) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20) |
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 20 |  |  | 590 |  |  | (3,510) |  |  | (2,900) |
Balance, March 31, 2024 |  | $ | (5,710) |  |  | $ | 13,850 |  |  | $ | (10,390) |  |  | $ | (2,250) |

__________________________
(a) Derivative instruments, net of income tax of $0.2 million. See Note 9, "Derivative Instruments," for further details.
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TRIMAS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(unaudited)
Changes in AOCI by component for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are summarized as follows, net of tax (dollars in thousands):

|  | Defined Benefit Plans |  | Derivative Instruments |  | Foreign Currency Translation |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | $ | (5,380) |  |  | $ | 15,320 |  |  | $ | (18,560) |  |  | $ | (8,620) |
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period (a) |  | — |  |  | (1,860) |  |  | 5,290 |  |  | 3,430 |
Less: Net realized losses reclassified to net income |  | (20) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20) |
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 20 |  |  | (1,860) |  |  | 5,290 |  |  | 3,450 |
Balance, March 31, 2023 |  | $ | (5,360) |  |  | $ | 13,460 |  |  | $ | (13,270) |  |  | $ | (5,170) |

__________________________
(a) Derivative instruments, net of income tax of $0.6 million. See Note 9, "Derivative Instruments," for further details.
18. Income Taxes
The effective income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was 28.5% and 21.1%, respectively. The Company recorded tax expense of $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was higher than in the prior year primarily due to increased earnings in certain foreign jurisdictions where the effective tax rate was higher than 21% and losses at certain foreign subsidiaries where no tax benefit could be recorded.
19. Subsequent Events
On April 23, 2024, the Company announced that its Board of Directors had declared a cash dividend of $0.04 per share of TriMas Corporation common stock, which will be payable on May 14, 2024 to shareholders of record as of the close of business on May 7, 2024.
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition contains forward-looking statements regarding industry outlook and our expectations regarding the performance of our business. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described under the heading "Forward-Looking Statements," at the beginning of this report. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements. You should read the following discussion together with the Company's reports on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Introduction
TriMas designs, develops and manufactures a diverse set of products primarily for the consumer products, aerospace & defense and industrial markets through its TriMas Packaging, TriMas Aerospace and Specialty Products groups. Our wide range of innovative products are designed and engineered to solve application-specific challenges that our customers face. We believe our businesses share important and distinguishing characteristics, including: well-recognized and leading brand names in the markets we serve; innovative product technologies and features; a high-degree of customer approved processes and qualifications; established distribution networks; modest capital investment requirements; strong cash flow conversion and long-term growth opportunities. While the majority of our revenue is in the United States, we manufacture and supply products globally to a wide range of companies. We report our business activity in three segments: Packaging, Aerospace and Specialty Products.
Key Factors Affecting Our Reported Results
Demand for the products our businesses produce and results of operations depend upon general economic conditions. We serve customers in industries that are highly competitive, and that may be significantly impacted by changes in economic or geopolitical conditions.
Our results of operations have been materially impacted over the past few years by macro-economic factors, first by the onset and proliferation of the coronavirus pandemic ("pandemic"), then further from increased energy costs and supply chain disruptions from the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and more recently by cost inflation (raw materials, wage rates and freight) and a lack of material and in certain regions skilled labor availability. These factors s ignificantly affected each of our businesses and how we operate, albeit in different ways and magnitudes. Sales in our Packaging segment for dispensing and closure products used in applications to help fight the spread of germs have experienced extreme volatility in demand, with demand spiking to record highs after the onset of the pandemic, demand abating as expected from those high levels beginning mid-2022 and continuing through most of 2023, as a result of some of our larger customers' choices to rebalance on-hand inventory levels and caution in purchasing behaviors given the current inflationary macro-economic environment. Sales of certain of our aerospace-related products were significantly depressed from historical levels following the onset of the pandemic, but demand has significantly increased in recent quarters as air travel has picked-up and new aircraft build rates improve. Certain of our products for industrial applications, for example steel cylinders for packaged gas applications, and engines and compressors for oil & gas extraction, have experienced volatility in demand related to a number of channel and economic factors in more recent periods. Altogether, this significant level of volatility in demand levels, input and transportation costs, and material and labor availability, have pressured our ability to operate efficiently in recent periods. While some areas of demand volatility remain, such as in our Specialty Products segment, we are beginning to see more steady and consistent demand in our Packaging and Aerospace end markets.
Overall, our first quarter 2024 net sales increased $11.6 million, or 5.4%, compared to first quarter 2023. We experienced growth from acquisitions as well as organic sales increases within each of our Packaging and Aerospace segments, as a result of increased demand levels. These increases were partially offset by decreased sales in our Specialty Products segment, resulting from a decrease in demand as customers continue working through higher inventory levels built up in 2023.
The most significant drivers affecting our financial results in first quarter 2024 compared with first quarter 2023, other than as directly impacted by sales changes, were the impact of our rec ent acquisitions, prior structural cost reductions within our Packaging segment, costs incurred to fulfill an abrupt increase in orders from one of our customers in our Packaging segment, improved material availability in our Aerospace segment, lower third party business diligence and consulting expenses in our corporate office in support of prospective streamlining actions and growth initiatives, and an increase in our effective tax rate.
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In April 2023, we acquired Weldmac Manufacturing Company ("Weldmac"), a designer and manufacturer of complex metal fabricated components and assemblies for the aerospace, defense and space launch end markets for a purchase price of $34.0 million, with additional consideration of $5.5 million paid in July 2023 and remaining contingent consideration ranging from zero to $4.5 million based on achievement of 2023 earnings targets, as defined in the purchase agreement. Weldmac, which is reported in our Aerospace segment, is located in El Cajon, California. Weldmac contributed $11.4 million of net sales during first quarter 2024.
In February 2023, we acquired Aarts Packaging B.V. ("Aarts"), a luxury packaging solutions provider for beauty and lifestyle brands, as well as for customers in the food and life sciences end markets, for a purchase price of $37.8 million, net of cash acquired. Aarts, which is reported in our Packaging segment, is located in Waalwijk, the Netherlands and contributed $2.8 million of acquisition-related sales growth during first quarter 2024 resulting from its January 2024 sales.
During first quarter 2024, o ne of our customers in our Packaging segment abruptly increased their orders, which required us to incur certain incremental input costs to timely fulfill certain of the customer's orders.
The effective income tax rate for first quarter 2024 was 28.5% as compared to 21.1% for first quarter 2023. The effective tax rate for first quarter 2024 was higher than in the prior year primarily due to increased earnings in certain foreign jurisdictions where the effective tax rate was higher than 21% and losses at certain foreign subsidiaries where no tax benefit could be recorded.
Additional Key Risks that May Affect Our Reported Results
We have executed meaningful realignment actions over the past few years, primarily in our Packaging segment, to address manufacturing capacity where demand has fallen. We will continue to assess further actions if required. However, as a result of the current period of macroeconomic inflation and uncertainty and the potential impact of such factors to our future results of operations, as well as if there is an impact to TriMas' market capitalization, we may record additional cash and non-cash charges related to incremental realignment actions, asset impairments, including impairments to our goodwill, intangible assets, fixed assets, inventory or customer receivable account balances.
Despite the potential for declines in future demand levels and results of operations, at present, we believe our capital structure is in a strong position. We have sufficient cash and available liquidity under our revolving credit facility to meet our debt service obligations, capital expenditure requirements and other short-term and long-term obligations for the foreseeable future.
Critical factors affecting our ability to succeed include: our ability to create organic growth through product development, cross-selling and extending product-line offerings, and our ability to quickly and cost-effectively introduce and successfully launch new products; our ability to acquire and integrate companies or products that supplement existing product lines, add new distribution channels or customers, or expand our geographic coverage; our ability to manage our cost structure more efficiently via supply chain management, internal sourcing and/or purchasing of materials, selective outsourcing and/or purchasing of support functions, working capital management, and greater leverage of our administrative functions; and our ability to absorb, or recover via commercial actions, inflationary or other cost increases.
Our overall business does not experience significant seasonal fluctuation, other than our fourth quarter, which has tended to be the lowest net sales quarter of the year due to holiday shutdowns at certain customers or other customers deferring capital spending to the following year. A growing amount of our sales is derived from international sources, which exposes us to certain risks, including currency risks.
We are sensitive to price movements and availability of our raw materials supply. Our largest raw material purchases are for resins (such as polypropylene and polyethylene), steel, aluminum, superalloys (such as titanium, A286 stainless steel and Inconel) and other oil and metal-based purchased components, the costs for each of which are subject to volatility. There has also been some volatility over the past two years as a direct and indirect result of foreign trade policy, where tariffs on certain of our commodity-based products sourced from Asia have been instituted, the conflict in Eastern Europe, creating certain input material shortages, and labor shortages at certain of our raw material suppliers. We will continue to take actions to mitigate such increases, including implementing commercial pricing adjustments, holding extra inventories and resourcing to alternate suppliers and insourcing of previously sourced products. Although we believe we are generally able to mitigate the impact of higher commodity costs over time, we may experience additional material costs and disruptions in supply in the future and may not be able to pass along higher costs to our customers in the form of price increases or otherwise mitigate the impacts to our operating results.
Although we have escalator/de-escalator clauses in commercial contracts with certain of our customers to address fluctuations in input costs, or can modify prices based on market conditions to recover higher costs, our price increases generally lag the underlying input cost increase, and we cannot be assured of full cost recovery in the open market. If input costs increase at rapid rates, our ability to recover cost increases on a timely basis is made more difficult by the lag nature of these contracts.
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Oil-based commodity costs are a significant driver of raw materials and purchased components used within our Packaging segment. As such, an increase in crude oil often is a precursor to rising input polymeric raw material costs, for which we may experience a contractual commercial recover lag. Separately, our Arrow Engine business in our Specialty Products segment is sensitive to the demand for natural gas and crude oil in North America. For example, demand for engine, pump jack and compressor products are impacted by active oil and gas rig counts and wellhead investment activities.
Each year, as a core tenet of the TriMas Business Model, our businesses target cost savings from Kaizen and continuous improvement initiatives in an effort to reduce, or otherwise offset, the impact of increased input and conversion costs through increased throughput and yield rates, with a goal of at least covering inflationary and market cost increases. In addition, we continuously review our operating cost structures to ensure alignment with current market demand.
We continue to evaluate alternatives to redeploy the cash generated by our businesses, one of which includes returning capital to our shareholders. In 2020, our Board of Directors increased the authorization of share repurchases to a cumulative amount of $250 million. During first quarter 2024, we purchased 540,037 shares of our outstanding common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $13.3 million. As of March 31, 2024, we had $73.6 million remaining under the repurchase authorization.
In addition, in first quarter 2024, we declared dividends of $0.04 per share of common stock and paid dividends of $1.7 million. We will continue to evaluate opportunities to return capital to shareholders through the purchase of our common stock, as well as dividends, depending on market conditions and other factors.
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The following table summarizes financial information for our reportable segments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | As a Percentage of Net Sales |  | 2023 |  | As a Percentage of Net Sales
Net Sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 127,020 |  |  | 55.9 | % |  | $ | 116,220 |  |  | 53.9 | %
Aerospace | 67,340 |  |  | 29.7 | % |  | 49,990 |  |  | 23.2 | %
Specialty Products | 32,740 |  |  | 14.4 | % |  | 49,250 |  |  | 22.9 | %
Total | $ | 227,100 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 215,460 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Gross Profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 32,260 |  |  | 25.4 | % |  | $ | 27,240 |  |  | 23.4 | %
Aerospace | 15,570 |  |  | 23.1 | % |  | 8,580 |  |  | 17.2 | %
Specialty Products | 4,880 |  |  | 14.9 | % |  | 11,870 |  |  | 24.1 | %
Total | $ | 52,710 |  |  | 23.2 | % |  | $ | 47,690 |  |  | 22.1 | %
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 15,150 |  |  | 11.9 | % |  | $ | 12,850 |  |  | 11.1 | %
Aerospace | 8,440 |  |  | 12.5 | % |  | 7,150 |  |  | 14.3 | %
Specialty Products | 2,270 |  |  | 6.9 | % |  | 2,120 |  |  | 4.3 | %
Corporate | 14,410 |  |  | N/A |  | 15,580 |  |  | N/A
Total | $ | 40,270 |  |  | 17.7 | % |  | $ | 37,700 |  |  | 17.5 | %
Operating Profit (Loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 17,110 |  |  | 13.5 | % |  | $ | 14,390 |  |  | 12.4 | %
Aerospace | 7,130 |  |  | 10.6 | % |  | 1,430 |  |  | 2.9 | %
Specialty Products | 2,610 |  |  | 8.0 | % |  | 9,750 |  |  | 19.8 | %
Corporate | (14,410) |  |  | N/A |  | (15,580) |  |  | N/A
Total | $ | 12,440 |  |  | 5.5 | % |  | $ | 9,990 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 6,930 |  |  | 5.5 | % |  | $ | 5,950 |  |  | 5.1 | %
Aerospace | 2,000 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | 1,860 |  |  | 3.7 | %
Specialty Products | 1,010 |  |  | 3.1 | % |  | 920 |  |  | 1.9 | %
Corporate | 40 |  |  | N/A |  | 30 |  |  | N/A
Total | $ | 9,980 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | $ | 8,760 |  |  | 4.1 | %
Amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Packaging | $ | 1,640 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | $ | 1,560 |  |  | 1.3 | %
Aerospace | 2,570 |  |  | 3.8 | % |  | 2,910 |  |  | 5.8 | %
Specialty Products | — |  |  | — | % |  | 120 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Corporate | — |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | N/A
Total | $ | 4,210 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | $ | 4,590 |  |  | 2.1 | %

Results of Operations
The principal factors impacting us during the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared with the three months ended March 31, 2023, were:
•Increases in demand for products within our Packaging and Aerospace segments;
•Significant demand decrease in our Specialty Products segment;
•The impact of recent acquisitions, primarily Aarts and Weldmac;
•Prior structural cost reductions within our Packaging segment;
•Improved material availability in our Aerospace segment;
•Lower business diligence and consulting fees in support of our growth initiatives; and
•An increase in our effective tax rate in first quarter 2024 compared with first quarter 2023.
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Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared with Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Overall, net sales increased $11.6 million, or 5.4%, to $227.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared with $215.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023. Acquisition-related sales growth was $14.2 million, comprised of $2.8 million from our February 2023 acquisition of Aarts, and $11.4 million from our April 2023 acquisition of Weldmac. Organic sales, excluding the impact of currency exchange and acquisitions, decreased $3.5 million, as sales increases in our Packaging and Aerospace segments driven by end market demand improvements and market share gains were more than offset by a decrease in the Specialty Products segment due to lower market demand, primarily as a result of our customers managing inventory levels built up in 2023. In addition, net sales increased by $0.9 million due to currency exchange, as our reported results in U.S. dollars were favorably impacted as a result of a weakening U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies.
Gross profit margin (gross profit as a percentage of sales) approximated 23.2% and 22.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Gross profit margin increased primarily due to higher sales levels and improved fixed cost absorption within our Packaging and Aerospace segments. In addition, gross profit margin improved due to reduced material availability constraints and a more favorable product sales mix within our Aerospace segment. These increases were partially offset by decreased sales and less favorable leveraging of fixed costs within our Specialty Products segment and increased input costs, including expedited freight and labor, required to timely fulfill an abrupt increase in a customer's orders in our Packaging segment.
Operating profit margin (operating profit as a percentage of sales) approximated 5.5% and 4.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Operating profit increased $2.5 million, to $12.4 million, for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $10.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to higher sales levels and improved fixed cost absorption, as well as reduced material availability constraints and a more favorable product sales mix within our Aerospace segment. Additionally, operating profit increased due to higher sales levels and improved fixed cost absorption as well as the favorable impact of prior realignment actions in our Packaging segment, and lower professional fees. These improvements were partially offset by the impact of lower sales levels and less favorable leveraging of fixed costs in our Specialty Products segment, and increased input costs, including expedited freight and labor, required to timely fulfill an abrupt increase in a customer's orders in our Packaging segment.
Interest expense increased $1.2 million, to $4.9 million, for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $3.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, due to an increase in our weighted average borrowings and a higher effective interest rate as a result of increased borrowings from our revolving credit facility.
Other income (expense) increased $0.3 million to $0.3 million of expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to less than $0.1 million of expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to mark-to-market losses on our de-designated cross currency swap.
The effective income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was 28.5% and 21.1%, respectively. We recorded tax expense of $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was higher than in the prior year primarily due to increased earnings in certain foreign jurisdictions where the effective tax rate was higher than 21% and losses at certain foreign subsidiaries where no tax benefit could be recorded.
Net income increased by $0.2 million, to $5.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $4.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase was primarily the result of an increase in operating profit of $2.5 million, partially offset by an increase in interest expense of $1.2 million, an increase in income tax expense of $0.7 million and an increase in other expense of $0.3 million.
See below for a discussion of operating results by segment.
Packaging. Net sales increased $10.8 million, or 9.3%, to $127.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $116.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023. Acquisition-related sales growth was $2.8 million resulting from the January 2024 sales of our February 2023 acquisition of Aarts. Sales of dispensing products used primarily for personal care and home care applications increased by $7.7 million. Sales of products used for industrial applications increased by $2.3 million. These increases were partially offset by the decrease in sales of products used in food and beverage applications of $3.3 million, primarily due to reduced demand for dairy applications and lower demand for beverage closures in Europe as customers begin to cut over to new product designs. Net sales increased by $0.9 million due to currency exchange, as our reported results in U.S. dollars were favorably impacted as a result of the weakening U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies, as compared to first quarter 2023.
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Packaging's gross profit increased $5.0 million to $32.3 million, or 25.4% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $27.2 million, or 23.4% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to higher sales levels and resulting improved fixed cost absorption, as well as the favorable impact of structural cost reduction efforts following our realignment actions. The increase in gross profit was partially offset by increased input costs, including expedited freight and labor, required to timely fulfill an abrupt increase in a customer's orders in the first quarter of 2024.
Packaging's selling, general and administrative expenses increased $2.3 million to $15.2 million, or 11.9% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $12.9 million, or 11.1% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to $1.1 million higher information technology costs allocated from Corporate and higher ongoing selling, general and administrative costs associated with our acquisition.
Packaging's operating profit increased $2.7 million to $17.1 million, or 13.5% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $14.4 million, or 12.4% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to higher sales levels, improved fixed cost absorption, and the favorable impact of prior realignment actions, partially offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses and increased input costs required to timely fulfill an abrupt increase in a customer's orders.
Aerospace. Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased $17.4 million, or 34.7%, to $67.3 million, as compared to $50.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023. Acquisition-related sales growth from our April 2023 acquisition of Weldmac was $11.4 million. Sales of our fasteners products increased by $5.8 million due to increases in aircraft build rates and market share gains. Sales of our engineered components products increased by $0.1 million.
Gross profit within Aerospace increased $7.0 million to $15.6 million, or 23.1% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, from $8.6 million, or 17.2% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2023. Gross profit increased primarily due to higher sales levels and resulting improved fixed cost absorption, reduced material availability constraints, and a more favorable product sales mix.
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $1.3 million to $8.4 million, or 12.5% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $7.2 million, or 14.3% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to higher ongoing selling, general and administrative costs associated with our acquisition of Weldmac and $0.7 million higher information technology costs allocated from Corporate in the three months ended March 31, 2024, partially offset by lower intangible asset amortization expense due to certain assets becoming fully amortized.
Operating profit within Aerospace increased $5.7 million to $7.1 million, or 10.6% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $1.4 million, or 2.9% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to the impact of higher sales levels, improved fixed cost absorption, reduced material availability production constraints, and a more favorable product sales mix, partially offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses.
Specialty Products. Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased $16.5 million, or 33.5%, to $32.7 million, as compared to $49.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023. Sales of our cylinder products decreased $9.4 million due to a continued weak end market, and in turn, lower demand for steel cylinders as customers had built up high inventory positions in 2023 and continue to work through the levels in early 2024. Sales of natural gas fired engines, compressors and related parts used in remote power generation and assistance applications for natural gas and crude oil extraction decreased by $7.1 million as customer sales rates abated from a high sales rate in first quarter 2023, and from a customer that shifted purchases to a supplier with a much broader product offering.
Gross profit within Specialty Products decreased $7.0 million to $4.9 million, or 14.9% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $11.9 million, or 24.1% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to lower sales levels, which resulted in less favorable leveraging of fixed costs across our existing cost footprint.
Selling, general and administrative expenses within Specialty Products increased $0.2 million to $2.3 million, or 6.9% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $2.1 million, or 4.3% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2023, due to $0.4 million higher information technology costs allocated from Corporate.
Operating profit within Specialty Products decreased $7.1 million to $2.6 million, or 8.0% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $9.8 million, or 19.8% of sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to lower sales levels, which resulted in less favorable leveraging of fixed costs across our existing cost footprint.
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Corporate. Corporate expenses, net consist of the following (dollars in millions):

|  | Three months ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Corporate operating expenses |  | $ | 9.6 |  |  | $ | 12.5 |
Non-cash stock compensation |  | 4.6 |  |  | 2.9 |
Legacy expenses |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.2 |
Corporate expenses |  | $ | 14.4 |  |  | $ | 15.6 |

Corporate expenses decreased $1.2 million to $14.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, from $15.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to $2.9 million lower professional fees as we incurred costs for business strategy and other consulting services in 2023 that did not repeat. Additionally, technology costs decreased $0.1 million as $2.2 million of technology costs allocated to our segments in the first quarter of 2024 was mostly offset by $1.0 million of higher costs in preparation for upgrades in certain of our information technology applications, and by other general increases in technology costs. We largely centralized our information technology costs in the first quarter of 2023. These decreases were partially offset by a $1.7 million increase in non-cash stock compensation, due to the accelerated vesting of certain awards, and higher employee-rated costs.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Flows
Cash flows used by operating activities were $3.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to cash provided of $9.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Significant changes in cash flows provided by operating activities and the reasons for such changes were as follows:
•For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company generated $29.9 million in cash flows, based on the reported net income of $5.1 million and after considering the effects of non-cash items related to depreciation, amortization, gain on dispositions of assets, changes in deferred income taxes, stock-based compensation, provision for losses on accounts receivables, and other operating activities. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company generated $24.0 million in cash flows based on the reported net income of $4.9 million and after considering the effects of similar non-cash items, except for changes in provision for losses on accounts receivables.
•Increases in accounts receivable resulted in a use of cash of $16.2 million and $11.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increased use of cash for each of the three month periods is due primarily to the timing of sales and collection of cash related thereto within the periods. Days sales outstanding of receivables remained consistent through the three months ended March 31, 2024, and increased by three days through the three months ended March 31, 2023.
•We increased our investment in inventory by $14.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, while we increased our investment in inventory by $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Our days sales in inventory increased by one day through the three months ended March 31, 2024, as we continued to manage inventory levels, considering our supply needs, and balanced with sales growth within our Packaging and Aerospace segments. Our days sales in inventory decreased by two days through the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily a result of moderating inventory levels with sales level.
•Decreases in prepaid expenses and other asse ts resulted in a source of cash of $0.5 million and $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These changes were primarily a result of the timing of payments made for income taxes and certain operating expenses.
•Decreases in accounts payable and accrued liabilities resulted in a use of cash of $3.7 million and $2.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Day s accounts payable on hand decreased by eight days through the three months ended March 31, 2024, while decreasing by three days through the three months ended March 31, 2023. Our days accounts payable on hand fluctuate primarily as a result of the timing of payments made to suppliers and the mix of vendors and related terms.
Net cash used for investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $13.1 million and $52.6 million, respectively. During the first three months of 2024, we invested $13.3 million in capital expenditures, as we continued our investment in growth, capacity and productivity-related capital projects. We also received net proceeds of $0.1 million from disposition of property and equipment. During the first three months of 2023, we invested $14.8 million in capital expenditures and paid $37.8 million, net of cash acquired, to acquire Aarts.
Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $12.4 million and net cash used for financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $17.3 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we received net proceeds of $29.1 million from borrowings on our revolving credit facilities, purchased $13.3 million of outstanding common stock, used a net cash amount of $1.6 million related to our stock compensation arrangements, paid dividends of $1.7 million and paid $0.1 million related to other financing activities. Our reported net proceeds from borrowings on our revolving credit facilities considers the impact of foreign currency translation. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we purchased $10.4 million of outstanding common stock, used a net cash amount of $2.3 million related to our stock compensation arrangements, paid dividends of $1.7 million, and paid $3.0 million related to liabilities assumed in our acquisition of Aarts.
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Our Debt and Other Commitments
In March 2021, we issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.125% senior notes due April 15, 2029 ("Senior Notes") at par value in a private placement under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended ("Securities Act"). The Senior Notes accrue interest at a rate of 4.125% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15. The payment of principal and interest is jointly and severally guaranteed, on a senior unsecured basis, by certain subsidiaries of the Company. The Senior Notes are pari passu in right of payment with all existing and future senior indebtedness and effectively subordinated to all existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness.
Prior to April 15, 2024, we may redeem up to 40% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes at a redemption price of 104.125% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings provided that each such redemption occurs within 90 days of the date of closing of each such equity offering. In addition, prior to April 15, 2024, we may redeem all or part of the Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, plus a "make whole" premium.
On or after April 15, 2024, we may redeem all or part of the Senior Notes at the redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, if redeemed during the twelve-month period beginning on April 15 of the years indicated below:

Year |  | Percentage
2024 |  | 102.063 | %
2025 |  | 101.031 | %
2026 and thereafter |  | 100.000 | %

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, our consolidated subsidiaries that do not guarantee the Senior Notes represented 30% of the total of guarantor and non-guarantor net sales, treating each as a consolidated group and excluding intercompany transactions between guarantor and non-guarantor subsidiaries. In addition, our non-guarantor subsidiaries represented 37% and 14% of the total guarantor and non-guarantor assets and liabilities, respectively, as of March 31, 2024, treating the guarantor and non-guarantor subsidiaries each as a consolidated group.
We are party to a credit agreement ("Credit Agreement") consisting of a $300.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility, which permits borrowings denominated in specific foreign currencies, subject to a $125.0 million sub limit, maturing on March 29, 2026. The Credit Agreement is subject to benchmark interest rates determined based on the currency denomination of borrowings, with British pound sterling borrowings subject to the Sterling Overnight Index Average and Euro borrowings to the Euro InterBank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”), both plus a spread of 1.625%, and U.S. dollar borrowings subject to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus a spread of 1.725%. The interest rate spread is based upon the leverage ratio, as defined, as of the most recent determination date. Our revolving credit facility allows for the issuance of letters of credit, not to exceed $40.0 million in aggregate.
The Credit Agreement provides for incremental revolving credit commitments in an amount not to exceed the greater of $200.0 million and an amount such that, after giving effect to such incremental commitments and the incurrence of any other indebtedness substantially simultaneously with the making of such commitments, the senior secured net leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, is no greater than 3.00 to 1.00. The terms and conditions of any incremental revolving credit facility commitments must be no more favorable than the existing credit facility.
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Amounts drawn under our revolving credit facility fluctuate daily based upon our working capital and other ordinary course needs. Availability under our revolving credit facility depends upon, among other things, compliance with our Credit Agreement's financial covenants. Our Credit Agreement contains various negative and affirmative covenants and other requirements affecting us and our subsidiaries, including the ability to, subject to certain exceptions and limitations, incur debt, liens, mergers, investments, loans, advances, guarantee obligations, acquisitions, asset dispositions, sale-leaseback transactions, hedging agreements, dividends and other restricted payments, transactions with affiliates, restrictive agreements and amendments to charters, bylaws, and other material documents. The terms of our Credit Agreement require us and our subsidiaries to meet certain restrictive financial covenants and ratios computed quarterly, including a maximum total net leverage ratio (total consolidated indebtedness plus outstanding amounts under the accounts receivable securitization facility, less the aggregate amount of certain unrestricted cash and unrestricted permitted investments, as defined, over consolidated EBITDA, as defined) and a minimum interest expense coverage ratio (consolidated EBITDA, as defined, over the sum of consolidated cash interest expense, as defined, and preferred dividends, as defined). Our permitted total net leverage ratio under the Credit Agreement is 4.00 to 1.00 as of March 31, 2024. If we were to complete an acquisition which qualifies for a Covenant Holiday Period, as defined in our Credit Agreement, then our permitted total net leverage ratio cannot exceed 4.50 to 1.00 during that period. Our actual total net leverage ratio was 2.59 to 1.00 at March 31, 2024. Our permitted interest expense coverage ratio under the Credit Agreement is 3.00 to 1.00 as of March 31, 2024. Our actual interest expense coverage ratio was 10.18 to 1.00 at March 31, 2024. At March 31, 2024, we were in compliance with our financial covenants.
The following is a reconciliation of net income, as reported, which is a GAAP measure of our operating results, to Consolidated Bank EBITDA, as defined in our Credit Agreement, for the twelve months ended March 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands). We present Consolidated Bank EBITDA to show our performance under our financial covenants.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Twelve Months Ended March 31, 2024
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 40,590 |
Bank stipulated adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,150 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,970 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 58,430 |
Non-cash compensation expense(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,300 |
Other non-cash expenses or losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 780 |
Non-recurring expenses or costs(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,630 |
Effects of purchase accounting adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,790 |
Business and asset dispositions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 410 |
Permitted acquisitions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 240 |
Currency gains and losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 230 |
Consolidated Bank EBITDA, as defined |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 160,520 |

| March 31, 2024 |
Total Indebtedness, as defined(3) | $ | 415,110 |  |
Consolidated Bank EBITDA, as defined | 160,520 |  |
Total net leverage ratio | 2.59 |  | x
Covenant requirement | 4.00 |  | x

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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Twelve Months Ended March 31, 2024
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 17,150 |
Bank stipulated adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (440) |
Non-cash amounts attributable to amortization of financing costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (940) |
Total Consolidated Cash Interest Expense, as defined |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,770 |

| March 31, 2024 |
Consolidated Bank EBITDA, as defined | $ | 160,520 |  |
Total Consolidated Cash Interest Expense, as defined | 15,770 |  |
Actual interest expense coverage ratio | 10.18 |  | x
Covenant requirement | 3.00 |  | x

_____________________________
(1) Non-cash compensation expenses resulting from the grant of equity awards.
(2) Non-recurring costs and expenses relating to diligence and transaction costs, purchase accounting costs, severance, relocation, restructuring and curtailment expenses.
(3) Includes $4.5 million of acquisition-related contingent consideration and $2.0 million of finance leases as of March 31, 2024.
At March 31, 2024, we had $29.0 million outstanding under our revolving credit facility and had $265.0 million potentially available after giving effect to $6.0 million of letters of credit issued and outstanding. At December 31, 2023, we had no amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility and had $294.0 million potentially available after giving effect to $6.0 million of letters of credit issued and outstanding. Our letters of credit are used for a variety of purposes, including support of certain operating lease agreements, vendor payment terms and other subsidiary operating activities, and to meet various states' requirements to self-insure workers' compensation claims, including incurred but not reported claims. After consideration of leverage restrictions contained in the Credit Agreement, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $227.0 million and $256.9 million, respectively, of borrowing capacity available for general corporate purposes.
We rely upon our cash flow from operations and available liquidity under our revolving credit facility to fund our debt service obligations and other contractual commitments, working capital and capital expenditure requirements. At the end of each quarter, we have historically used cash on hand from our domestic and foreign subsidiaries to pay down amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility, as applicable.
Our weighted average borrowings during the first three months of 2024 approximated $422.9 million, compared to $403.0 million during the first three months of 2023, primarily due to borrowings made on our revolving credit facility.
In May 2021, we, through one of our non-U.S. subsidiaries, entered into a revolving loan facility with a borrowing capacity of $4.0 million. The facility is guaranteed by TriMas Corporation. There were no borrowings on this loan facility as of March 31, 2024.
Cash management related to our revolving credit facility is centralized. We monitor our cash position and available liquidity on a daily basis and forecast our cash needs on a weekly basis within the current quarter and on a monthly basis outside the current quarter over the remainder of the year. Our business and related cash forecasts are updated monthly.
While the majority of our cash on hand as of March 31, 2024 is located outside of the U.S., given available funding under our revolving credit facility of $227.0 million at March 31, 2024 (after consideration of the aforementioned leverage restrictions) and based on forecasted cash sources and requirements inherent in our business plans, we believe that our liquidity and capital resources, including anticipated cash flows from operations, will be sufficient to meet our debt service, capital expenditure and other short-term and long-term obligations for the foreseeable future, as well as dividends and share repurchases.
We are subject to variable interest rates on our revolving credit facility, which is subject to a benchmark interest rate determined based on the currency denomination of borrowings. At March 31, 2024, the SOFR approximated 5.3% and the 1-Month EURIBOR approximated 3.9%. Based on our variable rate-based borrowings outstanding at March 31, 2024, a 1% increase in the per annum interest rate would increase our interest expense by $0.3 million annually.
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In addition to our long-term debt, we have other cash commitments related to leases. The majority of our lease transactions are accounted for as operating leases, and annual rent expense for continuing operations related thereto approximated $14.9 million in 2023. We expect leasing will continue to be an available financing option to fund future capital expenditure requirements.
As part of our first quarter 2023 acquisition of Aarts, we assumed a $2.9 million liability to a bank related to the advance funding of certain accounts receivable invoices. We terminated this arrangement, and repaid the outstanding balance, in March 2023.
In March 2020, we announced our Board of Directors had authorized us to increase the purchase of our common stock up to $250 million in the aggregate, an increase of $100 million from the prior authorization. In the three months ended March 31, 2024, we purchased 540,037 shares of our outstanding common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $13.3 million. Since the initial authorization through March 31, 2024, we have purchased 6,335,534 shares of our outstanding common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $176.4 million. We will continue to evaluate opportunities to return capital to shareholders through the purchase of our common stock and the payment of dividends, depending on market conditions, and other factors.
Market Risk
We conduct business in various locations throughout the world and are subject to market risk due to changes in the value of foreign currencies. The functional currencies of our foreign subsidiaries are primarily the local currency in the country of domicile. We manage these operating activities at the local level and revenues and costs are generally denominated in local currencies; however, results of operations and assets and liabilities reported in U.S. dollars will fluctuate with changes in exchange rates between such local currencies and the U.S. dollar.
We use derivative financial instruments to manage currency risks associated with our procurement activities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our subsidiaries and the impact of currency rate volatility on our earnings. As of March 31, 2024, we were party to foreign exchange forward and swap contracts to hedge changes in foreign currency exchange rates with notional amounts of $207.9 million. We also use cross-currency swap agreements to mitigate currency risks associated with the net investment in certain of our foreign subsidiaries. See Note 9, "Derivative Instruments," included in Part 1, Item 1, "Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements," within this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for additional information.
We are also subject to interest risk as it relates to our long-term debt. We have historically used interest rate swap agreements to fix the variable portion of our debt to manage this risk.
Common Stock
TriMas is listed in the NASDAQ Global Select Market. Our stock trades under the symbol "TRS."
Credit Rating
We and certain of our outstanding debt obligations are rated by Standard & Poor's and Moody's. On March 19, 2024, Moody's affirmed a Ba3 rating to our Senior Notes. See Note 8, "Long-term Debt" included in Part I, Item 1, "Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements" within this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. Moody's also affirmed a Ba2 Corporate Family Rating and maintained its outlook as stable. On May 22, 2023, Standard & Poor's affirmed a BB- rating to our Senior Notes. Standard & Poor's also affirmed a BB corporate credit rating and maintained its outlook as stable. If our credit ratings were to decline, our ability to access certain financial markets may become limited, our cost of borrowings may increase, the perception of us in the view of our customers, suppliers and security holders may worsen and as a result, we may be adversely affected.
Outlook
In 2023, we proactively managed through demand weakness in certain of our packaging end markets and an imbalance of demand in sub-supply and labor in our aerospace businesses, which we believe are largely behind us as we progress through 2024. While some areas of demand volatility remain, such as in our Specialty Products segment, we remain optimistic about our future prospects as we see pockets of strength and the beginning of more steady and consistent demand in certain of our end markets. As these end markets continue to experience strong order intake, we will continue to increase capacity and address challenges to manufacturing throughput in order to support market demand.
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We have seen a number of global market uncertainties stemming from the macro-economic environment in the past few years, including significant challenges in inflationary pressures, supply chain disruptions and labor availability, as well as significant volatility in our customers' sentiment and order patterns. While we expect a continued gradual demand recovery in certain of our consumer products and industrial markets and continued strength in our aerospace & defense market, we remain cautious of the impact of global market uncertainty into 2024, at least in the near-term. However, no matter the outcome of these factors, we expect to continue to mitigate, as much as practical, the impact of these challenges, executing on streamlining actions and taking other steps as necessary, to maintain our strong balance sheet and generate cash in support of our capital allocation strategy.
We believe our capital structure remains strong and that we have sufficient headroom under our financial covenants, and ample cash and available liquidity under our revolving credit facility, to meet our debt service, capital expenditure and other short-term and long-term obligations for the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future, as well as fund dividends, share repurchases and bolt-on acquisitions consistent with our capital allocation strategy.
We expect to continue to leverage the tenets of our TriMas Business Model to manage our multi-industry businesses on a longer-term basis, achieve our growth plans, execute continuous improvement initiatives to offset inflationary pressures, and seek lower-cost sources for input costs, all while continuously assessing the appropriateness of our manufacturing footprint and fixed-cost structure.
Impact of New Accounting Standards
See Note 2, "New Accounting Pronouncements," included in Part 1, Item 1, "Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements," within this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.
Critical Accounting Policies
Certain of our accounting policies require the application of significant judgment by management in selecting the appropriate assumptions used in calculating financial estimates. By their nature, these judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. These judgments are based on our historical experience, our evaluation of business and macroeconomic trends, and information from other outside sources, as appropriate.
During the quarter ended March 31, 2024, there were no material changes to the items that we disclosed as our critical accounting policies in Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to market risk associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We are also subject to interest risk as it relates to long-term debt. See Part I, Item 2, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," for details about our primary market risks, and the objectives and strategies used to manage these risks. Also see Note 8, "Long-term Debt," and Note 9, "Derivative Instruments," in Part I, Item 1, "Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements," included within this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for additional information.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures
As of March 31, 2024, an evaluation was carried out by management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) pursuant to Rule 13a-15 of the Exchange Act. The Company's disclosure controls and procedures are designed only to provide reasonable assurance that they will meet their objectives. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of March 31, 2024, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that they would meet their objectives.
Changes in internal control over financial reporting
There have been no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
TRIMAS CORPORATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
See Note 12, "Commitments and Contingencies," included in Part I, Item 1, "Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements," within this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part 1, Item 1A., "Risk Factors," in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. There have been no significant changes in our risk factors as disclosed in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The following table provides information about purchases made by the Company, or on behalf of the Company by an affiliated purchaser, of shares of the Company's common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2024:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (in millions) (1)
January 1, 2024 to January 31, 2024 |  | 107,100 |  |  | $ | 24.99 |  |  | 107,100 |  |  | $ | 84.2 |
February 1, 2024 to February 29, 2024 |  | 90,000 |  |  | $ | 25.12 |  |  | 90,000 |  |  | $ | 82.0 |
March 1, 2024 to March 31, 2024 |  | 342,937 |  |  | $ | 24.46 |  |  | 342,937 |  |  | $ | 73.6 |
Total |  | 540,037 |  |  | $ | 24.68 |  |  | 540,037 |  |  | $ | 73.6 |

__________________________
(1) In March 2020, the Company announced its Board of Directors had authorized the Company to increase the purchase of its common stock up to $250 million in the aggregate from its previous authorization of $150 million. The increased authorization includes the value of shares already purchased under the previous authorization. Pursuant to this share repurchase program, during the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company repurchased 540,037 shares of its common stock at a cost of $13.3 million. The share repurchase program is effective and has no expiration date.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Not applicable.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
During the quarter ended March 31, 2024, no director or officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act) of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).
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Item 6. Exhibits
Exhibits Index:

3.1 | Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of TriMas Corporation (Incorporated by reference to the Exhibits filed with TriMas Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 3, 2007 (File No. 001-10716)).
3.2 | Third Amended and Restated By-laws of TriMas Corporation (Incorporated by reference to the Exhibits filed with TriMas Corporation's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 18, 2015 (File No. 001-10716)).
10.1 | Form of Performance Stock Units Agreement - 2024 LTI - under the 2023 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan.*
10.2 | Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement (Three-Year Ratable Vest) - 2024 LTI - under the 2023 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan.*
10.3 | Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement (Board of Directors) (One-Year Vest) - 2024 LTI - under the 2023 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan.*
31.1 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002.
101 | The following materials from TriMas Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheet, (ii) the Consolidated Statement of Income, (iii) the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, (v) the Consolidated Statement of Shareholders' Equity, (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, and (vii) document and entity information.
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* Management contracts and compensatory plans or arrangements.
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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | TRIMAS CORPORATION (Registrant)
|  |  |  | /s/ SCOTT A. MELL
Date: | April 30, 2024 | By: |  | Scott A. Mell Chief Financial Officer

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