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Table of Contents

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

​

FORM 10-Q​

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

​

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

​

OR

​

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

​

For the transition period from __________ to __________

​

Commission File Number: 001-36083

​

Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

​

Delaware | 76-0533927
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

​

13139 Jess Pirtle Blvd.

Sugar Land, TX 77478

(Address of principal executive offices)

​

(281) 295-1800

(Registrant’s telephone number)

​

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Trading Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, Par value $0.001 | AAOI | NASDAQ Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

| Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐
| Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☒
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 6, 2023 there were 35,536,578 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding.

1

Table of Contents

Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.

Table of Contents

​

|  | Page
Part I. Financial Information
Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited) | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Three and Nine Months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited) | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three and Nine Months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited) | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited) | 8
| Notes To Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 9
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 20
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 28
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 28
Part II. Other Information
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 28
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 28
Item 5. | Other Information | 29
Item 6. | Exhibits | 29
| Signatures | 30

​

2

Table of Contents

Part I. Financial Information

​

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

​

Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited, in thousands)

​

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 21,940 |  |  | $ | 24,685 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 9,301 |  |  |  | 10,902 |
Accounts receivable - trade, net of allowance of $1 and $28, respectively |  |  | 60,751 |  |  |  | 61,175 |
Notes receivable |  |  | — |  |  |  | 339 |
Inventories |  |  | 67,533 |  |  |  | 79,679 |
Prepaid income tax |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 4,871 |  |  |  | 6,384 |
Total current assets |  |  | 164,398 |  |  |  | 183,164 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 193,828 |  |  |  | 210,184 |
Land use rights, net |  |  | 4,992 |  |  |  | 5,238 |
Operating right of use asset |  |  | 4,992 |  |  |  | 5,566 |
Financing right of use asset |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 26 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 3,626 |  |  |  | 3,699 |
Other assets, net |  |  | 1,953 |  |  |  | 386 |
TOTAL ASSETS |  | $ | 373,792 |  |  | $ | 408,263 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 34,854 |  |  | $ | 47,845 |
Bank acceptance payable |  |  | 14,383 |  |  |  | 12,337 |
Accrued liabilities |  |  | 16,383 |  |  |  | 17,222 |
Unearned revenue |  |  | 10,073 |  |  |  | 3,000 |
Current lease liability - operating |  |  | 1,059 |  |  |  | 1,041 |
Current lease liability - financing |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 63 |
Current portion of notes payable and long-term debt |  |  | 31,323 |  |  |  | 57,074 |
Current portion of Convertible senior notes |  |  | 80,124 |  |  |  | — |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 188,248 |  |  |  | 138,582 |
Unearned revenue, Net of Current portion |  |  | 2,424 |  |  |  | — |
Non-current lease liability - operating |  |  | 4,767 |  |  |  | 5,505 |
Convertible senior notes |  |  | — |  |  |  | 79,506 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES |  |  | 195,439 |  |  |  | 223,593 |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Stock; 80,000 shares authorized at $0.001 par value; 34,266 and 28,622 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 29 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 431,766 |  |  |  | 391,526 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | (2,188 | ) |  |  | 2,183 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (251,259 | ) |  |  | (209,068 | )
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  | 178,353 |  |  |  | 184,670 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  | $ | 373,792 |  |  | $ | 408,263 |

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.​

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Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited, in thousands, except share and per share data)

​

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | Nine months ended September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Revenue, net |  | $ | 62,547 |  |  | $ | 56,693 |  |  | $ | 157,193 |  |  | $ | 161,233 |
Cost of goods sold |  |  | 42,373 |  |  |  | 46,944 |  |  | $ | 119,876 |  |  |  | 133,832 |
Gross profit |  |  | 20,174 |  |  |  | 9,749 |  |  |  | 37,317 |  |  |  | 27,401 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |
Research and development |  |  | 9,457 |  |  |  | 9,206 |  |  |  | 26,633 |  |  |  | 27,021 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 3,035 |  |  |  | 2,385 |  |  |  | 7,631 |  |  |  | 7,107 |
General and administrative |  |  | 14,368 |  |  |  | 11,654 |  |  |  | 39,870 |  |  |  | 33,908 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 26,860 |  |  |  | 23,245 |  |  |  | 74,134 |  |  |  | 68,036 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (6,686 | ) |  |  | (13,496 | ) |  |  | (36,817 | ) |  |  | (40,635 | )
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |
Interest income |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 90 |
Interest expense |  |  | (1,989 | ) |  |  | (1,621 | ) |  |  | (6,301 | ) |  |  | (4,431 | )
Other expense, net |  |  | (343 | ) |  |  | (541 | ) |  |  | 803 |  |  |  | (1,171 | )
Total other income (expense), net |  |  | (2,267 | ) |  |  | (2,131 | ) |  |  | (5,365 | ) |  |  | (5,512 | )
Loss before income taxes |  |  | (8,953 | ) |  |  | (15,627 | ) |  |  | (42,182 | ) |  |  | (46,147 | )
Income tax expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | — |
Net loss |  | $ | (8,953 | ) |  | $ | (15,627 | ) |  | $ | (42,190 | ) |  | $ | (46,147 | )
Net loss per share |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Basic |  | $ | (0.27 | ) |  | $ | (0.56 | ) |  | $ | (1.39 | ) |  | $ | (1.67 | )
Diluted |  | $ | (0.27 | ) |  | $ | (0.56 | ) |  | $ | (1.39 | ) |  | $ | (1.67 | )
​ |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Weighted average shares used to compute net loss per share: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Basic |  |  | 32,774,148 |  |  |  | 27,839,245 |  |  |  | 30,392,483 |  |  |  | 27,639,671 |
Diluted |  |  | 32,774,148 |  |  |  | 27,839,245 |  |  |  | 30,392,483 |  |  |  | 27,639,671 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

​

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Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(Unaudited, in thousands)

​

​ |  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | Nine months ended September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net loss |  | $ | (8,953 | ) |  | $ | (15,627 | ) |  | $ | (42,190 | ) |  | $ | (46,147 | )
Loss on foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | (718 | ) |  |  | (8,214 | ) |  |  | (4,371 | ) |  |  | (17,059 | )
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (9,671 | ) |  | $ | (23,841 | ) |  | $ | (46,561 | ) |  | $ | (63,206 | )

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Three and Nine Months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

(Unaudited, in thousands)

​

|  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | Preferred Stock |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional |  |  | other |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | Number |  |  | ​ |  |  | Number |  |  | ​ |  |  | paid-in |  |  | comprehensive |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Stockholders' |
​ |  | of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | capital |  |  | gain (loss) |  |  | deficit |  |  | equity |
June 30, 2023 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 31,785 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 407,003 |  |  | $ | (1,470 | ) |  | $ | (242,306 | ) |  | $ | 163,259 |
Stock options exercised, net of shares withheld for employee tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (13 | )
Issuance of restricted stock, net of shares withheld for employee tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 407 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (482 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (482 | )
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,235 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,235 |
Public offering of common stock, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,042 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 22,023 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22,025 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (718 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (718 | )
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,953 | ) |  |  | (8,953 | )
September 30, 2023 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 34,266 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 431,766 |  |  | $ | (2,188 | ) |  | $ | (251,259 | ) |  | $ | 178,353 |

​

|  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | Preferred Stock |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional |  |  | other |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | Number |  |  | ​ |  |  | Number |  |  | ​ |  |  | paid-in |  |  | comprehensive |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Stockholders' |
​ |  | of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | capital |  |  | gain (loss) |  |  | deficit |  |  | equity |
June 30, 2022 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 27,658 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 385,531 |  |  | $ | 7,226 |  |  | $ | (173,191 | ) |  | $ | 219,594 |
Issuance of restricted stock, net of shares withheld for employee tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 306 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (111 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (111 | )
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,627 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,627 |
Public offering of common stock, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 269 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,214 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,214 | )
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,627 | ) |  |  | (15,627 | )
September 30, 2022 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 28,058 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 388,316 |  |  | $ | (988 | ) |  | $ | (188,818 | ) |  | $ | 198,538 |

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|  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | Preferred Stock |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional |  |  | other |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | Number |  |  | ​ |  |  | Number |  |  | ​ |  |  | paid-in |  |  | comprehensive |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Stockholders' |
​ |  | of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | capital |  |  | gain (loss) |  |  | deficit |  |  | equity |
January 1, 2023 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 28,623 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 391,526 |  |  | $ | 2,183 |  |  | $ | (209,068 | ) |  | $ | 184,670 |
Stock options exercised, net of shares withheld for employee tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (13 | )
Issuance of restricted stock, net of shares withheld for employee tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 914 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (641 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (640 | )
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,587 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,587 |
Public offering of common stock, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,697 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 32,307 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,311 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,371 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (4,372 | )
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (42,190 | ) |  |  | (42,190 | )
September 30, 2023 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 34,266 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 431,766 |  |  | $ | (2,188 | ) |  | $ | (251,259 | ) |  | $ | 178,353 |

|  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | Preferred Stock |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional |  |  | other |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | Number |  |  | ​ |  |  | Number |  |  | ​ |  |  | paid-in |  |  | comprehensive |  |  | Retained |  |  | Stockholders' |
​ |  | of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | capital |  |  | gain (loss) |  |  | earnings |  |  | equity |
January 1, 2022 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 27,323 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 381,143 |  |  | $ | 16,071 |  |  | $ | (142,671 | ) |  | $ | 254,570 |
Issuance of restricted stock, net of shares withheld for employee tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 641 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (339 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (338 | )
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,243 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,243 |
Public offering of common stock, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 269 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,059 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,059 | )
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (46,147 | ) |  |  | (46,147 | )
September 30, 2022 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 28,058 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 388,316 |  |  | $ | (988 | ) |  | $ | (188,818 | ) |  | $ | 198,538 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited, in thousands)

​

|  | Nine months ended September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Operating activities: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Net loss |  | $ | (42,190 | ) |  | $ | (46,147 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |
Allowance of bad debt |  |  | (27 | ) |  |  | (8 | )
Inventory reserve adjustment |  |  | 7,454 |  |  |  | 3,852 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 15,499 |  |  |  | 17,698 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  |  | 928 |  |  |  | 641 |
Loss (gain) on disposal of assets |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (34 | )
Share-based compensation |  |  | 8,587 |  |  |  | 7,243 |
Unrealized foreign exchange (gain) loss |  |  | (583 | ) |  |  | 2,443 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, trade |  |  | 450 |  |  |  | 2,258 |
Trade Notes receivable |  |  | 301 |  |  |  | 8,089 |
Prepaid income tax |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 1 |
Inventories |  |  | 2,917 |  |  |  | (12,734 | )
Other current assets |  |  | 1,384 |  |  |  | (2,251 | )
Operating right of use asset |  |  | 345 |  |  |  | 665 |
Accounts payable |  |  | (12,992 | ) |  |  | 10,781 |
Accrued liabilities |  |  | (600 | ) |  |  | (2,312 | )
Accrued Income Tax |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | — |
Unearned revenue |  |  | 9,497 |  |  |  | — |
Lease liability |  |  | (448 | ) |  |  | (724 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (9,479 | ) |  |  | (10,539 | )
Investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |
Purchase of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (2,915 | ) |  |  | (2,450 | )
Proceeds from disposal of equipment |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | 118 |
Deposits and prepaid for equipment |  |  | (1,948 | ) |  |  | (488 | )
Purchase of intangible assets |  |  | (426 | ) |  |  | (390 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (5,158 | ) |  |  | (3,210 | )
Financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |
Principal payments of long-term debt and notes payable |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,336 | )
Proceeds from line of credit borrowings |  |  | 47,047 |  |  |  | 103,505 |
Repayments of line of credit borrowings |  |  | (71,834 | ) |  |  | (97,298 | )
Proceeds from bank acceptance payable |  |  | 42,118 |  |  |  | 33,891 |
Repayments of bank acceptance payable |  |  | (39,699 | ) |  |  | (27,062 | )
Principal payments of financing lease |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | (14 | )
Exercise of stock options |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | — |
Payments of tax withholding on behalf of employees related to share-based compensation |  |  | (640 | ) |  |  | (337 | )
Proceeds from common stock offering, net |  |  | 32,312 |  |  |  | 238 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 9,276 |  |  |  | 5,587 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash |  |  | 1,015 |  |  |  | 1,601 |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | (4,346 | ) |  |  | (6,561 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period |  |  | 35,587 |  |  |  | 41,136 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period |  | $ | 31,241 |  |  | $ | 34,575 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest, net of amounts capitalized |  | $ | 6,054 |  |  | $ | 4,861 |
Income taxes |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | — |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in accounts payable related to property and equipment additions |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (192 | )
Net change in deposits and prepaid for equipment related to property and equipment additions |  |  | (473 | ) |  |  | 52 |

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

Note 1. Description of Business​

​

Business Overview

​

Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. ("AOI" or the 'Company") is a Delaware corporation. The Company is a leading, vertically integrated provider of fiber-optic networking products, primarily for four networking end-markets: cable television ("CATV"), internet data center, telecommunications ("telecom") and fiber-to-the-home ("FTTH"). The Company designs and manufactures a wide range of optical communications products at varying levels of integration, from components, subassemblies and modules to complete turn-key equipment.

​

The Company has manufacturing and research and development facilities located in the U.S., Taiwan and China. In the U.S., at its corporate headquarters and manufacturing facilities in Sugar Land, Texas, the Company primarily manufactures lasers and laser components and performs research and development activities for laser component and optical module products. In addition, the Company also has a research and development facility in Duluth, Georgia. The Company operates in Taipei, Taiwan and Ningbo, China through its wholly-owned subsidiary Prime World International Holdings, Ltd. ("Prime World", incorporated in the British Virgin Islands). Prime World operates a branch in Taipei, Taiwan, which primarily manufactures transceivers and performs research and development activities for the transceiver products. Prime World is also the parent of Global Technology, Inc. ("Global", incorporated in the People’s Republic of China). Through Global, the Company primarily manufactures certain of its data center transceiver products, including subassemblies, as well as CATV systems and equipment, and performs research and development activities for the CATV products.

​

Interim Financial Statements

​

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") for interim information and with the instructions on Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). In accordance with those rules and regulations, the Company has omitted certain information and notes required by GAAP for annual consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, the condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments, except as otherwise noted, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and results of operations for the periods presented. The year-end condensed balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K ("Annual Report") for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the entire fiscal year. All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

​

Use of Estimates

​

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported. Actual results could differ from those estimates in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant estimates and assumptions that impact these financial statements and the accompanying notes relate to, among other things, allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory reserve, impairment of long-lived assets, service and product warranty costs, share-based compensation expense, estimated useful lives of property and equipment, and taxes.

Termination of the Divestiture Agreement with Yuhan Optoelectronic Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd

On September 15, 2022, the Company entered into a definitive purchase agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") with Yuhan Optoelectronic Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd (the "Purchaser") to divest the Company's manufacturing facilities located in the People's Republic of China and certain assets related to its transceiver business and multi-channel optical sub-assembly products. On September 12, 2023, the Company delivered a notice of termination to the Purchaser to terminate the Purchase Agreement as a result of the Purchaser's breach of or omission to observe certain of the Purchaser's obligations under the Purchase Agreement. As a result of the Company's delivery of the termination notice, the Purchase Agreement was terminated.

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Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies

​

There have been no changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the significant accounting policies described in its 2022 Annual Report.

​

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

​​

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Yet to be Adopted

To date, there have been no recent accounting pronouncement not yet effective that have significance, or potential significance, to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Note 3. Revenue Recognition

​

​

Disaggregation of Revenue

​

Revenue is classified based on the location where the product is manufactured. For additional information on the disaggregated revenues by geographical region, see Note 17, "Geographic Information."

Revenue is also classified by major product category and is presented below (in thousands):

​

|  | Three months ended September 30, |
​ |  |  |  |  |  | % of |  |  |  |  |  |  | % of |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | Revenue |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Revenue |
CATV |  | $ | 10,268 |  |  |  | 16.4 | % |  | $ | 31,260 |  |  |  | 55.2 | %
Data Center |  |  | 48,807 |  |  |  | 78.0 | % |  |  | 17,697 |  |  |  | 31.2 | %
Telecom |  |  | 3,074 |  |  |  | 5.0 | % |  |  | 6,821 |  |  |  | 12.0 | %
FTTH |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
Other |  |  | 398 |  |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  | 915 |  |  |  | 1.6 | %
Total Revenue |  | $ | 62,547 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 56,693 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

​

|  | Nine months ended September 30, |
​ |  |  |  |  |  | % of |  |  |  |  |  |  | % of |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | Revenue |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Revenue |
CATV |  | $ | 47,391 |  |  |  | 30.1 | % |  | $ | 79,953 |  |  |  | 49.6 | %
Data Center |  |  | 96,731 |  |  |  | 61.5 | % |  |  | 60,608 |  |  |  | 37.5 | %
Telecom |  |  | 11,013 |  |  |  | 7.0 | % |  |  | 18,362 |  |  |  | 11.4 | %
FTTH |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | 0.1 | %
Other |  |  | 2,001 |  |  |  | 1.3 | % |  |  | 2,186 |  |  |  | 1.4 | %
Total Revenue |  | $ | 157,193 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 161,233 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

Unearned Revenue

​

We record unearned revenues when cash payments are received or due in advance of our performance, including amounts which are refundable. Unearned revenues solely relate to statement of work with Microsoft regarding contract prices allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied, as of the balance sheet date. Unearned revenue balance as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $12.5 million and $3 million, respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, revenue recognized from the unearned revenue balance was $1.9 million and $0 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, revenue recognized from the unearned revenue balance was $3.1 million and $0 million, respectively.

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Note 4. Leases

​

The Company leases space under non-cancellable operating leases for manufacturing facilities, research and development offices and certain storage facilities and apartments. These leases do not contain contingent rent provisions. The Company also leases certain machinery, office equipment and a vehicle under an operating lease. Many of its leases include both lease (e.g. fixed payments including rent, taxes, and insurance costs) and non-lease components (e.g. common-area or other maintenance costs) which are accounted for as a single lease component as the Company has elected the practical expedient to group lease and non-lease components for all leases. Several of the leases include one or more options to renew which have been assessed and either included or excluded from the calculation of the lease liability of the right of use ("ROU") asset based on management’s intentions and individual fact patterns. Several warehouses and apartments have non-cancellable lease terms of less than one-year and therefore, the Company has elected the practical expedient to exclude these short-term leases from its ROU asset and lease liabilities.

​

As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. Based on the applicable lease terms and current economic environment, the Company applies a location approach for determining the incremental borrowing rate.

Lease expense is included under general and administrative expenses and was $0.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively; the lease expense was $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and was $1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Th e components of lease expense were as follows for the periods indicated ( in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | Nine months ended September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Operating lease expense |  | $ | 287 |  |  | $ | 283 |  |  | $ | 849 |  |  | $ | 882 |
Financing lease expense |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 24 |
Short Term lease expense |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 55 |
Total lease expense |  | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | 325 |  |  | $ | 882 |  |  | $ | 961 |

Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows for the future one-year periods ending September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

​

|  |  | Operating |  |  |  | Financing |
2024 |  | $ | 1,241 |  |  | $ | 49 |
2025 |  |  | 1,248 |  |  |  | — |
2026 |  |  | 1,110 |  |  |  | — |
2027 |  |  | 1,028 |  |  |  | — |
2028 |  |  | 1,038 |  |  |  | — |
2029 and thereafter |  |  | 699 |  |  |  | — |
Total lease payments |  |  | 6,364 |  |  |  | 49 |
Less imputed interest |  |  | (538 | ) |  |  | — |
Present value |  | $ | 5,826 |  |  | $ | 49 |

​

The weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate for the leases were as follows for the periods indicated:

​

|  | Nine months ended September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (Years) - operating leases |  |  | 5.33 |  |  |  | 6.41 |
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (Years) - financing leases |  |  | 0.08 |  |  |  | 1.08 |
Weighted Average Discount Rate - operating leases |  |  | 3.28 | % |  |  | 3.22 | %
Weighted Average Discount Rate - financing leases |  |  | 5.00 | % |  |  | 5.00 | %

Supplemental cash flow information related to the leases was as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

|  | Nine months ended September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 934 |  |  | $ | 903 |
Operating cash flows from financing lease |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |
Financing cash flows from financing lease |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 14 |

​

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Note 5. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

​

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the statement of financial position that sum to the total of the same such amounts in the statement of cash flows (in thousands):

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 21,940 |  |  | $ | 24,685 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 9,301 |  |  |  | 10,902 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows |  | $ | 31,241 |  |  | $ | 35,587 |

​

Restricted cash includes guarantee deposits for customs duties, China government subsidy fund, and compensating balances associated with certain credit facilities. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there was $6.2 million and $8.7 million of restricted cash required for bank acceptance notes issued to vendors, respectively. In addition, there was $2.5 million and $1.1 million certificate of deposit associated with credit facilities with a bank in China as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. There was $0.7 million and $1.0 million guarantee deposits for customs duties as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

​

Note 6. Earnings (Loss) Per Share

​

Basic net loss per share has been computed using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share has been computed using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and dilutive potential common shares from stock options, restricted stock units and senior convertible notes outstanding during the period. In periods with net losses, normally dilutive shares become anti-dilutive. Therefore, basic and diluted loss per share are the same.

​

The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods indicated (in thousands):

​

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | Nine months ended September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Numerator: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Net loss |  | $ | (8,953 | ) |  | $ | (15,627 | ) |  | $ | (42,190 | ) |  | $ | (46,147 | )
Denominator: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Weighted average shares used to compute net loss per share |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Basic |  |  | 32,774 |  |  |  | 27,839 |  |  |  | 30,392 |  |  |  | 27,640 |
Diluted |  |  | 32,774 |  |  |  | 27,839 |  |  |  | 30,392 |  |  |  | 27,640 |
Net loss per share |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Basic |  | $ | (0.27 | ) |  | $ | (0.56 | ) |  | $ | (1.39 | ) |  | $ | (1.67 | )
Diluted |  | $ | (0.27 | ) |  | $ | (0.56 | ) |  | $ | (1.39 | ) |  | $ | (1.67 | )

The following potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the diluted net loss per share as their effect would have been antidilutive (in thousands):

​

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | Nine months ended September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Employee stock options |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Restricted stock units |  |  | 2,650 |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | 973 |  |  |  | — |
Shares for convertible senior notes |  |  | 4,587 |  |  |  | 4,587 |  |  |  | 4,587 |  |  |  | 4,587 |
Total antidilutive shares |  |  | 7,245 |  |  |  | 4,909 |  |  |  | 5,560 |  |  |  | 4,587 |

​

Note 7. Inventories

​

Inventories, net of inventory write-downs, consist of the following for the periods indicated (in thousands):

​

​ |  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Raw materials |  | $ | 26,566 |  |  | $ | 25,732 |
Work in process and sub-assemblies |  |  | 32,838 |  |  |  | 39,563 |
Finished goods |  |  | 8,129 |  |  |  | 14,384 |
Total inventories |  | $ | 67,533 |  |  | $ | 79,679 |

​

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the inventory reserve adjustment expensed for inventory was $2.4 million, and $1.4 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the inventory reserve adjustment expensed for inventory was $7.5 million, and $3.9 million, respectively.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the direct inventory write-offs related to scrap, discontinued products, and damaged inventories were $1.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the direct inventory write-offs related to scrap, discontinued products, and damaged inventories were $8.4 million and $3.8 million, respectively.

​

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Note 8. Property, Plant & Equipment

​

Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following for the periods indicated (in thousands):

​

​ |  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Land improvements |  | $ | 806 |  |  | $ | 806 |
Buildings and improvements |  |  | 85,006 |  |  |  | 86,372 |
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 245,802 |  |  |  | 251,216 |
Furniture and fixtures |  |  | 5,309 |  |  |  | 5,382 |
Computer equipment and software |  |  | 11,449 |  |  |  | 11,713 |
Transportation equipment |  |  | 653 |  |  |  | 679 |
​ |  |  | 349,025 |  |  |  | 356,168 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  | (185,824 | ) |  |  | (177,519 | )
​ |  |  | 163,201 |  |  |  | 178,649 |
Construction in progress |  |  | 29,526 |  |  |  | 30,434 |
Land |  |  | 1,101 |  |  |  | 1,101 |
Total property, plant and equipment, net |  | $ | 193,828 |  |  | $ | 210,184 |

​

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the depreciation expense of property, plant and equipment was $4.8 million and $5.5 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the depreciation expense of property, plant and equipment was $15 million and $17.2 million, respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the capitalized interest was $0 million and $0 million, respectively.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company concluded that its continued loss history constitutes a triggering event as described in ASC 360-10-35-21,Property, Plant, and Equipment. The Company performed a recoverability test and concluded that future undiscounted cash flows exceed the carrying amount of the Company’s long-lived assets and therefore no impairment charge was recorded.

Note 9. Intangible Assets, net

​

Intangible assets consisted of the following for the periods indicated (in thousands):

​

|  | September 30, 2023 |
​ |  | Gross |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Intangible |
​ |  | Amount |  |  | amortization |  |  | assets, net |
Patents |  | $ | 9,363 |  |  | $ | (5,805 | ) |  | $ | 3,558 |
Trademarks |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | (27 | ) |  |  | 68 |
Total intangible assets |  | $ | 9,458 |  |  | $ | (5,832 | ) |  | $ | 3,626 |

|  | December 31, 2022 |
​ |  | Gross |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Intangible |
​ |  | Amount |  |  | amortization |  |  | assets, net |
Patents |  | $ | 8,994 |  |  | $ | (5,330 | ) |  | $ | 3,664 |
Trademarks |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | 35 |
Total intangible assets |  | $ | 9,050 |  |  | $ | (5,351 | ) |  | $ | 3,699 |

​

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, amortization expense for intangible assets, included in general and administrative expenses on the statement of operations, was each $0.2 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, amortization expense for intangible assets, included in general and administrative expenses on the statement of operations, was each $0.5 million. The remaining weighted average amortization period for intangible assets is approximately 5.4 years.

At September 30, 2023, future amortization expense for intangible assets for future one year periods is estimated to be (in thousands):

2024 |  | $ | 668 |
2025 |  |  | 668 |
2026 |  |  | 668 |
2027 |  |  | 668 |
2028 |  |  | 668 |
2029 and thereafter |  |  | 286 |
|  | $ | 3,626 |

Note 10. Fair Value of Financial Instruments​

​

The carrying value amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, notes receivable and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, bank acceptance payable and other current liabilities approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments. The Company believes that the interest rates in effect at each period end represent the current market rates for similar borrowings.

The fair value of convertible senior notes is measured for disclosure purposes only. The fair value and carrying amount of our convertible senior notes as of September 30, 2023 was $85.2 million and $56.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value and carrying amount of our convertible senior notes was $58.3 million and $79.5 million, respectively. The fair value is based on observable market prices for this debt, which is traded in less active markets and are therefore classified as a Level 2 fair value measurement.

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Note 11. Notes Payable and Long-Term Debt

​

Notes payable and long-term debt consisted of the following for the periods indicated (in thousands):

​

|  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Revolving line of credit with a U.S. bank up to $27.780 million with interest at 9.190%, maturing the earlier of either 12/14/2023 or 11/16/2025 if the convertible debt remains in effect |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 25,000 |
Revolving line of credit with a China bank up to $19.04 million with interest from 4.57% to 6.12%, maturing May 24, 2024 |  |  | 13,413 |  |  |  | 13,102 |
Credit facility with a China bank up to $26.65 million with interest of 4.45% ~ 6.6%, maturing June 6, 2027 |  |  | 18,802 |  |  |  | 20,140 |
Credit facility with a China bank up to $728 with interest of 2.7%, maturing November 23, 2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Sub-total |  |  | 32,215 |  |  |  | 58,242 |
Less debt issuance costs, net |  |  | (892 | ) |  |  | (1,168 | )
Grand total |  |  | 31,323 |  |  |  | 57,074 |
Less current portion |  |  | (31,323 | ) |  |  | (57,074 | )
Non-current portion |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Bank Acceptance Notes Payable |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Bank acceptance notes issued to vendors with a zero percent interest rate |  | $ | 14,383 |  |  | $ | 12,337 |

The current portion of long-term debt is the amount payable within one year of the balance sheet date of September 30, 2023.

​

Maturities of long-term debt are as follows for the future one-year periods ending September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

​

Within one year |  | $ | 31,323 |
Beyond one year |  |  | — |
Total outstanding |  | $ | 31,323 |

​

On November 16, 2022, the Company entered into a Loan Security and Guarantee Agreement (the "Credit Facility") with CIT Northbridge Credit, LLC ("CIT"), as agent for secured parties. The Credit Facility provides the Company with a three-year, $27.78 million revolving line of credit. Borrowings under the Credit Facility will be used for working capital needs, capital expenditures, and other corporate purposes. The Company's obligations under the Credit Facility are secured by the Company's inventory, accounts receivable, instruments, equipment, intellectual property, and all business assets with the exception of real estate and all foreign assets. Borrowings will bear interest at a rate equal to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus 3.75%, while monthly average usage is less than 50% of the Credit Facility, otherwise SOFR plus 4.75%. The Credit Facility will become due at the earlier date of either November 16, 2025 or 91 days prior to the maturity of the Convertible Notes. As of September 30, 2023, $0 was outstanding under the Credit Facility. On August 16, 2023, the Company delivered a termination notice to CIT to terminate the Credit Facility. As a result of the Company's delivery of such termination notice, the Credit Facility will be terminated effective as of November 17, 2023.

On May 24, 2019, the Company’s China subsidiary, Global, entered into a five-year revolving credit line agreement, totaling 180,000,000 RMB (the "SPD Credit Line"), or approximately $25.4 million at that time, and a mortgage security agreement (the "Security Agreement"), with Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd ("SPD"). Borrowing under the SPD Credit Line will be used for general corporate and capital investment purposes, including the issuance of bank acceptance notes to Global’s vendors. Global may draw upon the SPD Credit Line on an as-needed basis at any time during the 5-year term; however, draws under the SPD Credit Line may become due and repayable to SPD at SPD’s discretion due to changes in Chinese government regulations and/or changes in Global’s financial and operational condition. Each draw will bear interest equal to SPD’s commercial banking interest rate effective on the day of the applicable draw. Global’s obligations under the SPD Credit Line will be secured by real property owned by Global and mortgaged to the Bank under the terms of the Security Agreement. As of September 30, 2023, $13.4 million was outstanding under the SPD Credit Line and the outstanding balance of bank acceptance notes issued to vendors was $10.8 million.

On June 7, 2022, the Company's China Subsidiary, Global, entered a security agreement with China Zheshang Bank in Ningbo City, China ("CZB") for a five-year credit line agreement, totaling 200,000,000 RMB (the "¥200M Credit Facility"), or approximately $29.9 million at that time. Global may draw upon the ¥200M Credit Facility between June 7, 2022 and June 6, 2027 ("¥200M Credit Period"). During the ¥200M Credit Period, Global may request to draw upon the ¥200M Credit Facility on an as-needed basis; however, draws under the ¥200M Credit Facility may become due and repayable to CZB at CZB’s discretion due to changes in Chinese government regulations and/or changes in Global’s financial and operational condition. Each draw will be facilitated by a separate credit agreement specifying the terms of each draw and will bear interest equal to CZB's commercial banking interest rate effective on the day of the applicable draw. Global’s obligations under the ¥200M Credit Facility will be secured by real property owned by Global and mortgaged to CZB under the terms of the Real Estate Security Agreement. As of September 30, 2023, $18.8 million was outstanding under the ¥200M Credit Facility and the outstanding balance of bank acceptance notes issued to vendors was $3.6 million.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $42.2 million and $13.3 million of unused borrowing capacity, respectively.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there was $9.3 million and $9.9 million of restricted cash, investments or security deposits associated with the loan facilities, respectively.

​

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Note 12. Convertible Senior Notes

​

On March 5, 2019, the Company issued $80.5 million of 5% convertible senior notes due 2024 (the "Notes"). The Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of March 5, 2019 (the "Indenture"), between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, paying agent, and conversion agent (the "Trustee"). The Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.00% per year, payable in cash semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning on September 15, 2019. The Notes will mature on March 15, 2024, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted in accordance with their terms.

​

The sale of the Notes generated net proceeds of $76.4 million, after deducting the Initial Purchasers’ discounts and offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company used approximately $37.8 million of the net proceeds from the offering to fully repay the CapEx Loan and Term Loan with Truist Bank and the remainder will be used for general corporate purposes.

​

The following table presents the carrying value of the Notes for the periods indicated (in thousands):

​

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Principal |  | $ | 80,500 |  |  | $ | 80,500 |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  | (376 | ) |  |  | (994 | )
Net carrying amount |  | $ | 80,124 |  |  | $ | 79,506 |

​

The Notes are convertible at the option of holders of the Notes at any time until the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date. Upon conversion, holders of the Notes will receive shares of the Company’s common stock, together, if applicable, with cash in lieu of any fractional share, at the then-applicable conversion rate. The initial conversion rate is 56.9801 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Notes (representing an initial conversion price of approximately $17.55 per share of common stock, which represents an initial conversion premium of approximately 30% above the closing price of $13.50 per share of the Company’s common stock on February 28, 2019), subject to customary adjustments. If a make-whole fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture) occurs, and in connection with certain other conversions before March 15, 2022, the Company will in certain circumstances increase the conversion rate for a specified period of time.

Initially and as of September 30, 2023, there are no guarantors of the Notes, but the Notes will be fully and unconditionally guaranteed, on a senior, unsecured basis by certain of the Company’s future domestic subsidiaries. The Notes are the Company’s senior, unsecured obligations and are equal in right of payment with existing and future senior, unsecured indebtedness, senior in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the Notes and effectively subordinated to the Company’s existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing that indebtedness. The Note Guarantee (as defined in the Indenture) of each future guarantor, if any, will be such guarantor’s senior, unsecured obligations and are equal in right of payment with existing and future senior, unsecured indebtedness, senior in right of payment to such future guarantor’s existing and future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the Notes and effectively subordinated to such future guarantor’s existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing that indebtedness.

Holders may require the Company to repurchase their Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture) at a cash purchase price equal to the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.

After March 15, 2022, the Company may redeem for cash all or part of the Notes if the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock exceeds 130% of the conversion price on (i) each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends the related redemption notice; and (ii) the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends such redemption notice. The redemption price is equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. In addition, calling any Note for redemption will constitute a "make-whole fundamental change" with respect to that Note, in which case the conversion rate applicable to the conversion of that Note will be increased in certain circumstances if it is converted after it is called for redemption.

The Indenture contains covenants that limit the Company’s ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to, among other things: (i) incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue disqualified stock; and (ii) create or incur liens.

​

Pursuant to the guidance in ASC 815-40, Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity, the Company evaluated whether the conversion feature of the note needed to be bifurcated from the host instrument as a freestanding financial instrument. Under ASC 815-40, to qualify for equity classification (or non-bifurcation, if embedded) the instrument (or embedded feature) must be both (1) indexed to the issuer’s own stock and (2) meet the requirements of the equity classification guidance. Based upon the Company’s analysis, it was determined the conversion option is indexed to its own stock and also met all the criteria for equity classification contained in ASC 815-40-25-7 and 815-40-25-10. Accordingly, the conversion option is not required to be bifurcated from the host instrument as a freestanding financial instrument. Since the conversion feature meets the equity scope exception from derivative accounting, the Company then evaluated whether the conversion feature needed to be separately accounted for as an equity component under ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options. The Company determined that notes should be accounted for in their entirety as a liability.

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The Company incurred approximately $4.1 million in transaction costs in connection with the issuance of the Notes. These costs were recognized as a reduction of the carrying amount of the Notes utilizing the effective interest method and are being amortized over the term of the Notes.

​

The following table sets forth interest expense information related to the Notes (in thousands):

​

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | Nine months ended September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Contractual interest expense |  | $ | 1,006 |  |  | $ | 1,006 |  |  | $ | 3,019 |  |  | $ | 3,019 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  |  | 208 |  |  |  | 208 |  |  |  | 618 |  |  |  | 618 |
Total interest cost |  | $ | 1,214 |  |  | $ | 1,214 |  |  | $ | 3,637 |  |  | $ | 3,637 |
Effective interest rate |  |  | 5.1 | % |  |  | 5.1 | % |  |  | 5.1 | % |  |  | 5.1 | %

​

Note 13. Accrued Liabilities​

​

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following for the periods indicated (in thousands):

​

|  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Accrued payroll |  | $ | 9,015 |  |  | $ | 9,702 |
Accrued employee benefits |  |  | 3,129 |  |  |  | 3,265 |
Accrued state and local taxes |  |  | 1,468 |  |  |  | 588 |
Accrued interest |  |  | 550 |  |  |  | 1,597 |
Accrued shipping and tariff expenses |  |  | 122 |  |  |  | — |
Advanced payments |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | 216 |
Accrued commission expenses |  |  | 764 |  |  |  | 937 |
Accrued professional fees |  |  | 240 |  |  |  | 409 |
Accrued product warranty |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 140 |
Accrued capital expenditure |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | — |
Accrued other |  |  | 720 |  |  |  | 368 |
Total accrued liabilities |  | $ | 16,383 |  |  | $ | 17,222 |

​

Note 14. Other Income and Expense

​

Other income and (expense) consisted of the following for the periods indicated (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | Nine months ended September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Foreign exchange transaction loss |  | $ | (435 | ) |  | $ | (598 | ) |  | $ | (259 | ) |  | $ | (1,409 | )
Government subsidy income |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 910 |  |  |  | 150 |
Other non-operating gain |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | 54 |
Gain (loss) on disposal of assets |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 34 |
Total other income (expenses) , net |  | $ | (343 | ) |  | $ | (541 | ) |  | $ | 803 |  |  | $ | (1,171 | )

​

Note 15. Share-Based Compensation

​

Equity Plans

​

The Company’s board of directors and stockholders approved the following equity plans:

​

| ● | the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan ("2013 Plan")

| ● | the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan ("2021 Plan")
| ● | the 2023 Equity Inducement Plan ("Inducement Plan")

The Company issued stock options, restricted stock awards ("RSAs") and restricted stock units ("RSUs") to employees, consultants and non-employee directors. Stock option awards generally vest over a four-year period and have a maximum term of ten years. Stock options under these plans have been granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value on the date of the grant. Nonqualified and Incentive Stock Options, RSAs and RSUs may be granted from these plans. Prior to the Company’s initial public offering in September 2013, the fair market value of the Company’s stock had been historically determined by the board of directors and from time to time with the assistance of third-party valuation specialists.

​

16

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Stock Options

​

Options have been granted to the Company’s employees under the 2013 Plan and generally become exercisable as to 25% of the shares on the first anniversary date following the date of grant and 12.5% on a semi-annual basis thereafter. All options expire ten years after the date of grant.

​

The following is a summary of option activity:

​

|  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | Weighted |  |  | ​ |  |  | Weighted |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | ​ |  |  | Weighted |  |  | Average |  |  | ​ |  |  | Average |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | ​ |  |  | Average |  |  | Share Price |  |  | Weighted |  |  | Remaining |  |  | Aggregate |
​ |  | Number of |  |  | Exercise |  |  | on Date of |  |  | Average |  |  | Contractual |  |  | Intrinsic |
​ |  | shares |  |  | Price |  |  | Exercise |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Life |  |  | Value |
​ |  | (in thousands, except price data) |
Outstanding at January 1, 2023 |  |  | 263 |  |  | $ | 10.41 |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | $ | 5.45 |  |  |  | 0.71 |  |  | $ | - |
Exercised |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | 10.03 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.14 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 152 |
Forfeited |  |  | (180 | ) |  |  | 9.50 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.03 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 266 |
Outstanding, September 30, 2023 |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 13.84 |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | 7.12 |  |  |  | 0.33 |  |  |  | - |
Exercisable, September 30, 2023 |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 13.84 |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | 7.12 |  |  |  | 0.33 |  |  |  | - |
Vested and expected to vest |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 13.84 |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | 7.12 |  |  |  | 0.33 |  |  |  | - |

As of September 30, 2023, there was no unrecognized stock option expense.

​

Performance Based Incentive

​The Company approved to grant restricted performance stock units ("PSUs") to senior executives as a part of our long-term equity compensation program starting from June 2021. The number of shares of common stock that will ultimately be issued to settle PSUs granted ranges from 0% to 200% of the number granted and is determined based on certain performance criteria over a three-year measurement period. The performance criteria for the PSUs are based on a combination of the performance of our stock price and the Total Shareholder Return ("TSR") for the performance period compared with the TSR of certain peer companies or index for the performance period. PSUs granted vest 100% on the third anniversary of their grant, assuming achievement of the applicable performance criteria. We estimated the fair value of the PSUs using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the date of grant. Compensation expense is recognized ratably over the explicit service period. The Company recognized PSU expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 of $1.1 million and $0.5 million, respectively. The Company recognized PSU expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 of $2.0 million and $1.2 million, respectively.

The following is a summary of PSU activity:

|  | ​ |  |  | Weighted |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | ​ |  |  | Average Share |  |  | Weighted |  |  | Aggregate |
​ |  | Number of |  |  | Price on Date |  |  | Average Fair |  |  | Intrinsic |
​ |  | shares |  |  | of Release |  |  | Value |  |  | Value |
​ |  | (in thousands, except price data) |
Outstanding at January 1, 2023 |  |  | 766 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6.75 |  |  | $ | 1,447 |
Granted |  |  | 767 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8.89 |  |  |  | 3,566 |
Released |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cancelled/Forfeited |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Outstanding, September 30, 2023 |  |  | 1,533 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7.82 |  |  |  | 16,813 |
Vested and expected to vest |  |  | 1,533 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7.82 |  |  |  | 16,813 |

As of September 30, 2023, there was $7.6 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to these PSUs. This expense is expected to be recognized over 2.3 years.

Restricted Stock Units

The following is a summary of RSU activity:

|  | ​ |  |  | Weighted |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | ​ |  |  | Average Share |  |  | Weighted |  |  | Aggregate |
​ |  | Number of |  |  | Price on Date |  |  | Average Fair |  |  | Intrinsic |
​ |  | shares |  |  | of Release |  |  | Value |  |  | Value |
​ |  | (in thousands, except price data) |
Outstanding at January 1, 2023 |  |  | 2,210 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5.76 |  |  | $ | 4,175 |
Granted |  |  | 2,174 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.70 |  |  |  | 10,207 |
Released |  |  | (1,062 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6.22 |  |  |  | 4,724 |
Cancelled/Forfeited |  |  | (111 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | 3.98 |  |  |  | 1214 |
Outstanding, September 30, 2023 |  |  | 3,211 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.95 |  |  |  | 35,223 |
Vested and expected to vest |  |  | 3,211 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.95 |  |  |  | 35,223 |

​

As of September 30, 2023, there was $14.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to these RSUs. This expense is expected to be recognized over 2.5 years.

17

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Share-Based Compensation

​

Employee share-based compensation expenses recognized for the periods indicated (in thousands):

​

|  | Three months ended |  |  | Nine months ended |
​ |  | September 30, |  |  | September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Share-based compensation - by expense type |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 121 |  |  | $ | 393 |  |  | $ | 371 |
Research and development |  |  | 358 |  |  |  | 343 |  |  |  | 1,135 |  |  |  | 1,019 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 231 |  |  |  | 786 |  |  |  | 643 |
General and administrative |  |  | 2,454 |  |  |  | 1,932 |  |  |  | 6,273 |  |  |  | 5,210 |
Total share-based compensation expense |  | $ | 3,235 |  |  | $ | 2,627 |  |  | $ | 8,587 |  |  | $ | 7,243 |

Note 16. Income Taxes

​​

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the effective tax rate varied from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the change of the valuation allowance on federal, state, Taiwan, and China deferred tax assets ("DTA").

The Company continually monitors and performs an assessment of the realizability of its DTAs, including an analysis of factors such as future taxable income, reversal of existing taxable temporary differences, and tax planning strategies. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, the Company considered both positive and negative evidence related to the likelihood of realization of deferred tax assets using a “more likely than not” standard. In making such assessment, more weight was given to evidence that could be objectively verified, including recent cumulative losses. Based on the Company’s review of this evidence, management determined that a full valuation allowance against all of the Company’s net deferred tax assets at September 30, 2023 was appropriate.

Note 17. Geographic Information

​

The Company operates in one reportable segment. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who is considered to be the chief operating decision maker, manages the Company’s operations as a whole and reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis, accompanied by information about product revenue, for purposes of evaluating financial performance and allocating resources.

​

The following tables set forth the Company’s revenue and asset information by geographic region. Revenue is classified based on the location of where the product is manufactured. Long-lived assets in the tables below comprise only property, plant, equipment and intangible assets (in thousands):

​

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | Nine months ended September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Revenues: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
United States |  | $ | 19,859 |  |  | $ | 2,027 |  |  | $ | 14,636 |  |  | $ | 5,732 |
Taiwan |  |  | 37,194 |  |  |  | 46,716 |  |  |  | 113,851 |  |  |  | 111,700 |
China |  |  | 5,494 |  |  |  | 7,950 |  |  |  | 28,706 |  |  |  | 43,801 |
​ |  | $ | 62,547 |  |  | $ | 56,693 |  |  | $ | 157,193 |  |  | $ | 161,233 |

|  | As of the period ended |
​ |  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Long-lived assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
United States |  | $ | 75,108 |  |  | $ | 80,048 |
Taiwan |  |  | 44,324 |  |  |  | 50,777 |
China |  |  | 88,009 |  |  |  | 93,888 |
​ |  | $ | 207,441 |  |  | $ | 224,713 |

​

18

Table of Contents

Note 18. Contingencies

​

Litigation

​

Overview

From time to time, the Company may be subject to legal proceedings and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business, including, but not limited to, inquiries, investigations, audits and other regulatory proceedings, such as described below. The Company records a loss provision when it believes it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated.

The Company believes that there are no claims or actions pending or threatened against it, the ultimate disposition of which would have a material adverse effect on it.

Other Contingencies

On August 9, 2021, the Company received a Taxes Notification of Audit Result ("Notice") from the Texas Comptroller’s Office (the "Comptroller"), for fiscal years between 2016 and 2019, informing the Company that the Comptroller believes the Company did not qualify for certain sales and use tax exemptions on various Research and Development purchases and accordingly the Company is liable for Sale and Use Tax in the amount of approximately $1.0 million including interest charges. The Company paid $0.4 million for the tax notice in May 2021, but challenged the remaining tax assessments and vigorously defended its position. The Comptroller’s office exhausted its redetermination period and therefore moved AOI’s case to the hearing process. In April 2023 the Company received a notice from an attorney representing the Administrative Hearings Section ("AHS") to issue a Position Letter. No updated action was taken in the third quarter.

Note 19. Subsequent Events

​

None.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

​

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2023 and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 included in our Annual Report. References to "Applied Optoelectronics," “we," "our" and "us" are to Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and its subsidiaries unless otherwise specified or the context otherwise requires.

​

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains "forward-looking statements" that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The statements contained in this Quarterly Report that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Terminology such as "believe," "may," "estimate," "continue," "anticipate," "intend," "should," "could," "would," "target," "seek," "aim," "believe," "predicts," "think," "objectives," "optimistic," "new," "goal," "strategy," "potential," "is likely," "will," "expect," "plan," "project," "permit," or by other similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

​

We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and industry and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified in "Part II —Item 1A. Risk Factors" provided below, and those discussed in other documents we file with the SEC, including our Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Quarterly Report.

​

Overview

​

We are a leading, vertically integrated provider of fiber-optic networking products. We target four networking end-markets: CATV, internet data centers, telecom and FTTH. We design and manufacture a range of optical communications products at varying levels of integration, from components, subassemblies and modules to complete turn-key equipment. In designing products for our customers, we typically begin with the fundamental building blocks of lasers and laser components. From these foundational products, we design and manufacture a wide range of products to meet our customers’ needs and specifications, and such products differ from each other by their end market, intended use and level of integration. We are primarily focused on the higher-performance segments within the CATV, internet data center, telecom and FTTH markets which increasingly demand faster connectivity and innovation. Our vertically integrated manufacturing model provides us several advantages, including rapid product development, fast response times to customer requests and control over product quality and manufacturing costs.

​

The four end markets we target are all driven by significant bandwidth demand fueled by the growth of network-connected devices, video traffic, cloud computing and online social networking. Within the CATV market, we benefit from a number of ongoing trends including the build-out of CATV infrastructure in the US and other countries, the move to higher bandwidth networks among CATV service providers and the outsourcing of system design among CATV networking equipment companies. Within the internet data center market, we benefit from the increasing use of higher-capacity optical networking technology as a replacement for copper cables, particularly as speeds reach 400 Gbps and above, as well as the movement to open internet data center architectures and the increasing use of in-house equipment design among leading internet companies. In the FTTH market, we benefit from continuing PON deployments and system upgrades among telecom service providers. In the telecom market, we benefit from deployment of new high-speed fiber-optic networks by telecom network operators, including 5G networks.

​

Our vertically integrated manufacturing model provides us several advantages, including rapid product development, fast response times to customer requests and greater control over product quality and manufacturing costs. We design, manufacture and integrate our own analog and digital lasers using a proprietary Molecular Beam Epitaxy, or MBE, and Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) fabrication process, which we believe is unique in our industry. We manufacture the majority of the laser chips and optical components that are used in our products. The lasers we manufacture are tested extensively to enable reliable operation over time and our devices are often highly tolerant of changes in temperature and humidity, making them well-suited to the CATV, FTTH and 5G telecom markets where networking equipment is often installed outdoors.

We have three manufacturing sites: Sugar Land, Texas, Ningbo, China and Taipei, Taiwan. Our research and development functions are generally partnered with our manufacturing locations, and we have an additional research and development facility in Duluth, Georgia. In our Sugar Land facility, we manufacture laser chips (utilizing our MBE and MOCVD processes), subassemblies and components. The subassemblies are used in the manufacture of components by our other manufacturing facilities or sold to third parties as modules. We manufacture our laser chips only within our Sugar Land facility, where our laser design team is located. In our Taiwan location, we manufacture optical components, such as our butterfly lasers, which incorporate laser chips, subassemblies and components manufactured within our Sugar Land facility. Additionally, in our Taiwan location, we manufacture transceivers for the internet data center, telecom, FTTH and other markets. In our China facility, we take advantage of lower labor costs and manufacture certain more labor intensive components and optical equipment systems, such as optical subassemblies and transceivers for the CATV transmitters (at the headend), CATV outdoor equipment (at the node) and internet data center market. Each manufacturing facility conducts testing on the components, modules or subsystems it manufactures and each facility is certified to ISO 9001:2015. Our facilities in Ningbo, China, Taipei, Taiwan, and Sugar Land, Texas are all certified to ISO 14001:2015.

Our business depends on winning competitive bid selection processes to develop components, systems and equipment for use in our customers’ products. These selection processes are typically lengthy, and as a result our sales cycles will vary based on the level of customization required, market served, whether the design win is with an existing or new customer and whether our solution being designed in our customers’ product is our first generation or subsequent generation product. We do not have any long-term purchase commitments (in excess of one year) with any of our customers, most of whom purchase our products on a purchase order basis. However, once one of our solutions is incorporated into a customer’s design, we believe that our solution is likely to continue to be purchased for that design throughout that product’s life cycle because of the time and expense associated with redesigning the product or substituting an alternative solution.

​

Our principal executive offices are located at 13139 Jess Pirtle Blvd., Sugar Land, TX 77478, and our telephone number is (281) 295-1800.

20

Table of Contents

Termination of the Divestiture Agreement with Yuhan Optoelectronic Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd

On September 15, 2022, we entered into a definitive purchase agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") and announced the planned divestiture to sell the manufacturing facilities in the People's Republic of China and certain assets related to our transceiver business and multi-channel optical sub-assembly products to Yuhan Optoelectronic Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (the "Purchaser"). The purchase price payable by the Purchaser under the Purchase Agreement was an amount equal to the $150 million USD equivalent of Renminbi, less a holdback amount. On September 12, 2023, we delivered a notice of termination to the Purchaser to terminate the Purchase Agreement as a result of the Purchaser's breach of or omission to observe certain of the Purchaser's obligations under the Purchase Agreement. As a result of the Company's delivery of the termination notice, the Purchase Agreement was terminated.

As a result of the termination of the Purchase Agreement, we will not realize the expected benefits of the proposed sale, and we have incurred transaction costs, including legal, accounting, financial, advisory and other costs relating to our proposed divestiture.

Results of Operations

​

The following table set forth our consolidated results of operations for the periods presented and as a percentage of our revenue for those periods (in thousands, except percentages):

​

|  | Three months ended |  |  | Three months ended |  |  | Nine months ended |  |  | Nine months ended |
​ |  | September 30, |  |  | September 30, |  |  | September 30, |  |  | September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Revenue, net |  | $ | 62,547 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 56,693 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 157,193 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 161,233 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %
Cost of goods sold |  |  | 42,373 |  |  |  | 67.7 | % |  |  | 46,944 |  |  |  | 82.8 | % |  |  | 119,876 |  |  |  | 76.3 | % |  |  | 133,832 |  |  |  | 83.0 | %
Gross profit |  |  | 20,174 |  |  |  | 32.3 | % |  |  | 9,749 |  |  |  | 17.2 | % |  |  | 37,317 |  |  |  | 23.7 | % |  |  | 27,401 |  |  |  | 17.0 | %
Operating expenses |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  |  | 9,457 |  |  |  | 15.0 | % |  |  | 9,206 |  |  |  | 16.2 | % |  |  | 26,633 |  |  |  | 16.9 | % |  |  | 27,021 |  |  |  | 16.8 | %
Sales and marketing |  |  | 3,035 |  |  |  | 4.9 | % |  |  | 2,385 |  |  |  | 4.2 | % |  |  | 7,631 |  |  |  | 4.9 | % |  |  | 7,107 |  |  |  | 4.4 | %
General and administrative |  |  | 14,368 |  |  |  | 23.0 | % |  |  | 11,654 |  |  |  | 20.6 | % |  |  | 39,870 |  |  |  | 25.4 | % |  |  | 33,908 |  |  |  | 21.0 | %
Total operating expenses |  |  | 26,860 |  |  |  | 42.9 | % |  |  | 23,245 |  |  |  | 41.0 | % |  |  | 74,134 |  |  |  | 47.2 | % |  |  | 68,036 |  |  |  | 42.2 | %
Loss from operations |  |  | (6,686 | ) |  |  | (10.6 | )% |  |  | (13,496 | ) |  |  | (23.8 | )% |  |  | (36,817 | ) |  |  | (23.5 | )% |  |  | (40,635 | ) |  |  | (25.2 | )%
Other income (expense) |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | 0.1 | %
Interest expense |  |  | (1,989 | ) |  |  | (3.2 | )% |  |  | (1,621 | ) |  |  | (2.9 | )% |  |  | (6,301 | ) |  |  | (4.0 | )% |  |  | (4,431 | ) |  |  | (2.7 | )%
Other income, net |  |  | (343 | ) |  |  | (0.5 | )% |  |  | (541 | ) |  |  | (1.0 | )% |  |  | 803 |  |  |  | 0.5 | % |  |  | (1,171 | ) |  |  | (0.7 | )%
Total other income (expense), net |  |  | (2,267 | ) |  |  | (3.6 | )% |  |  | (2,131 | ) |  |  | (3.8 | )% |  |  | (5,365 | ) |  |  | (3.4 | )% |  |  | (5,512 | ) |  |  | (3.4 | )%
Loss before income taxes |  |  | (8,953 | ) |  |  | (14.2 | )% |  |  | (15,627 | ) |  |  | (27.6 | )% |  |  | (42,182 | ) |  |  | (26.9 | )% |  |  | (46,146 | ) |  |  | (28.6 | )%
Income tax expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | )% |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
Net loss |  | $ | (8,953 | ) |  |  | (14.2 | )% |  | $ | (15,627 | ) |  |  | (27.6 | )% |  | $ | (42,190 | ) |  |  | (26.9 | )% |  | $ | (46,146 | ) |  |  | (28.6 | )%

21

Table of Contents

Comparison of Financial Results

​

Revenue

​

We generate revenue through the sale of our products to equipment providers and network operators for the CATV, internet data center, telecom and FTTH markets. We derive a significant portion of our revenue from our top ten customers, and we anticipate that we will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. The following charts provide the revenue contribution from each of the markets we served for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands, except percentages):

​

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | Change |
​ |  |  |  |  |  | % of |  |  |  |  |  |  | % of |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | Revenue |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
CATV |  | $ | 10,268 |  |  |  | 16.4 | % |  | $ | 31,260 |  |  |  | 55.1 | % |  | $ | (20,992 | ) |  |  | (67.2 | )%
Data Center |  |  | 48,807 |  |  |  | 78.0 | % |  |  | 17,697 |  |  |  | 31.2 | % |  |  | 31,110 |  |  |  | 175.8 | %
Telecom |  |  | 3,074 |  |  |  | 5.0 | % |  |  | 6,821 |  |  |  | 12.0 | % |  |  | (3,747 | ) |  |  | (54.9 | )%
FTTH |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
Other |  |  | 398 |  |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  | 915 |  |  |  | 1.6 | % |  |  | (517 | ) |  |  | (56.6 | )%
Total Revenue |  | $ | 62,547 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 56,693 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 5,854 |  |  |  | 10.3 | %

|  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |  | Change |
​ |  |  |  |  |  | % of |  |  |  |  |  |  | % of |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | Revenue |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
CATV |  | $ | 47,391 |  |  |  | 30.1 | % |  | $ | 79,953 |  |  |  | 49.6 | % |  | $ | (32,562 | ) |  |  | (40.7 | )%
Data Center |  |  | 96,731 |  |  |  | 61.5 | % |  |  | 60,608 |  |  |  | 37.5 | % |  |  | 36,123 |  |  |  | 59.6 | %
Telecom |  |  | 11,013 |  |  |  | 7.0 | % |  |  | 18,362 |  |  |  | 11.4 | % |  |  | (7,349 | ) |  |  | (40.0 | )%
FTTH |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  | (54.2 | )%
Other |  |  | 2,001 |  |  |  | 1.3 | % |  |  | 2,186 |  |  |  | 1.4 | % |  |  | (185 | ) |  |  | (8.4 | )%
Total Revenue |  | $ | 157,193 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 161,233 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | (4,040 | ) |  |  | (2.5 | )%

The increase in revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was primarily due to more demand from major data center customers, partially offset by less demand from CATV customers. The decrease in revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was primarily due to strong demand from major data center customers, offset by weak demand from CATV customers and telecom customers.

We have begun to see increased orders for our 400G data center products from several large customers. Based on forecasts from our customers, we expect increased demand for these products through the end of 2023. We entered into a supply agreement with Microsoft to design certain datacenter goods and to build a supply chain to manufacture, assemble, sell and ship the goods to them or an authorized purchasing entity. The initial term of the agreement is five years with automatic renewal unless terminated earlier.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our top ten customers represented 96.1% and 86.1% of our revenue, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our top ten customers represented 93.3% and 86.4% of our revenue, respectively. We believe that diversifying our customer base is critical for our future success, since reliance on a small number of key customers makes our ability to forecast future results dependent upon the accuracy of the forecasts we receive from those key customers. We continue to prioritize new customer acquisition and growth of diverse revenue streams.

Cost of goods sold and gross margin

​

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
​ |  |  |  |  |  | % of |  |  |  |  |  |  | % of |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | Amount |  |  | Revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | Revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
​ |  | (in thousands, except percentages) |
Cost of goods sold |  | $ | 42,373 |  |  |  | 67.7 | % |  | $ | 46,944 |  |  |  | 82.8 | % |  | $ | (4,571 | ) |  |  | (9.7 | )%
Gross margin |  |  | 20,174 |  |  |  | 32.3 | % |  |  | 9,749 |  |  |  | 17.2 | % |  |  | 10,425 |  |  |  | 106.9 | %

​

|  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
​ |  |  |  |  |  | % of |  |  |  |  |  |  | % of |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | Amount |  |  | Revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | Revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
​ |  | (in thousands, except percentages) |
Cost of goods sold |  | $ | 119,876 |  |  |  | 76.3 | % |  | $ | 133,832 |  |  |  | 83.0 | % |  | $ | (13,957 | ) |  |  | (10.4 | )%
Gross margin |  |  | 37,317 |  |  |  | 23.7 | % |  |  | 27,401 |  |  |  | 17.0 | % |  |  | 9,916 |  |  |  | 36.2 | %

22

Table of Contents

Cost of goods sold decreased by $4.6 million, or 9.7% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to less material cost. Cost of goods sold decreased by $14.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to less material cost and continuing effort on cost savings.

Gross profit increased by $10.4 million, and gross margin increased by 106.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily as a result of more sales in our data center business with higher gross margin. Gross profit increased by $9.9 million, and gross margin increased by 36.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily as a result of less material cost and continuing effort on cost savings.

Operating expenses

​

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
​ |  | ​ |  |  | % of |  |  | ​ |  |  | % of |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | Amount |  |  | revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
​ |  | (in thousands, except percentages) |
Research and development |  | $ | 9,457 |  |  |  | 15.1 | % |  | $ | 9,206 |  |  |  | 16.2 | % |  | $ | 251 |  |  |  | 2.7 | %
Sales and marketing |  |  | 3,035 |  |  |  | 4.9 | % |  |  | 2,385 |  |  |  | 4.2 | % |  |  | 650 |  |  |  | 27.3 | %
General and administrative |  |  | 14,368 |  |  |  | 23.0 | % |  |  | 11,654 |  |  |  | 20.6 | % |  |  | 2,714 |  |  |  | 23.3 | %
Total operating expenses |  | $ | 26,860 |  |  |  | 43.0 | % |  | $ | 23,245 |  |  |  | 41.0 | % |  | $ | 3,615 |  |  |  | 15.5 | %

|  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
​ |  | ​ |  |  | % of |  |  | ​ |  |  | % of |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | Amount |  |  | revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
​ |  | (in thousands, except percentages) |
Research and development |  | $ | 26,633 |  |  |  | 16.9 | % |  | $ | 27,021 |  |  |  | 16.8 | % |  | $ | (387 | ) |  |  | (1.4 | )%
Sales and marketing |  |  | 7,631 |  |  |  | 4.9 | % |  |  | 7,107 |  |  |  | 4.4 | % |  |  | 524 |  |  |  | 7.4 | %
General and administrative |  |  | 39,870 |  |  |  | 25.4 | % |  |  | 33,908 |  |  |  | 21.0 | % |  |  | 5,962 |  |  |  | 17.6 | %
Total operating expenses |  | $ | 74,134 |  |  |  | 47.2 | % |  | $ | 68,036 |  |  |  | 42.2 | % |  | $ | 6,099 |  |  |  | 0.1 | %

Research and development expense

​

Research and development expense increased by $0.3 million, or 2.7% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increases were primarily due to more personnel-related expense for hiring of engineers. Research and development expense decreased by $0.4 million, or 1.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decreases were primarily due to less machine depreciation, less materials and supplies used in R&D activities combined with Asian currency exchange rate effects. Research and development costs consist of R&D work orders, R&D material usage and other project related costs related to 100 Gbps, 200/400 Gbps data center products, DOCSIS 3.1 capable CATV products and other new product development, and depreciation expense resulting from R&D equipment investments.

Sales and marketing expense

​

Sales and marketing expense increased by $0.7 million, or 27.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the business development effort on quantum bandwidth products and higher shipping costs. Sales and marketing expense increased by $0.5 million, or 7.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the business development effort on quantum bandwidth products.

​

General and administrative expense

​

General and administrative expense increased by $2.7 million, or 23.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. This increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel-related costs including share-based compensation expense and professional service fees incurred due to the transaction for China divestiture agreement. General and administrative expense increased by $5.9 million, or 17.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel-related costs including share-based compensation expense and professional service fees incurred due to the transaction for China divestiture agreement.

Other income (expense), net

​

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
​ |  | ​ |  |  | % of |  |  |  |  |  |  | % of |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
​ |  | Amount |  |  | revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
​ |  | (in thousands, except percentages) |
Interest income |  | $ | 65 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | $ | 31 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | $ | 34 |  |  |  | 109.8 | %
Interest expense |  |  | (1,989 | ) |  |  | (3.2 | )% |  |  | (1,621 | ) |  |  | (2.7 | )% |  |  | (368 | ) |  |  | 22.7 | %
Other income (expense), net |  |  | (343 | ) |  |  | (0.5 | )% |  |  | (541 | ) |  |  | (0.3 | )% |  |  | 199 |  |  |  | (36.7 | )%
Total other income (expense), net |  | $ | (2,267 | ) |  |  | (3.6 | )% |  | $ | (2,131 | ) |  |  | (2.9 | )% |  | $ | (135 | ) |  |  | 6.3 | %

​

|  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
​ |  | ​ |  |  | % of |  |  |  |  |  |  | % of |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
​ |  | Amount |  |  | revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
​ |  | (in thousands, except percentages) |
Interest income |  | $ | 133 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | $ | 90 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | $ | 43 |  |  |  | 47.6 | %
Interest expense |  |  | (6,301 | ) |  |  | (4.0 | )% |  |  | (4,431 | ) |  |  | (2.7 | )% |  |  | (1,871 | ) |  |  | 42.2 | %
Other income (expense), net |  |  | 803 |  |  |  | 0.5 | % |  |  | (1,171 | ) |  |  | (0.6 | )% |  |  | 1,974 |  |  |  | (168.6 | )%
Total other income (expense), net |  | $ | (5,365 | ) |  |  | (3.4 | )% |  | $ | (5,512 | ) |  |  | (3.2 | )% |  | $ | 147 |  |  |  | (2.7 | )%

23

Table of Contents

Interest income increased 106.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase is due to higher saving rates and balances.

​

Interest expense increased by $0.4 million, or 22.7% and $1.9 million, or 42.2% each for the three and six months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three and six months ended September 30, 2022. This increase was due to higher average interest rate during the 2023 period.

Other income increased by $0.2 million, or 36.7%, for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. This increase was mainly due to less foreign exchange loss in 2023.

Other income increased by $2 million, or 168.6%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This increase was mainly due to the other income received in the first half of 2023 from the China plant for several local government subsidized income in local city development plans and foreign currency gain arising from favorable exchange rate change.

Benefit (provision) for income taxes

​

|  | Three months ended September 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
​ |  | (in thousands, except percentages) |
Benefit (provision) for income taxes |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | - |

|  | Nine months ended September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
​ |  | (in thousands, except percentages) |
Benefit (provision) for income taxes |  | $ | (8 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8 | ) |  |  | - |

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was 0%. For the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s effective tax rate was 0%. T he effective tax rate varied from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the change of the valuation allowance on federal, state, Taiwan, and China deferred tax assets ("DTA").

On August 9, 2022, the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors Act ("CHIPS Act") was enacted. Among its provisions, the bill provides various federal grants, tax credits, and incentives for investment in the United States. On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act ("IRA") was also signed into law. Among other provisions, the IRA imposes a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax ("Corporate AMT") for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022, imposes a 1% excise tax on corporate stock repurchases after December 31, 2022, and provides tax incentives to promote various energy efficient initiatives. We are evaluating these laws and their potential impact on our current income tax expense and cash taxes. However, we currently do not believe this will have an impact on our taxes for the 2023 tax year.

Comprehensive Loss

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
​ |  | ​ |  |  | % of |  |  |  |  |  |  | % of |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
​ |  | Amount |  |  | revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
​ |  | (in thousands, except percentages) |
Net loss |  | $ | (8,953 | ) |  |  | (14.3 | )% |  | $ | (15,627 | ) |  |  | (27.6 | )% |  | $ | 6,674 |  |  |  | (42.7 | )%
Loss on foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | (718 | ) |  |  | (1.1 | )% |  |  | (8,214 | ) |  |  | (14.5 | )% |  |  | 7,496 |  |  |  | (91.3 | )%
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (9,671 | ) |  |  | (15.4 | )% |  | $ | (23,841 | ) |  |  | (42.1 | )% |  | $ | 14,170 |  |  |  | (59.4 | )%

|  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
​ |  | ​ |  |  | % of |  |  |  |  |  |  | % of |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |
​ |  | Amount |  |  | revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | revenue |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
​ |  | (in thousands, except percentages) |
Net loss |  | $ | (42,190 | ) |  |  | (26.8 | )% |  | $ | (46,147 | ) |  |  | (28.6 | )% |  | $ | 3,957 |  |  |  | (8.6 | )%
Loss on foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | (4,371 | ) |  |  | (2.8 | )% |  |  | (17,059 | ) |  |  | (10.6 | )% |  |  | 12,688 |  |  |  | (74.4 | )%
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (46,561 | ) |  |  | (29.6 | )% |  | $ | (63,206 | ) |  |  | (39.2 | )% |  | $ | 16,645 |  |  |  | (26.3 | )%

24

Table of Contents

Comprehensive loss decreased by $14.2 million, or 59.4%, for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to decrease of net loss of $6.6 million and decrease of $7.5 million in loss on foreign currency translation adjustments for non-U.S. dollar functional currency operations.

Comprehensive loss decreased by $16.6 million, or 26.3%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to decrease of net loss of $4.0 million and decrease of $12.7 million in loss on foreign currency translation adjustments for non-U.S. dollar functional currency operations.

The functional currency for the Company’s operations is generally the applicable local currency. Accordingly, the assets and liabilities of companies whose functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar are included in the consolidated financial statements by translating the assets and liabilities into the U.S. dollar at the exchange rates applicable at the end of the reporting period. Translation gains or losses are accumulated in other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity and are also included in comprehensive loss.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of September 30, 2023, we had $42.2 million of unused borrowing capacity from all of our loan agreements. As of September 30, 2023, our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash totaled $31.2 million. Cash and cash equivalents are held for working capital purposes and are invested primarily in money market or time deposit funds. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.

ATM Offerings

On January 5, 2023, the Company filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which was declared effective on March 21, 2023, providing for the public offer and sale of certain securities of the Company from time to time, at our discretion, up to an aggregate amount of $185 million. Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act, the securities registered pursuant to this registration statement include unsold securities previously registered for sale pursuant to our previously filed Registration Statement on Form S-3, which became effective on January 9, 2020.

On March 24, 2023, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (the "Agreement") with Raymond James & Associates (the "Sales Agent") pursuant to which the Company may issue and sell shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "Shares") having an aggregate offering price of up to $35 million (the "ATM Offering"), from time to time through the Sales Agent. Upon delivery of a placement notice and subject to the terms and conditions of the Agreement, sales, if any, of the Shares will be made through the Sales Agent in transactions that are deemed to be “at the market” offerings as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), including sales made through the facilities of the Nasdaq Global Market, the principal trading market for the Company’s common stock, on any other existing trading market for the Company’s common stock, to or through a market maker or as otherwise agreed by the Company and the Sales Agent. In the placement notice, the Company will designate the maximum number of Shares to be sold through the Sales Agent, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, the minimum price for the Shares to be sold, and any limitation on the number of Shares that may be sold in any one day. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Agreement, the Sales Agent will use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell Shares on the Company’s behalf up to the designated amount specified in the placement notice. The Company has no obligation to sell any Shares under the Agreement and may at any time suspend offers and sales of the Shares under the Agreement.

The Agreement provides that the Sales Agent will be entitled to compensation of up to 2% of the gross sales price of the Shares sold through the Sales Agent from time to time. The Company has also agreed to reimburse the Sales Agent for certain specified expenses in connection with the registration of Shares under state blue sky laws and any filing with, and clearance of the offering by, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Inc., not to exceed $10,000 in the aggregate, and any associated application fees incurred. Additionally, if the Agreement is terminated under certain circumstances, and the Company fails to sell a minimum amount of the Shares as set forth in the Agreement, then the Company has agreed to reimburse the Sales Agent for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses, including the reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel incurred by the Sales Agent, up to a maximum of $30,000 in the aggregate. The Company agreed to indemnify the Sales Agent against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or to contribute to payments that the Sales Agent may be required to make because of any of those liabilities.

On September 12, 2023, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Agreement with the Sales Agent, to increase the aggregate offering price from $35 million to $70 million. As of September 30, 2023, we have sold approximately 4.5 million shares of the Company's common stock with an aggregate offering price of approximately $32.6 million under the current ATM Offering.

The details of the shares of common stock sold through the ATM Offering are as follows (in thousands, except shares and weighted average per share price):

Distribution Agent |  | Month |  | Number of Shares Sold |  |  | Weighted Average Per Share Price |  |  | Gross Proceeds |  |  | Compensation to Distribution Agent |  |  | Net Proceeds |
Raymond James & Associates, Inc. |  | June 2023 |  |  | 2,497 |  |  | $ | 4.0364 |  |  | $ | 10,081 |  |  | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | 9,879 |
Raymond James & Associates, Inc. |  | August 2023 |  |  | 1,150 |  |  |  | 11.6451 |  |  |  | 13,392 |  |  |  | 268 |  |  |  | 13,124 |
Raymond James & Associates, Inc. |  | September 2023 |  |  | 892 |  |  |  | 10.1840 |  |  |  | 9,083 |  |  |  | 182 |  |  |  | 8,901 |
Total |  |  |  |  | 4,539 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,556 |  |  | $ | 652 |  |  | $ | 31,904 |

25

Table of Contents

Note Offering

On March 5, 2019, the Company issued $80.5 million of 5% convertible senior notes due 2024 (the "Notes"), bearing interest at a rate of 5% per year maturing on March 15, 2024, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted in accordance with their terms. The sale of the Notes generated net proceeds of $76.4 million, after expenses. Also, refer to Note 12 "Convertible Senior Notes" to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the Notes.

Operating activities

The table below sets forth selected cash flow data for the periods presented (in thousands):

​

|  | Nine months ended September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net cash used in operating activities |  | $ | (9,479 | ) |  | $ | (10,539 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (5,158 | ) |  |  | (3,210 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 9,276 |  |  |  | 5,587 |
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 1,015 |  |  |  | 1,601 |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | (4,346 | ) |  | $ | (6,561 | )

​​

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, net cash used in operating activities was $9.5 million. Net cash used in operating activities consisted of our net loss of $42.2 million after exclusion of non-cash items of $31.2 million. Cash increased due to an unearned revenue increase of $9.5 million, together with a decrease in inventory of $2.9 million, offset with a decrease in accounts payable of $13 million and accrued liabilities of $0.6 million, respectively.

​

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, net cash used in operating activities was $10.5 million. Net cash used in operating activities consisted of our net loss of $46.1 million after exclusion of non-cash items of $31.8 million. Cash decreased due to an increase in inventory of $12.7 million, a decrease in accrued liabilities of $2.3 million and an increase of $1.8 million in other receivables, offset with an increase in accounts payable of $11 million and a net decrease in accounts and trade notes receivable from our customers of $10.3 million.

Investing activities

​

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $5.2 million, mainly from the purchase of additional plant, machinery and equipment.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, net cash used in investing activities was $3.2 million, mainly from the purchase of additional plant, machinery and equipment.

Financing activities

​

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was $9.3 million. This increase in cash was due to the net proceeds of $32.2 million from our ATM Offering and $2.4 million from bank acceptance payable, offset by the repayment of $24.8 million to lines of credit.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, net cash provided by financing activities was $5.6 million. This increase in cash was due to $6.2 million net proceeds from lines of credit and $6.8 million net proceeds from acceptances, offset by repayment of loan of $7.3 million.

Loans and commitments

​

We have lending arrangements with several financial institutions. In the US, we have a revolving line of credit with CIT which will terminate on November 17, 2023. The line of credit contains financial covenants that may limit the amount and types of debt that we may incur. As of September 30, 2023, we were in compliance with these covenants.

​

As of September 30, 2023, we had $42.2 million of unused borrowing capacity.

​

On March 5, 2019, we issued $80.5 million of 5% convertible senior notes due in 2024. The Notes will mature on March 15, 2024, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted in accordance with their terms.

​

See Note 11 "Notes Payable and Long-term Debt" and Note 12 "Convertible Senior Notes" of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of our notes payable and long-term debt and convertible senior notes.

26

Table of Contents

China factory construction

​

On February 8, 2018, we entered into a construction contract with Zhejiang Xinyu Construction Group Co., Ltd. for the construction of a new factory and other facilities at our Ningbo, China location. Construction costs for these facilities under this contract are estimated to total approximately $27.5 million. As of September 30, 2023, construction of the building shell is complete, and approximately $27.4 million of this total cost has been paid and the remaining portion will be paid in yearly installments for three years after final inspection. We anticipate additional expenses for building improvements to the factory and we are in the process of evaluating the timing of these expenditures and obtaining bids for any such work. Based on forecasts, we believe the factory will be placed in service in the year 2024 after the construction is completed for the building interior work. Property will be transferred from construction in progress to building and improvement at that time.

Future liquidity needs

​

We had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $31.2 million as of September 30, 2023, a decrease of approximately $4.4 million compared to December 31, 2022. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors including our growth rate, the timing and extent of spending to support our research and development efforts, the expansion of our sales and marketing activities, the introduction of new and enhanced products, the building improvement of a new factory and other facilities at our Ningbo, China location, changes in our manufacturing capacity and the continuing market acceptance of our products.

As of September 30, 2023, we had a total loan balance (excluding convertible notes) of $31.3 million from various lenders in the US and China and had $42.2 million available borrowing capacity on existing credit lines. Should additional liquidity be needed, our Board has authorized issuance of equity totaling up to $70 million under the ATM Offering (see the discussion of "Liquidity and Capital Resources" in Item 2).

On September 15, 2022, the Company entered into a definitive purchase agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") with Yuhan Optoelectronic Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd (the "Purchaser") to divest our manufacturing facilities in the People's Republic of China and certain assets related to our transceiver business and multi-channel optical sub-assembly products (collectively, the "Divestiture"). The purchase price to be paid by Purchaser under the Purchase Agreement was an amount equal to the $150 million USD equivalent of Renminbi, less a holdback amount. The Company originally anticipated that a portion of the funds from this transaction would be used to significantly enhance the Company's liquidity. However, the Company terminated the Purchase Agreement on September 12, 2023 as a result of the Purchaser's breach of or omission to observe certain of the Purchaser's obligations under the Purchase Agreement. As a result of the termination of the Purchase Agreement, we will not realize the expected benefits of the proposed sale.

In the event we need additional liquidity, we will explore additional sources of liquidity. These additional sources of liquidity could include one, or a combination, of the following: (i) issuing equity or debt securities, (ii) incurring indebtedness secured by our assets and (iii) selling product lines, other assets and/or portions of our business. There can be no guarantee that we will be able to raise additional funds on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Please refer to Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 for a complete discussion of its contractual obligations and commitments.

Inflation

​The annual inflation rate in 2022 slowed down to 2.95% in Taiwan, which should remain the same in 2023 and was 6.5% in the US. Estimated inflation rate in the US is expected to continue to decline in 2023 based on U.S. Federal monetary policy "tapering" to address inflation.

Cost inflation included increases in shipping costs, labor rates, and costs of some raw materials. We currently﻿ believe these increases are related to the COVID-19 pandemic, however we cannot be sure when or if prices will return to pre-pandemic levels.

There is no guarantee that we can increase selling prices or reduce costs to fully mitigate the effect of inflation on our costs, which may adversely impact our sales margins and profitability.

Compared to other major economies in the world, China has a low level of inflation or even in deflation, which has not had a significant impact on our sales or operating results.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

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In our Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2022 and in the Notes to the Financial Statements herein, we identify our most critical accounting policies. In preparing the financial statements, we make assumptions, estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported. We periodically evaluate our estimates and judgments that are most critical in nature which are related to revenue recognition, allowance for credit losses, inventory reserves, impairment of long-lived assets, service and product warranties, share based compensation expense, estimated useful lives of property and equipment, and income taxes. Our estimates are based on historical experience and on our future expectations that we believe are reasonable. The combination of these factors forms the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results are likely to differ from our current estimates and those differences may be material.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

For quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk affecting the Company, see Item 7A – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk in our Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. We do not believe the Company’s exposure to market risk has changed materially since December 31, 2022.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

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The term "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.

​

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2023. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

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There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three month period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which were identified in connection with management’s evaluation required by the Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) under the Exchange Act that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Part II. Other Information

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Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Information with respect to legal proceedings can be found in Note 18 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part 1, Item 1 of this report.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. See Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for a detailed discussion of the risk factors affecting our Company. As of September 30, 2023, there have been no material changes to those risk factors, except as described below.

The termination of our proposed sale of our China manufacturing facilities could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

On September 15, 2022, AOI and Prime World International Holdings Ltd. (the "Seller"), which is a company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and a wholly owned subsidiary of AOI, entered into a definitive agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") with Yuhan Optoelectronic Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (the "Purchaser") under which AOI would divest its manufacturing facilities located in the People's Republic of China and certain assets related to its transceiver business and multichannel optical sub-assembly products for the internet data center, FTTH and telecom markets. The purchase price payable by the Purchaser to the Seller under the Purchase Agreement was an amount equal to the $150 million USD equivalent of Renminbi, less a holdback amount. On September 12, 2023, we delivered a notice of termination to the Purchaser to terminate the Purchase Agreement as a result of the Purchaser's breach of or omission to observe certain of the Purchaser's obligations under the Purchase Agreement. As a result of the termination of the Purchase Agreement, we will not realize the expected benefits of the proposed sale, and we have incurred transaction costs, including legal, accounting, financial, advisory and other costs relating to our proposed divestiture. The termination of our proposed divestiture could disrupt our business and create uncertainty about our future, which could have a material and negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Since we are unable to successfully complete our proposed divestiture, the price of our securities could be impacted.

|  | u

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Item 5. Other Information

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

The adoption or termination of contracts, instructions or written plans for the purchase or sale of our securities by our Section 16 officers and directors for the three months ended September 30, 2023, each of which is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act ("Rule 10b5-1 Plan"), were as follows:

﻿Name |  | Title﻿ |  | Action﻿ |  | Date Adopted﻿ |  | Expiration Date﻿ |  | Aggregate # of Securities to be Purchased/Sold﻿
﻿Shu-Hua (Joshua) Yeh (1) |  | SVP/Asia General Manager﻿ |  | Adoption﻿ |  | 8/16/2023﻿ |  | 7/31/2024﻿ |  | 42,799﻿
Stefan Murry (2)﻿ |  | ﻿CFO |  | Adoption﻿ |  | 9/15/2023﻿ |  | 3/31/2024﻿ |  | 20,000﻿

(1) Shu-Hua (Joshua) Yeh, our Senior Vice President and Asia General Manager, entered into a Rule 10b5-1 Plan on August 16, 2023. Mr. Yeh's plan provides for the potential sale of up to 42,799 shares of the Company's common stock. The plan expires July 31, 2024, or upon the earlier completion of all authorized transactions under the plan.

(2)﻿ Stefan Murry, our Chief Financial Officer, entered into a Rule 10b5-1 Plan on September 15, 2023. D﻿r. Murry's plan provides for the potential sale of up to 20,000 shares of the Company's common stock. The plan expires on March 31, 2024, or upon the earlier completion of all authorized transactions under the plan.

Item 6. Exhibits

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See Exhibit Index.

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EXHIBIT INDEX

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Number |  | Description
2.1* |  | Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of a New Company to Be Established in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of The People’s Republic of China, dated as of September 15, 2022, by and between Prime World International Holdings Ltd., Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Yuhan Optoelectronic Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 15, 2022).
3.1* | ​ | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as currently in effect (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 7, 2023).
| ​ |
3.2* | ​ | Amended and Restated Bylaws, as currently in effect (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 14, 2013).
| ​ |
4.1* | ​ | Common Stock Specimen (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 15, 2015).
​ | ​ | ​
4.2* | ​ | Indenture, dated as of March 5, 2019 between Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, paying agent, and conversion agent (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 5, 2019).
| ​ |
4.3* | ​ | Form of Note representing the Company’s 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (included as Exhibit A to the Indenture filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 5, 2019).
10.1** |  | Applied Optoelectronics, Inc. 2023 Equity Inducement Plan
31.1** | ​ | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule, 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| ​ |
31.2** | ​ | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule, 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| ​ |
32.1** | ​ | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, by Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.
| ​ |
101.INS** | ​ | Inline XBRL Instance – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
| ​ |
101.SCH** | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
| ​ |
101.CAL** | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
​ | ​ | ​
101.DEF** | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
​ | ​ | ​
101.LAB** | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
​ | ​ | ​
101.PRE** | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
​ | ​ | ​
104** | ​ | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

* Incorporated herein by reference to the indicated filing.

** Filed herewith.

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SIGNATURES

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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

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​ | APPLIED OPTOELECTRONICS, INC.
​ | ​ | ​
Date: November 9, 2023 | By: | /s/ STEFAN J. MURRY
​ | ​ | Stefan J. Murry
​ | ​ | Chief Financial Officer
​ | ​ | (principal financial officer and principal accounting officer)

​

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