<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001104659-23-036631.txt : 20230324
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20230324161836
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001104659-23-036631
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		14
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20230324
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20230324
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20230324

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			APPLIED OPTOELECTRONICS, INC.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001158114
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	SEMICONDUCTORS & RELATED DEVICES [3674]
		IRS NUMBER:				760533927
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-36083
		FILM NUMBER:		23760083

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		13139 JESS PIRTLE BLVD
		CITY:			SUGAR LAND
		STATE:			TX
		ZIP:			77478
		BUSINESS PHONE:		281-295-1800

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		13139 JESS PIRTLE BLVD
		CITY:			SUGAR LAND
		STATE:			TX
		ZIP:			77478

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	APPLIED OPTOELECTRONICS INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20010824
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<p style="font: 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>UNITED STATES</b></p>

<p style="font: 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Washington, D.C. 20549</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>FORM <span id="xdx_902_edei--DocumentType_c20230324__20230324_zACUIGYW0t3d"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2023-03-24to2023-03-24" name="dei:DocumentType">8-K</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

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<p style="font: 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>CURRENT REPORT</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Securities Exchange Act of 1934</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>(Exact name of registrant as specified in its
charter)</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>(Registrant&#8217;s telephone number, including
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<p style="border-bottom: black 0.75pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Not Applicable</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>(Former name or former address, if changed since
last report)</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K
filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions (see General
Instruction A.2. below):</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_906_edei--WrittenCommunications_c20230324__20230324_z9wZDZKRS6Nc"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2023-03-24to2023-03-24" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:WrittenCommunications">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Written
communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_905_edei--SolicitingMaterial_c20230324__20230324_zSsqcgC11Dmi"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2023-03-24to2023-03-24" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:SolicitingMaterial">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Soliciting
material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_907_edei--PreCommencementTenderOffer_c20230324__20230324_zJaLEw1m1Qwe"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2023-03-24to2023-03-24" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Pre-commencement
communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_90F_edei--PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_c20230324__20230324_z2rbMjCwGFjc"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2023-03-24to2023-03-24" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Pre-commencement
communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

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    <td style="border: black 1pt solid; width: 30%; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Title of each class</b></span></td>
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 registered</b></span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant
is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&#167;230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (&#167;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Emerging
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying
with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span style="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 1 -->
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Item 1.01. Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><i>&#160;</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On March 24, 2023, Applied
Optoelectronics, Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (the &#8220;Agreement&#8221;) with
Raymond James &amp; Associates, Inc. (the &#8220;Sales Agent&#8221;) pursuant to which the Company may issue and sell shares of the
Company&#8217;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &#8220;Shares&#8221;) having an aggregate offering price of up to $35
million from time to time through the Sales Agent.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Upon delivery of a placement notice and subject
to the terms and conditions of the Agreement, sales, if any, of the Shares will be made through the Sales Agent in transactions that are
deemed to be &#8220;at the market&#8221; offerings as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;Securities
Act&#8221;), including sales made through the facilities of the Nasdaq Global Market, the principal trading market for the Company&#8217;s
common stock, on any other existing trading market for the Company&#8217;s common stock, to or through a market maker or as otherwise
agreed by the Company and the Sales Agent. In the placement notice, the Company will designate the maximum number of Shares to be sold
through the Sales Agent, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, the minimum price for the Shares to be sold, and
any limitation on the number of Shares that may be sold in any one day. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Agreement, the Sales
Agent will use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell Shares on the Company&#8217;s behalf up to the designated amount specified
in the placement notice. The Company has no obligation to sell any Shares under the Agreement and may at any time suspend offers and sales
of the Shares under the Agreement.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Agreement provides that the Sales Agent will
be entitled to compensation of up to 2% of the gross sales price of the Shares sold through the Sales Agent from time to time. The Company
has also agreed to reimburse the Sales Agent for certain specified expenses in connection with the registration of Shares under state
blue sky laws and any filing with, and clearance of the offering by, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Inc., not to exceed $10,000
in the aggregate, and any associated application fees incurred. Additionally, if the Agreement is terminated under certain circumstances,
and the Company fails to sell a minimum amount of the Shares as set forth in the Agreement, then the Company has agreed to reimburse the
Sales Agent for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses, including the reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel incurred by the Sales Agent,
up to a maximum of $30,000 in the aggregate. The Company agreed to indemnify the Sales Agent against certain liabilities, including liabilities
under the Securities Act, or to contribute to payments that the Sales Agent may be required to make because of any of those liabilities.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The offering pursuant to the Agreement will terminate
upon the sale of all Shares subject to the Agreement. The Agreement may also be terminated by the Company or by the Sales Agent at any
time.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Shares to be issued and
sold have been registered under the Securities Act, pursuant to the Company&#8217;s shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (Registration
No. 333-269132) (the &#8220;Registration Statement&#8221;), which was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission on
March 21, 2023, including the prospectus contained therein, as supplemented by the prospectus supplement filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act on March 24, 2023.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The foregoing description of the Agreement does
not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the complete text of the Agreement, which is filed as Exhibit
1.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K and incorporated herein by reference.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Item 9.01. Financial Statements and Exhibits.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>(d)&#160;Exhibits.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: top; width: 89%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Description</b></span></td></tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2310199d1_ex1-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.1</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2310199d1_ex1-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Equity
    Distribution Agreement, dated March 24, 2023, between Applied Optoelectronics,&#160;Inc. and Raymond James&#160;&amp;
    Associates,&#160;Inc.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1158114/000110465916157015/a16-21428_1ex4d1.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.1</span></a></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1158114/000110465916157015/a16-21428_1ex4d1.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Common Stock Specimen (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of AOI's Form 8-K (File No. 001-36083) filed with the SEC on November 14, 2016).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2310199d1_ex5-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.1</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2310199d1_ex5-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Opinion of Haynes and Boone, LLP.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2310199d1_ex5-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.1</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2310199d1_ex5-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent of Haynes and Boone, LLP (included in Exhibit&#160;5.1).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cover Page&#160;Interactive File (the cover page&#160;tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document).</span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SIGNATURES</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly
authorized.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>APPLIED OPTOELECTRONICS,&#160;INC.</b></span></td></tr>
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    <td style="width: 50%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 4%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 46%">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Date: March 24, 2023</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ David C. Kuo</span></td></tr>
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    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">David C. Kuo</span></td></tr>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">General Counsel and Secretary</span></td></tr>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0pt"><B>Exhibit 1.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><U>Equity Distribution Agreement </U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">March 24, 2023</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Raymond James &amp; Associates, Inc.<BR>
880 Carillon Parkway<BR>
St. Petersburg, Florida 33716</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">APPLIED OPTOELECTRONICS, INC., a Delaware corporation
(the &#8220;<B><U>Company</U></B>&#8221;), confirms its agreement (this &#8220;<B><U>Agreement</U></B>&#8221;) with RAYMOND JAMES &amp;
ASSOCIATES, INC. (&#8220;<B><U>Raymond James</U></B>&#8221; or&nbsp;&#8220;<B><U>Agent</U></B>&#8221;), as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Issuance and Sale of Shares</U>. The Company agrees that, from time to time during the term of this&nbsp;Agreement, on the terms
and subject to the conditions set forth herein, it may issue and sell through Raymond James, acting as agent, up to $35,000,000 aggregate
gross proceeds of shares (the &#8220;<B><U>Shares</U></B>&#8221;) of the Company&#8217;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the
 &#8220;<B><U>Common Stock</U></B>&#8221;). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the parties hereto agree that compliance
with the limitations set forth in this Section 1 on the number of Shares issued and sold under this Agreement shall be the sole responsibility
of the Company. The issuance and sale of Shares through Raymond James will be effected pursuant to the Registration Statement (as defined
below) filed by the Company and declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;<B><U>Commission</U></B>&#8221;),
although nothing in this Agreement shall be construed as requiring the Company to use the Registration Statement to offer, sell or issue
the Shares. The Company agrees that Raymond James shall be under no obligation to purchase Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this
Agreement, except as otherwise agreed in a separate written agreement containing the terms and conditions of such sale.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has filed, in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and&nbsp;the rules and regulations
thereunder (collectively, the &#8220;<B><U>Securities Act</U></B>&#8221;), with the Commission a registration statement on Form S-3
(File No. 333-269132), including a base prospectus, relating to certain securities, including the Shares to be issued from time to
time by the Company, and which incorporates by reference documents that the Company has filed or will file in accordance with the
provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the
 &#8220;<B><U>Exchange Act</U></B>&#8221;). The Company has prepared a&nbsp;prospectus supplement specifically relating to the Shares
(the &#8220;<B><U>Prospectus Supplement</U></B>&#8221;) to the base prospectus included as part of such registration statement. The
Company will furnish to Raymond James, for use by Raymond James, copies of the base prospectus included as part of such registration
statement, as amended, as supplemented by the Prospectus Supplement, relating to the Shares. Except where the context otherwise
requires, such registration statement when it became effective, including all documents filed as part thereof or incorporated by
reference therein, and including any information contained in or incorporated by reference in a Prospectus (as defined below)
subsequently filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act or deemed to be a part of such registration
statement pursuant to Rule 430B under the Securities Act, is herein called the &#8220;<B><U>Registration Statement</U></B>.&#8221;
The base prospectus, including all documents incorporated therein by reference, included in the Registration Statement, as it</FONT>
may be supplemented by the Prospectus Supplement, in the form in which such prospectus and/or Prospectus Supplement have most
recently been filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act, together with any issuer
free writing prospectus (as defined below) that relates to the Shares, is called the &#8220;<B><U>Prospectus</U></B>.&#8221; As used
herein, &#8220;<B><U>issuer free writing prospectus</U></B>&#8221; has the meaning set forth in Rule 433 under the Securities Act,
and &#8220;<B><U>free writing prospectus</U></B>&#8221; has the meaning set forth in Rule 405 under the Securities Act. Any
reference herein to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to refer to
and include the documents incorporated by reference therein, and any reference herein to the terms &#8220;amend,&#8221;
 &#8220;amendment&#8221; or &#8220;supplement&#8221; with respect to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus shall be deemed to
refer to and include the filing after the execution hereof of any document with the Commission deemed to be incorporated by
reference therein. All references in this Agreement to (i) the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, or any amendments or
supplements to any of the foregoing, shall include any copy thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to its Electronic Data
Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval System (&#8220;EDGAR&#8221;) and (ii) the Prospectus shall be deemed to include the
 &#8220;electronic Prospectus&#8221; provided for use in connection with the offering of the Shares as contemplated by Section 7(x)
of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Placements</U>. Each time that the Company wishes to issue and sell Shares hereunder (each, a &#8220;<B><U>Placement</U></B>&#8221;),
it will notify Raymond James by email notice (or other method mutually agreed to in writing by the parties) containing the parameters
in accordance with which it desires the Shares to be sold, which shall at a minimum include the number of Shares to be issued (the &#8220;<B><U>Placement
Shares</U></B>&#8221;), the time period during which sales are requested to be made, any limitation on the number of Shares that may be
sold in any one Trading Day (as defined in Section 3 below) and any minimum price below which sales may not be made (a &#8220;<B><U>Placement
Notice</U></B>&#8221;), a&nbsp;form of which containing such minimum sales parameters necessary is attached hereto as Schedule 1. The
Placement Notice shall originate from any of the individuals from the Company set forth on Schedule 2 attached hereto (with a copy to
each of the other individuals from the Company listed on such schedule), and shall be addressed to each of the individuals from Raymond
James set forth on Schedule 2, as such Schedule 2 may be amended from time to time. The Placement Notice shall be effective upon receipt
and prompt confirmation by Raymond James unless and until (i) in accordance with the notice requirements set forth in Section 4, Raymond
James declines to accept the terms contained therein for any reason, in its sole discretion, and Raymond James provides notice thereof
to the Company within one business day, (ii) the entire amount of the Placement Shares have been sold, (iii) in accordance with the notice
requirements set forth in Section 4, the Company suspends, cancels or terminates the Placement Notice, (iv) the Company issues a subsequent
Placement Notice with parameters superseding those on the earlier dated Placement Notice, or (v) this Agreement has been terminated under
the provisions of Section 13.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
amount of compensation to be paid by the Company to Raymond James in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares shall be 2% of the
gross proceeds from the sales of the Placement Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause
or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares at a price lower than the minimum price authorized from time to time by the Company&#8217;s
board of directors or duly authorized committee thereof, and notified to Raymond James in writing, nor shall the Company cause</FONT>
or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares in a number or with an aggregate gross or net sales price in excess of the number
or aggregate gross or net sales price, as the case may be, authorized from time to time to be issued and sold under this Agreement, in
each case by the Company&#8217;s board of directors or duly authorized committee thereof, or in a number in excess of the number of Shares
approved for listing on The Nasdaq Global Market (the &#8220;<B>Exchange</B>&#8221;), or in excess of the number or amount of Shares available
for issuance on the Registration Statement. It is expressly acknowledged and agreed that neither the Company nor Raymond James will have
any obligation whatsoever with respect to a Placement or any Placement Shares unless and until the Company delivers a Placement Notice
to Raymond James, receipt of which is promptly confirmed by Raymond James, and then only upon the terms specified therein and herein.
In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Agreement and the terms of a Placement Notice, the terms of the Placement Notice
will control.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>Sale
of Placement Shares by Raymond James</U>. Subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, upon the Company&#8217;s issuance of
a Placement Notice to Raymond James, receipt of which is promptly confirmed by Raymond James, and unless the sale of the Placement
Shares described therein has been declined, suspended, canceled or otherwise terminated in accordance with the terms of this
Agreement, Raymond James, for&nbsp;the period specified in the Placement Notice, will use its commercially reasonable efforts
consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of
the Exchange, to sell such Placement Shares up to the amount specified, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of such Placement
Notice. Raymond James will provide written confirmation to the Company no later than the opening of the Trading Day (as defined
below) immediately following the Trading Day on which it has made sales of Placement Shares hereunder setting forth the number of
Placement Shares sold on such day, the prices at which such Placement Shares were sold, the gross proceeds from such sales, the
compensation payable by the Company to Raymond James pursuant to Section 2 with respect to such sales, and the Net Proceeds (as
defined below) payable to the Company, with an itemization of the deductions made by Raymond James (as set forth in Section 5(a))
from the gross proceeds that it receives from such sales. Unless otherwise set forth in the Placement Notice, Raymond James may sell
Placement Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an &#8220;at the market&#8221; offering as defined in Rule 415 of the
Securities Act, including without limitation sales made directly on the Exchange, on any other existing trading market for the
Common Stock or to or through a market maker. With prior consent of the Company, and subject to the terms of the Placement Notice,
Raymond James may also sell Placement Shares in privately negotiated transactions. The Company and Raymond James represent that a
majority of the sales of Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement will be made to the public and not in privately negotiated
transactions. The Company acknowledges and agrees that (i) there can be no assurance that Raymond James will be successful in
selling Placement Shares, and (ii) Raymond James will incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other person or entity
if it does not sell Placement Shares for any reason other than a failure by Raymond James to use its commercially reasonable efforts
consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell such Placement Shares as required under this Section 3. For the
purposes hereof, &#8220;<B><U>Trading Day</U></B>&#8221; means any day on which the Common Stock is traded on the Exchange.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><U>Suspension of Sales</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>The Company or Raymond James may, upon notice to the other party in writing (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals
of the other party set forth on Schedule 2, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom
the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by verifiable facsimile transmission or email correspondence
to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on Schedule 2), suspend any sale of Placement Shares; <I>provided however</I>,
that such suspension shall not affect or impair either party&#8217;s obligations with respect to any Placement Shares sold hereunder prior
to the receipt of such notice. Each of the parties agrees that no such notice under this Section 4 shall be effective against the other
unless it is made to one of the individuals named on Schedule 2, as such Schedule may be amended from time to time.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Company shall not offer or sell, or request the offer or sale of, any
of the Placement Shares and, by notice to Raymond James in writing (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of Raymond
James set forth on Schedule 2 if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom the notice
is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by verifiable facsimile transmission or email correspondence
to each of the individuals of Raymond James set forth on Schedule 2), shall cancel any instructions for the offer or sale of any of the
Placement Shares, and upon delivery of such notice, receipt of which is promptly confirmed by Raymond James, Raymond James shall not offer
or sell any of the Placement Shares during any period in which the Company is in possession of such material non-public information and
as provided in such notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Settlement</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Settlement of Placement Shares</U>. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable Placement Notice, settlement for sales of Placement
Shares will occur on the second (2nd) Trading Day (or such earlier day as is industry practice for regular-way trading) following the
date on which such sales are made (each, a &#8220;<B><U>Settlement Date</U></B>&#8221;). The amount of proceeds to be delivered to the
Company on a Settlement Date against receipt of the Placement Shares sold (the &#8220;<B><U>Net Proceeds</U></B>&#8221;) will be equal
to the aggregate sales price received by Raymond James for the sale of such Placement Shares, after deduction for (i) Raymond James&#8217;
compensation for such sales payable by the Company pursuant to Section 2 hereof, (ii) any other amounts due and payable by the Company
to Raymond James hereunder pursuant to Section 7(h) (Expenses) hereof, and (iii) any transaction fees imposed in respect of such sales
by any governmental or self-regulatory organization having jurisdiction over the Company (each, a&nbsp;&#8220;<B><U>Governmental Entity</U></B>&#8221;
and collectively, the &#8220;<B><U>Governmental Entities</U></B>&#8221;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>Delivery
of Placement Shares</U>. On or before each Settlement Date, the Company will, or&nbsp;will cause its transfer agent to,
electronically transfer the Placement Shares being sold by crediting Raymond James&#8217;s or its designee&#8217;s account
(<I>provided </I>Raymond James shall have given the Company written notice of such designee prior to the Settlement Date) at The
Depository Trust Company through its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian System or by such other means of delivery as may be
mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto which in all cases shall be freely tradeable, transferable, registered shares in good
deliverable form. On each Settlement Date, Raymond James will deliver the related Net Proceeds in same day funds to an account
designated by the Company on, or prior to, the Settlement Date. The Company agrees that if the Company, or its transfer agent (if
applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver Placement Shares on a Settlement Date, in addition to and in no way limiting the
rights and obligations set forth in Section 10(a) (Indemnification and Contribution) below, it will hold Raymond James harmless
against any loss, claim, damage, or expense (including reasonable legal fees and expenses), as&nbsp;actually and reasonably
incurred, arising out of or in connection with such default by the Company, and notwithstanding any such default by the Company,
will pay to Raymond James the commission, discount, or other compensation to which it would otherwise have been entitled absent such
default.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>No Other Agent</U>. The Company agrees that any offer to sell Shares, any solicitation of an offer to buy Shares, or any sales
of Shares shall only be effected by or through Raymond James, and the Company shall in no event offer or sell Shares on the same day through
any other agent or broker.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Representations, Warranties of the Company</U>. The Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with Raymond James as of
each Applicable Time (as defined in Section 23(a)), as follows:</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Compliance with Registration Requirements</U>. The Registration Statement has been declared effective by the Commission under
the Securities Act. No stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement is in effect and no proceedings for such
purpose or pursuant to Section 8A of the Securities Act have been instituted or are pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, are threatened
by the Commission. The Company meets all applicable requirements for use of Form S-3 under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Prospectus when filed complied in all material respects with the Securities Act, and (except as may be permitted by Regulation S-T under
the Securities Act) each preliminary prospectus and the Prospectus delivered to Raymond James for use in connection with the offering
of the Shares was identical to the electronically transmitted copies thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR. The Registration
Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, at the time it became effective and each deemed effective date with respect to Raymond
James pursuant to Rule 430B(f)(2) of the Securities Act and at each Settlement Date, complied and will comply in all material respects
with the Securities Act and did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required
to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. The documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated</FONT>
by reference in the Prospectus, at the time they were filed with the Commission under the Exchange Act, complied in all material respects
with the requirements of the Exchange Act. The Prospectus (including any Prospectus wrapper), as amended or supplemented, as of its date
and at all subsequent times, including each Representation Date (as defined in Section 7(n)), did not and will not contain any untrue
statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances
under which they were made, not misleading. The representations and warranties set forth in the three immediately preceding sentences
do not apply to statements in or omissions from the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, the Prospectus or
any amendments or supplements thereto, made in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to Raymond James furnished to
the Company in writing by Raymond James expressly for use therein, it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished
by Raymond James to the Company consists of the information described in Section&nbsp;10(b) below. There are no contracts or other documents
required to be described in the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement which have not been described or filed
as required.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company is not an &#8220;ineligible issuer&#8221;
in connection with the offering of the Shares pursuant to Rules 164, 405 and 433 under the Securities Act. Any free writing prospectus
that the Company is required to file pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Securities Act has been, or will be, filed with the Commission
in accordance with the requirements of the Securities Act. Each free writing prospectus that the Company has filed, or is required to
file, pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Securities Act or that was prepared by or on behalf of or used or referred to by the Company complies
or will comply in all material respects with the requirements of Rule 433 under the Securities Act including timely filing with the Commission
or retention where required and legending, and each such free writing prospectus, as of its issue date and as of each Applicable Time,
did not, does not and will not include any information that conflicted, conflicts with or will conflict with the information contained
in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, including any document incorporated by reference therein, that has not been superseded
or modified. Except for the free writing prospectuses, if any, identified in Schedule 3 hereto furnished to Raymond James before first
use, the Company has not used or referred to, and will not, without Raymond James&#8217; prior consent, use or refer to, any free writing
prospectus.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>Offering
Materials Furnished to Raymond James</U>. The Company has delivered to Raymond James a complete copy of the Registration Statement,
each amendment thereto and each opinion, consent and certificate of experts filed as a part thereof, and conformed copies of the
Registration Statement, each amendment thereto (without exhibits) and the Prospectus, as amended or supplemented, and any
freewriting prospectus reviewed and consented to in writing by Raymond James, in such quantities and at such places as Raymond James
has reasonably requested.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Distribution of Offering Material By the Company</U>. The Company has not distributed and will not distribute, prior to the
completion of Raymond James&#8217; sale of all of the Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement, any offering material in connection
with the offering and sale of the Shares other than the Prospectus, any free writing prospectus reviewed and consented to in writing by
Raymond James or the Registration Statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>The Agreement</U>. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by, and is a valid and binding agreement
of, the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except as rights to indemnification and contribution hereunder
may be limited by applicable law and except as the enforcement hereof may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium
or other similar laws relating to or affecting the rights and remedies of creditors or by general equitable principles regardless of whether
considered in a proceeding in equity or at law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Authorization of the Shares</U>. The Shares have been duly authorized for issuance and sale pursuant to this Agreement and,
when issued and delivered by the Company and paid for in accordance with this Agreement, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable,
and the issuance and sale of the Shares is not subject to any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or other similar rights to subscribe
for or purchase the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>No Applicable Registration or Other Similar Rights</U>. There are no persons with registration or other similar rights to have
any equity or debt securities registered for sale under the Registration Statement or included in the offering contemplated by this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>No Material Adverse Change</U>. Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, subsequent to
the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus: (i) there has been no material
adverse change, or any development that could reasonably be expected to result in a material adverse change, in the condition, financial
or otherwise, or in the properties, business, results of operations or prospects, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary
course of business, of the Company and its subsidiaries, considered as one entity (any such change is called a &#8220;<B><U>Material Adverse
Change</U></B>&#8221;); (ii) the Company and its subsidiaries, considered as one entity, have not incurred any material liability or obligation,
indirect, direct or contingent, not in the ordinary course of business nor entered into any material transaction or agreement not in the
ordinary course of business; and (iii) there has been no dividend or other distribution of any kind declared, paid or made by the Company
(other than regular quarterly cash dividends) or, except for dividends paid to the Company or other subsidiaries, any of its subsidiaries
on any class of capital stock or repurchase or redemption by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of any class of capital stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">h)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Independent Accountants</U>. Grant Thornton LLP, who have expressed their opinion with respect to the financial statements (which
term as used in this Agreement includes the related notes thereto) of the Company and its subsidiaries incorporated by reference in the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus are an independent registered public accounting firm with respect to the Company as required
by the Securities Act and the Exchange Act and the applicable published rules and regulations thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>Preparation
of the Financial Statements</U>. The financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries included and incorporated by reference
in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus present fairly in all material respects the consolidated financial position of the
Company and its subsidiaries as of and at the dates indicated and the results of their operations and cash flows for the periods
specified. Such financial statements have been prepared in conformity with GAAP (as defined in Section 23(b)), except as may be
expressly stated in the related notes thereto. No other financial statements or supporting schedules of the Company and its
subsidiaries are required to be included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus. All
disclosures contained in the Prospectus and the Registration Statement regarding &#8220;non-GAAP financial measures&#8221; (as such
term is defined by the rules and regulations of the Commission) comply with Regulation G of the Exchange Act and Item&nbsp;10 of
Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, to the extent applicable. No person who has been suspended or barred from being associated
with a registered public accounting firm, or who has failed to comply with any sanction pursuant to Rule 5300 promulgated by the
PCAOB, has participated in or otherwise aided the preparation of, or audited, the financial statements, supporting schedules or
other financial data of the Company and its subsidiaries incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus
(it being agreed that the foregoing representation is made only to the Company&#8217;s actual knowledge without independent
investigation with respect to any person who is not a director, officer or employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries).
The&nbsp;interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the
Prospectus fairly presents the required information called for in all material respects and has been prepared in accordance with the
Commission&#8217;s rules and guidelines applicable thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">j)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Company&#8217;s Accounting System</U>. The Company and each of its subsidiaries maintain a system of internal accounting controls
sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management&#8217;s general or specific
authorization; (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to
maintain accountability for assets; (iii)&nbsp;access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management&#8217;s general or specific
authorization; (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action
is taken with respect to any differences; and (v) the interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (&#8220;<B><U>XBRL</U></B>&#8221;)
incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus fairly presents the information called for in all material
respects and is prepared in accordance with the Commission&#8217;s rules and guidelines applicable thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">k)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Incorporation and Good Standing of the Company and its Subsidiaries</U>. Each of the Company and its subsidiaries has been duly
incorporated or organized, as the case may be, and is validly existing as a corporation, partnership, limited liability company or trust,
as applicable, in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization and has the power and authority
(corporate or other) to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in the Prospectus and, in the case
of the Company, to enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement. Each of the Company and each subsidiary is duly qualified
as a foreign corporation, partnership, limited liability company or trust, as applicable, to transact business and is in good standing
in each jurisdiction in which such qualification is required, whether by reason of the ownership or leasing of property or the conduct
of business, except where the failure to be so qualified and in good standing would not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a
Material Adverse Change. All of the issued and outstanding capital stock or other equity or ownership interests of each subsidiary have
been duly authorized and validly issued, are fully paid and nonassessable and, except as set forth in the Prospectus, are owned by the
Company, directly or through subsidiaries, free and clear of any security interest, mortgage, pledge, lien, encumbrance or adverse claim.
The Company does not own or control, directly or indirectly, any corporation, association or other entity other than (i) the subsidiaries
listed in Exhibit 21.1 to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year fiscal ended December 31, 2022 and (ii) such other
entities omitted from Exhibit&nbsp;21.1 which, when such omitted entities are considered in the aggregate as a single subsidiary, would
not constitute a &#8220;significant subsidiary&#8221; within the meaning of Rule 1-02(w) of Regulation S-X under the Exchange Act (&#8220;<B><U>Regulation
S-X</U></B>&#8221;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">l)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Capitalization and Other Capital Stock Matters</U>. The authorized, issued and outstanding capital stock of the Company is as
set forth in the Prospectus (other than for subsequent issuances, if any, described in the Prospectus or pursuant to employee benefit
plans described in the Prospectus or upon the exercise of outstanding options or vesting of restricted stock units, in each case described
in the Prospectus, and other than Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement prior to the filing of the Company&#8217;s next annual report
on Form 10-K or quarterly report on Form 10-Q). The Shares conform in all material respects to the description thereof contained in the
Prospectus. All of the issued and outstanding Shares have been duly authorized and validly issued and are fully paid and nonassessable.
None of the outstanding Shares was issued in violation of any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or other similar rights to subscribe
for or purchase securities of the Company. There are no authorized or outstanding options, warrants, preemptive rights, rights of first
refusal or other rights to purchase, or equity or debt securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for, any capital stock
of the Company or any of its subsidiaries other than those disclosed in the Prospectus and other than for subsequent issuances, if any,
pursuant to the employee benefit plans that are described in the Prospectus. The description of the Company&#8217;s stock option, stock
bonus and other stock plans or arrangements, and the options or other rights granted thereunder, set forth in the Prospectus accurately
and fairly presents in all material respects the information required to be shown with respect to such plans, arrangements, options and
rights.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">m)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT> <U>Exchange Listing</U>. The Shares are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the Exchange Act and have been approved
for listing on the Exchange, subject to notice of issuance. The Company has taken no action designed to, or that would be reasonably expected
to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Shares under the Exchange Act or delisting the Shares from the Exchange, nor
has the Company received any notification that the Commission or the Exchange is contemplating terminating such registration or listing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">n)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Non-Contravention of Laws and Existing Instruments; No Further Authorizations or Approvals Required</U>. Neither the Company
nor any of its subsidiaries is (i) in breach or violation of (A) its charter or bylaws, partnership agreement or operating agreement or
similar organizational document, as applicable, (B) any applicable federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or rule, except as
would not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change, or (C) any applicable rule or regulation of any self-regulatory
organization or other non-governmental regulatory authority (including, without limitation, the rules and regulations of the Exchange)
or (ii) in default in any material respect (&#8220;<B><U>Default</U></B>&#8221;) under any indenture, mortgage, loan or credit agreement,
note, contract, franchise, lease or other instrument to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or by which it or any
of them may be bound (including, without limitation, any credit agreement, indenture, pledge agreement, security agreement or other instrument
or agreement evidencing, guaranteeing or securing indebtedness of the Company or any of its subsidiaries), or to which any of the property
or assets of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is subject (each, an &#8220;<B><U>Existing Instrument</U></B>&#8221;), except in the
case of clauses (i)(C) and (ii) above, for such breaches, violations or Defaults as would not, individually or in the aggregate, result
in a Material Adverse Change. The Company&#8217;s execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement, consummation of the transactions
contemplated hereby and by the Prospectus and the issuance and sale of the Shares (i) will not conflict with or constitute a breach of,
or Default or a Debt Repayment Triggering Event (as defined below) under, or result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge
or encumbrance upon any property or assets of the Company or any of its subsidiaries pursuant to, or require the consent of any other
party to, any Existing Instrument and (ii) will not result in any violation of any federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or
rule, administrative or court decree or any rule or regulation of any self-regulatory organization or other non-governmental regulatory
authority (including, without limitation, the rules and regulations of the Exchange) applicable to the Company or any subsidiary, except
for those conflicts, breaches, defaults, Debt Repayment Triggering Events or violations that would not, individually or in the aggregate,
result in a Material Adverse Change.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">No consent, approval, authorization or other order
of, or registration or filing with, any court or other governmental or regulatory authority or agency, is required for the Company&#8217;s
execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and by the Prospectus,
except such as have been obtained or made by the Company and are in full force and effect under the Securities Act, applicable state securities
or blue sky laws and from the Exchange. As used herein, a &#8220;<B><U>Debt Repayment Triggering Event</U></B>&#8221; means any event
or condition which gives, or with the giving of notice or lapse of time would give, the holder of any note, debenture or other evidence
of indebtedness (or any person acting on such holder&#8217;s behalf) the right to require the repurchase, redemption or repayment of all
or a portion of such indebtedness by the Company or any of its subsidiaries.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>No Material Actions or Proceedings</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there are no legal
or governmental actions, suits or proceedings pending or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, threatened (i) against the Company or any
of its subsidiaries, (ii) which have as the subject thereof any officer or director of, or property owned or leased by, the Company or
any of its subsidiaries or (iii) relating to environmental or discrimination matters, where in any such case (A) there is a reasonable
possibility that such action, suit or proceeding might be determined adversely to the Company, such subsidiary or such officer or director,
and (B) any such action, suit or proceeding, if so determined adversely, would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse
Change or adversely affect the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. No material labor dispute with the employees
of the Company or any of its subsidiaries exists or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, is threatened or imminent, which would reasonably
be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">p)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>Intellectual
Property Rights.</U> The Company and its subsidiaries own or possess sufficient trademarks, trade names, patent rights, copyrights,
domain names, licenses, approvals, trade secrets and other similar rights (collectively, &#8220;<B><U>Intellectual Property
Rights</U></B>&#8221;) reasonably necessary to conduct their businesses as now conducted. Neither the Company nor any of its
subsidiaries has received any notice of infringement or conflict with asserted Intellectual Property Rights of others, which would
reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. None of the technology employed by the Company or any of its
subsidiaries has been obtained or is being used by the Company or any of its subsidiaries in violation of any contractual obligation
binding on the Company or any of its subsidiaries or any of its or its subsidiaries&#8217; officers, directors or employees or
otherwise in violation of the rights of any persons, except for such violations that would not, individually or in the aggregate,
reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">q)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>All Necessary Permits, etc</U>. The Company and each subsidiary possess such valid and current certificates, authorizations,
licenses or permits issued by the appropriate state, local, federal or foreign regulatory agencies or bodies necessary to conduct their
respective businesses, other than those the failure to possess or own has not and would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material
Adverse Change, and neither the Company nor any subsidiary has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification
of, or&nbsp;non-compliance with, any such certificate, authorization, license or permit which, singly or in the aggregate, if the subject
of an unfavorable decision, ruling or finding, would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">r)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Title to Properties</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company and each of its subsidiaries
has good and valid title to all of the real and personal property and other assets reflected as owned in the financial statements referred
to in Section 6(i) above (or elsewhere in the Prospectus), in each case free and clear of any security interests, mortgages, liens, encumbrances,
adverse claims and other defects, except such as do not have or result in a Material Adverse Change to the use of such property by the
Company or such subsidiary. The real property, improvements, equipment and personal property held under lease by the Company or any subsidiary
are held under valid and enforceable leases, with such exceptions as are not material and do not materially interfere with the use made
or proposed to be made of such real property, improvements, equipment or personal property by the Company or such subsidiary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">s)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act</U>. The Company and its subsidiaries and to the knowledge of the Company the officers
and directors of the Company and its subsidiaries, in their capacities as such, are, and at the Settlement Date and any Applicable Time
will be, in compliance in all material respects with the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations promulgated
thereunder or implementing the provisions thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">t)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Tax Law Compliance</U>. The Company and its subsidiaries have filed all necessary federal, state and foreign income and franchise
tax returns (other than certain state or local tax returns, as to which the failure to file, individually or in the aggregate, would not
result in a Material Adverse Change) and have paid all taxes required to be paid by any of them and, if due and payable, any related or
similar assessment, fine or penalty levied against any of them, except for any such assessment, fine or penalty that is currently being
contested in good faith or that if not paid, would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change. The Company has made
adequate charges, accruals and reserves in the applicable financial statements referred to in Section 6(i) above in respect of all federal,
state and foreign income and franchise taxes for all periods as to which the tax liability of the Company or any of its subsidiaries has
not been finally determined.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">u)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Company Not an &#8220;Investment Company&#8221;</U>. The Company is not, and will not be, either after receipt of payment for
the Shares or after the application of the proceeds therefrom as described under &#8220;Use of Proceeds&#8221; in the Prospectus, an &#8220;investment
company&#8221; within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">v)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Insurance</U>. Each of the Company and its subsidiaries are insured with policies in such amounts and with such deductibles
and covering such risks as it reasonably deems adequate for their businesses. The&nbsp;Company has no reason to believe that it or any
subsidiary will not be able (i) to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such policies expire or (ii) to obtain comparable
coverage from similar institutions as may be necessary or appropriate to conduct its business as now conducted and at a cost that would
not result in a Material Adverse Change.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">w)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>No
Price Stabilization or Manipulation; Compliance with Regulation M</U>. The Common Stock is an &#8220;actively traded security&#8221;
excepted from the requirements of Rule 101 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act by subsection (c)(1) of such rule. Neither the
Company nor any of its subsidiaries has taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or that might be reasonably expected
to cause or result in stabilization or manipulation of the price of the Shares to facilitate the sale or resale of the Shares. The
Company acknowledges that Raymond James may engage in passive market making transactions in the Shares on the Exchange in accordance
with Regulation M under the Exchange Act (&#8220;<B><U>Regulation M</U></B>&#8221;). The Company acknowledges and agrees that
Raymond James has informed the Company that Raymond James may, to the extent permitted under the Exchange Act, purchase and sell
shares of Common Stock for its own account while this Agreement is in effect; <I>provided</I> that the Company shall not be deemed
to have authorized or consented to any such purchases or sales by Raymond James.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">x)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Related Party Transactions</U>. There are no business relationships or related-party transactions involving the Company or any
of its subsidiaries or any other person required to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus which have not been
described as required in all material respects. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has extended or maintained credit, arranged
for the extension of credit, or renewed any extension of credit, in the form of a personal loan, to or for any director or executive officer
(or equivalent thereof) of the Company and/or such subsidiary except for such extensions of credit as are permitted by Section 13(k) of
the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">y)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Statistical and Market-Related Data</U>. The Company believes that, as of the effective date of the Registration Statement,
the statistical, industry and market-related data included in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus is reliable and accurate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">z)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>No Unlawful Contributions or Other Payments</U>. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries nor, to the Company&#8217;s
knowledge, any employee or agent of the Company or any subsidiary, has made any contribution or other payment to any official of, or candidate
for, any federal, state or foreign office in violation of any law or of the character required to be disclosed in the Registration Statement
and the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">aa)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Disclosure Controls and Procedures; Deficiencies in or Changes to Internal Control Over Financial Reporting</U>. The Company
has established and maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as&nbsp;defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)), that
complies with the requirements of the Exchange Act and that has been designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the
Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized
and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission&#8217;s rules and forms, including controls and procedures designed to
ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company&#8217;s management as appropriate to allow timely decisions
regarding required disclosure. The Company and its subsidiaries have carried out evaluations of the effectiveness of their disclosure
controls and procedures as required by Rule 13a-15 of the Exchange Act and concluded that such disclosure controls and procedures were
effective. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or Prospectus, there are no material weaknesses in the Company&#8217;s internal
control over financial reporting (whether or not remediated). The Company&#8217;s independent auditors and the Audit Committee of the
Board of Directors of the Company have been advised of (i) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation
of internal control over financial reporting which could adversely affect the Company&#8217;s ability to record, process, summarize and
report financial data, and (ii) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant
role in the Company&#8217;s internal control over financial reporting. Since December 31, 2022, there has been no change in the Company&#8217;s
internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company&#8217;s
internal control over financial reporting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">bb)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>Compliance
with Environmental Laws</U>. Except as would not, singly or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse
Change, (i) neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is in violation of any federal, state, local or foreign law or
regulation relating to pollution or protection of human health, the environment (including, without limitation, ambient air, surface
water, groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata) or wildlife, including, without limitation, laws and regulations relating to
the release or threatened release of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, wastes, toxic substances, hazardous substances, petroleum
or petroleum products (collectively, &#8220;<B><U>Hazardous Materials</U></B>&#8221;) or to the manufacture, processing,
distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport or handling of Hazardous Materials (collectively,
 &#8220;<B><U>Environmental Laws</U></B>&#8221;), (ii) the Company and its subsidiaries have all permits, authorizations and
approvals required under any applicable Environmental Laws and are each in compliance with their requirements, or (iii) there are no
pending or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, threatened administrative, regulatory or judicial actions, suits, demands, demand
letters, claims, liens, notices of noncompliance or violation, investigation or proceedings relating to any Environmental Law
against the Company or any of its subsidiaries.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">cc)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>ERISA Compliance</U>. Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, to the Company&#8217;s
knowledge, the Company and its subsidiaries and any &#8220;employee benefit plan&#8221; (as&nbsp;defined under the Employee Retirement
Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, and the regulations and published interpretations thereunder (collectively, &#8220;<B><U>ERISA</U></B>&#8221;))
established or maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or their &#8220;ERISA Affiliates&#8221; (as defined below) are in compliance
with ERISA, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. &#8220;<B><U>ERISA
Affiliate</U></B>&#8221; means, with respect to the Company or a subsidiary, any member of any group of organizations described in Sections
414(b), (c), (m) or (o) of the Code of which the Company or such subsidiary is a member. No &#8220;reportable event&#8221; (as defined
under ERISA) has occurred or is reasonably expected to occur with respect to any &#8220;employee pension benefit plan&#8221; (as defined
under ERISA) established or maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates. No &#8220;employee pension benefit
plan&#8221; established or maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates, if such &#8220;employee pension
benefit plan&#8221; were terminated, would have any &#8220;amount of unfunded benefit liabilities&#8221; (as defined under ERISA). None
of the Company, its subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates has incurred or reasonably expects to incur any liability under (i)
Title IV of ERISA with respect to termination of, or withdrawal from, any &#8220;employee pension benefit plan&#8221; or (ii) Sections
412, 4971 or 4975 of the Code or (iii) Section 4980B of the Code as a result of a failure to comply with such Section. Except as would
not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change, each &#8220;employee pension benefit
plan&#8221; established or maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates that is intended to be qualified
under Section 401(a) of the Code is so qualified and, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, nothing has occurred, whether by action or failure
to act, which would cause the loss of such qualification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">dd)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Brokers</U>. Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there is no broker, finder or other
party that is entitled to receive from the Company any brokerage or finder&#8217;s fee or other fee or commission as a result of any transactions
contemplated by this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ee)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</U>. Except as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change, neither
the Company nor any of its subsidiaries nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee, affiliate or other
person acting on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is aware of or has taken any action, directly or indirectly, that has
resulted or would result in a violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder
(the &#8220;<B><U>FCPA</U></B>&#8221;) or&nbsp;any other applicable anti-bribery law, including, without limitation, making use of the
mails or any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce corruptly in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay or authorization
of the payment of any money, or other property, gift, promise to give, or authorization of the giving of anything of value to any &#8220;foreign
official&#8221; (as such term is defined in the FCPA) or any foreign political party or official thereof or any candidate for foreign
political office, in contravention of the FCPA; and the Company and its subsidiaries and, to the knowledge of the Company, the Company&#8217;s
affiliates have conducted their respective businesses in compliance with the FCPA.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ff)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Money Laundering Laws</U>. The operations of the Company and its subsidiaries are, and have been conducted at all times, in
compliance with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of
1970, as amended, the money laundering statutes of all applicable jurisdictions, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related
or similar applicable rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency (collectively, the
 &#8220;<B><U>Money Laundering Laws</U></B>&#8221;) and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority
or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or any of its subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to
the knowledge of the Company, threatened.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">gg)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>OFAC</U>.
Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee,
affiliate or person acting on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is currently subject to any U.S. sanctions
administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Treasury Department (&#8220;<B><U>OFAC</U></B>&#8221;); and the
Company will not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of this offering, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such
proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other person or entity, for the purpose of financing the activities of any
person currently subject to any U.S. sanctions administered by OFAC or to fund any activities of or business with any person in any
country or territory that, at the time of such funding, is subject to any U.S. sanctions administered by OFAC.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">hh)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Cybersecurity</U>. (A) The Company is not aware of any current (or event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result
in any future) security breach, unauthorized access or disclosure, or other compromise of the Company&#8217;s or its subsidiaries&#8217;
information technology and computer systems, networks, hardware, software, data and databases used, processed or stored by the Company
or its subsidiaries or on behalf of the Company or its subsidiaries (collectively, &#8220;IT Systems and Data&#8221;), except for any
such security breach, unauthorized access or disclosure, or other compromise of the Company&#8217;s or its subsidiaries&#8217; IT Systems
and Data that would not be reasonably expected to, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Change and (B) the Company
and its subsidiaries have implemented reasonable controls, policies, procedures and technological safeguards designed to maintain and
protect the integrity, operation, redundancy and security of their IT Systems and Data to be used in connection with the Company&#8217;s
proposed method of operation. To the Company&#8217;s knowledge, the Company and its subsidiaries are presently in material compliance
with all applicable laws and regulations, judgments and orders of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority and
contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data
from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification, except where failure to be so in compliance would not, individually or
in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Change.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Accurate Disclosure</U>. The statements set forth in the Prospectus under the captions &#8220;Description of Capital Stock&#8221;
insofar as such statements summarize legal matters, agreements, documents or proceedings discussed therein, are accurate summaries of
such legal matters, agreements, documents or proceedings in all material respects and there are no contracts or documents that are required
to be described in the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement that have not been so described or filed as
required. Any certificate signed by any officer of the Company or any of its subsidiaries and delivered to Raymond James or to counsel
for Raymond James shall be deemed a representation and warranty by the Company to Raymond James as to the matters covered thereby. The
Company acknowledges that Raymond James and, for purposes of the opinions to be delivered pursuant to Section 7 hereof, counsel to the
Company and counsel to Raymond James, will rely upon the accuracy and truthfulness of the foregoing representations and hereby consents
to such reliance.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Covenants of the Company</U>. The Company further covenants and agrees with Raymond James that:</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>Registration
Statement Amendments; Securities Act Compliance</U>. After the date of this Agreement and during any period in which a Prospectus
relating to any Placement Shares is required to be delivered by Raymond James under the Securities Act (including in circumstances
where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act), the Company shall (i) promptly advise
Raymond James in writing of the receipt of any comments of, or requests for additional or supplemental information from, the
Commission; (ii)&nbsp;promptly advise Raymond James in writing of the time and date of any filing of any post-effective amendment to
the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplement to any free writing prospectus or the Prospectus; (iii)&nbsp;promptly
advise Raymond James in writing of the time and date that any post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement becomes
effective; (iv) promptly advise Raymond James in writing of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the
effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto or any amendment or supplement to the Prospectus
or of any order preventing or suspending the use of any free writing prospectus or the Prospectus, or of any proceedings to remove,
suspend or terminate from listing or quotation the Shares from any securities exchange upon which they are listed for trading or
included or designated for quotation, or of the threatening or initiation of any proceedings for any of such purposes or pursuant to
Section 8A of the Securities Act; (v) prepare and file with the Commission, promptly upon Raymond James&#8217; request, any
amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that, in counsel for Raymond James&#8217; reasonable opinion,
may be necessary or advisable in connection with the distribution of the Placement Shares by Raymond James (<I>provided however</I>,
that the failure of Raymond James to make such request shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or
affect Raymond James&#8217; right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement); and (vi)
furnish to Raymond James at the time of filing thereof a copy of any document that upon filing is deemed to be incorporated by
reference into the Registration Statement or Prospectus, except for those documents available via EDGAR. If the Commission shall
enter any such stop order described in clause (iv) at any time, the Company will use its reasonable efforts to obtain the lifting of
such order at the earliest possible moment. Additionally, the Company agrees that it shall comply with the provisions of Rule
424(b), Rule 433 and Rule 430B, as applicable, under the Securities Act and will use its reasonable efforts to confirm that any
filings made by the Company under such Rule 424(b) or Rule 433 are made in a timely manner.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Delivery of Registration Statement and Prospectus.</U> The Company shall furnish to Raymond James and its counsel, without charge,
as many copies as Raymond James may reasonably request of the Registration Statement (including exhibits thereto), the Prospectus (including
all documents incorporated by reference therein) and all amendments and supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that are
filed with the Commission during any period in which a Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered under the
Securities Act (including all documents filed with the Commission during such period that are deemed to be incorporated by reference therein),
in each case as soon as reasonably practicable, and, at Raymond James&#8217; request, will also furnish copies of the Prospectus to each
exchange or market on which sales of the Placement Shares may be made; <I>provided however</I> that the Company shall not be required
to furnish any document (other than the Prospectus) to Raymond James to the extent such document is available to Raymond James or the
public on EDGAR.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Raymond James&#8217; Review of Proposed Amendments and Supplements</U>. Prior to amending or supplementing the Registration
Statement or the Prospectus, the Company shall furnish to Raymond James for review, a reasonable amount of time prior to the proposed
time of filing or use thereof, a copy of each such proposed amendment or supplement, and the Company shall not file or use any such proposed
amendment or supplement without Raymond James&#8217; consent (not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed), and to file with the Commission
within the applicable period specified in Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act any prospectus required to be filed pursuant to such Rule.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Free Writing Prospectuses</U>. The Company shall furnish to Raymond James for review, a reasonable amount of time prior to the
proposed time of filing or use thereof, a copy of each proposed issuer free writing prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto
to be prepared by or on behalf of, used by, or referred to by the Company, and the Company shall not file, use or refer to any issuer
proposed free writing prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto without Raymond James&#8217; consent (not to be unreasonably withheld
or delayed). The Company shall furnish to Raymond James, without charge, as many copies of any free writing prospectus prepared by or
on behalf of, or used by the Company, as Raymond James may reasonably request, except for those documents available via EDGAR. If at any
time when a prospectus is required by the Securities Act (including, without limitation, pursuant to Rule 173(d)) to be delivered in connection
with sales of the Placement Shares there occurred or occurs an event or development as a result of which any free writing prospectus prepared
by or on behalf of, used by, or referred to by the Company conflicted or would conflict with the information contained in the Registration
Statement or, when taken together with the Registration Statement, included or would include an untrue statement of a material fact or
omitted or would omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances prevailing
at that subsequent time, not misleading, the Company shall promptly amend or supplement such free writing prospectus to eliminate or correct
such conflict or so that the statements in such free writing prospectus as so amended or supplemented will not include an untrue statement
of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances
prevailing at such subsequent time, not misleading, as the case may be; <I>provided, however</I>, that prior to amending or supplementing
any such free writing prospectus, the Company shall furnish to Raymond James for review, a reasonable amount of time prior to the proposed
time of filing or use thereof, a copy of such proposed amended or supplemented free writing prospectus and the Company shall not file,
use or refer to any such amended or supplemented free writing prospectus without Raymond James&#8217; consent (not to be unreasonably
withheld or delayed).</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>Delivery
of Prospectus; Subsequent Changes</U>. During any period in which a Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be
delivered by Raymond James under the Securities Act with respect to a pending sale of the Placement Shares (including in
circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act), the Company will comply in all
material respects with the requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act, as from time to time in force, and to file on or
before their respective due dates all reports and any definitive proxy or information statements required to be filed by the Company
with the Commission pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, 15(d) or any other provision of or under the Exchange Act. If during such
period any event shall occur or condition exist as a result of which it is necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus so that
the Prospectus does not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make
the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances then existing, not misleading, or if in the opinion of counsel for Raymond
James it is otherwise necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus to comply with applicable law, including the Securities Act,
the Company will promptly notify Raymond James to suspend the offering of Placement Shares during such period and the Company agrees
(subject to Section 7(c) and 7(d)) to promptly prepare, file with the Commission and furnish at its own expense to Raymond James,
amendments or supplements to the Prospectus so that the statements in the Prospectus as so amended or supplemented will not include
an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the
light of the circumstances then existing, be misleading or so that the Prospectus, as amended or supplemented, will comply with
applicable law including the Securities Act. Neither Raymond James&#8217; consent to, nor delivery of, any such amendment or
supplement shall constitute a waiver of any of the Company&#8217;s obligations under Sections 7(c) or (d).</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Listing of Placement Shares</U>. During any period in which the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be
delivered by Raymond James under the Securities Act with respect to a pending sale of the Placement Shares (including in circumstances
where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule&nbsp;172 under the Securities Act), the Company will use its commercially reasonable
efforts to cause the Placement Shares to be listed on the Exchange.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Earnings Statement</U>. As soon as practicable, but in any event no later than 15 months after the effective date of the Registration
Statement (as such date is defined in Rule 158(c) under the Securities Act), the&nbsp;Company will make generally available to its security
holders an earnings statement (which need not be audited) complying with Section 11(a) of the Securities Act and the rules and regulations
of the Commission thereunder.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">h)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>Expenses.</U>
The Company agrees to pay all costs, fees and expenses incurred in connection with the performance of its obligations hereunder and
in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including without limitation (i) all expenses incident to the issuance and
delivery of the Placement Shares (including all printing and engraving costs); (ii) all fees and expenses of the registrar and
transfer agent of the Placement Shares; (iii) all necessary issue, transfer and other stamp taxes in connection with the issuance
and sale of the Placement Shares to Raymond James; (iv) all fees and expenses of the Company&#8217;s counsel, independent public or
certified public accountants and other advisors; (v) all costs and expenses incurred in connection with the preparation, printing,
filing, shipping and distribution of the Registration Statement (including financial statements, exhibits, schedules, consents and
certificates of experts), the Prospectus, any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of, used by, or referred to by the
Company, and all amendments and supplements thereto, and this Agreement; (vi) all filing fees, attorneys&#8217; fees and expenses
incurred by the Company or Raymond James in connection with qualifying or registering (or obtaining exemptions from the
qualification or registration of) all or any part of the Placement Shares for offer and sale under the state securities or blue sky
laws or the provincial securities laws of Canada, and, if requested by Raymond James, preparing and printing a &#8220;Blue Sky
Survey&#8221; or&nbsp;memorandum and a &#8220;Canadian wrapper,&#8221; and any supplements thereto, advising Raymond James of such
qualifications, registrations and exemptions; (vii) the filing fees incident to, and the reasonable fees and expenses of counsel for
Raymond James in connection with, FINRA&#8217;s review, if any, and approval of Raymond James&#8217;s participation in the offering
and distribution of the Placement Shares; provided that the fees of Raymond James&#8217;s counsel in connection therewith and with
clause (vi) above shall not exceed an aggregate of $10,000; (viii) the fees and expenses associated with including the Placement
Shares on the Exchange; (ix) all other fees, costs and expenses of the nature referred to in Item 14 of Part II of the Registration
Statement; and (x) if Shares having an aggregate offering price of $10.0 million or more have not been offered and sold under this
Agreement by December&nbsp;31, 2023 (or such earlier date at which the Company terminates this Agreement (the
 &#8220;<B><U>Determination Date</U></B>&#8221;)), the&nbsp;Company shall reimburse Raymond James for all of its reasonable out of
pocket expenses, including the reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel to Raymond James, in connection with the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement (the &#8220;<B><U>Expenses</U></B>&#8221;); <I>provided </I>that the Company will not be obligated to
reimburse Raymond James any Expenses pursuant to this Section 7(h)(x), in excess of $30,000 in the aggregate. The Expenses shall be
due and payable by the Company within five (5) business days of the Determination Date. Except as provided in this Section 7(h),
Section 10 and Section 11 hereof, Raymond James shall pay its own expenses, including the fees and disbursements of its counsel.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Use of Proceeds</U>. The Company will apply the net proceeds from the sale of the Shares to be sold by it hereunder in accordance
with the statements under the caption &#8220;Use of Proceeds&#8221; in the Prospectus.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">j)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Notice of Other Sales</U>. During the pendency of any Placement Notice given hereunder, the Company shall provide Raymond James
written notice as promptly as reasonably practicable before it offers to sell, contracts to sell, sells, grants any option to sell or
otherwise disposes of any shares of Common Stock (other&nbsp;than Placement Shares offered pursuant to the provisions of the Agreement)
or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire Common Stock; <I>provided</I>,
that such notice shall not be required in connection with (i) the issuance, grant or sale of Common Stock, options to purchase Common
Stock or Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options or other equity awards pursuant to any stock option, stock bonus or other
stock or compensatory plan or arrangement described in the Prospectus, (ii) the issuance of securities in connection with an acquisition,
merger or sale or purchase of assets described in the Prospectus or (iii) the issuance or sale of Common Stock pursuant to any dividend
reinvestment plan that the Company may adopt from time to time provided the implementation of such is disclosed to Raymond James in advance.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">k)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Change of Circumstances</U>. The Company will, at any time during the pendency of a Placement Notice, advise Raymond James as
promptly as reasonably practicable after it shall have received notice or obtained knowledge thereof, of any information or fact that
would alter or affect in any material respect any opinion, certificate, letter or other document provided to Raymond James pursuant to
this Agreement.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">l)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Due Diligence Cooperation</U>. The Company will cooperate with any commercially reasonable due diligence review conducted by
Raymond James, or its agents and counsel, in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including, without limitation, providing
information and making available documents and senior officers, upon reasonable notice during regular business hours and at the Company&#8217;s
principal offices, as Raymond James may reasonably request (i) on or prior to the date that the first Shares are sold pursuant to the
terms of this Agreement and (ii) prior to each Representation Date. The Company will make available its appropriate officers and cause
such officers to participate in a call with Raymond James and its counsel prior to each Representation Date (including, without limitation,
the availability of the chief financial officer to respond to questions regarding the business and financial condition of the Company)
and otherwise as Raymond James may reasonably request; such call shall be for the purpose of updating the Agent&#8217;s due diligence
review of the Company in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby. The obligations set forth in the preceding sentence of
this Section 7(l) shall be suspended following delivery of written notice to Raymond James specifying that the Company does not intend
to sell Shares under this Agreement until notice to the contrary is provided (such time period, a &#8220;<B><U>Suspension Period</U></B>&#8221;).
Following delivery of notice to Raymond James that the Company intends to recommence sales of Shares under this Agreement, the provisions
of this Section 7(l) shall once again be operative.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">m)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Required Filings Relating to Placement of Placement Shares</U>. The Company agrees that on or prior to such dates as the Securities
Act shall require, the Company will (i) file and disclose in a prospectus supplement with the Commission under the applicable paragraph
of Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act or (ii)&nbsp;disclose in its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current
reports on Form 8-K, as&nbsp;applicable, the number of Shares sold through Raymond James under the Agreement, the Net Proceeds to the
Company, the compensation paid by the Company with respect to sales of Shares pursuant to the Agreement during the relevant period and
any other information regarding the Placement Shares that the Company reasonably believes is required to comply with the Securities Act.
The Company agrees to deliver such number of copies of each such prospectus supplement (if any) to each exchange or market on which such
sales were effected as may be required by the rules or regulations of such exchange or market.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">n)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>Representation
Dates; Certificate</U>. On or prior to the date that the first Shares are sold pursuant to the terms of this Agreement and (A) each
time the Company (i) files the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares or amends or supplements the Registration Statement or
the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares (other than a prospectus supplement filed in accordance with Section 7(m) of this
Agreement) by means of a post-effective amendment, sticker, or supplement but not by means of incorporation of documents by
reference into the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares; (ii) files an annual report on
Form&nbsp;10&#45;K under the Exchange Act; (iii) files its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q under the Exchange Act;
or&nbsp;(iv)&nbsp;files a report on Form 8-K containing amended financial information (other than an earnings release,
to&nbsp;&#8220;furnish&#8221; information pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K, and other than a report on Form 8-K containing
financial information of a tenant of the Company or its subsidiaries) under the Exchange Act and (B) (i) upon recommencement of
sales after a suspension in accordance with Section 4 hereof or (ii) upon delivery of a notice to Raymond James that the Company
intends to recommence sales after a Suspension Period in accordance with Section 7(l) hereof and as reasonably requested (each date
of filing of one or more of the documents referred to in clauses (A)(i) through (iv) and any date of recommencement after a
suspension referred to in clause (B)(i) and (B)(ii) shall be a &#8220;<B><U>Representation Date</U></B>&#8221;); the Company shall
furnish Raymond James with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(n) within three (3) Exchange Trading Days of any
Representation Date if requested by Raymond James. The requirement to provide a certificate under this Section 7(n) is hereby waived
for any Representation Date occurring at a time at which no Placement Notice is pending, which waiver shall continue until the
earlier to occur of the date the Company delivers a Placement Notice hereunder (which for such calendar quarter shall be considered
a Representation Date) and the next occurring Representation Date; <I>provided however</I>, that such waiver shall not apply for any
Representation Date on which the Company files its annual report on Form&nbsp;10&#45;K; <I>provided, further, however</I>, that the
obligation of the Company under this Section 7(n) shall be deferred during any Suspension Period and shall recommence upon the
termination of such Suspension Period. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Company subsequently decides to sell Placement Shares
following a Representation Date when the Company relied on such waiver and did not provide Raymond with a certificate under this
Section 7(n), then before the Company delivers the Placement Notice or Raymond James sells any Placement Shares, the Company shall
provide Raymond James with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(n), dated the date of the Placement Notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Legal Opinion of Counsel for the Company</U>. On or prior to the date that the first Shares are sold pursuant to the terms of
this Agreement and within three (3) Trading Days of each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver
a certificate in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(n) for which no waiver is applicable, the Company shall cause to be furnished to
Raymond James the written opinion of Haynes and Boone, LLP or other counsel satisfactory to Raymond James, in form and substance satisfactory
to Raymond James and its counsel, dated the date that the opinion is required to be delivered, substantially similar to the forms attached
hereto as Exhibit 7(o)(1), modified, as necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented;
<I>provided however</I>, that in lieu of such opinions for subsequent Representation Dates, counsel may furnish Raymond James with a letter
(a &#8220;<B><U>Reliance Letter</U></B>&#8221;) to the effect that Raymond James may rely on a prior opinion delivered under this Section
7(o) to the same extent as if it were dated the date of such letter (except that statements in such prior opinion shall be deemed to relate
to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended or supplemented at such Representation Date). The obligation of the Company
under this Section 7(o) shall be deferred during any Suspension Period and shall recommence upon the termination of such Suspension Period.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">p)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>Comfort
Letter</U>. On or prior to the date that the first Shares are sold pursuant to the terms of this Agreement and within three (3)
Trading Days of each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate in the form
attached hereto as Exhibit 7(n) for which no waiver is applicable, the Company shall cause (a) Grant Thornton LLP, independent
public or certified public accountants for the Company, to furnish Raymond James a letter dated the date the letter is delivered and
addressed to Raymond James, in form and substance satisfactory to Raymond James, (i) containing statements and information of the
type ordinarily included in accountants&#8217; &#8220;comfort letters&#8221; to underwriters, delivered according to Accounting
Standards Update No. 634 (or any successor bulletin), with respect to the audited and unaudited financial statements and certain
financial information of the Company and its subsidiaries contained in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, and each free
writing prospectus, if any, and, with respect to each letter dated the date hereof only, the&nbsp;Prospectus, and (ii) confirming
that they are (A) independent public or certified public accountants as required by the Securities Act and the Exchange Act and the
applicable published rules and regulations thereunder (the&nbsp;&#8220;<B><U>Comfort Letter&#8221;</U></B>:, the first such letter,
the &#8220;<B><U>Initial Comfort Letter</U></B>&#8221;) and (b) Grant Thornton LLP to update the Initial Comfort Letter with any
information that would have been included in the Initial Comfort Letter had it been given on such date and modified as necessary to
relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as&nbsp;amended and supplemented to the date of such letter. The
obligations of the Company under this Section 7(p) shall be deferred during any Suspension Period and shall recommence upon the
termination of such Suspension Period.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">q)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Insurance</U>. The Company and its subsidiaries shall maintain, or cause to be maintained, insurance in such amounts and covering
such risks as is commercially reasonable and customary for companies engaged in similar businesses in similar industries.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">r)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>FINRA</U>. The Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to maintain its status as a &#8220;seasoned issuer&#8221;
under Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (&#8220;<B><U>FINRA</U></B>&#8221;) Rule 5110(b)(7)(C)(i). In&nbsp;the event that
the Company is unable to maintain such status, the Company will promptly notify Raymond James of such matter and cooperate with Raymond
James to make any filings with FINRA as may be required in connection with the offering of the Shares hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">s)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Securities Act and Exchange Act</U>. The Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to comply with all requirements
imposed upon it by the Securities Act and the Exchange Act as from time to time in force, so far as necessary to permit the continuance
of sales of, or dealings in, the Placement Shares as contemplated by the provisions hereof and the Prospectus, including the filing of
any and all documents required to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15 of the Exchange Act in the manner and
within the time periods required by the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">t)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>No Offer to Sell</U>. Other than a free writing prospectus (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act) approved in advance
in writing by the Company and Raymond James in its capacity as principal or agent hereunder, neither Raymond James nor the Company (including
its agents and representatives, other than Raymond James in its capacity as such) will, directly or indirectly, use, authorize, approve
or refer to any free writing prospectus relating to the Shares to be sold by Raymond James as principal or agent hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">u)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Filing of Free Writing Prospectuses</U><I>. </I> The Company shall not take any action that would result in Raymond James or
the Company being required to file with the Commission pursuant to Rule&nbsp;433(d) under&nbsp;the Securities Act a free writing prospectus
prepared by or on behalf of Raymond James that Raymond James otherwise would not have been required to file thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">v)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Blue Sky Compliance</U>. The Company shall cooperate with Raymond James and counsel for Raymond James to qualify or register
the Shares for sale under (or obtain exemptions from the application of) the state securities or blue sky laws or Canadian provincial
securities laws of those jurisdictions designated by Raymond James, shall comply with such laws and shall continue such qualifications,
registrations and exemptions in effect so long as required for the distribution of the Shares. The Company shall not be required to qualify
as a foreign corporation or to take any action that would subject it to general service of process in any such jurisdiction where it is
not presently qualified or where it would be subject to taxation as a foreign corporation. The Company will advise Raymond James promptly
of the suspension of the qualification or registration of (or any such exemption relating to) the Shares for offering, sale or trading
in any jurisdiction or any initiation or threat of any proceeding for any such purpose, and in the event of the issuance of any order
suspending such qualification, registration or exemption, the Company shall use its reasonable efforts to obtain the withdrawal thereof
at the earliest possible moment.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">w)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Transfer Agent</U>. The Company shall engage and maintain, at its expense, a registrar and transfer agent for the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">x)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>Company
to Provide Copy of the Prospectus in Form That May be Downloaded from the Internet</U>. The Company shall cause to be prepared and
delivered, at its expense, within one business day from the effective date of this Agreement, to Raymond James an
 &#8220;<B>electronic Prospectus</B>&#8221; to be used by Raymond James in connection with the offering and sale of the Shares. As
used herein, the term &#8220;<B>electronic Prospectus</B>&#8221; means a form of the Prospectus, and any amendment or supplement
thereto, that meets each of the following conditions: (i) it shall be encoded in an electronic format, satisfactory to Raymond James
that may be transmitted electronically by Raymond James to offerees and purchasers of the Shares; (ii) it shall disclose the same
information as the paper Prospectus, except to the extent that graphic and image material cannot be disseminated electronically, in
which case such graphic and image material shall be replaced in the electronic Prospectus with a fair and accurate narrative
description or tabular representation of such material, as appropriate; and (iii) it shall be in or convertible into a paper format
or an electronic format, satisfactory to Raymond James, that will allow investors to store and have continuously ready access to the
Prospectus at any future time, without charge to investors (other than any fee charged for subscription to the Internet as a whole
and for on-line time).</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">y)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Future Reports to Raymond James</U>. For so long as the delivery of a prospectus is required in connection with the offer and
sale of the Shares, the Company will furnish to Raymond James at 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716, Attention: Corporate
Counsel; ECM Division: (i) as soon as practicable after the filing thereof, copies of each proxy statement, Annual Report on Form 10-K,
Quarterly Report on Form&nbsp;10&#45;Q, Current Report on Form 8-K or other report filed by the Company with the Commission, FINRA or
any securities exchange; and (ii) as soon as available, copies of any report or communication of the Company mailed generally to holders
of its capital stock; provided that, in each case, the Company will be deemed to have furnished the foregoing documents as required by
this Section to the extent they are filed with the Commission and publicly accessible on EDGAR.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">z)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Renewal of Registration Statement</U>. The date of this Agreement is not more than three years subsequent to the initial effective
date of the Registration Statement (the &#8220;<B><U>Renewal Date</U></B>&#8221;). If, immediately prior to the Renewal Date, this Agreement
has not terminated and a prospectus is required to be delivered or made available by Raymond James under the Securities Act or the Exchange
Act in connection with the sale of Shares, the&nbsp;Company will, prior to the Renewal Date, file, if it has not already done so, a new
shelf registration statement or, if&nbsp;applicable, an automatic shelf registration statement relating to such Shares, and, if such registration
statement is not an automatic shelf registration statement, will use its commercially efforts to cause such registration statement to
be declared effective within 180 days after the Renewal Date, and will take all other reasonable actions necessary or appropriate to permit
the public offer and sale of such Shares to continue as contemplated in the expired registration statement relating to such Securities.
References herein to the &#8220;Registration Statement&#8221; shall include such new shelf registration statement or automatic shelf registration
statement, as the case may be.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Covenant of Raymond James</U>. Raymond James covenants with the Company not to take any action that would result in the Company
being required to file with the Commission pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Securities Act a free writing prospectus prepared by or on
behalf of Raymond James that otherwise would not be required to be filed by the Company thereunder, but for the action of Raymond James.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">9.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Conditions to Raymond James&#8217;s Obligations</U>. The obligations of Raymond James hereunder with respect to a Placement
will be subject to the continuing accuracy of the representations and warranties on the part of the Company set forth in Section 6 hereof,
to the timely performance by the Company of its covenants and other obligations hereunder, to the completion by Raymond James of a due
diligence review satisfactory to Raymond James in its reasonable judgment, and to the continuing satisfaction (or waiver by Raymond James
in its sole discretion) each of the following additional conditions:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Registration Statement Effective</U>. The Registration Statement shall be effective and shall be available for (i) all sales
of Placement Shares issued pursuant to all prior Placement Notices and (ii) the sale of all Placement Shares contemplated to be issued
by any Placement Notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>No
Material Notices</U>. None of the following events shall have occurred and be continuing: (i) receipt by the Company of any
notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification of any of the Placement Shares for
sale in any jurisdiction or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose; (ii) receipt by the Company or any of
its subsidiaries of any request for additional information from the Commission or any other Governmental Entity during the period of
effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the response to which would require any post-effective amendments or supplements to the
Registration Statement or the Prospectus; and (iii) the occurrence of any event that makes any material statement made in the
Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any material document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated therein by reference
untrue in any material respect or that requires the making of any changes in the Registration Statement, related Prospectus or such
documents so that, in the case of the Registration Statement, it will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to
state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading and, that in the
case of the Prospectus, it will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to
be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not
misleading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>No Misstatement or Material Omission</U>. The Registration Statement and Prospectus, and any amendment or supplement thereto,
shall not contain any untrue statement of a material fact, or omit to state a material fact that is required to be stated therein or is
necessary to make the statements therein not misleading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Material Changes</U>. Except as contemplated in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or disclosed in the Company&#8217;s
reports filed with the Commission, there shall not have occurred (i) any Material Adverse Change in the judgment of Raymond James and
(ii) any downgrading, nor shall any notice have been given of any intended or potential downgrading or of any review for a possible change
that does not indicate the direction of the possible change, in the rating accorded any securities of the Company or any of its subsidiaries
by any &#8220;nationally recognized statistical rating organization&#8221; as&nbsp;such term is defined in Section 3(a)(62) of the Exchange
Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Company Counsel Legal Opinion</U>. Raymond James shall have received the opinions of Haynes and Boone LLP and, if applicable,
such other counsel to the Company, in each case as required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(o) on or before the date on which such
delivery of such opinion is required pursuant to Section 7(o).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Opinion of Counsel for the Agent</U>. On or prior to the date that the first Shares are sold pursuant to the terms of this Agreement
and within three (3) Trading Days of each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate
in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 9(f) for which no waiver is applicable, Raymond James shall have received from Mayer Brown LLP,
or such other counsel for Raymond James, such opinion or opinions, dated the date that the opinion is required to be delivered, with respect
to such matters as Raymond James may require, and the Company shall have furnished to such counsel such documents as they request for
the purpose of enabling them to pass upon such matters; <I>provided however</I>, that the obligation of Mayer Brown LLP under this Section
9(f) shall be deferred during any Suspension Period and shall recommence upon the termination of such Suspension Period.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Comfort Letter</U>. Raymond James shall have received the Comfort Letter required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(p) on
or before the date on which such delivery of such letter is required pursuant to Section 7(p).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">h)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Representation Certificate</U>. Raymond James shall have received the certificate required to be delivered pursuant to Section
7(n) on or before the date on which delivery of such certificate is required pursuant to Section 7(n).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>No Stop Order; No Objection from FINRA</U>. No stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any
post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement, shall be in effect and no proceedings for such purpose or pursuant to Section
8A of the Securities Act shall have been instituted or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, threatened by the Commission, and FINRA shall
have raised no objection to the fairness and reasonableness of the underwriting terms and arrangements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">j)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>No Suspension</U>. Trading in the Shares shall not have been suspended on the Exchange.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">k)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Other Materials</U>. On each date on which the Company is required to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 7(n), Raymond
James and counsel for Raymond James shall have received such information, documents and opinions as they may reasonably request for the
purposes of enabling them to pass upon the issuance and sale of the Shares as contemplated herein, or in order to evidence the accuracy
of any of the representations and warranties, or the satisfaction of any of the conditions or agreements, herein contained; and all proceedings
taken by the Company in connection with the issuance and sale of the Shares as contemplated herein and in connection with the other transactions
contemplated by this Agreement shall be satisfactory in form and substance to Raymond James and counsel for Raymond James.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">l)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT> <U>Securities Act Filings Made</U>. All filings with the Commission required by Rule 424 under the Securities Act to have been
filed prior to the issuance of any Placement Notice hereunder shall have been made within the applicable time period prescribed for such
filing by Rule 424.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">m)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Approval for Listing</U>. Either (i) the Placement Shares shall either have been approved for listing on the Exchange, subject
only to notice of issuance, or (ii) the Company shall have filed an application for listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange at,
or prior to, the issuance of any Placement Notice.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">n)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Actively-Traded Security</U>. The Common Stock shall be an &#8220;actively-traded security&#8221; exempted from the requirements
of Rule 101 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act by subsection (c)(1) of such rule.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>No Termination Event</U>. There shall not have occurred any event that would permit Raymond James to terminate this Agreement
pursuant to Section 13.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Indemnification</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Indemnification of Raymond James</U>. Subject to the limitations in this paragraph below, the Company agrees to indemnify and
hold harmless Raymond James, its officers, directors, employees and agents, and each person, if any, who controls Raymond James within
the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act against any loss, claim, damage, liability or expense (a &#8220;<B><U>Loss</U></B>&#8221;
or &#8220;<B><U>Losses</U></B>&#8221;), as incurred, to which Raymond James or such officer, director, employee, agent or controlling
person may become subject, under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, other federal or state statutory law or regulation, or at common
law or otherwise (including in settlement of any litigation, subject to Section 10(d) below), insofar as such Loss (or actions in respect
thereof as contemplated below) arises out of or is based upon (i) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact
contained in the Registration Statement, or any amendment thereto, including any information deemed to be a part thereof pursuant to Rule
430B under the Securities Act, or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary
to make the statements therein not misleading; or (ii) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in
the Prospectus or any free writing prospectus that the Company has used, referred to or filed, or is required to file, pursuant to Rule
433(d) of the Securities Act or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), or the omission or alleged omission therefrom
of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not
misleading; and to reimburse Raymond James and each such officer, director, employee, agent or controlling person for any and all expenses
(including reasonable costs of investigation and the fees and disbursements of counsel chosen by Raymond James) as such expenses are reasonably
incurred by Raymond James or such officer, director, employee, agent or controlling person in connection with investigating, defending,
settling, compromising or paying any such Loss or action; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that the foregoing indemnity agreement shall
not apply to any Loss to the extent, but only to the extent, arising out of or based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement
or omission or alleged omission made in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by or on behalf
of Raymond James expressly for use in the Registration Statement, any such free writing prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment
or supplement thereto), it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by Raymond James to the Company consists
of the information described in subsection (b) below. The indemnity agreement set forth in this Section 10(a) shall be in addition to
any liabilities that the Company may otherwise have.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>Indemnification
of the Company, its Directors and Officers</U>. Raymond James agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company, each of its
directors, each of its officers who signed the Registration Statement and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the
meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, against any Loss, as incurred, to which the Company, or any such director,
officer or controlling person may become subject, under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, or other federal or state statutory
law or regulation, or at common law or otherwise (including in settlement of any litigation, subject to Section 10(d) below),
insofar as such Loss (or actions in respect thereof as contemplated below) arises out of or is based upon (i) any untrue statement
or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, or any amendment thereto, including any
information deemed to be a part thereof pursuant to Rule 430B under the Securities Act, or the omission or alleged omission
therefrom of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; or (ii) any
untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Prospectus or any free writing prospectus that the
Company has used, referred to or filed, or is required to file, pursuant to Rule 433(d) of the Securities Act or the Prospectus (or
any amendment or supplement thereto), or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact necessary in order to make
the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, in reliance upon and in
conformity with written information furnished to the Company by or on behalf of Raymond James expressly for use therein; and to
reimburse the Company, or any such director, officer or controlling person for any and all expenses (including reasonable costs of
investigation and the fees and disbursements of counsel chosen by the Company) as such expenses are reasonably incurred by the
Company, or any such director, officer or controlling person in connection with investigating, defending, settling, compromising or
paying any such Loss or action. The&nbsp;Company hereby acknowledges that the only such information that Raymond James has furnished
to the Company expressly for use in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any free writing prospectus that the Company has
filed, or is required to file, pursuant to Rule 433(d) of the Securities Act or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement
thereto) are the statements set forth in the eighth paragraph under the caption &#8220;Plan of Distribution&#8221; in the Prospectus
Supplement dated March 24, 2023 relating to the offering of the Shares. The&nbsp;indemnity agreement set forth in this Section 10(b)
shall be in addition to any liabilities that Raymond James may otherwise have.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Notifications and Other Indemnification Procedures</U>. Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under this Section 10
of notice of the commencement of any action, such indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against an indemnifying
party under this Section 10, notify the indemnifying party in writing of the commencement thereof, but the omission so to notify the indemnifying
party will not relieve it from any liability which it may have to any indemnified party for contribution or otherwise than under the indemnity
agreement contained in this Section 10 or to the extent it is not prejudiced as a proximate result of such failure. In case any such action
is brought against any indemnified party and such indemnified party seeks or intends to seek indemnity from an indemnifying party, the
indemnifying party will be entitled to participate in, and, to the extent that it shall elect, jointly with all other indemnifying parties
similarly notified, by written notice delivered to the indemnified party promptly after receiving the aforesaid notice from such indemnified
party, to assume the defense thereof with counsel reasonably satisfactory to such indemnified party; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>,
if&nbsp;the defendants in any such action include both the indemnified party and the indemnifying party and the indemnified party shall
have reasonably concluded that a conflict may arise between the positions of the indemnifying party and the indemnified party in conducting
the defense of any such action or that there may be legal defenses available to it and/or other indemnified parties which are different
from or additional to those available to the indemnifying party, the indemnified party or parties shall have the right to select separate
counsel to assume such legal defenses and to otherwise participate in the defense of such action on behalf of such indemnified party or
parties. Upon receipt of notice from the indemnifying party to such indemnified party of such indemnifying party&#8217;s election so to
assume the defense of such action and approval by the indemnified party of counsel, the indemnifying party will not be liable to such
indemnified party under this Section 10 for any legal or other expenses subsequently incurred by such indemnified party in connection
with the defense thereof unless (i) the indemnified party shall have employed separate counsel in accordance with the proviso to the preceding
sentence (it being understood, however, that the indemnifying party shall not be liable for the fees and expenses of more than one separate
counsel (together with local counsel), representing the indemnified parties who are parties to such action), which counsel (together with
any local counsel) for the indemnified parties shall be selected by Raymond James (in the case of counsel for the indemnified parties
referred to in Section 10(a) above) or by the Company (in the case of counsel for the indemnified parties referred to in Section 10(b)
above), (ii) the indemnifying party shall not have employed counsel satisfactory to the indemnified party to represent the indemnified
party within a reasonable time after notice of commencement of the action or (iii) the indemnifying party has authorized in writing the
employment of counsel for the indemnified party at the expense of the indemnifying party, in each of which cases the fees and expenses
of counsel shall be at the expense of the indemnifying party and shall be paid as they are incurred. Any interim reimbursement payments
contemplated by Section 10(a) or Section 10(b) that are not made to the indemnified party within 30 days of a request for reimbursement
shall bear interest compounded daily at a rate determined on the basis of the base lending rate announced from time to time by The Wall
Street Journal from the date of such request.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT><U>Settlements</U>.
The indemnifying party under this Section 10 shall not be liable for any settlement of any proceeding effected without its written
consent, but if settled with such consent or if there shall be a final judgment for the plaintiff, the indemnifying party agrees to
indemnify the indemnified party against any loss, claim, damage, liability or expense by reason of such settlement or judgment. No
indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of the indemnified party, effect any settlement, compromise or consent
to the entry of judgment in any pending or threatened action, suit or proceeding in respect of which any indemnified party is or
could have been a party and indemnity was or could have been sought hereunder by such indemnified party, unless such settlement,
compromise or consent includes an unconditional release of such indemnified party from all liability on claims that are the subject
matter of such action, suit or proceeding and does not include a statement as to or an admission of fault, culpability or a failure
to act by or on behalf of any indemnified party.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Contribution</U>. If the indemnification provided for in Section 10 is for any reason held to be unavailable to or otherwise
insufficient to hold harmless an indemnified party in respect of any losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses referred to therein,
then each indemnifying party shall contribute to the aggregate amount paid or payable by such indemnified party, as incurred, as a result
of any losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses referred to therein (i) in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative
benefits received by the Company, on the one hand, and Raymond James, on the other hand, from the offering of the Shares pursuant to this
Agreement or (ii) if the allocation provided by clause (i) above is not permitted by applicable law, in such proportion as is appropriate
to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in clause (i) above but also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand,
and Raymond James, on the other hand, in connection with the statements or omissions which resulted in such losses, claims, damages, liabilities
or expenses, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative benefits received by the Company, on the one hand, and
Raymond James, on the other hand, in connection with the offering of the Shares pursuant to this Agreement shall be deemed to be in the
same respective proportions as the total net proceeds from the offering of the Shares pursuant to this Agreement (before deducting expenses)
received by the Company, and the total compensation received by Raymond James. The&nbsp;relative fault of the Company, on the one hand,
and Raymond James, on the other hand, shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether any such untrue or alleged untrue
statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company,
on the one hand, or Raymond James, on the other hand, and the parties&#8217; relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity
to correct or prevent such statement or omission.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The amount paid or payable by a party as a result
of the Losses referred to above shall be deemed to include, subject to the limitations set forth in Section 10(c), any legal or other
fees or expenses reasonably incurred by such party in connection with investigating or defending any action or claim. The provisions set
forth in Section&nbsp;10(c) with respect to notice of commencement of any action shall apply if a claim for contribution is to be made
under this Section 11; <I>provided, however,</I> that no additional notice shall be required with respect to any action for which notice
has been given under Section 10(c) for purposes of indemnification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company and Raymond James agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant to this Section 11 were determined by
pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation which does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to in this
Section 11. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section 11, Raymond James shall not be required to contribute any amount in excess
of the compensation received by it in connection with the Placement Shares distributed by it to the public. No person guilty of fraudulent</FONT>
misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was
not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this Section 11, each officer, employee and agent of Raymond James and
each person, if any, who controls Raymond James within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act shall have the same rights
to contribution as Raymond James, and each director of the Company, each officer of the Company who signed the Registration Statement,
and each person, if&nbsp;any, who controls the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act shall have the same
rights to contribution as the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Representations and Indemnities to Survive Delivery</U><I>.</I> The respective indemnities, contribution and reimbursement agreements,
representations and warranties of the Company and of Raymond James set forth in this Agreement will remain in full force and effect, regardless
of any investigation made by or on behalf of Raymond James or the Company or any of its or their respective officers or directors or any
controlling person, as the case may be, and, anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding, will survive delivery of and payment for
the Placement Shares sold hereunder and any termination of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">13.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT> <U>Termination of this Agreement</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>Raymond James shall have the right, by giving notice as hereinafter specified at any time, to terminate its obligations pursuant
to a Placement Notice if (i) trading in the Company&#8217;s Common Stock shall have been suspended or limited by the Commission or by
the Exchange, or trading in securities generally on either the Nasdaq Stock Market or the New York Stock Exchange shall have been suspended
or materially limited, or minimum or maximum prices shall have been generally established on any of such stock exchanges by the Commission
or FINRA; (ii) a general banking moratorium shall have been declared by any of federal or New York authorities; or (iii) there shall have
occurred any outbreak or escalation of national or international hostilities or any crisis or calamity, or any change in the United States
or international financial markets, or any substantial change or development involving a prospective substantial change in the United
States&#8217; or international political, financial or economic conditions, as in the judgment of Raymond James is material and adverse
and makes it impracticable or inadvisable to market the Placement Shares in the manner and on the terms described in the Prospectus or
to enforce contracts for the sale of securities; (iv) in the judgment of Raymond James there shall have occurred any Material Adverse
Change; or (v) the Company or any of its subsidiaries shall have sustained a loss by strike, fire, flood, earthquake, accident or other
calamity of such character as in the judgment of Raymond James may interfere materially with the conduct of the business and operations
of the Company and any of its subsidiaries taken as a whole, regardless of whether or not such loss shall have been insured. Any termination
pursuant to this Section&nbsp;13(a) shall be without liability on the part of (a) the Company to Raymond James, except that the Company
shall be obligated to reimburse the expenses of Raymond James pursuant to Sections 7(h) hereof, (b) Raymond James to the Company, or (c)
of any party hereto to any other party except that the provisions of Section 10 and Section 11 shall at all times be effective and shall
survive such termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>The Company shall have the right to terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement.
Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Section 7(h), Section 10,
Section 11, Section 18 and Section 19 hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>Raymond James shall have the right to terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement.
Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Section 7(h), Section 10,
Section 11, Section 18 and Section 19 hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>Unless earlier terminated pursuant to this Section 13, this Agreement shall automatically terminate upon the issuance and sale
of all of the Shares through Raymond James on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein; <I>provided</I> that the provisions
of Section 7(h), Section 10, Section 11, Section 18 and Section 19 hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>This Agreement shall remain in full force and effect unless terminated pursuant to Sections 13(a), (b), (c), or (d) above or otherwise
by mutual agreement of the parties; <I>provided however</I>, that any such termination by mutual agreement shall in all cases be deemed
to provide that Section 7(h), Section 10, Section&nbsp;11, Section 18 and Section 19 shall remain in full force and effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>Any termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such notice of termination; <I>provided however</I>,
that such termination shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by Raymond James or the
Company, as the case may be. If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date for any sale of Placement Shares, such Placement
Shares shall settle in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Notices</U>. All communications hereunder shall be in writing and shall be mailed, hand delivered or telecopied and confirmed
to the parties hereto as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">If to Raymond James:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Raymond James &amp; Associates, Inc.<BR>
880 Carillon Parkway<BR>
St. Petersburg, Florida 33716<BR>
Email: GEIBLegal@raymondjames.com<BR>
Attn: Brad Cole, General Counsel, Global Equities</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">with a copy to (which shall not constitute notice):</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Mayer Brown LLP<BR>
1221 Avenue of the Americas<BR>
New York, New York 10020-1001<BR>
Facsimile: (212) 849-5767<BR>
Attention: Anna T. Pinedo</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">If to the Company:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.<BR>
13139 Jess Pirtle Blvd<BR>
Sugar Land, Texas 77478<BR>
Facsimile: (281) 966-6988<BR>
Attention: David C. Kuo</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">with a copy to (which shall not constitute notice):</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Haynes and Boone, LLP<BR>
1221 McKinney Street, Suite 4000<BR>
Houston, TX 77010-2007<BR>
Facsimile: (713) 236-5659<BR>
Attention: Frank Wu</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Any party hereto may change the address for receipt
of communications by giving written notice to the others. Each such notice or other communication shall be deemed given (i) when delivered
personally or by verifiable facsimile transmission (with an original to follow) on or before 4:30 p.m., Eastern Time, on a Business Day
(as defined below), or, if such day is not a Business Day on the next succeeding Business Day, (ii) on the next Business Day after timely
delivery to a nationally-recognized overnight courier and (iii) on the Business Day actually received if deposited in the U.S. mail (certified
or registered mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid). For purposes of this Agreement, &#8220;<B><U>Business Day</U></B>&#8221;
shall mean any day on which the Exchange and commercial banks in the City of New York are open for business.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Successors and Assigns</U>. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Company and Raymond James and
their respective successors, permitted assigns and the affiliates, controlling persons, officers, directors, employees and agents referred
to in Section 10 hereof. References to any of the parties contained in this Agreement shall be deemed to include the successors and permitted
assigns of such party. Nothing&nbsp;in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to confer upon any party other than the parties
hereto or their respective successors and permitted assigns any rights, remedies, obligations or liabilities under or by reason of this
Agreement, except as expressly provided in this Agreement. Neither party may assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement without
the prior written consent of the other party; <I>provided however</I>, that Raymond James may assign its rights and obligations hereunder
to an affiliate of Raymond James without obtaining the Company&#8217;s consent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Adjustments for Stock Splits</U>. The parties acknowledge and agree that all stock-related numbers contained in this Agreement
shall be adjusted to take into account any stock split, stock dividend or similar event effected with respect to the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT> <U>Entire Agreement; Amendment; Severability</U>. This Agreement (including all schedules and exhibits attached hereto and Placement
Notices issued pursuant hereto and not declined by Raymond James) constitutes the entire agreement of the parties to this Agreement and
supersedes all prior written or oral and all contemporaneous oral agreements, understandings and negotiations with respect to the subject
matter hereof. This&nbsp;Agreement may not be amended or modified unless in writing by all of the parties hereto, and no condition herein
(express or implied) may be waived unless waived in writing by each party whom the condition is meant to benefit. In the event that any
one or more of the provisions contained herein, or the application thereof in any circumstance, is held invalid, illegal or unenforceable
as written by a court of competent jurisdiction, then such provision shall be given full force and effect to the fullest possible extent
that it is valid, legal and enforceable, and the remainder of the terms and provisions herein shall be construed as if such invalid, illegal
or unenforceable term or provision was not contained herein, but only to the extent that giving effect to such provision and the remainder
of the terms and provisions hereof shall be in accordance with the intent of the parties as reflected in this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Applicable Law; Consent to Jurisdiction</U>. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal
laws of the State of New York applicable to agreements made and to be performed in such state. Any legal suit, action or proceeding arising
out of or based upon this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby may be instituted in the federal courts of the United States
of America located in the Borough of Manhattan in the City of New York or the courts of the State of New York in each case located in
the Borough of Manhattan in the City of New York (collectively, the &#8220;<B><U>Specified Courts</U></B>&#8221;), and each party irrevocably
submits to the exclusive jurisdiction (except for proceedings instituted in regard to the enforcement of a judgment of any such court,
as to which such jurisdiction is non-exclusive) of such courts in any such suit, action or proceeding. Service of any process, summons,
notice or document by mail to such party&#8217;s address set forth above shall be effective service of process for any suit, action or
other proceeding brought in any such court. The parties irrevocably and unconditionally waive any objection to the laying of venue of
any suit, action or other proceeding in the Specified Courts and irrevocably and unconditionally waive and agree not to plead or claim
in any such court that any such suit, action or other proceeding brought in any such court has been brought in an inconvenient forum.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Waiver of Jury Trial</U>. The Company and Raymond James each hereby irrevocably waives any right it may have to a trial by jury
in respect of any claim based upon or arising out of this Agreement or any transaction contemplated hereby.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">20.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Absence of Fiduciary Relationship</U>. The Company acknowledges and agrees that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>Raymond James has been retained solely to act as agent in connection with the sale of the Shares and that no fiduciary, advisory
or agency relationship between the Company and Raymond James has been created in respect of any of the transactions contemplated by this
Agreement, irrespective of whether Raymond James has advised or is advising the Company on other matters;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>Company is capable of evaluating and understanding and understands and accepts the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>the Company has been advised that Raymond James and its affiliates are engaged in a broad range of transactions which may involve
interests that differ from those of the Company and that Raymond James has no obligation to disclose such interests and transactions to
the Company by virtue of any fiduciary, advisory or agency relationship; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>the Company waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims it may have against Raymond James, for breach of fiduciary
duty or alleged breach of fiduciary duty and agrees that Raymond James shall have no liability (whether direct or indirect) to the Company
in respect of such a fiduciary claim or to any person asserting a fiduciary duty claim on behalf of or in right of the Company, including
stockholders, partners, employees or creditors of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Counterparts</U>. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but
all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Delivery of an executed Agreement by one party to the other may be
made by facsimile or electronic transmission.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT> <U>Recognition of the U.S. Special Resolutions Regime</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>In the event that Raymond James is a Covered Entity (as defined below) becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution
Regime (as defined below), the transfer from Raymond James of this Agreement, and any interest and obligation in or under this Agreement,
will be effective to the same extent as the transfer would be effective under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement, and
any such interest and obligation, were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>In the event Raymond James is a Covered Entity or a BHC Act Affiliate (as defined below) of Raymond James becomes subject to a
proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, Default Rights (as defined below) under this Agreement that may be exercised against
Raymond James are permitted to be exercised to no greater extent than such Default Rights could be exercised under the U.S. Special Resolution
Regime if this Agreement were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">For purposes of this Section 22: (A) &#8220;BHC
Act Affiliate&#8221; has the meaning assigned to the term &#8220;affiliate&#8221; in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12
U.S.C. &sect; 1841(k); (B) &#8220;Covered Entity&#8221; means any of the following: (i) a &#8220;covered entity&#8221; as the term is
defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &sect; 252.82(b); (ii) a &#8220;covered bank&#8221; as that term is defined
in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &sect; 47.3(b); or (iii) a &#8220;covered FSI&#8221; as that term is defined in, and
interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &sect; 382.2(b); (C) &#8220;Default Right&#8221; has the meaning assigned to that term in, and
shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &sect; 252.81, 47.2 or 382.1, as applicable; and (D) &#8220;U.S. Special Resolution
Regime&#8221; means each of (i) the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder and (ii) Title II of the
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Definitions</U>. As used in this Agreement, the following terms have the respective meanings set forth below:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>&#8220;<B><U>Applicable Time</U></B>&#8221; means the date of this Agreement, each Representation Date, the date on which a Placement
Notice is given, any date on which Placement Shares are sold hereunder and each Settlement Date, or such other time as agreed to by the
Company and Raymond James.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>&#8220;<B><U>GAAP</U></B>&#8221; means United States generally accepted accounting principles, consistently applied.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Each of the parties hereto acknowledges that it
is a sophisticated business person who was adequately represented by counsel during negotiations regarding the provisions hereof, including,
without limitation, the indemnification provisions of Section 10 and the contribution provisions of Section 11, and is fully informed
regarding said provisions. Each of the parties hereto further acknowledges that the provisions of Sections 10 and 11 hereto fairly allocate
the risks in light of the ability of the parties to investigate the Company, its affairs and its business in order to assure that adequate
disclosure has been made in the Registration Statement, each free writing prospectus and the Prospectus (and any amendments and supplements
thereto), as required by the Securities Act and the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>[<I>Signature Pages Follow</I>]</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">If the foregoing correctly sets forth the understanding
between the Company and Raymond James, please so indicate in the space provided below for that purpose, whereupon this letter shall constitute
a binding agreement between the Company and Raymond James.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Very truly yours,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>APPLIED OPTOELECTRONICS, INC.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; width: 47%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Chih-Hsiang (Thompson) Lin</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name: Chih-Hsiang (Thompson) Lin</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title: </FONT>&nbsp;President, CEO &amp; Chairman</TD></TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>ACCEPTED as of the date first-above written:</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>RAYMOND JAMES &amp; ASSOCIATES, INC.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; width: 47%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Robert Flanagan</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name: Robert Flanagan</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title: </FONT>&nbsp;Managing Director</TD></TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>tm2310199d1_ex5-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 5.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-right: 3in; text-align: right; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">March&nbsp;24,
2023</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Applied Optoelectronics,&nbsp;Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">13139 Jess Pirtle Blvd.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Sugar Land, TX 77478</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have acted as counsel
for Applied Optoelectronics,&nbsp;Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &ldquo;<B><I>Company</I></B>&rdquo;), in connection with the issuance
and sale by the Company from time to time on a delayed continuous basis pursuant to Rule&nbsp;415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended (the &ldquo;<B><I>Securities Act</I></B>&rdquo;), of (i)&nbsp;securities, including shares of the Company&rsquo;s common stock,
$0.001 par value per share (the &ldquo;<B><I>Common Stock</I></B>&rdquo;), at an aggregate initial offering price not to exceed $185,000,000
registered pursuant to the Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-3 (File No.&nbsp;333-269132) (including the prospectus contained therein,
the &ldquo;<B><I>Registration Statement</I></B>&rdquo;) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;<B><I>Commission</I></B>&rdquo;);
and (ii)&nbsp;the prospectus supplement, dated March 24, 2023 (the &ldquo;<B><I>Prospectus Supplement</I></B>&rdquo;), relating to the
issuance and sale from time to time by the Company of shares of Common Stock with an aggregate offering price of up to $35,000,000 (the
 &ldquo;<B><I>Shares</I></B>&rdquo;). The Shares are to be issued and sold by the Company pursuant to an Equity Distribution Agreement,
dated March 24, 2023 (the &ldquo;<B><I>Distribution Agreement</I></B>&rdquo;), between the Company and Raymond James&nbsp;&amp; Associates,&nbsp;Inc.
The Distribution Agreement will be filed with the Commission as Exhibit&nbsp;1.1 to the Company&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K,
dated March 24, 2023.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">For purposes of the opinion
we express below, we have examined originals, or copies certified or otherwise identified, of (i)&nbsp;the certificate of incorporation
and bylaws, each as amended to date, of the Company (the &ldquo;<B><I>Company Charter Documents</I></B>&rdquo;); (ii)&nbsp;the Registration
Statement and all exhibits thereto; (iii)&nbsp;the Prospectus Supplement and all exhibits thereto; (iv)&nbsp;the Distribution Agreement
and all exhibits thereto; (v)&nbsp;the minutes and records of the corporate proceedings of the Company with respect to the filing of the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement and the entering into of the Distribution Agreement; and (vi)&nbsp;such other corporate
records of the Company as we have deemed necessary or appropriate for purposes of the opinion hereafter expressed.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As to questions of fact material
to the opinion expressed below, we have, without independent verification of their accuracy, relied to the extent we deem reasonably appropriate
upon the representations and warranties of the Company contained in such documents, records, certificates, instruments or representations
furnished or made available to us by the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In making the foregoing examination,
we have assumed (i)&nbsp;the genuineness of all signatures, (ii)&nbsp;the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals,
(iii)&nbsp;the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as certified or photostatic copies, (iv)&nbsp;that all
agreements or instruments we have examined are the valid, binding and enforceable obligations of the parties thereto, and (v)&nbsp;that
all factual information on which we have relied was accurate and complete.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have also assumed that
(i)&nbsp;the Prospectus Supplement has been timely filed with the Commission; (ii)&nbsp;the Company will issue and deliver the Shares
in the manner contemplated by the Registration Statement, the Prospectus Supplement and the Distribution Agreement; (iii)&nbsp;the Shares
will be issued in compliance with applicable federal and state securities law; (iv)&nbsp;no stop orders of the Commission preventing or
suspending the use of the Prospectus Supplement will have been issued; and (v)&nbsp;the Company will receive consideration for the issuance
of the Shares that is at least equal to the par value of the Common Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Based on the foregoing, and
subject to the limitations and qualifications set forth herein, we are of the opinion that when issued and paid for in accordance with
the terms and conditions of the Distribution Agreement, the Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The opinion expressed herein
is limited to the Delaware General Corporation Law as in effect on the date hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT>Applied Optoelectronics,&nbsp;Inc.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">March 24, 2023</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Page 2</FONT></P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We hereby consent to the filing
of this letter as Exhibit&nbsp;5.1 to the Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K to be filed by the Company in connection with the issuance and
sale of the Shares in accordance with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5)&nbsp;of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act and to the reference
to our firm therein and in the Prospectus Supplement under the caption &ldquo;Legal Matters.&rdquo; In giving this consent, we do not
hereby admit we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section&nbsp;7 of the Act or the rules&nbsp;and regulations
of the Commission thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White; width: 50%">Very truly yours,</TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: White">/s/ Haynes and Boone, LLP</TD></TR>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Quarterly Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentTransitionReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentTransitionReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentTransitionReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentTransitionReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentTransitionReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Transition Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Shell Company Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Shell Company Event Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period Start Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Period Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Year Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:to="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current Fiscal Year End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity File Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Primary SIC Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Country</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_CountryRegion" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CountryRegion" xlink:to="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Country Region</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">City Area Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Local Phone Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_Extension" xlink:label="dei_Extension" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Extension" xlink:to="dei_Extension_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Extension_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Extension</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Written Communications</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(b) Security</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:to="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">No Trading Symbol Flag</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(g) Security</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_SecurityReportingObligation" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityReportingObligation" xlink:to="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Reporting Obligation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_AnnualInformationForm" xlink:label="dei_AnnualInformationForm" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AnnualInformationForm" xlink:to="dei_AnnualInformationForm_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AnnualInformationForm_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Annual Information Form</link:label>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>aaoi-20230324_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.23.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139987132847536">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Mar. 24, 2023</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Mar. 24,  2023<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-36083<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001158114<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">76-0533927<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">13139 Jess Pirtle Blvd.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Sugar Land<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">TX<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">77478<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">281<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">295-1800<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, Par value $0.001<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">AAOI<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
