10-K 1 f10k2017_idtcorporation.htm ANNUAL REPORT

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ Annual report pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) of the securities exchange act of 1934 for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017.

or

☐ Transition report pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) of the securities exchange act of 1934.

Commission File Number: 1-16371

IDT Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 22-3415036
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

520 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102
(Address of principal executive offices, zip code)

(973) 438-1000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class B common stock, par value $.01 per share |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☒
Non-accelerated filer ☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the adjusted closing price on January 31, 2017 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) of the Class B common stock of $19.20 per share, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange, was approximately $390.7 million.

As of October 9, 2017, the registrant had outstanding 23,267,081 shares of Class B common stock and 1,574,326 shares of Class A common stock. Excluded from these numbers are 2,298,467 shares of Class B common stock and 1,698,000 shares of Class A common stock held in treasury by IDT Corporation.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The definitive proxy statement relating to the registrant’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be held December 14, 2017, is incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K to the extent described therein.

Index

IDT Corporation

Annual Report on Form 10-K

Part I |  | 1
Item 1. | Business | 1
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 16
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 24
Item 2. | Properties | 24
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 25
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 25
Part II |  | 25
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 26
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 28
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 28
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks | 46
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 47
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. | 47
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 47
Item 9B. | Other Information | 47
Part III |  | 48
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 48
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 49
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 49
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 49
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 49
Part IV |  | 50
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 50
Signatures |  | 52

Part I

As used in this Annual Report, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms the “Company,” “IDT,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to IDT Corporation, a Delaware corporation, its predecessor, International Discount Telecommunications, Corp., a New York corporation, and its subsidiaries, collectively. Each reference to a fiscal year in this Annual Report refers to the fiscal year ending in the calendar year indicated (for example, fiscal 2017 refers to the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017).

Item 1. Business.

OVERVIEW

We are a multinational holding company with operations primarily in the telecommunications and payment industries.

Since our inception, we have derived the majority of our revenues and operating expenses from IDT Telecom’s businesses, with IDT Telecom’s revenues representing 99.8% of our total revenues in fiscal 2017. IDT Telecom’s primary businesses market and distribute multiple communications and payment services across four verticals comprising multiple, related offerings:

| ■ | Retail Communications provides international long-distance calling products primarily to foreign-born communities worldwide, with its core markets in the United States;

| ■ | Wholesale Carrier Services is a global telecom carrier, terminating international long distance calls around the world for Tier 1 fixed line and mobile network operators, as well as other service providers;

| ■ | Payment Services provides payment offerings, including international and domestic airtime top-up and international money transfer; and

| ■ | Unified Communications as a Service, including a cable telephony service that enables cable companies to offer their residential customers voice calling over cable networks, and hosted PBX and SIP trunking services for business customers offered by our net2phone division.

Our Retail Communications vertical provides prepaid international long distance calling services primarily to foreign-born and underbanked consumers in the United States, with smaller retail operations serving customers in Europe, Asia, South America and Canada. Retail Communications offerings include our flagship ‘Boss Revolution’ branded PIN-less international long distance prepaid calling offerings as well as traditional, disposable hard cards sold under a variety of brands. In the United States, the majority of our customers purchase Retail Communications offerings through one of our more than 35,000 Boss Revolution authorized resellers. These resellers are typically small, independent retailers serving foreign-born communities. Boss Revolution customers can also purchase calling services directly through our IVR (Interactive Voice Response) system, website (www.bossrevolution.com), or mobile calling app available free on both the iTunes App Store and Google Play.

Our Wholesale Carrier Services business terminates international long-distance calls for our retail customers and for other telecommunications companies, service providers, and resellers around the world. Our wholesale telecommunications network is comprised of interconnections that link virtually every country and significant carrier in the world.

Our Payment Services vertical includes international mobile top-up (IMTU) offerings sold through our retail network or directly from the Boss Revolution online/mobile platform and Boss Revolution Money app, our Boss Revolution international money transfer service and our National Retail Solutions business. IMTU is sold under the Boss Revolution brand as well as through mobile operator top-up cards sold by Boss Revolution resellers. Our Boss Revolution international money transfer business includes remittances from the United States to over 30 countries. It is offered through certain Boss Revolution resellers as well as the Boss Revolution online/mobile platform and Boss Revolution Money app.

Our National Retail Solutions, or NRS, business is also part of our Payment Services vertical and provides point of sale (POS) terminals and services linked to those terminals - including consumer rewards programs, credit card processing and coupon program participation - to independent retailers in the United States.

Our Unified Communications as a Service vertical includes voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) based cloud offerings under the net2phone brand including Session Initiation Protocol, or SIP, trunking and hosted private branch exchange, or PBX, services offered to enterprise customers exclusively through value-added resellers (VARs), service providers, telecom agents and managed service providers, as well as residential telephony and hosted PBX services provisioned to cable television providers.

In addition, IDT Telecom operates a business that provides bundled local/long distance residential phone service in 11 states under the brand name IDT America.

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Outside of our core telecommunications business, we also hold commercial real estate including our headquarters building and associated public garage in Newark, New Jersey, an office/data center building in Piscataway, New Jersey, and a portion of a building in Jerusalem, Israel that hosts offices for us and our affiliates. Additionally, we own interests in clinical and early stage pharmaceutical companies Rafael Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (formerly Cornerstone Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and Lipomedix Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Financial information by segment is presented in Note 24 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Our headquarters are located at 520 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102. The main telephone number at our headquarters is (973) 438-1000 and our corporate web site’s home page is www.idt.net.

We make available free of charge our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to these reports, and all beneficial ownership reports on Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed by directors, officers and beneficial owners of more than 10% of our equity through the investor relations page of our web site (http://ir.idt.net/) as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our web site also contains information not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

KEY EVENTS IN OUR HISTORY

1990 – Howard Jonas, our founder, launched International Discount Telephone to provide international call re-originations services.

1995 – We began selling wholesale carrier services to other long-distance carriers by leveraging our access to favorable international telephone rates generated by our retail calling traffic.

1996 – We successfully complete an initial public offering of our common stock.

1997 – We began marketing prepaid calling cards to provide convenient and affordable international long distance calls primarily to immigrant communities.

2000 – We complete the sale of a stake in our net2phone subsidiary, a pioneer in the development and commercialization of VoIP technologies and services, to AT&T for approximately $1.1 billion in cash.

2001 – Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE.

2004 – We launch a retail energy business to provide electricity and natural gas to residential and small business customers in New York.

2006 – We sell our Russian telecom business, Corbina, for $129.9 million in cash.

– We launch a regulated issuing bank based in Gibraltar.

2007 – We complete the sale of IDT Entertainment to Liberty Media for (i) 14.9 million shares of our Class B common stock, (ii) Liberty Media’s approximate 4.8% interest in IDT Telecom, (iii) $220.0 million in cash, net of certain working capital adjustments, (iv) the repayment of $58.7 million of IDT Entertainment’s intercompany indebtedness payable to us and (v) the assumption of all of IDT Entertainment’s existing indebtedness.

– We purchase a majority interest in Fabrix Systems Ltd., or Fabrix.

– We purchase a majority stake in Zedge, Inc. (formerly Zedge Holdings, Inc.), or Zedge, which provides one of the most popular content platforms for mobile device personalization including ringtones, wallpapers, home screen icons and notification sounds.

2008 – We enter the oil and gas exploration business and are granted a license to explore for oil shale in Israel.

– We launch Boss Revolution PIN-less, a pay-as-you-go international calling service. Boss Revolution has since become our flagship brand, and the Boss Revolution platform has been expanded to include payment offerings.

2009 – We spin-off our CTM Media Holdings subsidiary to stockholders. CTM Media Holdings has been renamed IDW Media Holdings and is traded on the over-the-counter market with the ticker symbol “IDWM”.

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2011 – We spin-off our Genie Energy Ltd. subsidiary, which holds retail energy and oil and gas exploration businesses, to stockholders. Genie Energy is listed on the NYSE with the ticker symbols “GNE” and “GNE-PRA”.

2013 – We spin-off our Straight Path Communications, Inc. subsidiary to stockholders. Straight Path Communications is listed on the NYSE MKT with the ticker symbol “STRP”.

– We introduce the Boss Revolution mobile app for Android and iOS.

– We launch an international money transfer service on the Boss Revolution platform in select states. The service offers Boss Revolution customers a convenient, affordable means to send cash from the United States to friends and family overseas.

2014 – We sell our 78% stake in Fabrix to Ericsson for $69 million as part of Ericsson’s purchase of Fabrix for $95 million.

2015 – We become the first U.S.-based telecommunications company to terminate international long distance voice traffic directly to Cuba.

2016 – We spin-off our Zedge, Inc. subsidiary to stockholders. Zedge is listed on the NYSE MKT with the ticker symbol “ZDGE”.

– We launch National Retail Solutions to provide Point-of-Sale (POS)-based services to independent retailers in the United States.

– We make a strategic investment in Cornerstone Pharmaceuticals, subsequently renamed Rafael Pharmaceuticals, a privately held, clinical-stage, metabolic oncology therapeutics company focused on treating some of the most challenging cancers including pancreatic, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and T-cell lymphoma.

2017 – We entered into an agreement to sell our Gibraltar-based bank and e-money issuer, IDT Financial Services, which provides prepaid card solutions across the European Economic Area, for approximately $18 million.

RECENT STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENTS

In August 2015, our Board of Directors approved a plan to reorganize us into three separate entities by spinning off two non-core business units and certain assets, one of which was Zedge, to our stockholders, which we completed on June 1, 2016. Throughout fiscal 2017, we prepared to spin off additional non-core assets including our interests in two clinical and early stage pharmaceutical companies - Rafael Pharmaceuticals and Lipomedix Pharmaceuticals Ltd. - and our real estate holdings to our shareholders as Rafael Holdings, Inc. In addition, we intend to contribute $50 million to $60 million in cash to Rafael Holdings, Inc. prior to the spin-off.

DIVIDENDS AND DISTRIBUTIONS

We have made quarterly distributions to the holders of our Class A and Class B common stock since fiscal 2011. In fiscal 2017, we paid aggregate cash dividends of $0.76 per share on our Class A common stock and Class B common stock, or $17.9 million in total as detailed below. In fiscal 2016, we paid aggregate cash dividends of $0.75 per share on our Class A common stock and Class B common stock, or $17.4 million in total.

| ■ | On October 20, 2016, we paid an ordinary cash dividend of $0.19 per share for the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016;

| ■ | On December 23, 2016, we paid an ordinary cash dividend of $0.19 per share for the first quarter of fiscal 2017;

| ■ | On March 24, 2017, we paid an ordinary cash dividend of $0.19 per share for the second quarter of fiscal 2017; and

| ■ | On June 30, 2017, we paid an ordinary cash dividend of $0.19 per share for the third quarter of fiscal 2017.

On September 28, 2017, we declared a dividend of $0.19 per share for the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017 to holders of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock. The dividend will be paid on or about October 20, 2017 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on October 16, 2017.

We expect to continue making distributions commensurate with our cash generation and financial resources, business outlook and growth strategy, as they may be impacted by significant current or anticipated developments.

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OUR STRATEGY

History and Background

Since our founding, we have focused on value creation by leveraging potentially disruptive telecommunications, payment and other technologies to challenge entrenched business models. Outside of our core businesses, we sought to select and incubate promising early stage businesses and, in some cases, have sold those businesses or spun them off to our stockholders.

In 2007 and 2008, in response to a long-term, industry-wide decline in the sale of prepaid, disposable calling cards, which was our dominant offering at the time, we initiated a fundamental restructuring of our businesses. We right-sized corporate overhead, reduced network costs at IDT Telecom, streamlined our operations, and refocused on the growth and profitability of our core telecommunications businesses. We subsequently spun off certain non-core businesses and assets to our stockholders, including CTM Media (2009), Genie Energy (2011), Straight Path Communications (2013), and Zedge (2016). In October 2014, we completed the sale of our interest in Fabrix, a network storage and processing technology business, to Ericsson for $69 million in cash as part of Ericsson’s purchase of Fabrix for $95 million.

In 2017, we entered into an agreement to sell our IDT Financial Services Holdings Limited subsidiary, a Gibraltar-based bank and e-money issuer across the European Economic Union, to JAR Fintech Limited, for approximately $18 million, which we expect to close in calendar 2017.

Within IDT Telecom, we reduced the cost of our infrastructure while leveraging our VoIP expertise and large retail network to develop new products and services. We also sharpened our retail focus to provide high-quality, cost-effective communications and payment services primarily to foreign-born consumers. This is a historically underserved market that includes significant numbers of unbanked and under-banked consumers.

As part of our effort to meet the changing demands of our target demographic, in 2008 we launched Boss Revolution PIN-less, a pay-as-you-go international long-distance voice service. The service grew rapidly and eventually overtook sales of our traditional, disposable prepaid calling cards. We believe that Boss Revolution PIN-less has become the nation’s leading pay-as-you-go international calling service. We subsequently developed and introduced complementary payment services over the Boss Revolution platform, including international and domestic airtime top-up, gift cards, domestic bill payment and an international money transfer service. These additions represent significant milestones toward our goal of offering a comprehensive suite of voice and payment products under a single, global brand and platform targeted to under-banked, foreign-born consumers.

To simplify the Boss Revolution PIN-less calling experience and extend its reach, we introduced our Boss Revolution Calling mobile app in 2013. The app is free to the consumer and is distributed through both the iTunes and Google Play app stores. In 2017, we introduced a Boss Revolution retailer portal that can be accessed via the web browser on a mobile device to enable any qualified individual in the United States with an Android or iOS smartphone to become a Boss Revolution retailer and to manage their Boss Revolution account virtually anywhere, anytime. In 2017, we introduced the BOSS Revolution Money app, which works seamlessly with the Boss Revolution calling app to let customers send money transfers, mobile airtime top-up and electronic gift cards to family and friends easily and securely.

Leveraging the high volumes of traffic to certain overseas destinations generated by our retail business, we have long been a significant operator in the global wholesale telecommunications market, carrying and terminating international calling traffic on behalf of other telecommunications companies and call aggregators. More recently, we have maintained our leadership in the wholesale market by leveraging VoIP technology and broadening our offerings with different levels of service quality.

In 2015, we refocused our net2phone division to provide cloud-based communications to small and medium-sized businesses. Unlike most other competitors in this space, net2phone works exclusively through the agent channel, provisioning its service through third-party technology providers and other value-added resellers.

Recent Strategic Developments

In August 2015, our Board of Directors approved a plan to reorganize us into three separate entities by spinning off two non-core business units and certain assets, one of which was Zedge, to our stockholders, which we completed on June 1, 2016. Throughout fiscal 2017, we prepared to spin off additional non-core assets including our interests in two clinical and early stage pharmaceutical companies - Rafael Pharmaceuticals and Lipomedix Pharmaceuticals Ltd. - and our real estate holdings to our shareholders as Rafael Holdings, Inc. In addition, we intend to contribute $50 million to $60 million in cash to Rafael Holdings, Inc. prior to the spin-off.

IDT Telecom

IDT Telecom’s largest offerings, including its Boss Revolution prepaid PIN-less calling services and wholesale termination business, face intense competitive pressures on revenues and margins. In response, IDT Telecom is pursuing a multi-pronged strategy that includes:

| ■ | Reducing the cost of operating our network, streamlining operations, and right sizing overhead;

| ■ | Expanding our national network of 35,000+ Boss Revolution retailers;

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| ■ | Building the Boss Revolution brand through direct to consumer marketing, promotions, and rewards programs;

| ■ | Bringing new communications and payment services to the Boss Revolution platform and mobile apps to increase loyalty, create cross selling opportunities, and generate new sources of revenue;

| ■ | Utilizing our direct and indirect sales force to deepen market penetration in certain foreign-born communities, focusing on geographies and ethnic communities where we have not traditionally been a leading provider;

| ■ | Providing outsourced international long-distance management and termination solutions to fixed and mobile telecom operators to enhance the profitability of their international long-distance offerings;

| ■ | Building on the early success of our net2phone brand’s enterprise offerings including Session Initiation Protocol, or SIP, trunking and hosted private branch exchange, or PBX, services;

| ■ | Investing to expand our early-stage international money transfer business with a focus on increasing the number of originating agents in the United States and our direct to consumer efforts via mobile;

| ■ | Investing in our National Retail Solutions business which provides merchant service offerings through point of sale (POS) terminals enabling independent retailers to participate in national coupon and other consumer goods promotional offerings, offer rewards programs, and access additional POS network benefits; and

| ■ | Launching a new mobile virtual network operator service, or MVNO, to provide wireless phones and service in the US under the Boss Revolution brand with an innovative, low-cost pricing model.

BUSINESS DESCRIPTION

IDT TELECOM

IDT Telecom reports financial and operational results in three reportable segments: Telecom Platform Services, Unified Communications as a Service, and Consumer Phone Service. Since our inception, we have derived the majority of our revenues and operating expenses from IDT Telecom’s businesses. In fiscal 2017, IDT Telecom had revenues of $1,499.0 million, representing 99.8% of our total consolidated revenues, and income from operations of $23.6 million, as compared with revenues of $1,484.8 million and income from operations of $32.4 million in fiscal 2016.

TELECOM PLATFORM SERVICES

Our Telecom Platform Services segment, which represented 97.5% and 97.0% of our total consolidated revenues in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, respectively, markets and distributes multiple communications and payment services across three business verticals:

| ■ | Retail Communications provides international long-distance calling products primarily to foreign-born communities worldwide, with its core markets in the United States;

| ■ | Wholesale Carrier Services is a global telecom carrier, terminating international long distance calls around the world for Tier 1 fixed line and mobile network operators, as well as other service providers; and

| ■ | Payment Services provides payment offerings, including international and domestic airtime top-up, international money transfer, and our merchant service offerings through POS terminals.

During fiscal 2017, our Telecom Platform Services segment generated $1,464.1 million in revenues worldwide and income from operations of $24.4 million, as compared with revenues of $1,451.6 million and income from operations of $32.8 million in fiscal 2016.

Retail Communications

Retail Communications’ revenue was $610.2 million in fiscal 2017 compared to $664.9 million in fiscal 2016 (41.7% and 45.8% of Telecom Platform Services’ revenue in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, respectively).

Most of Retail Communications’ sales are generated by the Boss Revolution PIN-less international calling service. Other smaller lines of business contribute to Retail Communications sales, including (1) traditional, disposable prepaid calling cards sold under a variety of brand names both domestically and overseas, (2) private label and IDT branded prepaid and point of sale activated calling cards sold to large retailers, medium sized retail chains (e.g. supermarkets, drug stores), and smaller grocery stores and similar outlets, and (3) our PennyTalk international calling service. Other revenues generated using our Boss Revolution platform, including airtime top-up and international money transfer, are reflected in the Payment Services vertical discussed below.

Boss Revolution PIN-less allows users to call their families and friends overseas without the need to enter a personal identification number, or PIN. To place a call, a customer must first establish a Boss Revolution prepaid account. Boss Revolution customers can access our network by dialing a local access or toll-free number. Our platform recognizes the user’s network-provided automatic number identification (ANI) and seamlessly links each call to the corresponding Boss Revolution account. Callers then enter their destination phone numbers. The dialing process is automated to provide one-touch dialing in the Boss Revolution Calling app.

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Boss Revolution customers’ account balances are typically debited at a fixed rate per minute. In contrast to many competitors, Boss Revolution does not charge connection, usage or breakage fees. Boss Revolution per minute rates can vary by the destination country, city, and whether the call is a landline or mobile phone. Rates are published on the Boss Revolution consumer website and within the Boss Revolution Calling app. In addition to per minute prepaid plans, Boss Revolution offers unlimited calling plans for a flat monthly fee to some destinations.

Customers can add to, or top-up, their account balance at any Boss Revolution retailer using cash, a debit card or a credit card. Customers with a credit card, debit card or store-bought top-up voucher can also add to their account balance directly by phone, online through the Boss Revolution consumer web site (www.bossrevolution.com), or through the Boss Revolution Calling or Money apps.

In the United States, we distribute many of our retail products through our network of distributors that, either directly or through sub-distributors, sells to retail locations. In addition, our internal sales force sells Boss Revolution platform products directly to retailers. Also, the Boss Revolution Calling app is available for download through both the iTunes and Google Play stores. Distributors, our internal sales people and retailers typically receive commissions based on the revenue generated by each transaction.

In 2017, we introduced a Boss Revolution retailer portal that can be accessed via the web browser on a mobile device to enable any qualified individual in the United States with an Android or iOS smartphone to become a Boss Revolution retailer and to manage their Boss Revolution account virtually anywhere, anytime. The Boss Revolution retailer portal enables retailers to create accounts for new customers, add funds to existing customer balances and execute sales transactions for the various products and services available on the portal. The Boss Revolution retailer portal also provides a direct, real-time interface with our retailers, resulting in a cost-effective and adaptable distribution model that can rapidly respond to changes in the business environment.

The Boss Revolution platform allows us to target and promote services directly to distributors, retailers and customers and to introduce and cross-sell offerings. In 2017, we introduced the BOSS Revolution Money app, which works seamlessly with the Boss Revolution Calling app to let customers send money transfers, mobile airtime top-up and electronic gift cards to family and friends easily and securely.

In the United States, the Boss Revolution brand is supported by national, regional and local marketing programs that include television and radio advertising, online advertising, print media, and grass roots marketing at community and sporting events. In addition, we work closely with distributors and retailers on in-store promotional programs and events.

Retail Communications’ sales have traditionally been strongest in the Northeastern United States and in Florida because of our extensive local distribution network and their large foreign-born populations. We continue to grow distributor relationships and expand our retail network in other areas of the United States, including the Southwest and West Coast, where we historically have not had as strong of a market presence.

We expect to launch Boss Revolution Mobile before the end of calendar 2017. Boss Revolution Mobile will be a domestic mobile service operating on Sprint’s nationwide network offering an innovative, low-cost model for mobile service under our Boss Revolution brand.

Wholesale Carrier Services

Wholesale Carrier Services’ revenue was $608.6 million in fiscal 2017 compared to $567.4 million in fiscal 2016 (41.6% and 39.1% of Telecom Platform Services’ revenue in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, respectively).

Wholesale Carrier Services terminates international telecommunications traffic in more than 170 countries around the world. The division’s customers include our Retail Communications business, major and niche carriers around the globe, mobile network operators, and other service providers such as call aggregators. For many of these customers, particularly the major carriers, we engage in buy-sell relationships, terminating their customers’ traffic in exchange for terminating our wholesale and retail traffic with them.

We offer competitively priced international termination rates at several quality levels. We can offer competitively priced termination services in part because of the large volumes of originating minutes generated by our Retail Communications business, our global platform powered by proprietary software, our team of professional and experienced account managers and market makers, and an extensive network of interconnects around the globe.

IDT Telecom terminated 26.6 billion minutes in fiscal 2017, as compared to 27.4 billion minutes in fiscal 2016, making us one of the largest carriers of international long-distance minutes worldwide. Wholesale Carrier Services accounted for 19.9 billion minutes and 19.3 billion minutes of the total IDT Telecom minutes in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, respectively.

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IDT Telecom has a significant number of direct connections to Tier 1 providers outside the United States, particularly Tier 1 providers in Latin America, Asia, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Tier 1 providers are the largest recognized licensed carriers in a country. Direct connections improve the quality of the telephone calls and reduce the cost, thereby enabling us to generate more traffic with higher margins to the associated foreign locales. We also have direct relationships with mobile network operators, reflecting their growing share of the voice traffic market.

Termination rates charged by Tier 1 and other providers of international long-distance traffic have been declining for many years. Nevertheless, termination rates charged to us by individual Tier 1 carriers and mobile operators can be volatile. Termination price volatility on heavily trafficked routes can significantly impact our minutes of use and wholesale revenues.

In addition to offering competitive rates to our carrier customers, we emphasize our ability to offer the high-quality connections that these providers often require. To that end, we offer higher-priced services in which we provide higher-quality connections, based upon a set of predetermined quality of service criteria. These services meet a growing need for higher-quality connections for some of our customers who provide services to high-value, quality-conscious retail customers. As of July 31, 2017, Wholesale Carrier Services had more than 3,000 customers. IDT Telecom has over 600 carrier relationships globally.

Wholesale Carrier Services’ revenue is generated by sales to both postpaid and prepaid customers. Postpaid customers typically include Tier 1 carriers, mobile network operators and our most credit worthy customers. Prepaid customers are typically smaller telecommunication companies as well as independent call aggregators.

In fiscal 2017, we announced an outsourcing initiative, Voicehub, to help fixed and mobile telephony operators enhance the profitability and value of their international voice operations. Wholesale Carrier Services will provide these operators with customized solutions including full outsourcing, handing all inbound and outbound calls with or without switch management, and hybrid arrangements whereby the operator retains certain routes or customers directly.

Payment Services

Payment Services’ revenue was $245.3 million in fiscal 2017 compared to $219.3 million in fiscal 2016 (16.7% and 15.1% of Telecom Platform Services’ revenue in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, respectively).

Most of Payment Services’ revenue is generated by the sale of international airtime top-up offerings. Other products and services in this vertical include domestic airtime top-up, gift cards sold in the United States and Europe, domestic bill pay service, our international money transfer service, our merchant services through POS terminals offerings and, until its expected sale in the fourth quarter of calendar 2017, the operations of our Gibraltar-based bank. Payment Services’ offerings leverage our platform capabilities, our distribution reach into foreign-born communities and our global reach to provide convenient and affordable offerings primarily over the Boss Revolution platform.

Our international airtime top-up products enable customers to purchase airtime for a prepaid mobile telephone in another country. They are sold both over our Boss Revolution platform and in hard card format. Our international airtime top-up offerings are focused on geographic corridors, such as the United States to various Central American countries, that tend to generate high volumes of business, and are part of a comprehensive product offering that includes product, marketing and distribution focused on those corridors.

International remittances are a significant economic activity among our target market of foreign-born residents and other under-banked communities. Our international money transfer service is offered over the Boss Revolution platform, and like other payment services, utilizes our retail network and associated ability to serve unbanked customers. However, we expect that only a limited number of Boss Revolution retailers in the United States will eventually qualify to process international money transfer transactions.

Revenues from international money transfer are derived from a per-transaction fee charged to the customer and from foreign exchange differentials. Transaction costs include commissions paid to the retail agent, payment to the international disbursing agent, banking, compliance, and foreign currency exchange costs.

Our merchant services business, National Retail Solutions, was founded in fiscal 2016 to help bodegas and other independent retailers serving immigrant communities compete more effectively against big-box retailers and retail chains. NRS’s services leverage its nationwide network of point-of-sale (POS) terminals installed with bodegas nationwide. NRS designed the POS terminals which offer versatile functionality including barcode scanners, customer and retailer facing hi-definition screens, and credit card readers. At September 30, 2017, NRS had deployed over 3,500 POS terminals.

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NRS derives revenue from the sale of the POS terminals to retailers, a monthly recurring fee for use of the terminals, and additional terminal-based marketing, advertising and payment services sold a la carte. These include data analytics, vendor payouts, inventory control, credit card processing and display advertising.

NRS also aggregates the market power of its retailer network to provide compelling offerings for consumer-packaged goods (CPG) manufacturers and distributors who otherwise do not have an efficient channel to access independent, urban and immigrant-focused retailers. NRS offers CPG suppliers access to its retailer network and to their customers through its popular customer loyalty program, the BR Club. NRS’s offerings to CPG companies include coupon distribution and redemption capabilities and new product placement and promotion.

The NRS merchant services business is synergistic with other BOSS Revolution communications and payment services including PIN-less calling, international and domestic money transfer, and sales of international mobile top-up products. BR Club members receive promotional text and in-store promotions for IDT’s calling and payment services offerings, all of which can be sold and provisioned by retailers directly from their NRS terminals.

Payment Services also includes reloadable prepaid debit cards marketed across the European Economic Area and Bank Identification Number (BIN) sponsorship services offered by our Gibraltar-based bank, which we expect to sell in the fourth quarter of calendar 2017.

International Operations

Internationally, we are a provider of prepaid calling cards including both private label and IDT-branded calling cards, which are sold through an extensive network of thousands of independent retailers as well as through our own internal sales force. Additionally, we sell Boss Revolution PIN-less international calling and domestic and international airtime top-up and payment services in select global markets both through retailers and directly to consumers. Wholesale Termination and related wholesale services are marketed and sold globally through our internal Carrier Sales team.

In Europe, we market our Retail Communications products in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Norway and Austria, seeking to capitalize on the demographic opportunity presented by immigration from outside of Europe to these developed nations. Because the immigrant market is fragmented, and due to the large number of markets in which we compete, we offer over 470 different prepaid calling cards in Europe. In addition, we sell Boss Revolution platform products through retailers, our mobile Calling app, and direct-to-consumer web sites in Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, we sell the Prime Card, a leading prepaid MasterCard through select retailers and online directly to consumers.

Our operations in Europe also include Wholesale Carrier Services. We maintain our European corporate, Retail Communications and Wholesale Carrier Services operations in London, England. We also operate satellite offices in Germany, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Ireland and Greece.

Our European operations, including Wholesale Carrier Services and Retail Communications, generated $408.9 million of revenues in fiscal 2017, an 11% increase from the $368.5 million of revenues generated during fiscal 2016. Our European operations’ revenues constituted 27.3% of IDT Telecom’s revenues in fiscal 2017, as compared to 24.8% in fiscal 2016.

In Asia, we sell Retail Communications products in Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, Taiwan and Malaysia. In Hong Kong, we are one of the top providers of prepaid calling services to the Filipino, Indian and Indonesian populations, three of the largest overseas worker segments there. In addition, in Singapore, our Retail Communications products are a market leader to the Indian, Indonesian and Bangladeshi populations, which are among the largest ethnic segments in Singapore. We sell Boss Revolution platform products through retailers, our mobile Calling app, and direct-to-consumer web sites in Australia, Hong Kong, and Singapore. In Asia, we also sell postpaid services direct to consumers and small businesses. In fiscal 2017, IDT Telecom generated $43.7 million in revenues from our operations in the Asia Pacific region compared to $45.4 million in fiscal 2016. Our operations in Asia also include Wholesale Carrier Services. We maintain our Asia Pacific headquarters in Hong Kong.

In Latin America, we market Retail Communications products in Argentina and Brazil. In addition, we offer SIP Trunking VoIP services in Brazil to large enterprise businesses. In fiscal 2017, net2phone began offering its Hosted PBX services in Brazil and Argentina. We maintain our Latin American headquarters in Buenos Aires, Argentina and Sao Paulo, Brazil. In fiscal 2017, IDT Telecom generated $10.4 million in revenues from the sale of Retail Communications and UCaaS products in Latin America compared to $13.3 million in fiscal 2016.

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Sales, Marketing and Distribution

In the United States, we distribute Retail Communications and Payment Services products, including Boss Revolution PIN-less, domestic and international airtime top-up offerings, and prepaid calling cards primarily to retail outlets through our network of distributors or through our internal sales force. In addition, our private label calling cards as well as our IDT-branded calling cards are also marketed to retail chains and outlets through our internal sales force, and from time to time, we may utilize third-party agents or brokers to acquire accounts. We also market prepaid offerings, including Boss Revolution PIN-less and domestic and international airtime top-up, direct to the consumer via online channels including the Boss Revolution consumer website (www.bossrevolution.com) and mobile apps for iOS and Android.

net2phone, our VoIP division, focuses on the Agent channel marketplace by partnering with service providers, distributors, system integrators, telecom agents and master agents domestically and internationally. These partners utilize net2phone’s full suite of VoIP communication solutions focusing on net2phone’s SIP Trunking and Hosted PBX solutions. net2phone’s Cable Telephony unit white labels net2phone’s residential, broadband telephony solution to complete the cable operator’s triple play. net2phone white labels its Hosted PBX solution for the operator’s business customers as well, allowing their enterprise and residential end users to capitalize on the growth, flexibility and cost advantages of IP-based calling.

In Europe, Asia Pacific and Latin America, we are a leading provider of prepaid calling cards including both private label and IDT-branded calling cards, which are sold through an extensive network of thousands of independent retailers as well as through our own internal sales force. Additionally, we sell Boss Revolution PIN-less international calling and domestic and international airtime top-up in select markets both through retailers and directly to consumers. In Asia, we also sell postpaid services direct to consumers and small businesses. In the United Kingdom, we sell the Prime Card, a leading prepaid MasterCard through select retailers and online directly to consumers. Wholesale Carrier Services are marketed and sold through our internal Carrier Sales team. In Canada, we sell Boss Revolution platform products through retailers, our mobile Calling app, and direct-to-consumer web sites.

Telecommunications Network Infrastructure

IDT Telecom operates a global network to provide an array of telecommunications and payment services to our customers worldwide using a combination of proprietary and third-party applications. Proprietary applications include call routing and rating, customer provisioning, call management, e-commerce sites, product web pages, calling card features, and payment services features. Proprietary applications provide the flexibility to adapt to evolving marketplace demands without waiting for third-party software releases, and often provide advantages in capability or cost over commercially available alternatives.

The IDT Telecom core voice network utilizes VoIP and is interconnected, where needed, through gateways to time-division multiplexing, or TDM, networks worldwide. This hybrid IP/TDM capability allows IDT Telecom to interface with carriers using the lowest cost technology protocol available. To support its global reach, IDT Telecom operates voice switches and/or points of presence in the United States, Europe, South America, Asia and Australia. IDT Telecom receives and terminates voice traffic from every country in the world, including cellular, landline and satellite calls through direct and indirect interconnects. The network includes data centers located in the United States, the United Kingdom and Hong Kong, which house equipment used for both our voice and payment services, with smaller points of presence in several other countries. It is monitored and operated on a continual basis by our Network Operations Center in the United States. More recently, we started to make use of one of the leading cloud providers to serve as host for some of our application infrastructure.

UNIFIED COMMUNICATIONS AS A SERVICE (UCAAS)

UCaaS’ revenue was $29.4 million in fiscal 2017 compared to $26.4 million in fiscal 2016. UCaaS’ loss from operations was $1.9 million in fiscal 2017 compared to $1.6 million in fiscal 2016.

UCaaS’ revenue is generated primarily by VoIP products and services sold under the net2phone brand. net2phone’s VoiP offerings include (1) cable telephony, (2) cloud-based private branch exchange, or PBX, services offered to enterprise customers exclusively through value-added resellers (VARs), service providers, telecom agents and managed service providers, (3) Session Initiation Protocol, or SIP, trunking, which supports inbound and outbound domestic and international calling from an IP PBX, and (4) PicuP, a highly-automated business phone service that answers, routes and manages voice calls. In fiscal 2017, net2phone launched cloud-based PBX services in Brazil and Argentina, leveraging IDT’s local licenses, telephony platform and infrastructure. net2phone plans to expand into new markets in South America, Europe and Asia focusing on its cloud-based PBX product set.

IDT continues to optimize and improve its cable telephony platform to reduce the underlying costs of service and increase the speed of deployment.

Sales, Marketing and Distribution

net2phone focuses on the agent channel marketplace by partnering with service providers, distributors, system integrators, telecom agents and master agents domestically and internationally. These partners utilize net2phone’s full suite of VoIP communication solutions focusing on net2phone’s SIP Trunking and Hosted PBX solutions. net2phone’s Cable Telephony unit white labels net2phone’s residential, broadband telephony solution to complete the cable operator’s triple play. net2phone also white labels its Hosted PBX solution for the operator’s business customers, allowing their enterprise end users to capitalize on the growth, flexibility and cost advantages of IP-based calling.

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CONSUMER PHONE SERVICES

Our Consumer Phone Services segment generated revenues of $5.5 million and income from operations of $1.1 million in fiscal 2017, as compared to revenues of $6.9 million and income from operations of $1.2 million in fiscal 2016.

During fiscal 2017, we continued to operate the business in harvest mode-maximizing revenue from current customers while maintaining expenses at the minimum levels essential to operate the business. This strategy has been in effect since calendar 2005 when the Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, decided to terminate the UNE-P pricing regime, which resulted in significantly inferior economics in the operating model for this business. We expect the Consumer Phone Services’ customer base and revenues will continue to decline in fiscal 2018.

We currently provide our bundled local/long distance phone service in 11 states, marketed under the brand name IDT America. Our bundled local/long distance service, offered predominantly to residential customers, includes unlimited local, regional toll and domestic long distance calling and popular calling features. A second plan is available, providing unlimited local service with our long distance included for as low as 3.9 cents per minute. With either plan, competitive international rates and/or additional features can be added for additional monthly fees. We also offer stand-alone long-distance service throughout the United States.

At July 31, 2017, we had approximately 3,500 active customers for our bundled local/long distance plans and approximately 14,500 customers for our long distance-only plans, compared to approximately 4,200 and 18,100 customers, respectively, on July 31, 2016. Our highest customer concentrations are in large urban areas, with the greatest number of customers located in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts.

ALL OTHER

Operating segments that are not reportable individually are included in All Other. During fiscal 2017, All Other generated $2.7 million in revenues and income from operations of $0.3 million, compared to revenues of $11.5 million and income from operations of $4.2 million during fiscal 2016.

All Other also includes our real estate holdings, and other smaller businesses.

We own the approximate 496,000 square-foot building in Newark, New Jersey in which our headquarters is located, and we occupy approximately 20% of that building. We also own an 800-car public parking garage located across the street from that building. In addition, we own a building in Piscataway, New Jersey that is used partially by IDT Telecom for certain of its operations and a 12,400 square foot condominium interest in a building in Jerusalem, Israel.

In fiscal 2016 and 2017, we made investments totaling $10 million in Rafael Pharmaceuticals, a clinical stage, oncology-focused pharmaceutical company committed to the development and commercialization of therapies that exploit the metabolic differences between normal cells and cancer cells. Our 90%-owned subsidiary, IDT-Rafael Holdings, LLC, or IDT-Rafael Holdings, owns direct and indirect interests in Rafael Pharmaceuticals. IDT-Rafael Holdings owns a 50% interest in CS Pharma Holdings, LLC, or CS Pharma. CS Pharma owns $10 million in Convertible Series D Notes issued by Rafael Pharmaceuticals. We and CS Pharma hold warrants to purchase up to 56%, in the aggregate, of the then issued and outstanding capital stock of Rafael Pharmaceuticals, on an as-converted and fully diluted basis.

The Rafael Pharmaceuticals Series D Note earns interest at 3.5% per annum, with principal and accrued interest due and payable on September 16, 2018. The Series D Note is convertible at the holder’s option into shares of Rafael Pharmaceuticals Series D Preferred Stock at a price of $1.25 per share, subject to downward adjustment if there are interim financings of Rafael Pharmaceuticals at lower prices and certain other events. The Series D Note also includes a mandatory conversion into Rafael Pharmaceuticals common stock upon a qualified initial public offering of Rafael Pharmaceuticals.

The right to exercise Rafael Pharmaceuticals warrants as to the first $10 million thereof is held by CS Pharma. The exercise price of the warrant is the lower of 70% of the price sold in an equity financing of Rafael Pharmaceuticals, or $1.25 per share, subject to certain adjustments. The warrant will expire upon the earlier of December 31, 2020 or a qualified initial public offering of Rafael Pharmaceuticals or liquidation event of Rafael Pharmaceuticals.

The 50% of CS Pharma not held by IDT-Rafael Holdings are held by investors who purchased that interest for $10 million in the aggregate. CS Pharma holds $10 million of cash that is expected to be invested in Rafael Pharmaceuticals. The 10% of IDT-Rafael Holdings that we do not own is owned by Howard S. Jonas.

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In addition, IDT-Rafael Holdings had the contractual right to receive additional shares of Rafael Pharmaceuticals representing 10% of the outstanding capital stock of Rafael Pharmaceuticals that will be issued upon the occurrence of any of the following: (i) Food and Drug Administration approval of a Rafael Pharmaceuticals drug application, (ii) an initial public offering of Rafael Pharmaceuticals at a valuation of over $500 million, or (iii) a sale of Rafael Pharmaceuticals above certain valuations. Currently, none of the conditions have been satisfied and the right remains contingent. On September 14, 2017, IDT-Rafael Holdings distributed this right to its members on a pro-rata basis such that we received the right to 9% of the outstanding capital stock of Rafael Pharmaceuticals and Mr. Jonas received the right to 1% of the outstanding capital stock of Rafael Pharmaceuticals. In addition, as compensation for assuming the role of Chairman of the Board of Rafael Pharmaceuticals, and to create additional incentive to contribute to the success of Rafael Pharmaceuticals, on September 19, 2017, we transferred our right to receive 9% of the outstanding capital stock of Rafael Pharmaceuticals to Mr. Jonas. The right is further transferable at the discretion of Mr. Jonas.

In fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, we used cash of $1.4 million and $0.1 million, respectively, for investments in Lipomedix Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a development-stage, privately held Israeli company focused on the development of an innovative, safe and effective cancer therapy based on liposome delivery. We own 38.9% of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of Lipomedix. We have the option to invest an additional $0.9 million in Lipomedix, which would increase our aggregate ownership to 50.6% of the issued share capital on a fully diluted basis. The option expires on the earlier of (1) a merger or acquisition transaction, (2) an initial public offering, or (3) November 30, 2017.

Throughout fiscal 2017, we prepared to spin off non-core assets including our interests in Rafael Pharmaceuticals and Lipomedix as well as our real estate holdings to our shareholders as Rafael Holdings, Inc. In addition, we intend to contribute $50 million to $60 million in cash to Rafael Holdings, Inc. prior to the spin-off.

On June 1, 2016, we completed the Zedge Spin-Off, which was a pro rata distribution of the common stock that we held in our subsidiary Zedge to our stockholders. At the time of its spin-off, Zedge’s principal business consisted of providing one of the most popular content platforms for mobile device personalization including ringtones, wallpapers, home screen icons and notification sounds. Prior to its sale in October 2014, Fabrix was also included in All Other. Fabrix is a software development company offering a cloud-based scale-out storage and computing platform optimized for big data, virtualization and media storage, processing and delivery. The final sale price for 100% of the shares in Fabrix was $95 million in cash, excluding transaction costs and working capital and other adjustments. We owned approximately 78% of Fabrix on a fully diluted basis. Our share of the sale price was $69.2 million, after reflecting the impact of working capital and other adjustments. We recorded gain on the sale of our interest in Fabrix of $76.9 million and $1.1 million in fiscal 2015 and fiscal 2016, respectively.

COMPETITION

IDT Telecom

Telecom Platform Services

Retail Communications

Like all international calling services, our Boss Revolution PIN-less service is subject to fierce competition, and we do not expect to continue to grow revenues and margins without a successful strategy and sound execution. While virtually any company offering communication services is a competitor of our Retail Communications offerings, we face particularly strong competition from Tier 1 mobile network operators who offer flat rate international calling plans, other PIN-less prepaid voice offerings, prepaid calling card providers, mobile virtual network operators (or MVNOs) with aggressive international rate plans, and VoIP and other “over the top” (OTT) service providers. Outside the United States, we also compete with large foreign state-owned or state sanctioned telephone companies.

In our view, our ability to compete successfully against these operators depends on several factors. Our interconnect and termination agreements, network infrastructure and least-cost-routing system enable us to offer low-cost, high quality services. Our extensive distribution and retail networks provide us with a strong presence in communities of foreign-born residents, a significant portion of which purchase our services with cash. Our Boss Revolution brand is often highly visible in these communities and has a reputation for quality service and competitive, transparent pricing. Finally, we also offer synergistic payment services over the Boss Revolution platform that customers can conveniently access from their accounts. In our view, these factors represent competitive advantages.

However, some of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and name recognition, and can provide comparable service levels and pricing through established brands. Consequently, our ability to maintain and/or to capture additional market share will remain dependent upon our ability to continue to provide competitively priced services, expand our distribution and retail networks, improve our ability to reach and sell to customers through mobile devices, develop successful new products and services to fit the evolving needs of our customers, and continue to build the brand equity of Boss Revolution.

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Wholesale Carrier Services

The wholesale carrier industry has numerous entities competing for the same customers, primarily based on price, products and quality of service.

In our Wholesale Carrier Services business, we participate in a global market place with:

| ■ | interexchange carriers and other long-distance resellers and providers, including large carriers such as T Mobile, AT&T and Verizon;

| ■ | historically state-owned or state-sanctioned telephone companies such as Telefonica, France Telecom and KDDI;

| ■ | on-line, spot-market trading exchanges for voice minutes;

| ■ | OTT internet telephony providers;

| ■ | other VoIP providers;

| ■ | other providers of international long-distance services; and

| ■ | alliances between large multinational carriers that provide wholesale carrier services.

Our Wholesale Carrier Services business derives a competitive advantage from several inter-related factors: our Retail Communications business generates large volumes of originating minutes, which represents a desirable, tradable asset that helps us win return traffic and obtain beneficial pricing which we can offer in the wholesale arena; the proprietary technologies powering our wholesale platform and in particular, the software that drives voice over internet protocols enables us to scale up at a lower cost than many of our competitors; our professional and experienced account management; and our extensive network of interconnects around the globe, with the ability to connect in whichever format (IP or TDM) is most feasible. In aggregate, these factors provide us with a competitive advantage over some participants on certain routes.

Payment Services

The major competitors to Payment Services’ offerings include:

| ■ | international mobile operators, who seek to control more of their own distribution channel or create their own products that directly compete with our international airtime top-up;

| ■ | other distributors, who develop a more comprehensive product offering than our international airtime top-up offerings or aggressively discount their product offerings that are like our international airtime top-up offerings; and

| ■ | traditional international money transfer services such as Western Union and MoneyGram that target foreign born communities in the United States, as well as new entrants trying to disrupt the money transfer market such as Xoom.com, Transferwise and World Remit.

Unified Communications as a Service (UCaaS)

Some of the major competitors to our UCaaS offerings include other UCaaS and or hosted voice providers such as Vonage Business, Nextiva, 8x8, West Corp, and Ring Central. Due to their longevity and substantial investments in the space, these providers offer a more advanced product set that includes features such as video, chat, collaboration, and analytics. These competitors, in addition to possessing more widely recognized brands, also support integration of their services with other well-known, third-party customer relationship management, or CRM, vendors such as SalesForce and SugarCRM as well as with various Google applications.

Consumer Phone Services

The U.S. consumer phone services industry is characterized by intense competition, with numerous providers competing for a declining number of wireline customers, leading to a high churn rate because customers frequently change providers in response to offers of lower rates or promotional incentives.

The regional bell operating companies, or RBOCs, remain our primary competitors in the local exchange market. We are also competing with providers offering communications service over broadband connections using VoIP technology, such as cable companies and independent VoIP providers. Companies also provide voice telephony services over broadband Internet connections, allowing users of these Internet services, such as Vonage and Skype, to obtain communications services without subscribing to a conventional telephone line. Mobile wireless companies are deploying wireless technology as a substitute for traditional wireline local telephones.

Due to changes in the U.S. regulatory environment that affected our cost of provisioning bundled local/long distance phone services and increased competition, we ceased marketing activities for this service, and as a result, our Consumer Phone Services business has declined significantly.

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REGULATION

The following summary of regulatory developments and legislation is intended to describe what we believe to be the most important, but not all, current and proposed international, federal, state and local laws, regulations, orders and legislation that are likely to materially affect us.

Regulation of Telecom in the United States

Telecommunications services are subject to extensive government regulation at both the federal and state levels in the United States. Any violations of the regulations may subject us to enforcement actions, including interest and penalties. The FCC has jurisdiction over all telecommunications common carriers to the extent they provide interstate or international communications services, including the use of local networks to originate or terminate such services. Each state regulatory commission has jurisdiction over the same carriers with respect to their provision of local and intrastate communications services. Local governments often indirectly regulate aspects of our communications business by imposing zoning requirements, taxes, permit or right-of-way procedures or franchise fees. Significant changes to the applicable laws or regulations imposed by any of these regulators could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Regulation of Telecom by the Federal Communications Commission

Universal Service and Other Regulatory Fees and Charges

In 1997, the FCC issued an order, referred to as the Universal Service Order, that requires all telecommunications carriers providing interstate telecommunications services to contribute to universal service support programs administered by the FCC (known as the Universal Service Fund). In addition, beginning in October 2006, interconnected VoIP providers, such as our subsidiary net2phone, are required to contribute to the Universal Service Fund. These periodic contributions are currently assessed based on a percentage of each contributor’s interstate and international end user telecommunications revenues reported to the FCC. We also contribute to several other regulatory funds and programs, most notably Telecommunications Relay Service, FCC Regulatory Fees, and Local Number Portability (collectively, the Other Funds). We and most of our competitors pass through Universal Service Fund and Other Funds contributions as part of the price of our services, either as part of the base rate or, to the extent allowed, as a separate surcharge on customer bills. Due to the manner in which these contributions are calculated, we cannot be assured that we fully recover from our customers all of our contributions. In addition, based on the nature of our current business, we receive certain exemptions from federal Universal Service Fund contributions. Changes in our business could eliminate our ability to qualify for some or all of these exemptions. As a result, our ability to pursue certain new business opportunities in the future may be constrained in order to maintain these exemptions, the elimination of which could materially affect the rates we would need to charge for existing services. Changes in regulation may also have an impact on the availability of some or all of these exemptions. If even some of these exemptions become unavailable, they could materially increase our federal Universal Service Fund or Other Funds’ contributions and have a material adverse effect on the cost of our operations and, therefore, on our ability to continue to operate profitably, and to develop and grow our business. We cannot be certain of the stability of the contribution factors for the Other Funds. Significant increases in the contribution factor for the Other Funds in general and the Telecommunications Relay Service Fund in particular can impact our profitability. Whether these contribution factors will be stable in the future is unknown, but it is possible that we will be subject to significant increases.

Interconnection and Unbundled Network Elements

FCC rule changes relating to unbundling have resulted in increased costs to purchase services and increased uncertainty regarding the financial viability of providing service using unbundled network elements. As a result, starting in 2006, we placed our Consumer Phone Services business in “harvest mode,” wherein we seek to retain existing customers but do not actively market to new customers.

We continue to negotiate interconnection arrangements with Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers, or ILECs, generally on a state-by-state basis, for our Consumer Phone Services business as well as other businesses. These agreements typically have terms of two or three years and need to be periodically renewed and renegotiated. While current FCC rules and regulations require the incumbent provider to provide certain network elements necessary for us to provision end-user services on an individual and combined basis, we cannot assure that the ILECs will provide these components in a manner and at a price that will support competitive operations.

Access Charges

As a provider of long distance services, we remit access fees directly to local exchange carriers or indirectly to our underlying long-distance carriers for the origination and termination of our long-distance telecommunications traffic. Generally, intrastate access charges are higher than interstate access charges. Therefore, to the degree access charges increase or a greater percentage of our long-distance traffic becomes intrastate, our costs of providing long distance services will increase. Similarly, as a local exchange provider, we bill access charges to long distance providers for the termination of those providers’ long-distance calls. Accordingly, as opposed to our long-distance business, our local exchange business benefits from the receipt of intrastate and interstate long distance traffic. Under FCC rules, our interstate access rates must be set at levels no higher than those of the ILEC in each area we serve, which limits our ability to seek increased revenue from these services. Some, but not all, states have similar restrictions on our intrastate access charges.

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For nearly a decade, the FCC has had open regulatory proceedings in which it has considered reforming “intercarrier compensation,” which is a term that covers the payments that carriers bill and remit to each other-access charges and reciprocal compensation, generally-for the use of telecommunications networks to originate and terminate phone calls. On November 18, 2011, the FCC released a Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking wherein it set forth a schedule which, over a period of several years, substantially reduces terminating access rates. Since we both make payments to and receive payments from other carriers for terminating long distance calls, the FCC’s action has the effect of reducing payments we receive from other carriers while also reducing our costs to terminate our long-distance calls. The FCC has also raised the possibility - which it has yet to conclusively act upon - that it will reduce originating access charges in a similar manner. Due to the nature of IDT’s business, IDT pays, but does not bill originating access charges. At this time we cannot predict the effect future FCC actions may have upon our business.

Customer Proprietary Network Information

In 2007, the FCC increased its regulatory oversight of Customer Proprietary Network Information, or CPNI. The FCC took this increased role in response to several high-profile cases of “pretexting,” which occurs when an individual secures from a communications provider, through deception, the private phone records of another person. We have a CPNI compliance policy in place and we believe we currently meet or exceed all FCC requirements for the protection of CPNI. However, we cannot be assured that we are in full compliance and if the FCC were to conclude that we were not in compliance, we could be subject to fines or other forms of sanction.

Straight Path Spectrum LLC

On September 20, 2016, we received a letter of inquiry from the Enforcement Bureau of the FCC requesting certain information and materials related to an investigation of potential violations by Straight Path Spectrum LLC (formerly a subsidiary of ours and currently a subsidiary of Straight Path) in connection with licenses to operate on the 28 GHz and 39 GHz bands of the Fixed Microwave Services. As disclosed in Straight Path’s filings with the SEC, Straight Path entered into a consent decree with the FCC that terminated the FCC’s related investigation against Straight Path. We have cooperated with the FCC in this matter and have responded to the letter of inquiry. If the FCC were to pursue separate action against us, the FCC could seek to fine or impose regulatory penalties or civil liability on us related to activities during the period of ownership by us.

Regulation of Telecom by State Public Utility Commissions

Our telecommunications services that originate and terminate within the same state, including both local and in-state long distance services are subject to the jurisdiction of that state’s public utility commission. The Communications Act of 1934, as amended, generally preempts state statutes and regulations that prevent the provision of competitive services, but permits state public utility commissions to regulate the rates, terms and conditions of intrastate services, so long as such regulation is not inconsistent with the requirements of federal law. We are certified to provide facilities-based and/or resold long-distance service in all 50 states and facilities-based and resold local exchange service in 45 states. In addition to requiring certification, state regulatory authorities may impose tariff and filing requirements, consumer protection measures, and obligations to contribute to universal service and other funds. Rates for intrastate switched access services, which we both pay to local exchange companies and collect from long-distance companies for terminating in-state toll calls, are subject to the jurisdiction of the state commissions. State commissions also have jurisdiction to approve negotiated rates, or establish rates through arbitration, for interconnection, including rates for unbundled network elements. Changes in those access charges or rates for unbundled network elements could have a substantial and material impact on our business.

Regulation of Telecom—International

In connection with our international operations, we have obtained licenses or are otherwise authorized to provide telecommunications services in various foreign countries. We have obtained licenses or authorizations in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Uruguay. In numerous countries where we operate or plan to operate, we are subject to many local laws and regulations that, among other things, may restrict or limit the ability of telecommunications companies to provide telecommunications services in competition with state-owned or state-sanctioned dominant carriers.

Regulation of Internet Telephony

The use of the Internet and private IP networks to provide voice communications services is generally less regulated than traditional switch-based telephony within the United States and abroad and, in many markets, is not subject to the imposition of certain taxes and fees that increase our costs. As a result, IDT is able, in many markets, to offer VoIP communications services at rates that are more attractive than those applicable to traditional telephone services. However, in the U.S. and abroad, there have been efforts by legislatures and regulators to harmonize the regulatory structures between traditional switch-based telephony and VoIP. This could result in additional fees, charges, taxes and regulations on IP communications services that could materially increase our costs and may limit or eliminate our competitive pricing advantages. Additionally, several foreign governments have adopted laws and/or regulations that could restrict or prohibit the provision of voice communications services over the Internet or private IP networks. These efforts could likewise harm our ability to offer VoIP communications services.

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Money Transmitter and Payment Instrument Laws and Regulations

Our consumer payment services offerings include money transfer and various network branded (also called “open loop”) prepaid card offerings. These industries are heavily regulated. Accordingly, we, and the products and services that we market in consumer payment services, are subject to a variety of federal and state laws and regulations, including:

| ■ | Banking laws and regulations;

| ■ | Money transmitter and payment instrument laws and regulations;

| ■ | Anti-money laundering laws;

| ■ | Privacy and data security laws and regulations;

| ■ | Consumer protection laws and regulations;

| ■ | Unclaimed property laws; and

| ■ | Card association and network organization rules.

In connection with the development of our money transmission services and the expansion of our network branded prepaid card offerings, we have actively pursued our own money transmitter licenses. At July 31, 2017, we had received a money transmitter license in 47 of the 49 U.S. states that require such a license, as well as in Puerto Rico and Washington, D.C.

Regulation of Other Businesses

We operate other smaller or early-stage initiatives and operations, which may be subject to federal, state, local or foreign law and regulation.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, domain name registrations and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions and contractual restrictions to protect our intellectual property rights and our brand names. All of our employees sign confidentiality agreements. These agreements provide that the employee may not use or disclose our confidential information except as expressly permitted in connection with the performance of his or her duties for us, or in other limited circumstances. These agreements also state that, to the extent rights in any invention conceived by the employee while employed by us do not vest in us automatically by operation of law, the employee is required to assign his or her rights to us.

We own approximately 100 trademark and service mark registrations and pending applications in the United States and at least 360 registrations and pending applications abroad. We protect our brands in the marketplace including the IDT, Boss Revolution and net2phone brands. Where deemed appropriate, we have filed trademark applications throughout the world in an effort to protect our trademarks. Where deemed appropriate, we have also filed patent applications in an effort to protect our patentable intellectual property. IDT Corporation owns 11 issued patents and 3 patent applications in the United States and 14 patents issued abroad with 4 patent applications pending abroad.

We maintain a global telecommunications switching and transmission infrastructure that enables us to provide an array of telecommunications, Internet access and Internet telephony services to our customers worldwide. We have domestic and foreign patents and patent applications regarding our infrastructure and/or global telecommunication network for our international telecommunications traffic and the international traffic of other telecommunications companies.

Circumstances outside our control could pose a threat to our intellectual property rights. For example, effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every country in which our products and services are distributed. Also, the efforts we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may not be sufficient or effective. Any significant impairment of our intellectual property rights could harm our business or our ability to compete. Also, protecting our intellectual property rights is costly and time consuming. Any increase in the unauthorized use of our intellectual property could make it more expensive to do business and harm our operating results.

Companies in the telecommunications industry and other industries in which we compete own large numbers of patents, copyrights and trademarks and frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. As we face increasing competition, the possibility of intellectual property claims against us grows. Although we do not believe that we infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others, our technologies may not be able to withstand any third-party claims or rights against their use.

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IDT Telecom

In addition to IDT Corporation’s patents, our net2phone subsidiary currently owns 29 issued patents and has 2 pending patent applications in the United States. net2phone has 5 foreign issued patents, and no patent applications pending abroad.

net2phone owns at least 15 trademark and service mark registrations and at least 2 pending applications in the United States. net2phone owns at least 115 trademark and service mark registrations and at least 2 pending applications in various foreign countries. net2phone’s most important mark is “NET2PHONE.” net2phone has made a significant investment in protecting this mark, and net2phone believes it has achieved recognition in the United States and abroad. net2phone is currently engaged in an international filing program to file trademark applications for trademark registrations of the mark NET2PHONE in a number of foreign countries.

Other

We also currently own three patents and three pending patent applications and three registrations in the United States that relate to business operations we oversee or businesses-in-development. We also own or license certain trademark and service mark registrations and pending applications in the United States and additional registrations abroad.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

We incurred no research and development costs during fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016. In fiscal 2015, we incurred research and development costs of $1.7 million, all of which related to Fabrix.

EMPLOYEES

As of October 1, 2017, we had a total of 1,224 employees, of which 1,221 were full-time employees.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

RISK FACTORS

Our business, operating results or financial condition could be materially adversely affected by any of the following risks as well as the other risks highlighted elsewhere in this document, particularly the discussions about regulation, competition and intellectual property. The trading price of our Class B common stock could decline due to any of these risks.

Risks Related to Our Businesses

Each of our telecommunications lines of business is highly sensitive to declining prices, which may adversely affect our revenues and margins.

The worldwide telecommunications industry is characterized by intense price competition, which has resulted in declines in both our average per-minute price realizations and our average per-minute termination costs. Many of our competitors continue to aggressively price their services. The intense competition has led to continued erosion in our pricing power, in both our retail and wholesale markets, and we have generally had to pass along all or some of the savings we achieve on our per-minute costs to our customers in the form of lower prices. In the case of some international calling locations, when average per minute termination cost decline to a nominal amount, indirect competitors, such as wireless carriers, may include calls to those locations at no extra cost, which increases our risk of losing customers. For example, following regulatory changes intended to increase domestic competition in the Mexican telecommunications market, the cost of terminating international calls to Mexico declined significantly. As a result, many of our competitors, including some of the large U.S. mobile operators, began offering unlimited Mexico calling as part of their monthly pricing plans, which caused a decline in our minutes of use and revenue. In July 2016, we significantly reduced pricing on Boss Revolution’s U.S. to Mexico corridor, which accelerated the decline in our revenue and gross profit.

Any increase by us in pricing may result in our prices not being as attractive, which may result in a reduction of revenue. If these trends in pricing continue or accelerate, it could have a material adverse effect on the revenues generated by our telecommunications businesses and/or our gross margins.

Because our Boss Revolution and other retail products generate a significant portion of our revenue, our growth and our results of operations are substantially dependent upon growth in these products.

Our growth and our results of operations are substantially dependent upon growth in our Boss Revolution and other retail products that currently generate a significant portion of our revenue. We compete in the international prepaid calling market with Tier 1 mobile network operators who offer flat rate international calling plans, other PIN-less prepaid voice offerings, prepaid calling card providers, mobile virtual network operators (or MVNOs) with aggressive international rate plans, and VoIP and other “over the top” (OTT) service providers.

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Many of these companies, such as AT&T, Verizon, T-Mobile and Sprint, are substantially larger and have greater financial, technical, engineering, personnel and marketing resources, longer operating histories, greater name recognition and larger customer bases than we do. The use by these competitors of their resources in or affecting the international prepaid calling market could significantly impact our ability to compete against them successfully.

In addition to these larger competitors, we face significant competition from smaller prepaid calling providers, who from time-to-time offer rates that are substantially below our rates, and in some instances below what we believe to be the cost to provide the service, to gain market share. This type of pricing by one or more competitors can adversely affect our revenues, as they gain market share at our expense, and our gross margins, if we lower rates to better compete.

The continued growth of Over-The-Top calling and messaging services, such as Skype, Viber WhatsApp has adversely affected the sales of Boss Revolution and our other prepaid calling services. We expect the popularity of IP-based services—many of which offer voice communications for free provided both the caller and recipient have a broadband connection—to continue to increase, which may result in increased substitution and pricing pressure on our Boss Revolution and other international prepaid calling service offerings.

Certain wireless operators have been rolling out unlimited international long-distance plans that include international destinations to which customers can place direct calls from their mobile phones without time limitation. These plans now include some of our most popular international destinations. The growth of these “international unlimited” plans adversely affects our revenues as these operators gain subscriber market share.

If we are unable to grow our Boss Revolution and other retail products, it could have a material adverse effect on the revenues generated by our telecommunications businesses, our gross margins and/or our profits.

We may be unable to achieve some, all or any of the benefits that we expect to achieve from our plan to separate our businesses into three separate entities.

In August 2015, our Board of Directors approved a plan to reorganize us into three separate entities by spinning off two non-core business units and certain assets, one of which was Zedge, to our stockholders, which we completed on June 1, 2016. Throughout fiscal 2017, we prepared to spin off additional non-core assets including our interests in two clinical and early stage pharmaceutical companies - Rafael Pharmaceuticals and Lipomedix Pharmaceuticals Ltd. - and our real estate holdings to our shareholders as Rafael Holdings, Inc. In addition, we intend to contribute $50 million to $60 million in cash to Rafael Holdings, Inc. prior to the spin-off.

Following the spin-offs, we expect to have sufficient liquidity to support the development of our business for the medium term, but there can be no assurance of such liquidity. In the future, however, we may require additional financing for capital requirements and growth initiatives. Accordingly, we will depend on our ability to generate cash flows from operations and to borrow funds and issue securities in the capital markets to maintain and expand our business. We may need to incur debt on terms and at interest rates that may not be as favorable as those historically enjoyed by us. If additional financing is not available when required or is not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to operate our business as planned or at all, fund our expansion, successfully promote our business, develop or enhance our products and services, take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our products and business, financial condition and results of operations.

By separating entities such as Zedge and Rafael Holdings, Inc. from us, there is a risk that we may be more susceptible to stock market fluctuations and other adverse events than we would have been due to a reduction in market diversification. We expect that the aggregate market value of the three separate companies will exceed the market capitalization of all the businesses being operated by us because investors will be able to invest in a company that they are attracted to without having to also invest in the other two companies. However, this expectation may be incorrect, and the aggregate value of the three separate companies may be less than the market capitalization of the businesses being operated by us.

We may not be able to obtain sufficient or cost-effective termination capacity to particular destinations.

Most of our telecommunications traffic is terminated through third-party providers. In order to support our minutes-of-use demands and geographic footprint, we may need to obtain additional termination capacity or destinations. We may not be able to obtain sufficient termination capacity from high-quality carriers to particular destinations or may have to pay significant amounts to obtain such capacity. This could result in our not being able to support our minutes-of-use demands or in higher cost-per-minute to particular destinations, which could adversely affect our revenues and margins.

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The termination of our carrier agreements with foreign partners or our inability to enter into carrier agreements in the future could materially and adversely affect our ability to compete, which could reduce our revenues and profits.

We rely upon our carrier agreements with foreign partners in order to provide our telecommunications services to our customers. These carrier agreements are for finite terms and, therefore, there can be no guarantee that these agreements will be renewed at all or on favorable terms to us. Our ability to compete would be adversely affected if our carrier agreements were terminated or we were unable to enter into carrier agreements in the future to provide our telecommunications services to our customers, which could result in a reduction of our revenues and profits.

As more competitors offer international airtime top-up service, our ability to secure competitive direct or indirect, exclusive or non-exclusive, agreements with international wireless operators could become more difficult or less attractive, thereby having an adverse effect on our revenues and operations.

Our customers, particularly our Wholesale Carrier Services customers, could experience financial difficulties, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability if we experience difficulties in collecting our receivables.

As a provider of international long-distance services, we depend upon sales of transmission and termination of traffic to other long distance providers and the collection of receivables from these customers. The wholesale telecommunications market continues to feature many smaller, less financially stable companies. If weakness in the telecommunications industry or the global economy reduces our ability to collect our accounts receivable from our major customers, particularly our wholesale customers, our profitability may be substantially reduced. While our most significant customers, from a revenue perspective, vary from quarter to quarter, our five largest Wholesale Carrier Services customers collectively accounted for 10.6% and 6.3% of total consolidated revenues in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, respectively. Our Wholesale Carrier Services customers with the five largest receivables balances collectively accounted for 34.9% and 21.5% of the consolidated gross trade accounts receivable at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. This concentration of revenues and receivables increases our exposure to non-payment by our larger customers, and we may experience significant write-offs if any of our large customers fail to pay their outstanding balances, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

Our revenues will suffer if our distributors and sales representatives fail to effectively market and distribute our Boss Revolution voice and payment services, as well as our traditional disposable calling cards.

We rely on our distributors and representatives to market and distribute our Boss Revolution products, our traditional disposable prepaid calling card products, our international airtime top-up offerings and other payment services. We utilize a network of several hundred sub-distributors that sell our Boss Revolution products, traditional disposable prepaid calling cards, and international airtime top-up to retail outlets throughout most of the United States. In foreign countries, we are dependent upon our distributors and independent sales representatives, many of which sell services or products for other companies. As a result, we cannot control whether these foreign distributors and sales representatives will devote sufficient efforts to selling our services. In addition, we may not succeed in finding capable distributors, retailers and sales representatives in new markets that we may enter. If our distributors or sales representatives fail to effectively market or distribute our Boss Revolution products, prepaid calling card products, international airtime top-up offerings and other services, our ability to generate revenues and grow our customer base could be substantially impaired.

Natural or man-made disasters could have an adverse effect on our technological infrastructure.

Natural disasters, terrorist acts, acts of war, cyber-attacks or other breaches of network or information technology security may cause equipment failures or disrupt our operations. Our inability to operate our telecommunications networks because of such events, even for a limited period of time, may result in loss of revenue, significant expenses and/or loss of market share to other communications providers, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Certain functions related to our business depend on a single supplier or small group of suppliers to carry out our business, and the inability to do business with some or all of these suppliers could have a materially adverse effect on our business and financial results.

If the services of any of the single suppliers or small group of suppliers that we depend on were unavailable, or available only in decreased capacity or at less advantageous terms, this could result in interruptions to our ability to provide certain services, could cause reduction in service and/or quality as the function is transitioned to an alternate provider, if an alternate provider is available, or could increase our cost, which in the current competitive environment, we may not be able to pass along to customers.

For example and without limitation, the platforms that support our Hosted PBX business and our money remittance business are each leased from a third party. These platforms are susceptible to, and have incurred, service interruptions, which can occur frequently and can be lengthy in duration. Any such service interruption of the platform could effectively temporarily cease or otherwise materially impair operations of our applicable business. In addition, if these platforms became permanently unavailable for any reason, including, without limitation, because the third-party owner of such platform no longer provided the service for any reason, then our applicable business would be materially negatively affected.

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Accordingly, any of these events could materially and negatively impact our business, our revenues, our margins, and our relationships with customers.

We could be harmed by network disruptions, security breaches, or other significant disruptions or failures of our IT infrastructure and related systems or of those we operate for certain of our customers.

To be successful, we need to continue to have available, for our and our customers’ use, a high capacity, reliable and secure network. We face the risk, as does any company, of a security breach, whether through cyber-attacks, malware, computer viruses, sabotage, or other significant disruption of our IT infrastructure and related systems. As such, there is a risk of a security breach or disruption of the systems we operate, including possible unauthorized access to our and our customers’ proprietary or classified information. We are also subject to breaches of our network resulting in unauthorized utilization of our services or products, which subject us to the costs of providing those products or services, which are likely not recoverable. The secure maintenance and transmission of our and our customer’s information is a critical element of our operations. Our information technology and other systems that maintain and transmit customer information, or those of service providers or business partners, may be compromised by a malicious third-party penetration of our network security, or that of a third party service provider or business partner, or impacted by advertent or inadvertent actions or inactions by our employees, or those of a third party service provider or business partner. As a result, our or our customers’ information may be lost, disclosed, accessed or taken without the customers’ consent, or our products and services may be used without payment.

Although we make significant efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of information and systems, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging, especially in light of the growing sophistication of cyber-attacks and intrusions. We may be unable to anticipate all potential types of attacks or intrusions or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures. Certain of our business units have been the subject of attempted and successful cyber-attacks in the past. We have researched the situations and do not believe any material internal or customer information has been compromised.

Network disruptions, security breaches and other significant failures of the above-described systems could (i) disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems and therefore our operations or those of certain of our customers; (ii) result in the unauthorized use of our services or products without payment, (iii) result in the unauthorized access to, and destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of proprietary, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information of ours or our customers, including trade secrets, which others could use to compete against us or for disruptive, destructive or otherwise harmful purposes and outcomes; (iv) require significant management attention or financial resources to remedy the damages that result or to change our systems and processes; (v) subject us to claims for contract breach, damages, credits, fines, penalties, termination or other remedies; or (vi) result in a loss of business, damage our reputation among our customers and the public generally, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny or expose us to litigation. Any or all of which could have a negative impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

We could fail to comply with requirements imposed on us by certain third parties, including regulators.

A significant and increasing portion of our telecom transactions are processed using credit cards and similar payment methods. The banks, credit card companies and other relevant parties impose strict system and other requirements to participate in such parties’ payment systems. We are required to comply with the privacy provisions of various federal and state privacy statutes and regulations, and the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, each of which is subject to change at any time. Compliance with these requirements is often difficult and costly, and our failure, or our distributors’ failure, to comply may result in significant fines or civil penalties, regulatory enforcement action, liability under or termination of necessary agreements related to our payment services business, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and/or operations and that of our distributors who could be liable as well. Further, our payment services are subject to stringent requirements by regulators and trade organizations in various jurisdictions. Our payment services unit is subject to federal and state banking regulations and we are also subject to further regulation by those states in which we are licensed as a money transmitter. We may not be able to comply with all such requirements in a timely manner or remain in compliance. If we are not in compliance, we could be subject to penalties or the termination of our rights to participate in such payment systems or provide such services, which could have a material negative impact on our ability to carry on and grow our Retail Communications and Payment Services operations.

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Risks Related to Our Financial Condition

We hold significant cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and investments that are subject to various market risks.

At July 31, 2017, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $148.6 million. At July 31, 2017, we also had $8.6 million in investments in hedge funds, which were included in “Investments” in our consolidated balance sheet. Investments in marketable securities and hedge funds carry a degree of risk, as there can be no assurance that we can redeem the hedge fund investments at any time and that our investment managers will be able to accurately predict the course of price movements of securities and other instruments and, in general, the securities markets have in recent years been characterized by great volatility and unpredictability. As a result of these different market risks, our holdings of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and investments could be materially and adversely affected.

We plan on contributing a significant amount of our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities to Rafael Holdings, Inc., which we expect to spin-off to our shareholders

At July 31, 2017, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $148.6 million. Throughout fiscal 2017, we prepared to spin off additional non-core assets including our interests in two clinical and early stage pharmaceutical companies - Rafael Pharmaceuticals and Lipomedix Pharmaceuticals Ltd. - and our real estate holdings to our shareholders as Rafael Holdings, Inc. We intend to contribute $50 million to $60 million in cash to Rafael Holdings, Inc. prior to the spin-off, which would significantly reduce our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities holdings. This reduction in our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities holdings could have a material negative impact on our ability to carry on and grow our businesses, which could result in a reduction of our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Intellectual Property, Tax, Regulatory and Litigation Risks

We provide communications services to consumers and are therefore subject to various Federal and state laws and regulations.

As a provider of communications services to consumers, such as our Boss Revolution international calling service or our prepaid calling card services, we are subject to various Federal and state laws and regulations relating to the manner in which we advertise our services, describe and present the terms of our services, and communicate with our customers and consumers in general. Compliance with these laws requires us to be constantly vigilant as they often vary from state to state. Failure to comply with these laws could result in action being taken by Federal and state agencies or offices responsible for consumer protection, like the Federal Trade Commission.

We may be adversely affected if we fail to protect our proprietary technology.

We depend on proprietary technology and other intellectual property rights in conducting our various business operations. We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secret protection and contractual rights to establish and protect our proprietary rights. Failure of our patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secret protection, non-disclosure agreements and other measures to provide protection of our technology and our intellectual property rights could enable our competitors to more effectively compete with us and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, we may be required to litigate in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, or to defend against claims of infringement or invalidity. Any such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, and there can be no assurances that we will be successful in any such litigation.

We may be subject to claims of infringement of intellectual property rights of others.

From time to time we may be subject to claims and legal proceedings from third parties regarding alleged infringement by us of trademarks, copyrights, patents and other intellectual property rights. Such suits can be expensive and time consuming and could distract us and our management from focusing on our businesses. Further, loss of such suits could result in financial burdens and the requirement to modify our modes of operation, which could materially adversely affect our business.

We are subject to tax and regulatory audits which could result in the imposition of liabilities that may or may not have been reserved.

We are subject to audits by taxing and regulatory authorities with respect to certain of our income and operations. These audits can cover periods for several years prior to the date the audit is undertaken and could result in the imposition of liabilities, interest and penalties if our positions are not accepted by the auditing entity.

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Our FCC Form 499-A filings for calendar years 2000 through 2006 related to payments to the Universal Service Fund have been audited by the Internal Audit Division, or IAD, of the Universal Service Administrative Company, or USAC, which concluded that we incorrectly reported certain revenues on Forms 499-A. USAC’s revisions to our filing methodology resulted in additional regulatory payments for the years covered by the audits. While we believe in the accuracy of our filing methodology and our Request for Review remains pending, we have implemented some of the revisions set forth in the IAD’s filings beginning with our calendar year 2010 Form 499-A. We have accrued for all regulatory fees we believe may be incurred under IAD’s methodology from 2002 through the present, in the event our Request for Review is denied and/or our methodology is not upheld on appeal, and we have made certain payments on amounts that have been invoiced to us by USAC and/or other agencies. Our 2017 FCC Form 499-A, which reports our calendar year 2016 revenue, is currently under audit by the IAD. At July 31, 2017, our accrued expenses included $43.5 million for these regulatory fees for the years covered by the audit and subsequent years. Until a final decision has been reached in our disputes, we will continue to accrue in accordance with IAD’s methodology. If we do not properly calculate, or have not properly calculated, the amount payable by us to the Universal Service Fund, we may be subject to interest and penalties.

On September 20, 2016, we received a letter of inquiry from the Enforcement Bureau of the FCC requesting certain information and materials related to an investigation of potential violations by Straight Path Spectrum LLC (formerly a subsidiary of ours and currently a subsidiary of Straight Path) in connection with licenses to operate on the 28 GHz and 39 GHz bands of the Fixed Microwave Services. As disclosed in Straight Path’s filings with the SEC, Straight Path entered into a consent decree with the FCC that terminated the FCC’s related investigation against Straight Path. We have cooperated with the FCC in this matter and have responded to the letter of inquiry. If the FCC were to pursue separate action against us, the FCC could seek to fine or impose regulatory penalties or civil liability on us related to activities during the period of ownership by us.

We are subject to value added tax, or VAT, audits from time-to-time in various jurisdictions. In the conduct of such audits, we may be required to disclose information of a sensitive nature and, in general, to modify the way we have conducted business with our distributors until the present, which may affect our business in an adverse manner.

We are also subject to audits in various jurisdictions for various other taxes, including utility excise tax, sales and use tax, communications services tax, gross receipts tax and property tax.

Our business is subject to strict regulation under federal law regarding anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing. Failure to comply with such laws, or abuse of our programs for purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing, could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act, the Bank Secrecy Act and other federal laws impose substantial regulations on financial institutions that are designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorist organizations. Increasing regulatory scrutiny of our industry with respect to money laundering and terrorist financing matters could result in more aggressive enforcement of these laws or the enactment of more onerous regulation, which could have a material adverse impact on our business. In addition, abuse of our money transfer services or prepaid card programs for purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing, notwithstanding our efforts to prevent such abuse through our regulatory compliance and risk management programs, could cause reputational or other harm that would have a material adverse impact on our business.

Our business is subject to a wide range of laws and regulations intended to help detect and prevent illegal or illicit activity and our failure, or the failure of one of our disbursement partners or payment processors to comply with those laws and regulations could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our money transfer and network branded prepaid card services are subject to a strict set of legal and regulatory requirements intended to help detect and prevent money laundering, terrorist financing, fraud and other illicit activity. The interpretation of those requirements by judges, regulatory bodies and enforcement agencies is changing, often quickly and with little notice. Economic and trade sanctions programs that are administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, prohibit or restrict transactions to or from or dealings with specified countries, their governments, and in certain circumstances, with individuals and entities that are specially-designated nationals of those countries, narcotics traffickers and terrorists or terrorist organizations. As federal, state and foreign legislative regulatory scrutiny and enforcement action in these areas increase, we expect our costs to comply with these requirements will increase, perhaps substantially. Failure to comply with any of these requirements by us, our regulated retailers or our disbursement partners could result in the suspension or revocation of a money transmitter license, the limitation, suspension or termination of our services, the seizure and/or forfeiture of our assets and/or the imposition of civil and criminal penalties, including fines.

The foregoing laws and regulations are constantly evolving, unclear and inconsistent across various jurisdictions, making compliance challenging. If we fail to update our compliance system to reflect legislative or regulatory developments, we could incur penalties. New legislation, changes in laws or regulations, implementing rules and regulations, litigation, court rulings, changes in industry practices or standards, changes in systems rules or requirements or other similar events could expose us to increased compliance costs, liability, reputational damage, and could reduce the market value of our money transfer and network branded prepaid card services or render them less profitable or obsolete.

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The Dodd-Frank Act, as well as the regulations required by the Dodd-Frank Act, and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau could harm us and the scope of our activities, and could harm our operations, results of operations and financial condition.

The Dodd-Frank Act, which became law in the United States on July 21, 2010, calls for significant structural reforms and substantive regulation across the financial services industry. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or CFPB, whose purpose is to issue and enforce consumer protection initiatives governing financial products and services, including money transfer services.

We may be subject to examination by the CFPB, which has broad authority to enforce consumer financial laws. The CFPB has a large budget and staff and has broad authority with respect to our money transfer service and related business. It is authorized to collect fines and provide consumer restitution in the event of violations, engage in consumer financial education, track consumer complaints, request data and promote the availability of financial services to underserved consumers and communities. In addition, the CFPB may adopt other regulations governing consumer financial services, including regulations defining unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices, and new model disclosures. The CFPB’s authority to change regulations adopted in the past by other regulators, or to rescind or alter past regulatory guidance, could increase our compliance costs and litigation exposure.

The Dodd-Frank Act establishes a Financial Stability Oversight Counsel that is authorized to designate as “systemically important” non-bank financial companies and payment systems. Companies designated under either standard will become subject to new regulation and regulatory supervision. If we were designated under either standard, the additional regulatory and supervisory requirements could result in costly new compliance burdens or may require changes in the way we conduct business that could harm our business.

We are subject to licensing and other requirements imposed by U.S. state regulators, and the U.S. federal government. If we were found to be subject to or in violation of any laws or regulations governing money transmitters, we could lose our licenses, be subject to liability or be forced to change our business practices.

A number of states have enacted legislation regulating money transmitters, with 49 states requiring a license as of July 31, 2017. At July 31, 2017, we had obtained licenses to operate as a money transmitter in 47 U.S. states, Washington, D.C. and Puerto Rico. We are also registered as money services businesses with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, or FinCEN. As a licensed money transmitter, we are subject to bonding requirements, liquidity requirements, restrictions on our investment of customer funds, reporting requirements and inspection by state and foreign regulatory agencies. If we were found to be subject to and in violation of any banking or money services laws or regulations, we could be subject to liability or additional restrictions, such as increased liquidity requirements. In addition, our licenses could be revoked or we could be forced to cease doing business or change our practices in certain states or jurisdictions, or be required to obtain additional licenses or regulatory approvals that could impose a substantial cost on us. Regulators could also impose other regulatory orders and sanctions on us. Any change to our business practices that makes our service less attractive to customers or prohibits use of our services by residents of a particular jurisdiction could decrease our transaction volume and harm our business.

Our disbursement partners generally are regulated institutions in their home jurisdiction, and money transfers are regulated by governments in both the United States and in the jurisdiction of the recipient. If our disbursement partners fail to comply with applicable laws, it could harm our business.

Money transfers are regulated by state, federal and foreign governments. Many of our disbursement partners are banks that are heavily regulated by their home jurisdictions. Our non-bank disbursement partners are also subject to money transfer regulations. We require regulatory compliance as a condition to our continued relationship, perform due diligence on our disbursement partners and monitor them periodically with the goal of meeting regulatory expectations. However, there are limits to the extent to which we can monitor their regulatory compliance. Any determination that our disbursement partners or their sub-disbursement partners have violated laws and regulations could seriously damage our reputation, resulting in diminished revenue and profit and increased operating costs. While our services are not directly regulated by governments outside the United States, except with respect to our Gibraltar bank as discussed below, it is possible that in some cases we could be liable for the failure of our disbursement partners or their sub-disbursement partners to comply with laws, which also could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our bank in Gibraltar is regulated by the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission (the FSC), and, as such, is subject to Gibraltarian and European Union laws relating to financial institutions. As an issuer of prepaid debit cards for programs operated by other entities, commonly known as program managers, the bank is responsible, inter alia, for anti-money laundering laws oversight and compliance. If we were to fail to implement the requisite controls or follow the rules and procedures mandated by the FSC and applicable law, we could be subject to regulatory fines, and even the loss of our banking license. In fiscal 2016, a referendum took place in the United Kingdom in which a majority voted in favor of the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union – commonly referred to as “Brexit”. As a bank licensed in Europe, our bank in Gibraltar currently benefits from its ability to passport its license to operate in any European Union member state. However, as a British territory, if Brexit occurs, and no alternative arrangements are established with respect to licensing of British banks in the European Union, our bank in Gibraltar may not be able to passport its license into European Union member states. In 2017, we entered into an agreement to sell our Gibraltar-based bank for approximately $18 million, which we expect to close in calendar 2017.

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We receive, store, process and use personal information and other data, which subjects us to governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to privacy. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our business.

We receive, store and process personal information and other customer data, including bank account numbers, credit and debit card information, identification numbers and images of government identification cards. As a result, we are required to comply with the privacy provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, or the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, and the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard. There are also numerous other federal, state and local laws around the world regarding privacy and the storing, sharing, use, processing, disclosure and protection of personal information and other customer data, the scope of which are changing, subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent among different jurisdictions or conflict with other applicable rules. It is possible that these obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our business practices.

Additionally, with advances in computer capabilities and data protection requirements to address ongoing threats, we may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to protect against potential security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by security breaches.

Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to customers or other third parties, or our privacy-related legal obligations, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of personally identifiable information or other customer data, may result in governmental enforcement actions, fines or litigation. If there is a breach of credit or debit card information that we store, we could also be liable to the issuing banks for their cost of issuing new cards and related expenses. In addition, a significant breach could result in our being prohibited from processing transactions for any of the relevant network organizations, such as Visa or MasterCard, which would harm our business. If any third parties with whom we work, such as marketing partners, vendors or developers, violate applicable laws or our policies, such violations may put our customers’ information at risk and could harm our business. Any negative publicity arising out of a data breach or failure to comply with applicable privacy requirements could damage our reputation and cause our customers to lose trust in us, which could harm our business, results of operations, financial position and potential for growth.

Federal and state regulations may be passed that could harm our business.

Our ability to provide VoIP communications services at attractive rates arises in large part from the fact that VoIP services are not currently subject to the same level of regulation as traditional, switch-based telephony. The use of the Internet and private IP networks to provide voice communications services is largely unregulated within the United States, although several foreign governments have adopted laws and/or regulations that could restrict or prohibit the provision of voice communications services over the Internet or private IP networks. If interconnected VoIP services become subject to state regulation and/or additional regulation by the FCC, such regulation will likely lead to higher costs and reduce or eliminate the competitive advantage interconnected VoIP holds, by virtue of its lesser regulatory oversight, over traditional telecommunications services. More aggressive regulation of the Internet in general, and Internet telephony providers and services specifically, may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to offer services outside of the United States is subject to the local regulatory environment, which may be unfavorable, complicated and often uncertain.

Regulatory treatment outside the United States varies from country to country. We distribute our products and services through resellers that may be subject to telecommunications regulations in their home countries. The failure of these resellers to comply with these laws and regulations could reduce our revenue and profitability, or expose us to audits and other regulatory proceedings. Regulatory developments such as these could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

In many countries in which we operate or our services are sold, the status of the laws that may relate to our services is unclear. We cannot be certain that our customers, resellers, or other affiliates are currently in compliance with regulatory or other legal requirements in their respective countries, that they or we will be able to comply with existing or future requirements, and/or that they or we will continue in compliance with any requirements. Our failure or the failure of those with whom we transact business to comply with these requirements could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

While we expect additional regulation of our industry in some or all of these areas, and we expect continuing changes in the regulatory environment as new and proposed regulations are reviewed, revised and amended, we cannot predict with certainty what impact new laws in these areas will have on us, if any. For a complete discussion of what we believe are the most material regulations impacting our business, see Item 1 to Part I “Business-Regulation” included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

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We are subject to legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business that may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

Various legal proceedings that have arisen or may arise in the ordinary course of business have not been finally adjudicated, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

In particular, on July 5, 2017, plaintiff JDS1, LLC, on behalf of itself and all other similarly situated stockholders of Straight Path, and derivatively on behalf of Straight Path as nominal defendant, filed a putative class action and derivative complaint in the Delaware Chancery Court against us, The Patrick Henry Trust (a trust formed by Howard S. Jonas to hold record and beneficial ownership of all of his shares of Straight Path), Howard S. Jonas, and each of Straight Path’s directors. The complaint alleges that we aided and abetted Straight Path’s directors and Howard S. Jonas in his capacity as controlling stockholder of Straight Path, in breaching their fiduciary duties to Straight Path in connection with the settlement of claims between Straight Path and us related to potential indemnification claims concerning Straight Path’s obligations under the Consent Decree it entered into with the FCC, as well as the proposed sale of Straight Path’s subsidiary Straight Path IP Group, Inc. to us in connection with that settlement. That action was consolidated with a similar action that was initiated by The Arbitrage Fund. The Plaintiffs are seeking, among other things, (i) a declaration that the action may be maintained as a class action or in the alternative, that demand on the Straight Path Board is excused; (ii) that the term sheet is invalid; (iii) awarding damages for the unfair price stockholders are receiving in the merger between Straight Path and Verizon Communications Inc. for their shares of Straight Path’s Class B common stock; and (iv) ordering Howard S. Jonas, Davidi Jonas, the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Straight Path, and us to disgorge any profits for the benefit of the class Plaintiffs. On August 28, 2017, the Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint. On September 24, 2017, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. We intend to vigorously defend the action.

Risks Related to Our Capital Structure

Holders of our Class B common stock have significantly less voting power than holders of our Class A common stock.

Holders of our Class B common stock are entitled to one-tenth of a vote per share on all matters on which our stockholders are entitled to vote, while holders of our Class A common stock are entitled to three votes per share. As a result, the ability of holders of our Class B common stock to influence our management is limited.

We are controlled by our principal stockholder, which limits the ability of other stockholders to affect our management.

Howard S. Jonas, our Chairman of the Board and founder, has voting power over 4,279,503 shares of our common stock (which includes 1,574,326 shares of our Class A common stock, which are convertible into shares of our Class B common stock on a 1-for-1 basis, and 2,705,177 shares of our Class B common stock), representing approximately 70.8% of the combined voting power of our outstanding capital stock, as of October 10, 2017. In addition, Mr. Jonas holds an option to purchase 1,000,000 shares of our Class B common stock, which is fully vested and exercisable. Mr. Jonas is able to control matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of all of the directors and the approval of significant corporate matters, including any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. As a result, the ability of any of our other stockholders to influence our management is limited.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2. Properties.

Our headquarters is located in a building that we own in Newark, New Jersey. The building is approximately 496,000 square feet. We occupy approximately 20% of the building. We also own an 800-car public parking garage located across the street from the building.

In addition, we own a building in Piscataway, New Jersey that is used partially by IDT Telecom for certain of its operations and a 12,400 square foot condominium interest in a building in Jerusalem, Israel.

We lease space in New York, New York for corporate purposes as well as a number of other locations in metropolitan areas. These leased spaces are utilized primarily to house telecommunications equipment and retail operations.

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We maintain our European headquarters in London, England. We also maintain other various international office locations and telecommunications facilities in regions of Europe, South America, Central America, the Middle East, Asia and Africa where we conduct operations.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

On May 5, 2004, we filed a complaint in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, seeking injunctive relief and damages against Tyco Group, S.A.R.L., Tyco Telecommunications (US) Inc. (f/k/a TyCom (US) Inc.), Tyco International, Ltd., Tyco International (US) Inc., and TyCom Ltd. (collectively “Tyco”). We alleged that Tyco breached a settlement agreement that it had entered into with us to resolve certain disputes and civil actions among the parties. We alleged that Tyco did not provide us, as required under the settlement agreement, free of charge and for our exclusive use, a 15-year indefeasible right to use four Wavelengths in Ring Configuration (as defined in the settlement agreement) on a global undersea fiber optic network that Tyco was deploying at that time. After extensive proceedings, including several decisions and appeals, the New York Court of Appeals affirmed a lower court decision to dismiss our claim and denied our motion for re-argument of that decision. On June 23, 2015, we filed a new summons and complaint against Tyco in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York alleging that Tyco breached the settlement agreement. In September 2015, Tyco filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, which we opposed. Oral argument was held on March 9, 2016. On October 17, 2016, the judge granted Tyco’s motion and dismissed the complaint. In August 2017, we filed an appeal, which Tyco opposed.

On July 5, 2017, plaintiff JDS1, LLC, on behalf of itself and all other similarly situated stockholders of Straight Path, and derivatively on behalf of Straight Path as nominal defendant, filed a putative class action and derivative complaint in the Delaware Chancery Court against us, The Patrick Henry Trust (a trust formed by Howard S. Jonas to hold record and beneficial ownership of all of his shares of Straight Path), Howard S. Jonas, and each of Straight Path’s directors. The complaint alleges that we aided and abetted Straight Path’s directors and Howard S. Jonas in his capacity as controlling stockholder of Straight Path, in breaching their fiduciary duties to Straight Path in connection with the settlement of claims between Straight Path and us related to potential indemnification claims concerning Straight Path’s obligations under the Consent Decree it entered into with the FCC, as well as the proposed sale of Straight Path’s subsidiary Straight Path IP Group, Inc. to us in connection with that settlement. That action was consolidated with a similar action that was initiated by The Arbitrage Fund. The Plaintiffs are seeking, among other things, (i) a declaration that the action may be maintained as a class action or in the alternative, that demand on the Straight Path Board is excused; (ii) that the term sheet is invalid; (iii) awarding damages for the unfair price stockholders are receiving in the merger between Straight Path and Verizon Communications Inc. for their shares of Straight Path’s Class B common stock; and (iv) ordering Howard S. Jonas, Davidi Jonas, the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Straight Path, and us to disgorge any profits for the benefit of the class Plaintiffs. On August 28, 2017, the Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint. On September 24, 2017, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. We intend to vigorously defend the action.

In addition to the foregoing, we are subject to other legal proceedings that have arisen in the ordinary course of business and have not been finally adjudicated. Although there can be no assurance in this regard, we believe that none of the other legal proceedings to which we are a party will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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Part II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

PRICE RANGE OF COMMON STOCK

Our Class B common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “IDT.”

The table below sets forth the high and low sales prices for our Class B common stock as reported by the New York Stock Exchange for the fiscal periods indicated.

|  | High |  |  | Low |
Fiscal year ended July 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  | $ | 17.85 |  |  | $ | 12.57 |
Second Quarter |  | $ | 14.90 |  |  | $ | 10.76 |
Third Quarter |  | $ | 16.57 |  |  | $ | 11.66 |
Fourth Quarter |  | $ | 16.29 |  |  | $ | 11.78 |
Fiscal year ended July 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  | $ | 18.70 |  |  | $ | 13.70 |
Second Quarter |  | $ | 23.13 |  |  | $ | 15.76 |
Third Quarter |  | $ | 20.43 |  |  | $ | 12.03 |
Fourth Quarter |  | $ | 17.71 |  |  | $ | 13.38 |

On October 9, 2017, there were 363 holders of record of our Class B common stock and 1 holder of record of our Class A common stock. All shares of Class A common stock are beneficially owned by Howard Jonas. The number of holders of record of our Class B common stock does not include the number of persons whose shares are in nominee or in “street name” accounts through brokers. On October 10, 2017, the last sales price reported on the New York Stock Exchange for the Class B common stock was $13.42 per share.

Additional information regarding dividends required by this item is incorporated by reference from the Management’s Discussion and Analysis section found in Item 7 and from Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2017, and which is incorporated by reference herein.

Performance Graph of Stock

The line graph below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our Class B common stock with the cumulative total return of the New York Stock Exchange Composite Index and the Standard & Poor’s Telecommunication Services Index for the five years ended July 31, 2017. The graph and table assume that $100 was invested on July 31, 2012 (the last day of trading for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2012) in shares of our Class B common stock, and that all dividends were reinvested. Cumulative total return for our Class B common stock includes the value of spin-offs consummated by IDT (i.e., pro rata distributions of the common stock of a subsidiary to our stockholders). Cumulative total stockholder returns for our Class B common stock, the NYSE Composite Index and the S&P Telecommunication Services Index are based on our fiscal year.

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|  | 7/2012 |  |  | 7/2013 |  |  | 7/2014 |  |  | 7/2015 |  |  | 7/2016 |  |  | 7/2017 |
IDT Corporation |  |  | 100.00 |  |  |  | 219.66 |  |  |  | 202.75 |  |  |  | 246.82 |  |  |  | 279.68 |  |  |  | 284.95 |
NYSE Composite |  |  | 100.00 |  |  |  | 118.85 |  |  |  | 144.85 |  |  |  | 136.68 |  |  |  | 148.49 |  |  |  | 168.01 |
S&P Telecommunication Services |  |  | 100.00 |  |  |  | 105.58 |  |  |  | 114.85 |  |  |  | 112.86 |  |  |  | 142.67 |  |  |  | 132.64 |

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information with respect to purchases by us of our shares during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017.

|  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  | Average Price per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1) |
May 1 – 31, 2017 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,000,000 |
June 1 – 30, 2017 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,000,000 |
July 1 – 31, 2017 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,000,000 |
Total |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

| (1) | On January 22, 2016, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program to purchase up to 8.0 million shares of our Class B common stock and cancelled the previous stock repurchase program originally approved by the Board of Directors on June 13, 2006, which had 4,636,741 shares remaining available for repurchase.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data.

The selected consolidated financial data presented below at July 31, 2017 and for the fiscal year then ended has been derived from our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been audited by BDO USA, LLP, independent registered public accounting firm. The selected consolidated financial data presented below at July 31, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013, and for each of the fiscal years in the four-year period ended July 31, 2016, has been derived from our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been audited by Grant Thornton LLP, independent registered public accounting firm. The selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes thereto and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Year Ended July 31, (in millions, except per share data) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  | $ | 1,501.7 |  |  | $ | 1,496.3 |  |  | $ | 1,596.8 |  |  | $ | 1,651.5 |  |  | $ | 1,620.6 |
Income from continuing operations (a) |  |  | 9.6 |  |  |  | 25.4 |  |  |  | 86.1 |  |  |  | 21.0 |  |  |  | 18.1 |
Income from continuing operations per common share—basic |  |  | 0.35 |  |  |  | 1.03 |  |  |  | 3.69 |  |  |  | 0.85 |  |  |  | 0.77 |
Income from continuing operations per common share—diluted |  |  | 0.35 |  |  |  | 1.03 |  |  |  | 3.63 |  |  |  | 0.82 |  |  |  | 0.72 |
Cash dividends declared per common share (b) |  |  | 0.76 |  |  |  | 0.75 |  |  |  | 2.03 |  |  |  | 0.51 |  |  |  | 0.83 |

At July 31, (in millions) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
BALANCE SHEET DATA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 519.0 |  |  | $ | 469.7 |  |  | $ | 485.7 |  |  | $ | 480.9 |  |  | $ | 435.4 |
Note payable—long term portion |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6.4 |  |  |  | 6.6 |

| (a) | Included in income from continuing operations in fiscal 2017 was expense of $10.4 million related to a legal settlement and mutual release including legal fees, and a net benefit from income taxes of $5.5 million from the full recognition of certain deferred tax assets. Included in income from continuing operations in fiscal 2016 was gain on sale of member interest in Visa Europe Ltd. of $7.5 million and gain on sale of interest in Fabrix Systems Ltd. of $1.1 million. Included in income from continuing operations in fiscal 2015 was gain on sale of interest in Fabrix Systems Ltd. of $76.9 million.

| (b) | Cash dividends declared per common share in fiscal 2015 included special dividends of $0.68 per share and $0.64 per share paid in November 2014 and January 2015, respectively.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including statements that contain the words “believes,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends” and similar words and phrases. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results projected in any forward-looking statement. In addition to the factors specifically noted in the forward-looking statements, other important factors, risks and uncertainties that could result in those differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed under Item 1A to Part I “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. The forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this Annual Report, and we assume no obligation to update the forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Investors should consult all of the information set forth in this report and the other information set forth from time to time in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including our reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

OVERVIEW

We are a multinational holding company with operations primarily in the telecommunications and payment industries. We have three reportable business segments, Telecom Platform Services, UCaaS and Consumer Phone Services. Telecom Platform Services, UCaaS and Consumer Phone Services comprise our IDT Telecom division.

Operating segments not reportable individually are included in All Other. All Other includes our real estate holdings and other smaller businesses. Until the Zedge Spin-Off, All Other included Zedge, which provides a content platform that enables consumers to personalize their mobile devices with free ringtones, wallpapers, home screen app icons and notification sounds. Until the sale of Fabrix in October 2014, All Other also included Fabrix, a software development company offering a cloud-based scale-out storage and computing platform optimized for big data, virtualization and media storage, processing and delivery.

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In August 2015, our Board of Directors approved a plan to reorganize us into three separate entities by spinning off our non-core business and assets, one of which was Zedge, to our stockholders. We intend to spin-off the other entity, Rafael Holdings, Inc., our wholly-owned subsidiary, to our stockholders. Rafael Holdings, Inc. will own certain commercial real estate assets and interests in clinical and early stage pharmaceutical companies. The commercial real estate holdings consist of our headquarters building and its associated public garage in Newark, New Jersey, an office/data center building in Piscataway, New Jersey and a portion of a building in Israel that hosts offices for us and certain affiliates. The pharmaceutical holdings include interests in Rafael Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and an equity interest in Lipomedix Pharmaceuticals Ltd., an early stage pharmaceutical development company based in Israel. Rafael Holdings, Inc.’s interests in Rafael, which are held through a 90%-owned non-operating subsidiary, IDT-Rafael Holdings, LLC, include convertible notes issued by Rafael, and a warrant held by us and certain minority holders to purchase up to a majority equity stake in Rafael at our discretion in accordance with the terms of the convertible note and the warrant. In addition, we intend to contribute $50 million to $60 million in cash to Rafael Holdings, Inc. prior to the spin-off.

IDT Telecom

Since our inception, we have derived the majority of our revenues and operating expenses from IDT Telecom’s businesses. IDT Telecom’s revenues represented 99.8%, 99.2% and 99.0% of our total revenues in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively.

Telecom Platform Services, which represented 97.5%, 97.0% and 96.7% of our total revenues in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively, markets and distributes multiple communications and payment services across three broad business verticals:

| ■ | Retail Communications provides international long-distance calling products primarily to foreign-born communities worldwide, with its core markets in the United States;

| ■ | Wholesale Carrier Services is a global telecom carrier, terminating international long distance calls around the world for Tier 1 fixed line and mobile network operators, as well as other service providers; and

| ■ | Payment Services provides payment offerings, including international and domestic airtime top-up and international money transfer.

Beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2017, UCaaS is a separate reportable segment. Our UCaaS segment represented 2.0%, 1.8% and 1.8% of our total revenues in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively. Our UCaaS segment is comprised of offerings from our net2phone division, including (1) cable telephony, (2) hosted PBX, (3) SIP Trunking, which supports inbound and outbound domestic and international calling from an IP PBX, and (4) PicuP, a highly-automated business phone service that answers, routes and manages voice calls. The operations that comprise the UCaaS segment were included in the Telecom Platform Services segment from the inception of each unit until July 31, 2016. Comparative results have been reclassified and restated as if UCaaS was a separate segment in all periods presented.

Our Consumer Phone Services segment provides consumer local and long distance services in certain U.S. states. Since calendar 2005, this business has been in harvest mode, wherein we seek to retain existing customers but do not actively market to new customers, and we attempt to maximize profits by optimally managing both the life-cycle of our customer base as well as the costs associated with operating this business.

Retail Communications’ services and international and domestic airtime top-up are sold to distributors at a discount to their face value. Revenue from Retail Communications’ services is deferred and recognized as revenues when telecommunications services are provided and/or administrative fees are imposed.

International prepaid calling revenues tend to be somewhat seasonal, with the second fiscal quarter (which contains Christmas and New Year’s Day) and the fourth fiscal quarter (which contains Mother’s Day and Father’s Day) typically showing higher minute volumes.

Direct costs related to our telecom businesses consist primarily of three major categories: termination and origination costs, toll-free costs and network costs.

Termination and origination costs represent costs associated with the transmission and termination of international and domestic long distance services. We terminate our traffic via the arbitrage market or through direct interconnections with other carriers. This cost is primarily variable, with a price paid on a per-minute basis. Origination costs relating to Retail Communications’ services include fixed charges for local access telephone numbers and may include per-minute usage charges. Origination costs relating to our Consumer Phone Services segment consists primarily of leased lines from the RBOCs, which are billed to us as a monthly fee.

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Toll-free costs are variable costs paid to providers of toll-free services.

Network costs, which are also called connectivity costs, are fixed for a range of minutes of use, and include customer/carrier interconnect charges and leased fiber circuit charges. Local circuits are generally leased for a 12 to 24 month term, while long haul circuits generally are leased for longer terms. Although these are not purely variable costs, where the cost increases for each additional minute carried on our suppliers’ networks, increases in minutes will likely result in incrementally higher network costs.

Direct costs related to our telecom business include an estimate of charges for which invoices have not yet been received, and estimated amounts for pending disputes with other carriers. Subsequent adjustments to these estimates may occur after the invoices are received for the actual costs incurred, but these adjustments generally are not material to our results of operations.

Direct cost of revenues for IDT Telecom also includes the cost of airtime top-up minutes.

Selling expenses in IDT Telecom consist primarily of sales commissions paid to internal salespersons and independent agents, and advertising costs, which are the primary costs associated with the acquisition of customers. General and administrative expenses include employee compensation, benefits, professional fees, rent and other administrative costs. IDT Telecom’s Retail Communications offerings generally have higher selling, general and administrative expenses than the Wholesale Carrier Services business.

Concentration of Customers

Our most significant customers typically include telecom carriers to whom IDT Telecom provides wholesale telecommunications services and distributors of IDT Telecom’s international prepaid calling products. While they may vary from quarter to quarter, our five largest customers collectively accounted for 12.4%, 11.2% and 11.2% of total consolidated revenues in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively. Our customers with the five largest receivables balances collectively accounted for 35.4% and 23.0% of the consolidated gross trade accounts receivable at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. This concentration of customers increases our risk associated with nonpayment by those customers. In an effort to reduce our risk, we perform ongoing credit evaluations of our significant retail, wholesale and cable telephony customers, and in some cases, do not offer credit terms to customers, choosing instead to require prepayment. Historically, when we have issued credit, we have not required collateral to support trade accounts receivables from our customers. However, when necessary, IDT Telecom has imposed stricter credit restrictions on its customers. In some cases, this has resulted in IDT Telecom sharply curtailing, or ceasing completely, sales to certain customers. IDT Telecom attempts to mitigate its credit risk related to specific wholesale carrier services customers by also buying services from the customer, in order to create an opportunity to offset its payables and receivables with the customer. In this way, IDT Telecom can continue to sell services to these customers while reducing its receivable exposure risk. When it is practical to do so, IDT Telecom will increase its purchases from wholesale carrier services customers with receivable balances that exceed IDT Telecom’s applicable payables in order to maximize the offset and reduce its credit risk.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Our financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Critical accounting policies are those that require application of management’s most subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods. Our critical accounting policies include those related to the allowance for doubtful accounts, goodwill, valuation of long-lived and intangible assets, income taxes and regulatory agency fees, and IDT Telecom direct cost of revenues—disputed amounts. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report for a complete discussion of our significant accounting policies.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses that result from the inability or unwillingness of our customers to make required payments. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $2.7 million and $4.0 million at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The allowance for doubtful accounts as a percentage of gross trade accounts receivable decreased to 3.9% at July 31, 2017 from 7.7% at July 31, 2016 mostly due to the 32.1% increase in the gross accounts receivable balance. Our allowance is determined based on known troubled accounts, historical experience and other currently available evidence. Our estimates of recoverability of customer accounts may change due to new developments, changes in assumptions or changes in our strategy, which may impact our allowance for doubtful accounts balance. We continually assess the likelihood of potential amounts or ranges of recoverability and adjust our allowance accordingly; however, actual collections and write-offs of trade accounts receivables may materially differ from our estimates.

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Goodwill

Our goodwill balance of $11.3 million and $11.2 million at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, was attributable to our Retail Communications reporting unit in our Telecom Platform Services segment. Goodwill and other intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized. These assets are reviewed annually (or more frequently under various conditions) for impairment using a fair value approach. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives.

In fiscal 2017, we adopted the Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, that simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. In computing the implied fair value of goodwill under Step 2, an entity had to perform procedures to determine the fair value at the impairment testing date of its assets and liabilities (including unrecognized assets and liabilities) following the procedure that would be required in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Instead, under the amendments in this ASU, we perform our annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of our reporting units with their carrying amounts. We would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized would not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, we consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of our reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable.

We have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test. However, we may elect to perform the two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test even if no indications of a potential impairment exist.

We estimate the fair value of our reporting units using discounted cash flow methodologies, as well as considering third party market value indicators. For Retail Communications’ annual impairment test in fiscal 2017, since its estimated fair value substantially exceeded its carrying value, there was no goodwill impairment. In addition, we do not believe Retail Communications is currently at risk of goodwill impairment. For Retail Communications’ annual impairment test in fiscal 2016, since its estimated fair value substantially exceeded its carrying value in Step 1, it was not necessary to perform Step 2. For Retail Communications’ annual impairment test in fiscal 2015, we qualitatively assessed whether it was more likely than not that a goodwill impairment existed and concluded that a goodwill impairment did not exist. In fiscal 2015, Zedge’s estimated fair value substantially exceeded its carrying value in Step 1, therefore it was not necessary to perform Step 2.

Calculating the fair value of the reporting units requires significant estimates and assumptions by management. Should our estimates or assumptions regarding the fair value of our reporting units prove to be incorrect, we may be required to record impairments of goodwill in future periods and such impairments could be material.

Valuation of Long-Lived Assets including Intangible Assets with Finite Useful Lives

We test the recoverability of our long-lived assets including identifiable intangible assets with finite useful lives whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of any such asset may not be recoverable. Such events or changes in circumstances include:

| ■ | significant actual underperformance relative to expected performance or projected future operating results;

| ■ | significant changes in the manner or use of the asset or the strategy of our overall business;

| ■ | significant adverse changes in the business climate in which we operate; and

| ■ | loss of a significant contract.

If we determine that the carrying value of certain long-lived assets may not be recoverable, we test for impairment based on the projected undiscounted cash flows to be derived from such asset. If the projected undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, we will record an impairment loss based on the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the asset. We generally measure fair value by considering sale prices for similar assets or by discounting estimated future cash flows from the asset using an appropriate discount rate. Cash flow projections and fair value estimates require significant estimates and assumptions by management. Should our estimates and assumptions prove to be incorrect, we may be required to record impairments in future periods and such impairments could be material.

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Income Taxes and Regulatory Agency Fees

Our current and deferred income taxes and associated valuation allowance, as well as telecom regulatory agency fee accruals, are impacted by events and transactions arising in the normal course of business as well as in connection with special and non-routine items. Assessment of the appropriate amount and classification of income taxes and certain regulatory agency fees is dependent on several factors, including estimates of the timing and realization of deferred income tax assets, the results of regulatory fee-related audits, changes in tax laws or regulatory agency rules and regulations, as well as unanticipated future actions impacting related accruals of regulatory agency fees.

The valuation allowance on our deferred income tax assets was $157.8 million and $158.4 million at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In fiscal 2017, we determined that our valuation allowance on the losses of Elmion Netherlands B.V., a Netherlands subsidiary, was no longer required due to an internal reorganization that generated income and a projection of net income in future periods. We recorded a benefit from income taxes of $16.6 million in fiscal 2017 from the full recognition of the Elmion Netherlands B.V. deferred tax assets. In addition, in fiscal 2017, we determined that we would not be able to utilize our deferred tax assets in the United States and recorded a valuation allowance of $11.1 million against them.

We have not recorded U.S. income tax expense for foreign earnings, as such earnings are permanently reinvested outside the United States. The cumulative undistributed foreign earnings are included in accumulated deficit in our consolidated balance sheets, and consisted of approximately $375 million and $324 million at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Upon distribution of these foreign earnings to our domestic entities, we may be subject to U.S. income taxes and withholding of foreign taxes, however, it is not practicable to determine the amount, if any, which would be paid.

Our FCC Form 499-A filings for calendar years 2000 through 2006 related to payments to the Universal Service Fund have been audited by the IAD of USAC, which concluded that we incorrectly reported certain revenues on Forms 499-A. USAC’s revisions to our filing methodology resulted in additional regulatory payments for the years covered by the audits. While we believe in the accuracy of our filing methodology and our Request for Review remains pending, we have implemented some of the revisions set forth in the IAD’s filings beginning with our calendar year 2010 Form 499-A. We have accrued for all regulatory fees we believe may be incurred under IAD’s methodology from 2002 through the present, in the event our Request for Review is denied and/or our methodology is not upheld on appeal, and we have made certain payments on amounts that have been invoiced to us by USAC and/or other agencies. Our 2017 FCC Form 499-A, which reports our calendar year 2016 revenue, is currently under audit by the IAD. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, our accrued expenses included $43.5 million and $47.5 million, respectively, for these regulatory fees for the years covered by the audit and subsequent years. Until a final decision is reached in our disputes, we will continue to accrue in accordance with IAD’s methodology. If we do not properly calculate, or have not properly calculated, the amount payable by us to the Universal Service Fund, we may be subject to interest and penalties.

IDT Telecom Direct Cost of Revenues—Disputed Amounts

IDT Telecom’s direct cost of revenues includes estimated amounts for pending disputes with other carriers. The billing disputes typically arise from differences in minutes of use and/or rates charged by carriers that provide service to us. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, there was $26.1 million and $21.3 million, respectively, in outstanding carrier payable disputes, for which we recorded direct cost of revenues of $9.3 million and $9.0 million, respectively. We consider various factors to determine the amount to accrue for pending disputes, including (1) our historical experience in dispute resolution, (2) the basis of disputes, (3) the financial status and our current relationship with vendors and (4) our aging of prior disputes. Subsequent adjustments to our estimates may occur when disputes are resolved or abandoned, but these adjustments are generally not material to our results of operations. However, there can be no assurance that revisions to our estimates will not be material to our results of operations in the future.

RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARD NOT YET ADOPTED

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, and the International Accounting Standards Board jointly issued a comprehensive new revenue recognition standard that will supersede most of the current revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS. The goals of the revenue recognition project were to clarify and converge the revenue recognition principles under U.S. GAAP and IFRS and to develop guidance that would streamline and enhance revenue recognition requirements. Entities have the option of using either a full retrospective or modified retrospective approach for the adoption of the standard. We expect to adopt this standard on August 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. We have identified our main revenue streams, which include Boss Revolution PIN-less international calling revenue, wholesale carrier services revenue, and domestic and international airtime top-up revenue. We are currently reviewing contracts and other relevant documents related to our wholesale carrier services revenue to determine how to apply the new standard to this revenue stream. We expect to continue our review and evaluation for our other revenue streams in fiscal 2018. Currently, we cannot reasonably estimate the impact that the adoption of the standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

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In January 2016, the FASB issued an ASU to provide more information about recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. The amendments in the ASU include, among other changes, the following: (1) equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method or that result in consolidation) will be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, (2) a qualitative assessment each reporting period to identify impairment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values, (3) financial assets and financial liabilities will be presented separately by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or the notes to the financial statements, and (4) an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities in combination with the entity’s other deferred tax assets. Entities will no longer be able to recognize unrealized holding gains and losses on equity securities classified as available-for-sale in other comprehensive income. In addition, a practicability exception will be available for equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values and do not qualify for the net asset value practical expedient. These investments may be measured at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. Entities will have to reassess at each reporting period whether an investment qualifies for this practicability exception. We will adopt the amendments in this ASU on August 1, 2018. We are evaluating the impact that the ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued an ASU related to the accounting for leases. The new standard establishes a right-of-use, or ROU, model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. We will adopt the new standard on August 1, 2019. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. We are evaluating the impact that the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. For receivables, loans and other instruments, entities will be required to use a new forward-looking “expected loss” model that generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowance for losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses in a manner similar to current practice, except the losses will be recognized as allowances instead of reductions in the amortized cost of the securities. In addition, an entity will have to disclose significantly more information about allowances, credit quality indicators and past due securities. The new provisions will be applied as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings. We will adopt the new standard on August 1, 2020. We are evaluating the impact that the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that includes specific guidance on the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash and cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this ASU require that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents will be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of the period and end of the period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The ASU will be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. We will adopt the amendments in this ASU on August 1, 2018. The adoption will impact our beginning of the period and end of the period cash and cash equivalents balance in our statement of cash flows, as well as our net cash provided by operating activities.

In January 2017, the FASB issued an ASU to clarify the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. Under the current guidance, there are three elements of a business—inputs, processes, and outputs. While an integrated set of assets and activities (collectively referred to as a “set”) that is a business usually has outputs, outputs are not required to be present. In addition, all the inputs and processes that a seller uses in operating a set are not required if market participants can acquire the set and continue to produce outputs, for example, by integrating the acquired set with their own inputs and processes. The amendments in this ASU provide a screen to determine when a set is not a business. The screen requires that when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (or disposed of) is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the set is not a business. This screen reduces the number of transactions that need to be further evaluated. If the screen is not met, the amendments in this ASU (1) require that to be considered a business, a set must include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create output and (2) remove the evaluation of whether a market participant could replace missing elements. The amendments provide a framework to assist entities in evaluating whether both an input and a substantive process are present. The framework includes two sets of criteria to consider that depend on whether a set has outputs. Although outputs are not required for a set to be a business, outputs generally are a key element of a business; therefore, the FASB has developed more stringent criteria for sets without outputs. Lastly, the ASU narrows the definition of the term output. We will adopt the amendments in this ASU on August 1, 2018. We are evaluating the impact that the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

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In May 2017, the FASB issued an ASU to provide guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. Pursuant to this ASU, an entity should account for the effects of a modification unless all the following are met: (1) the fair value (or calculated value or intrinsic value, if such an alternative measurement method is used) of the modified award is the same as the fair value (or calculated value or intrinsic value, if such an alternative measurement method is used) of the original award immediately before the original award is modified (if the modification does not affect any of the inputs to the valuation technique that the entity uses to value the award, the entity is not required to estimate the value immediately before and after the modification); (2) the vesting conditions of the modified award are the same as the vesting conditions of the original award immediately before the original award is modified; and (3) the classification of the modified award as an equity instrument or a liability instrument is the same as the classification of the original award immediately before the original award is modified. We will adopt the amendments in this ASU prospectively to an award modified on or after on August 1, 2018. We are evaluating the impact that the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2017, the FASB issued an ASU intended to improve the financial reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity’s risk management activities in its financial statements. In addition, the ASU includes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance in U.S. GAAP. The amendments in this ASU are effective for us on August 1, 2019. Early application is permitted. Entities will apply the amendments to cash flow and net investment hedge relationships that exist on the date of adoption using a modified retrospective approach. The presentation and disclosure requirements will be applied prospectively. We are evaluating the impact that this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Year Ended July 31, 2017 compared to Years Ended July 31, 2016 and 2015

The following table sets forth certain items in our statements of income as a percentage of our total revenues:

Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
REVENUES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
IDT Telecom |  |  | 99.8 | % |  |  | 99.2 | % |  |  | 99.0 | %
All Other |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 1.0 |
TOTAL REVENUES |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 100.0 |
COSTS AND EXPENSES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) |  |  | 85.0 |  |  |  | 83.3 |  |  |  | 83.2 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 12.5 |  |  |  | 13.7 |  |  |  | 13.9 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  | 1.2 |
Research and development |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.1 |
Severance |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  | 0.5 |
TOTAL COSTS AND EXPENSES |  |  | 98.9 |  |  |  | 98.8 |  |  |  | 98.9 |
Other |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (0.1 | )
Gain on sale of member interest in Visa Europe, Ltd |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of interest in Fabrix Systems, Ltd |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 4.8 |
INCOME FROM OPERATIONS |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  | 5.8 |
Interest income (expense), net |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | — |
Other income (expense), net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | — |
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES |  |  | 0.5 | % |  |  | 2.0 | % |  |  | 5.8 | %

We evaluate the performance of our operating business segments based primarily on income (loss) from operations. Accordingly, the income and expense line items below income (loss) from operations are only included in our discussion of the consolidated results of operations.

IDT Telecom—Telecom Platform Services, UCaaS and Consumer Phone Services Segments

As described below, the decrease in Retail Communications’ minutes of use and revenues in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015 reflect the collapse of rates industry wide in the U.S. to Mexico corridor plus longer term secular trends impacting the telecom industry. In fiscal 2016, following regulatory changes intended to increase domestic competition in the Mexican telecommunications market, the cost of terminating international calls to Mexico declined significantly. The decrease in Retail Communications’ minutes of use and revenues was also due to increased competition from wireless network operators, mobile virtual network operators and alternative communications solutions such as over-the-top voice and messaging services. In anticipation of these developments, in recent years, we have increased investment in long term growth initiatives to mitigate the impact from those trends. We have also been reducing our selling, general and administrative expenses and streamlining operations.

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Beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2017, UCaaS is a separate reportable segment. Comparative results have been reclassified and restated as if UCaaS was a separate segment in all periods presented.

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 change from 2016 |  |  | 2016 change from 2015 |
Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecom Platform Services |  | $ | 1,464.1 |  |  | $ | 1,451.5 |  |  | $ | 1,543.3 |  |  | $ | 12.6 |  |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | $ | (91.8 | ) |  |  | (5.9 | )%
UCaaS |  |  | 29.4 |  |  |  | 26.4 |  |  |  | 29.4 |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 11.8 |  |  |  | (3.0 | ) |  |  | (10.5 | )
Consumer Phone Services |  |  | 5.5 |  |  |  | 6.9 |  |  |  | 8.6 |  |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  |  | (20.2 | ) |  |  | (1.7 | ) |  |  | (20.3 | )
Total revenues |  | $ | 1,499.0 |  |  | $ | 1,484.8 |  |  | $ | 1,581.3 |  |  | $ | 14.2 |  |  |  | 1.0 | % |  | $ | (96.5 | ) |  |  | (6.1 | )%

Revenues. IDT Telecom revenues increased in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016 primarily due to increases in Telecom Platform Services’ and UCaaS’ revenues. IDT Telecom revenues decreased in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015 due to decreases in Telecom Platform Services’, UCaaS’ and Consumer Phone Services’ revenues. Telecom Platform Services’ revenues, minutes of use and average revenue per minute for fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015 consisted of the following:

(in millions, except revenue per minute) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 change from 2016 |  |  | 2016 change from 2015 |
Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | $/# |  |  | % |  |  | $/# |  |  | % |
Telecom Platform Services Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail Communications |  | $ | 610.2 |  |  | $ | 664.8 |  |  | $ | 725.9 |  |  | $ | (54.6 | ) |  |  | (8.2 | )% |  | $ | (61.1 | ) |  |  | (8.4 | )%
Wholesale Carrier Services |  |  | 608.6 |  |  |  | 567.4 |  |  |  | 609.1 |  |  |  | 41.2 |  |  |  | 7.3 |  |  |  | (41.7 | ) |  |  | (6.9 | )
Payment Services |  |  | 245.3 |  |  |  | 219.3 |  |  |  | 208.3 |  |  |  | 26.0 |  |  |  | 11.8 |  |  |  | 11.0 |  |  |  | 5.3 |
Total Telecom Platform Services revenues |  | $ | 1,464.1 |  |  | $ | 1,451.5 |  |  | $ | 1,543.3 |  |  | $ | 12.6 |  |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | $ | (91.8 | ) |  |  | (5.9 | )%
Minutes of use |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail Communications |  |  | 6,685 |  |  |  | 8,069 |  |  |  | 9,212 |  |  |  | (1,384 | ) |  |  | (17.1 | )% |  |  | (1,143 | ) |  |  | (12.4 | )%
Wholesale Carrier Services |  |  | 19,901 |  |  |  | 19,338 |  |  |  | 19,637 |  |  |  | 563 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | (299 | ) |  |  | (1.5 | )
Total minutes of use |  |  | 26,586 |  |  |  | 27,407 |  |  |  | 28,849 |  |  |  | (821 | ) |  |  | (3.0 | )% |  |  | (1,442 | ) |  |  | (5.0 | )%
Average revenue per minute |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail Communications |  | $ | 0.0913 |  |  | $ | 0.0824 |  |  | $ | 0.0788 |  |  | $ | 0.0089 |  |  |  | 10.8 | % |  | $ | 0.0036 |  |  |  | 4.6 | %
Wholesale Carrier Services |  |  | 0.0306 |  |  |  | 0.0293 |  |  |  | 0.0310 |  |  |  | 0.0013 |  |  |  | 4.2 |  |  |  | (0.0017 | ) |  |  | (5.4 | )

Retail Communications’ revenue decreased 8.2% and 8.4% in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, respectively, compared to the prior fiscal year. Revenue from our Boss Revolution international calling service, which is Retail Communications’ most significant offering, declined 5.4% and 2.9% in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, respectively, compared to the prior fiscal year due primarily to the continuing decline in minutes of use and revenue from calls made in the U.S. and terminating in Mexico. In July 2016, we significantly reduced Boss Revolution’s U.S. to Mexico calling rate because many of our competitors, including some of the large U.S. mobile operators, began offering unlimited Mexico calling as part of their monthly pricing plans. In addition, the decrease in Retail Communications’ revenue in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016 compared to the prior fiscal year was due to continuing revenue declines in Europe, South America and Asia, and continuing revenue declines from traditional disposable calling cards in the U.S. Retail Communications’ minutes of use decreased 17.1% and 12.4% in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, respectively, compared to the prior fiscal year because of decreases in Boss Revolution and traditional disposable calling cards’ minutes of use. In addition, minutes of use decreased in Europe, South America and Asia in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016 compared to the prior fiscal year. In March 2017, we launched the updated Boss Revolution Calling app that includes free app-to-app calling and messaging. The updated calling app is available in several languages in the iTunes and Google Play stores. The Boss Revolution Calling app also integrates seamlessly with the recently launched Boss Revolution Money app, which features international money transfers, mobile airtime top-up and electronic gift cards. Retail Communications revenue comprised 41.7%, 45.8% and 47.0% of Telecom Platform Services’ revenue in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively.

Wholesale Carrier Services’ revenues increased 7.3% in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016 due to an increase in traditional carrier revenues, primarily from growth in traffic carried to higher revenue per minute destinations in Africa and the Middle East. Wholesale Carrier Services minutes of use increased 2.9% in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016 due to increases in traditional carrier minutes of use and minutes of use from our web-based, prepaid termination services portal. Wholesale Carrier Services’ revenues declined 6.9% in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015 because the traffic mix shifted towards lower revenue per minute destinations and certain exchange rate driven arbitrage-pricing opportunities in Latin America declined. Wholesale Carrier Services minutes of use decreased 1.5% in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015 primarily due to a decrease in traditional carrier minutes of use partially offset by an increase in our web-based prepaid termination service’s minutes of use. Wholesale Carrier Services revenue comprised 41.6%, 39.1% and 39.5 % of Telecom Platform Services’ revenue in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively.

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Payment Services’ revenues grew 11.8% and 5.3% in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, respectively, compared to the prior fiscal year due to increases in revenue from our international airtime top-up service, our international money transfer service, and in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016, from our National Retail Solutions point-of-sale terminal business. We have money transmitter licenses in 47 of the 49 states that require such a license, as well as in Puerto Rico and Washington, D.C. In fiscal 2017, our international money transfer service expanded when online operations commenced in New York. Future growth in Payment Services is expected from the new Boss Revolution Money app that features international money transfers, mobile airtime top-up and electronic gift cards, and from expansion of money transfer services in New York and California via retailers. National Retail Solutions is also expected to continue growing. Payment Services revenue comprised 16.7%, 15.1% and 13.5% of Telecom Platform Services’ revenue in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively.

UCaaS’ revenue increased 11.8% in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016 due to increases in hosted PBX, SIP Trunking, and cable telephony revenues. We successfully leveraged our global infrastructure to launch our hosted PBX offerings in Brazil and Argentina in January 2017 and May 2017, respectively. UCaaS’ revenue decreased 10.5% in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015 primarily due to a decrease in revenues from our cable telephony business.

Consumer Phone Services’ revenues declined 20.2% and 20.3% in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, respectively, compared to the prior fiscal year, as we continued to operate the business in harvest mode. This strategy has been in effect since calendar 2005 when the FCC decided to terminate the UNE-P pricing regime, which resulted in significantly inferior economics in the operating model for this business. We anticipate that Consumer Phone Services’ customer base and revenues will continue to decline. Minutes of use relating to our Consumer Phone Services segment is not tracked as a meaningful business metric as the domestic traffic generated by this segment is not carried on our network, and the international traffic generated by this segment, though carried on our own network, is insignificant.

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 change from 2016 |  |  | 2016 change from 2015 |
Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Direct cost of revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecom Platform Services |  | $ | 1,261.0 |  |  | $ | 1,229.1 |  |  | $ | 1,307.8 |  |  | $ | 31.9 |  |  |  | 2.6 | % |  | $ | (78.7 | ) |  |  | (6.0 | )%
UCaaS |  |  | 12.0 |  |  |  | 13.4 |  |  |  | 14.5 |  |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  |  | (10.7 | ) |  |  | (1.1 | ) |  |  | (7.9 | )
Consumer Phone Services |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 4.0 |  |  |  | (0.6 | ) |  |  | (18.7 | ) |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  |  | (23.6 | )
Total direct cost of revenues |  | $ | 1,275.5 |  |  | $ | 1,245.6 |  |  | $ | 1,326.3 |  |  | $ | 29.9 |  |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | $ | (80.7 | ) |  |  | (6.1 | )%

Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2017 change from 2016 |  |  | 2016 change from 2015 |
Direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecom Platform Services |  |  | 86.1 | % |  |  | 84.7 | % |  |  | 84.7 | % |  |  | 1.4 | % |  |  | —% |
UCaaS |  |  | 40.6 |  |  |  | 50.8 |  |  |  | 49.4 |  |  |  | (10.2 | ) |  |  | 1.4 |
Consumer Phone Services |  |  | 45.7 |  |  |  | 44.9 |  |  |  | 46.8 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | (1.9 | )
Total |  |  | 85.1 | % |  |  | 83.9 | % |  |  | 83.9 | % |  |  | 1.2 | % |  |  | —% |

Direct Cost of Revenues. Direct cost of revenues in Telecom Platform Services increased in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016 due to increases in Wholesale Carrier Services’ and Payment Services’ direct cost of revenues in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016, partially offset by a decrease in Retail Communications’ direct cost of revenues in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016. Direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in Telecom Platform Services increased 140 basis points in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016 primarily because the increase in Wholesale Carrier Services’ direct cost of revenues exceeded the increase in its revenues.

Direct cost of revenues in Telecom Platform Services decreased in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015 mainly due to the decreases in Telecom Platform Services’ revenues and minutes of use in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015. Direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in Telecom Platform Services was unchanged in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015. The loss of revenue from the relatively high margin exchange-rate driven arbitrage pricing opportunities in Latin American, the decline in margin contribution from the cable telephony business, and pricing pressure on airtime top-up offerings in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015 were offset by an increase in Retail Communications’ average revenue per minute.

| 36 |

Direct cost of revenues in UCaaS decreased in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016 compared to the prior fiscal year because of decreases in the direct cost of revenues in SIP Trunking and cable telephony service, partially offset by an increase in hosted PBX direct cost of revenues.

Direct cost of revenues in our Consumer Phone Services segment decreased in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016 compared to the prior fiscal year primarily because of the declining customer base.

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 change from 2016 |  |  | 2016 change from 2015 |
Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecom Platform Services |  | $ | 162.4 |  |  | $ | 174.8 |  |  | $ | 187.7 |  |  | $ | (12.4 | ) |  |  | (7.1 | )% |  | $ | (12.9 | ) |  |  | (6.9 | )%
UCaaS |  |  | 15.5 |  |  |  | 11.8 |  |  |  | 11.9 |  |  |  | 3.7 |  |  |  | 31.2 |  |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  | (1.2 | )
Consumer Phone Services |  |  | 1.9 |  |  |  | 2.6 |  |  |  | 3.3 |  |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  |  | (25.8 | ) |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  |  | (22.9 | )
Total selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 179.8 |  |  | $ | 189.2 |  |  | $ | 202.9 |  |  | $ | (9.4 | ) |  |  | (4.9 | )% |  | $ | (13.7 | ) |  |  | (6.8 | )%

Selling, General and Administrative. Selling, general and administrative expenses in our Telecom Platform Services segment decreased in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016 primarily due to a decrease in employee compensation. Selling, general and administrative expenses in our Telecom Platform Services segment decreased in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015 primarily due to decreases in employee compensation, marketing and advertising costs, call center expenses, internal sales commissions and facilities expense. The decreases in employee compensation in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016 compared to the prior fiscal year were the result of headcount reductions in fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015 that were partially offset by annual payroll increases. As a percentage of Telecom Platform Services’ revenues, Telecom Platform Services’ selling, general and administrative expenses were 11.1%, 12.0% and 12.2% in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively.

Selling, general and administrative expenses in our UCaaS segment increased in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016 due to an increase in employee compensation for sales and information technology employees. We increased employees and compensation in our UCaaS segment in fiscal 2017 as we invested in the growth of UCaaS’ revenues. Selling, general and administrative expenses in our UCaaS segment were substantially unchanged in fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015.

Selling, general and administrative expenses in our Consumer Phone Services segment decreased in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016 compared to the prior fiscal year as the cost structure for this segment continued to be right-sized to the needs of its declining revenue base.

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 change from 2016 |  |  | 2016 change from 2015 |
Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecom Platform Services |  | $ | 16.1 |  |  | $ | 15.7 |  |  | $ | 13.8 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | $ | 1.9 |  |  |  | 14.7 | %
UCaaS |  |  | 3.9 |  |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 40.4 |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  | 14.7 |
Consumer Phone Services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 20.0 |  |  | $ | 18.5 |  |  | $ | 16.2 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  |  | 7.9 | % |  | $ | 2.3 |  |  |  | 14.7 | %

Depreciation and Amortization. The increase in depreciation and amortization expense in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016 compared to the prior fiscal year was due to increases in depreciation of capitalized costs of consultants and employees developing internal use software to support our new products.

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 change from 2016 |  |  | 2016 change from 2015 |
Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Severance expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecom Platform Services |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | 7.7 |  |  | $ | (6.2 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )% |  | $ | (1.5 | ) |  |  | (19.4 | )%
UCaaS |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Consumer Phone Services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total severance expense |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | 7.7 |  |  | $ | (6.2 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )% |  | $ | (1.5 | ) |  |  | (19.4 | )%

| 37 |

Severance Expense. In July 2016 and February and March 2015, we completed separate reductions of our workforce. Telecom Platform Services incurred severance expense of $6.2 million and $5.8 million in fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively. In addition, severance expense in fiscal 2015 included $1.9 million due to a downsizing of certain Telecom Platform Services’ sales and administrative functions in Europe and the U.S.

Gain on Sale of Member Interest in Visa Europe Ltd. In June 2016, Visa Inc. acquired Visa Europe Limited for cash, shares of Visa Inc. Series C preferred stock and a deferred cash payment. IDT Financial Services Limited, our Gibraltar-based bank, was a member of Visa Europe and received cash of €5.0 million ($5.6 million on the acquisition date), 1,830 shares of Series C preferred stock and deferred payment receivable of €0.4 million ($0.5 million on the acquisition date). At July 31, 2017 and 2016, the carrying value of the shares of Visa Inc. Series C preferred stock was $1.6 million. The 1,830 shares of Visa Inc. Series C preferred stock are convertible into 25,532 shares of Visa Inc. Class A common stock. The shares of preferred stock become fully convertible in 2028. Beginning in 2020, Visa Inc. will assess whether it is appropriate to effect a partial conversion. The preferred stock shares may only be transferred to other former Visa Europe members, or to existing qualifying holders of Visa Inc.’s Class B common stock. In addition, the preferred stock will not be registered under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933 and therefore is not transferable unless such transfer is registered or an exemption from registration is available. The deferred payment receivable plus 4% compounded annual interest is due in June 2019. In fiscal 2016, we recorded a gain of $7.5 million in our Telecom Platform Services segment from the sale of our member interest in Visa Europe, which was included in the segment’s income from operations. In fiscal 2017, we recorded an adjustment to the gain of $0.1 million, which reduced the segment’s income from operations.

Other Operating Loss. The Telecom Platform Services segment’s income from operations in fiscal 2016 included a loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment of $0.3 million due to the write-off of capitalized costs of certain projects that were terminated prior to completion.

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 change from 2016 |  |  | 2016 change from 2015 |
Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Income from operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecom Platform Services |  | $ | 24.4 |  |  | $ | 32.8 |  |  | $ | 26.4 |  |  | $ | (8.4 | ) |  |  | (25.6 | )% |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  |  | 24.2 | %
UCaaS |  |  | (1.9 | ) |  |  | (1.6 | ) |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  |  | (16.6 | ) |  |  | (2.1 | ) |  |  | (400.0 | )
Consumer Phone Services |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  | (12.3 | ) |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  | (3.2 | )
Total income from operations |  | $ | 23.6 |  |  | $ | 32.4 |  |  | $ | 28.2 |  |  | $ | (8.8 | ) |  |  | (27.1 | )% |  | $ | 4.2 |  |  |  | 15.0 | %

All Other

Currently, we report aggregate results for all of our operating businesses other than IDT Telecom in All Other. On June 1, 2016, we completed the Zedge Spin-Off. The disposition of Zedge did not meet the criteria to be reported as a discontinued operation and accordingly, its assets, liabilities, results of operations and cash flows have not been reclassified. Therefore, All Other included twelve months of Zedge’s results of operations in fiscal 2015 compared to ten months in fiscal 2016 and none in fiscal 2017. In addition, Fabrix was included in All Other until it was sold in October 2014. Therefore, in fiscal 2015, All Other included two months of Fabrix’ results of operations compared to none in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016.

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 change from 2016 |  |  | 2016 change from 2015 |
Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Revenues |  | $ | 2.7 |  |  | $ | 11.5 |  |  | $ | 15.4 |  |  | $ | (8.8 | ) |  |  | (76.2 | )% |  | $ | (3.9 | ) |  |  | (25.5 | )%
Direct cost of revenues |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  |  | (2.0 | ) |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 75.6 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 49.3 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  |  | (5.4 | ) |  |  | (8.3 | ) |  |  | 4.9 |  |  |  | 91.6 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | 35.4 |
Depreciation |  |  | (1.7 | ) |  |  | (2.0 | ) |  |  | (2.3 | ) |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 14.7 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 11.4 |
Research and development |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1.7 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 100.0 |
Gain on sale of interest in Fabrix Systems Ltd. |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 76.9 |  |  |  | (1.1 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | ) |  |  | (75.8 | ) |  |  | (98.6 | )
Income from operations |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 4.2 |  |  | $ | 78.0 |  |  | $ | (3.9 | ) |  |  | (91.8 | )% |  | $ | (73.8 | ) |  |  | (94.7 | )%

| 38 |

Following is the results of operations of Zedge, which were included in All Other until the Zedge Spin-Off on June 1, 2016:

Zedge

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 change from 2016 |  |  | 2016 change from 2015 |
Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Revenues |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9.5 |  |  | $ | 9.0 |  |  | $ | (9.5 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )% |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  |  | 4.6 | %
Direct cost of revenues |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | ) |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  | (7.7 | )
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5.9 |  |  |  | 6.8 |  |  |  | (5.9 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | ) |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  |  | (14.2 | )
Depreciation |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | ) |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  |  | (70.8 | )
Income from operations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2.3 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (2.3 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )% |  | $ | 2.2 |  |  |  | nm |

nm—not meaningful

Following is the results of operations of Fabrix, which were included in All Other until it was sold in October 2014:

Fabrix

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 change from 2016 |  |  | 2016 change from 2015 |
Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Revenues |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — | % |  | $ | (4.2 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )%
Direct cost of revenues |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (0.6 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )
Depreciation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )
Research and development |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1.7 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )
Income (loss) from operations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — | % |  | $ | (0.9 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )%

Revenues. In April 2016, we entered into two leases with tenants for space in our headquarters building at 520 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey. The first lease is for a portion of the sixth floor for an eleven-year term, of which the first six years are non-cancellable. The second lease is for a portion of the ground floor and basement for a term of ten years, seven months. The tenant under this lease has the right to extend the term for three consecutive periods of five years each. Rental income from the first lease commenced in December 2016, and rental income from the second lease commenced in March 2017.

Gain on Sale of Interest in Fabrix Systems Ltd. On October 8, 2014, we completed the sale of our interest in Fabrix to Ericsson. The final sale price for 100% of the shares in Fabrix was $95 million in cash, excluding transaction costs and working capital and other adjustments. We owned approximately 78% of Fabrix on a fully diluted basis. Our share of the sale price was $69.2 million, after reflecting the impact of working capital and other adjustments. We and the other shareholders placed $13.0 million of the proceeds in escrow for the resolution of post-closing claims, of which $6.5 million was released in October 2015 and $6.5 million was released in April 2016. In fiscal 2016, we recorded a gain on the sale of our interest in Fabrix of $1.1 million, which represented adjustments to our share of Fabrix’ working capital and estimated transaction costs. In fiscal 2015, we recorded a gain on the sale of our interest in Fabrix of $76.9 million.

Corporate

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 change from 2016 |  |  | 2016 change from 2015 |
Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
General and administrative expenses |  | $ | 8.0 |  |  | $ | 10.1 |  |  | $ | 10.9 |  |  | $ | (2.1 | ) |  |  | (20.5 | )% |  | $ | (0.8 | ) |  |  | (7.8 | )%
Severance expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | ) |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  |  | (50.8 | )
Other operating loss |  |  | 10.4 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1.6 |  |  |  | 10.4 |  |  |  | nm |  |  |  | (1.6 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | )
Loss from operations |  | $ | 18.4 |  |  | $ | 10.4 |  |  | $ | 13.1 |  |  | $ | 8.0 |  |  |  | 77.2 | % |  | $ | (2.7 | ) |  |  | (20.8 | )%

nm—not meaningful

Corporate costs include compensation, consulting fees, treasury and accounts payable, tax and accounting services, human resources and payroll, corporate purchasing, corporate governance including Board of Directors’ fees, internal and external audit, investor relations, corporate insurance, corporate legal, business development, and other corporate-related general and administrative expenses, including, among others, facilities costs, charitable contributions and travel, as well as depreciation expense on corporate assets. Corporate does not generate any revenues, nor does it incur any direct cost of revenues.

| 39 |

General and Administrative. The decrease in Corporate general and administrative expenses in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016 was primarily due to decreases in payroll and related expense and legal fees, partially offset by an increase in stock-based compensation expense. The decrease in Corporate general and administrative expenses in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015 was primarily due to decreases in insurance, stock-based compensation, and the charitable contributions accrual, partially offset by an increase in payroll and related expense. As a percentage of our total consolidated revenues, Corporate general and administrative expenses was 0.5%, 0.7% and 0.7% in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively.

Severance expense. In July 2016 and February and March 2015, we completed separate reductions of our workforce. Corporate incurred severance expense of $0.3 million and $0.6 million in fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively.

Other Operating Loss. The Separation Agreement related to the spin-off of our former subsidiary, Straight Path, provides for us and Straight Path to indemnify each other for certain liabilities. We and Straight Path each communicated that it was entitled to indemnification from the other in connection with the inquiry described below and related matters. On April 9, 2017, we entered into a binding term sheet with Straight Path that provides for, among other things, the settlement and mutual release of the potential indemnification claims asserted by each of us and Straight Path in connection with, among other things, liabilities (including but not limited to fines, fees or penalties) that may exist or arise relating to the subject matter of the investigation by the FCC. In April 2017, in connection with this term sheet, we recorded a liability of $10.0 million. In addition, in fiscal 2017, we incurred legal fees of $0.9 million related to the FCC investigation of potential license violations by Straight Path Spectrum LLC (formerly a subsidiary of ours) and the term sheet with Straight Path, and we received insurance proceeds related to the FCC investigation of $0.5 million. Corporate’s other operating loss in fiscal 2015 included losses related to legal matters.

Consolidated

The following is a discussion of our consolidated stock-based compensation expense, and our consolidated income and expense line items below income from operations.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense. Stock-based compensation expense included in consolidated selling, general and administrative expenses was $3.7 million, $2.7 million and $5.2 million in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively. At July 31, 2017, unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock-based compensation, including stock options and restricted stock, was an aggregate of $5.8 million. The unrecognized compensation cost is expected to be recognized over the remaining vesting period that ends in 2020.

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2017 change from 2016 |  |  | 2016 change from 2015 |
Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Income from operations |  | $ | 5.5 |  |  | $ | 26.2 |  |  | $ | 93.1 |  |  | $ | (20.7 | ) |  |  | (78.8 | )% |  | $ | (66.9 | ) |  |  | (71.8 | )%
Interest income (expense), net |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  | 864.8 |
Other income (expense), net |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  |  | (1.2 | ) |  |  | (60.1 | ) |  |  | 2.7 |  |  |  | 397.8 |
Benefit from (provision for) income taxes |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  | (4.1 | ) |  |  | (6.1 | ) |  |  | 6.1 |  |  |  | 149.2 |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  | 32.5 |
Net income |  |  | 9.6 |  |  |  | 25.3 |  |  |  | 86.1 |  |  |  | (15.7 | ) |  |  | (62.0 | ) |  |  | (60.8 | ) |  |  | (70.6 | )
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  |  | (1.6 | ) |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  | 20.6 |  |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | (13.5 | )
Net income attributable to IDT Corporation |  | $ | 8.2 |  |  | $ | 23.5 |  |  | $ | 84.5 |  |  | $ | (15.3 | ) |  |  | (65.2 | )% |  | $ | (61.0 | ) |  |  | (72.2 | )%

Other Income (Expense), net. Other income (expense), net consists of the following:

(in millions) Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | (1.7 | )
Gain (loss) on marketable securities |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | (0.1 | )
Gain (loss) on investments |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  |  | 1.5 |
Other |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | (0.4 | )
TOTAL |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | (0.7 | )

| 40 |

Income Taxes. In fiscal 2017, we determined that our valuation allowance on the losses of Elmion Netherlands B.V., or Elmion, a Netherlands subsidiary, was no longer required due to an internal reorganization that generated income and a projection that the income would continue. We recorded a benefit from income taxes of $16.6 million in fiscal 2017 from the full recognition of the Elmion deferred tax assets. The gains on the sale of our member interest in Visa Europe Ltd. of $7.5 million in fiscal 2016, and on the sale of our interest in Fabrix of $1.1 million and $76.9 million in fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively, were recorded by certain of our wholly-owned non-U.S. subsidiaries. The gains are not taxable in the subsidiary’s tax domicile and are not subject to U.S. tax until repatriated. There are no current plans to repatriate the proceeds of the sales. The increase in income tax expense in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016, excluding the benefit from income taxes in fiscal 2017 and the non-taxable gains in fiscal 2016 described above, was generally due to the differences in rates in the jurisdictions where the results were recorded. The decrease in income tax expense in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015 was primarily due to a decrease in foreign income tax expense, partially offset by an increase in federal income tax expense.

Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests. The change in the net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016 was primarily due to the noncontrolling interests in the net income of Zedge, which was included in our results of operations until the Zedge Spin-Off on June 1, 2016. The remaining change in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016 was mostly due to a decrease in the net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in certain IDT Telecom subsidiaries due to a decrease in the net income of these subsidiaries. The increase in the net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015 was due to sale of Fabrix in fiscal 2015 and the change in Zedge’s results of operations from net loss to net income, partially offset by the decrease in net income of certain IDT Telecom subsidiaries.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

General

We currently expect our cash from operations in fiscal 2018 and the balance of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities that we held on July 31, 2017 to be sufficient to meet our currently anticipated working capital and capital expenditure requirements during fiscal 2018.

At July 31, 2017, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $148.6 million and working capital (current assets in excess of current liabilities) of $8.3 million. At July 31, 2017, we also had $8.6 million in investments in hedge funds, which were included in “Investments” in our consolidated balance sheet.

We treat unrestricted cash and cash equivalents held by IDT Payment Services as substantially restricted and unavailable for other purposes. At July 31, 2017, “Cash and cash equivalents” in our consolidated balance sheet included an aggregate of $10.8 million held by IDT Payment Services that was unavailable for other purposes.

We have not recorded U.S. income tax expense for foreign earnings, since such earnings are permanently reinvested outside the United States. The cumulative undistributed foreign earnings are included in accumulated deficit in our consolidated balance sheets, and consisted of approximately $375 million at July 31, 2017. Upon distribution of these foreign earnings to our domestic entities, we may be subject to U.S. income taxes and withholding of foreign taxes, however, it is not practicable to determine the amount, if any, which would be paid.

(in millions) Year ended July 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Cash flows provided by (used in) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  | $ | 19.0 |  |  | $ | 49.1 |  |  | $ | 30.5 |
Investing activities |  |  | (39.6 | ) |  |  | (16.5 | ) |  |  | 2.9 |
Financing activities |  |  | 6.8 |  |  |  | (27.6 | ) |  |  | (70.2 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | (5.8 | ) |  |  | (6.7 | )
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | (13.5 | ) |  | $ | (0.8 | ) |  | $ | (43.5 | )

Operating Activities

Our cash flow from operations varies significantly from quarter to quarter and from year to year, depending on our operating results and the timing of operating cash receipts and payments, specifically trade accounts receivable and trade accounts payable.

On July 31, 2013, we completed the pro rata distribution of the common stock of our subsidiary Straight Path to our stockholders. On September 20, 2016, we received a letter of inquiry from the Enforcement Bureau of the FCC requesting certain information and materials related to an investigation of potential violations by Straight Path Spectrum LLC (formerly a subsidiary of ours and currently a subsidiary of Straight Path) in connection with licenses to operate on the 28 GHz and 39 GHz bands of the Fixed Microwave Services. We have cooperated with the FCC in this matter and have responded to the letter of inquiry. The FCC could seek to fine or impose regulatory penalties or civil liability on us related to activities during the period of ownership by us.

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The Separation and Distribution Agreement related to the spin-off of Straight Path provides for us and Straight Path to indemnify each other for certain liabilities. We and Straight Path each communicated that it was entitled to indemnification from the other in connection with the inquiry described above and related matters. On April 9, 2017, we entered into a binding term sheet with Straight Path that provides for, among other things, the settlement and mutual release of the potential indemnification claims asserted by each of us and Straight Path in connection with, among other things, liabilities (including but not limited to fines, fees or penalties) that may exist or arise relating to the subject matter of the investigation by the FCC. Pursuant to this term sheet, Straight Path will transfer to us or our affiliate, subsidiary, or assignee, Straight Path’s ownership interest in SPIP Group for $6 million, the parties will provide mutual releases, and we will pay Straight Path $10 million and stockholders of Straight Path will receive 22% of the net proceeds, if any, received by SPIP Group from any license, transfer or assignment of any of the patent rights held by SPIP Group as of the effective date of transfer, or any settlement, award or judgment involving any of the patent rights (including any net proceeds received following the effective date of transfer) to be pursued under the terms of the term sheet.

On April 10, 2017, our Board of Directors and its Corporate Governance Committee approved the transfer by us of the ownership interest in SPIP Group to an entity to be organized by Howard S. Jonas in exchange for $6.0 million, which is the price to be paid by us to Straight Path for the ownership interest in SPIP Group under the settlement arrangement with Straight Path. The new entity will assume our obligations to Straight Path and its stockholders with respect to the net proceeds, if any, related to the patents as described above.

Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, we paid Straight Path $0.1 million, $0.1 million and $2.8 million in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively, in connection with our obligation to reimburse Straight Path for the payment of its liabilities arising or related to the period prior to the Straight Path Spin-Off.

In August 2016, we and the New Jersey Economic Development Authority entered into an incentive agreement pursuant to which we may receive corporation business tax credits in exchange for investment in a qualified business facility and employment of the required number of full-time employees. The corporation business tax credits to be received are a maximum of $24.3 million. Our tax certificate documents are currently being reviewed by Economic Development Authority. The tax credits are based on an estimated capital investment of $5.3 million in addition to retaining, as well as creating, a number of full-time jobs. We may claim a tax credit each tax year for ten years beginning when the Economic Development Authority accepts our project completion certification. The tax credit can be applied to 100% of our New Jersey tax liability each year, and the unused amount of the annual credit can be carried forward. In addition, we may apply for a tax credit transfer certificate to sell unused tax credits to another business. The tax credits must be sold for no less than 75% of the value of the tax credits. The tax credits are subject to reduction, forfeiture and recapture if, among other things, the number of full-time employees declines below the program or statewide minimum.

In December 2015, MasterCard Europe released a security deposit in the amount of $4.7 million made by IDT Financial Services Ltd.

In fiscal 2015, Fabrix received $2.0 million in cash from sales of software licenses and support services.

Investing Activities

Our capital expenditures were $22.9 million in fiscal 2017 compared to $18.4 million in fiscal 2016 and $28.6 million in fiscal 2015. Capital expenditures in fiscal 2015 included expenditures for the renovations of the first four floors of our building located at 520 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey. We currently anticipate that total capital expenditures in fiscal 2018 will be between $21 million to $23 million. We expect to fund our capital expenditures with our net cash provided by operating activities and cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities on hand.

On December 23, 2016, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of Live Ninja, a business communications company that provides chat and messaging capabilities for small and medium-sized businesses with the ability to transfer a conversation from one channel of communications (for example, the web) to another (such as a mobile phone). The Live Ninja team has been tasked with helping expand the development of our PicuP service. We paid $2.0 million at closing, and expect to pay an additional $2.3 million through December 2018 for fixed and contingent payment obligations. In fiscal 2017, the cash paid for the acquisition, net of cash acquired was $1.8 million.

On October 8, 2014, we completed the sale of our interest in Fabrix to Ericsson. The final sale price for 100% of the shares in Fabrix was $95 million in cash, excluding transaction costs and working capital and other adjustments. We owned approximately 78% of Fabrix on a fully diluted basis. Our share of the sale price was $69.2 million, after reflecting the impact of working capital and other adjustments. We and the other shareholders placed $13.0 million of the proceeds in escrow for the resolution of post-closing claims, of which $6.5 million was released in October 2015 and $6.5 million was released in April 2016. In fiscal 2016, we recorded gain on the sale of our interest in Fabrix of $1.1 million, which represented adjustments to our share of Fabrix’ working capital and estimated transaction costs. In fiscal 2015, we recorded a gain on the sale of our interest in Fabrix of $76.9 million.

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In June 2016, Visa Inc. acquired Visa Europe Limited for cash, shares of Visa Inc. Series C preferred stock and a deferred cash payment. IDT Financial Services Ltd. was a member of Visa Europe and received cash of €5.0 million ($5.6 million on the acquisition date), 1,830 shares of Series C preferred stock and deferred payment receivable of €0.4 million ($0.5 million on the acquisition date). At July 31, 2017 and 2016, the carrying value of the shares of Visa Inc. Series C preferred stock was $1.6 million. The 1,830 shares of Visa Inc. Series C preferred stock are convertible into 25,532 shares of Visa Inc. Class A common stock. The shares of preferred stock become fully convertible in 2028. Beginning in 2020, Visa Inc. will assess whether it is appropriate to effect a partial conversion. The preferred stock shares may only be transferred to other former Visa Europe members, or to existing qualifying holders of Visa Inc.’s Class B common stock. In addition, the preferred stock will not be registered under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933 and therefore is not transferable unless such transfer is registered or an exemption from registration is available. The deferred payment receivable plus 4% compounded annual interest is due in June 2019. In fiscal 2016, we recorded a gain of $7.5 million from the sale of our member interest in Visa Europe.

In fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, we used cash of $9.4 million, $2.0 million and $0.1 million, respectively, for additional investments. In September 2016, Rafael issued to our 50%-owned subsidiary, CS Pharma, its convertible Series D Note with a principal amount of $10 million, representing the $8 million cash investment on such date plus the conversion of a $2 million principal amount convertible promissory notes that was issued in connection with prior funding. In addition, in fiscal 2017, we used cash of $1.4 million for additional investments in Lipomedix, a development-stage, privately held Israeli company focused on the development of an innovative, safe and effective cancer therapy based on liposome delivery. We own ordinary shares of Lipomedix representing approximately 38.9% of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares. We have the option to invest an additional $0.9 million in Lipomedix, which would increase our aggregate ownership to 50.6% of the issued share capital on a fully diluted basis. The option expires on the earlier of (1) a merger or acquisition transaction, (2) an initial public offering, or (3) November 30, 2017. In fiscal 2016, we used cash of $1.9 million for investment in Rafael and $0.1 million for investment in Lipomedix.

We received $15,000, $0.6 million and $0.1 million in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively, from the redemption of certain of our investments.

In fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, we used cash of $53.4 million, $46.9 million and $52.4 million, respectively, to purchase marketable securities.

Proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable securities were $48.0 million, $35.0 million and $24.1 million in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively.

Financing Activities

In fiscal 2017, we paid aggregate cash dividends of $0.76 per share on our Class A common stock and Class B common stock, or $17.9 million in total. In fiscal 2016, we paid aggregate cash dividends of $0.75 per share on our Class A common stock and Class B common stock, or $17.4 million in total. In fiscal 2015, we paid aggregate cash dividends of $2.03 per share on our Class A common stock and Class B common stock, or $47.6 million in total. The aggregate cash dividends in fiscal 2015 included special dividends of $0.68 per share and $0.64 per share paid in November 2014 and January 2015, respectively. In September 2017, our Board of Directors declared a dividend of $0.19 per share for the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017 to holders of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock. The dividend will be paid on or about October 20, 2017 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on October 16, 2017.

We distributed cash of $1.5 million, $1.8 million and $2.1 million in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively, to the noncontrolling interests in certain of our subsidiaries.

On June 9, 2017, we sold 1.0 million shares of our Class B common stock to Howard S. Jonas for aggregate consideration of $14.9 million. The price per share of $14.93 was equal to the closing price of our Class B common stock on May 1, 2017, the day prior to the approval of the sale by our Board of Directors and Corporate Governance Committee. On April 11, 2017, we sold 728,332 treasury shares of our Class B common stock to Howard S. Jonas for aggregate consideration of $10.0 million. The price per share of $13.73 was equal to the closing price of our Class B common stock on April 10, 2017.

On March 2, 2017, we sold 10% of our direct and indirect interest and rights in Rafael to Howard S. Jonas for a purchase price of $1 million.

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In connection with our investment in Rafael, our subsidiary CS Pharma issued member interests to third parties in exchange for cash investments. In fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, we received cash of $1.2 million and $8.8 million, respectively, from third parties for member interests in CS Pharma. We hold a 50% interest in CS Pharma and we are the managing member. At July 31, 2016, the $8.8 million received was included in “Other current liabilities” in our consolidated balance sheet pending the issuance of the member interests.

In June 2016, cash and cash equivalents held by Zedge of $6.4 million were deconsolidated as a result of the Zedge Spin-Off.

In connection with the Zedge Spin-Off, in May 2016, Zedge sold shares of its Class B common stock representing approximately 10.0% of its capital stock to certain of its equity holders, including us, for $3 million. The other purchasers paid $0.4 million of the total and we paid $2.6 million.

We received proceeds from the exercise of our stock options of $0.8 million in fiscal 2017, nil in fiscal 2016, and $3.4 million in fiscal 2015. In fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2015, we issued 73,471 and 244,938 shares, respectively, of our Class B common stock for the stock option exercises.

We paid the outstanding principal of $6.4 million on the mortgage on our building in Piscataway, New Jersey on the maturity date of September 1, 2015.

Our subsidiary, IDT Telecom, Inc., entered into a credit agreement, dated July 12, 2012, with TD Bank, N.A. for a line of credit facility for up to a maximum principal amount of $25.0 million. IDT Telecom may use the proceeds to finance working capital requirements, acquisitions and for other general corporate purposes. The line of credit facility is secured by primarily all of IDT Telecom’s assets. The principal outstanding bears interest per annum, at the option of IDT Telecom, at either (a) the U.S. Prime Rate less 125 basis points, or (b) the LIBOR rate adjusted by the Regulation D maximum reserve requirement plus 150 basis points. Interest is payable monthly and all outstanding principal and any accrued and unpaid interest is due on the maturity date of April 30, 2018. There were no amounts borrowed under the facility in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015. In fiscal 2015, we repaid $13.0 million. We intend to borrow under the facility from time to time. IDT Telecom pays a quarterly unused commitment fee of 0.375% per annum on the average daily balance of the unused portion of the $25.0 million commitment. IDT Telecom is required to comply with various affirmative and negative covenants as well as maintain certain financial targets and ratios during the term of the line of credit, including IDT Telecom may not pay any dividend on its capital stock and IDT Telecom’s aggregate loans and advances to affiliates or subsidiaries may not exceed $110.0 million. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no amounts utilized for letters of credit under the line of credit, IDT Telecom was in compliance with all of the covenants, and IDT Telecom’s aggregate loans and advances to affiliates and subsidiaries was $94.9 and $91.1 million, respectively.

Repayments of other borrowings were nil, nil, and $0.3 million in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively.

On June 25, 2015, we purchased 404,967 shares of our Class B common stock from Howard S. Jonas. The purchase price was $18.52 per share, the share price at the close of business on June 23, 2015. The aggregate purchase price was $7.5 million.

In fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, we paid $1.8 million, $0.1 million and $2.8 million, respectively to repurchase 94,338; 11,250 and 152,856 shares of Class B common stock, respectively, that were tendered by employees of ours to satisfy the employees’ tax withholding obligations in connection with the lapsing of restrictions on awards of restricted stock. Such shares are repurchased by us based on their fair market value on the trading day immediately prior to the vesting date.

We have a stock repurchase program for the repurchase of up to an aggregate of 8.0 million shares of our Class B common stock. There were no repurchases under the program in fiscal 2017. In fiscal 2016, we repurchased 398,376 shares of our Class B common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $4.6 million. In fiscal 2015, we repurchased 29,675 shares of our Class B common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $0.4 million. At July 31, 2017, 8.0 million shares remained available for repurchase under the stock repurchase program.

Changes in Trade Accounts Receivable, Allowance For Doubtful Accounts and Deferred Revenue

Gross trade accounts receivable increased to $67.6 million at July 31, 2017 from $51.2 million at July 31, 2016 primarily due to a $16.4 million increase in IDT Telecom’s gross trade accounts receivable balance. The increase in IDT Telecom’s gross trade accounts receivable balance was primarily due to amounts billed in fiscal 2017 in excess of collections during the period. In particular, our revenues from certain large wholesale customers increased for which portions of the receivable balances were collected subsequent to July 31, 2017.

The allowance for doubtful accounts was $2.7 million and $4.0 million at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The allowance for doubtful accounts as a percentage of gross trade accounts receivable decreased to 3.9% at July 31, 2017 from 7.7% at July 31, 2016 mostly due to the 32.1% increase in the gross accounts receivable balance. In addition, uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries, during fiscal 2017 exceeded amounts reserved during the same period.

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Deferred revenue as a percentage of total revenues varies from period to period depending on the mix and the timing of revenues. Deferred revenue arises from IDT Telecom’s sales of prepaid products. Deferred revenue decreased to $76.5 million at July 31, 2017 from $85.7 million at July 31, 2016 primarily due to a decrease in the IDT Telecom U.S. Boss Revolution balance, as well as a decrease in IDT Telecom’s deferred revenue balance in Europe.

Other Sources and Uses of Resources

On June 22, 2017, IDT Telecom, Inc. entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with JAR Fintech Limited and JAR Capital Limited to sell the capital stock of IDT Financial Services Holding Limited, a company incorporated under the laws of Gibraltar and a wholly-owned subsidiary of IDT Telecom, to JAR Fintech Limited. IDT Financial Services Holding Limited is the sole shareholder of IDT Financial Services Limited, our Gibraltar-based bank. The Share Purchase Agreement provides for an aggregate purchase price for the outstanding equity interests of IDT Financial Services Holding Limited of £2.9 million ($3.8 million at July 31, 2017) plus an amount equal to the value of IDT Financial Services Holding Limited’s net assets, to be paid at closing, subject to adjustments relating to customer assets of IDT Financial Services Holding Limited. The net asset value of IDT Financial Services Holding Limited is expected to be at closing approximately £11 million ($14.5 million at July 31, 2017). A portion of the purchase price will be placed in escrow and released to IDT Telecom once all of the conditions have been met under the Share Purchase Agreement. The sale is expected to close in calendar 2017, subject to regulatory approval and other customary conditions set forth in the Share Purchase Agreement.

We intend to spin-off our wholly-owned subsidiary, Rafael Holdings, Inc., to our stockholders. Rafael Holdings, Inc. will own certain commercial real estate assets and interests in Rafael and Lipomedix. We intend to contribute $50 million to $60 million in cash to Rafael Holdings, Inc. prior to the spin-off.

We intend to, where appropriate, make strategic investments and acquisitions to complement, expand, and/or enter into new businesses. In considering acquisitions and investments, we search for opportunities to profitably grow our existing businesses and/or to add qualitatively to the range and diversification of businesses in our portfolio. At this time, we cannot guarantee that we will be presented with acquisition opportunities that meet our return on investment criteria, or that our efforts to make acquisitions that meet our criteria will be successful.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND OTHER COMMERCIAL COMMITMENTS

The following tables quantify our future contractual obligations and commercial commitments at July 31, 2017:

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

Payments Due by Period

(in millions) |  | Total |  |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1—3 years |  |  | 4—5 years |  |  | After 5 years |
Operating leases |  | $ | 6.5 |  |  | $ | 2.5 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |
Straight Path obligation |  |  | 16.0 |  |  |  | 16.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Revolving credit unused commitment fee |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Purchase commitments |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
TOTAL CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS(1)(2) |  | $ | 25.7 |  |  | $ | 21.7 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |

| (1) | The above table does not include an aggregate of $15.1 million in performance bonds due to the uncertainty of the amount and/or timing of any such payments.

| (2) | In August 2017, we entered into a Reciprocal Services Agreement with a telecom operator in Central America for a full range of services, including, but not limited to, termination of inbound and outbound international long-distance voice calls. We have committed to pay such telecom operator monthly committed amounts during the term of the agreement. In addition, under certain limited circumstances, the parties may renegotiate the amount of the monthly payments. In the event the parties do not agree on re-pricing terms after good faith negotiations, then either party has the right to terminate the agreement. Pursuant to the agreement, in September 2017, we deposited $11.75 million into an escrow account as security for the benefit of the telecom operator. The above table does not include the committed amounts due to the uncertainty of the amount and/or timing of any such payments.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

We do not have any “off-balance sheet arrangements,” as defined in relevant SEC regulations that are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources, other than the following.

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In connection with the Genie Spin-Off in October 2011, we and Genie entered into various agreements prior to the Genie Spin-Off including a Separation and Distribution Agreement to effect the separation and provide a framework for our relationship with Genie after the Genie Spin-Off, and a Tax Separation Agreement, which sets forth the responsibilities of us and Genie with respect to, among other things, liabilities for federal, state, local and foreign taxes for periods before and including the Genie Spin-Off, the preparation and filing of tax returns for such periods and disputes with taxing authorities regarding taxes for such periods. Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, among other things, we indemnify Genie and Genie indemnifies us for losses related to the failure of the other to pay, perform or otherwise discharge, any of the liabilities and obligations set forth in the agreement. Pursuant to the Tax Separation Agreement, among other things, we indemnify Genie from all liability for taxes of ours with respect to any taxable period, and Genie indemnifies us from all liability for taxes of Genie and its subsidiaries with respect to any taxable period, including, without limitation, the ongoing tax audits related to Genie’s business.

In connection with the Straight Path Spin-Off in July 2013, we and Straight Path entered into various agreements prior to the Straight Path Spin-Off including a Separation and Distribution Agreement to effect the separation and provide a framework for our relationship with Straight Path after the Straight Path Spin-Off, and a Tax Separation Agreement, which sets forth the responsibilities of us and Straight Path with respect to, among other things, liabilities for federal, state, local and foreign taxes for periods before and including the Straight Path Spin-Off, the preparation and filing of tax returns for such periods and disputes with taxing authorities regarding taxes for such periods. Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, the Company indemnifies Straight Path and Straight Path indemnifies the Company for losses related to the failure of the other to pay, perform or otherwise discharge, any of the liabilities and obligations set forth in the agreement. Pursuant to the Tax Separation Agreement, the Company indemnifies Straight Path from all liability for taxes of Straight Path or any of its subsidiaries or relating to the Straight Path business with respect to taxable periods ending on or before the Straight Path Spin-Off, from all liability for taxes of the Company, other than Straight Path and its subsidiaries, for any taxable period, and from all liability for taxes due to the Straight Path Spin-Off.

In connection with the Zedge Spin-Off in June 2016, we and Zedge entered into various agreements prior to the Zedge Spin-Off including a Separation and Distribution Agreement to effect the separation and provide a framework for our relationship with Zedge after the Zedge Spin-Off, and a Tax Separation Agreement, which sets forth the responsibilities of us and Zedge with respect to, among other things, liabilities for federal, state, local and foreign taxes for periods before and including the Zedge Spin-Off, the preparation and filing of tax returns for such periods and disputes with taxing authorities regarding taxes for such periods. Pursuant to Separation and Distribution Agreement, among other things, we indemnify Zedge and Zedge indemnifies us for losses related to the failure of the other to pay, perform or otherwise discharge, any of the liabilities and obligations set forth in the agreement. Pursuant to the Tax Separation Agreement, among other things, Zedge indemnifies us from all liability for taxes of Zedge and any of Zedge’s subsidiaries or relating to Zedge’s business accruing after the Zedge Spin-Off, and we indemnify Zedge from all liability for taxes of Zedge and any of Zedge’s subsidiaries or relating to Zedge’s business with respect to taxable periods ending on or before the Zedge Spin-Off.

IDT Payment Services and IDT Telecom have performance bonds issued through third parties for the benefit of various states in order to comply with the states’ financial requirements for money remittance licenses and telecommunications resellers, respectively. At July 31, 2017, we had aggregate performance bonds of $15.1 million outstanding.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks.

FOREIGN CURRENCY RISK

Revenues from our international operations represented 31%, 29% and 30% of our consolidated revenues in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively. A significant portion of these revenues is in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. Our foreign currency exchange risk is somewhat mitigated by our ability to offset a portion of these non U.S. Dollar-denominated revenues with operating expenses that are paid in the same currencies. While the impact from fluctuations in foreign exchange rates affects our revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currencies, the net amount of our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate changes at the end of each reporting period is generally not material.

INVESTMENT RISK

In addition to, but separate from our primary business, we hold a portion of our assets in marketable securities and hedge funds for strategic and speculative purposes. As of July 31, 2017, the carrying value of our marketable securities and investments in hedge funds were $58.3 million and $8.6 million, respectively. Investments in marketable securities and hedge funds carry a degree of risk, and depend to a great extent on correct assessments of the future course of price movements of securities and other instruments. There can be no assurance that our investment managers of our funds will be able to accurately predict these price movements. The securities markets have in recent years been characterized by great volatility and unpredictability. Accordingly, the value of our investments may go down as well as up and we may not receive the amounts originally invested upon redemption.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and the reports of the independent registered public accounting firms thereon starting on page F-1 are included herein.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of July 31, 2017.

Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We, the management of IDT Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”), are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting of the Company.

The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States and includes those policies and procedures that:

| 1. | Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets of the Company;

| 2. | Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and

| 3. | Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of July 31, 2017. In making this assessment, the Company’s management used the criteria established in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”).

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting, as prescribed above, for the period covered by this report. Based on our evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of July 31, 2017 was effective based on the criteria established in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

BDO USA, LLP has provided an attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of July 31, 2017.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information.

None.

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Part III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

The following is a list of our directors and executive officers along with the specific information required by Rule 14a-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Executive Officers

Howard S. Jonas—Chairman of the Board

Shmuel Jonas—Chief Executive Officer

Marcelo Fischer—Senior Vice President—Finance

Mitch Silberman—Chief Accounting Officer and Controller

Joyce J. Mason—Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary

Menachem Ash—Executive Vice President of Strategy and Legal Affairs

Anthony S. Davidson—Senior Vice President—Technology

Bill Pereira—Chief Executive Officer and President of IDT Telecom

Directors

Howard S. Jonas—Chairman of the Board

Bill Pereira—Chief Executive Officer and President of IDT Telecom

Michael Chenkin—Certified Public Accountant; previously worked in the Audit Department of Coopers and Lybrand and as a consultant to the securities industry

Eric F. Cosentino—Former Rector of the Episcopal Church of the Divine Love, Montrose, New York

Judah Schorr—Founder of Judah Schorr MD PC, an anesthesia provider to hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers and medical offices, and has been its President and owner since its inception

The remaining information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2017, and which is incorporated by reference herein.

Corporate Governance

We have included as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K certificates of our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer certifying the quality of our public disclosure.

We make available free of charge through the investor relations page of our web site (www.idt.net/ir) our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports, and all beneficial ownership reports on Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed by directors, officers and beneficial owners of more than 10% of our equity, as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We have adopted codes of business conduct and ethics for all of our employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. Copies of the codes of business conduct and ethics are available on our web site.

Our web site and the information contained therein or incorporated therein are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

| 48 |

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

The information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2017, and which is incorporated by reference herein.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2017, and which is incorporated by reference herein.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2017, and which is incorporated by reference herein.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

The information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2017, and which is incorporated by reference herein.

| 49 |

Part IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

| (a) | The following documents are filed as part of this Report:

| 1. | Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Consolidated Financial Statements

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Financial Statements covered by Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms

| 2. | Financial Statement Schedule.

All schedules have been omitted since they are either included in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements or not required or not applicable.

| 3. | Exhibits. Exhibit Numbers 10.03, 10.04, 10.05, 10.06, 10.07, 10.09, 10.10 and 10.11 are management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements.

The exhibits listed in paragraph (b) of this item are filed, furnished, or incorporated by reference as part of this Form 10-K.

Certain of the agreements filed as exhibits to this Form 10-K contain representations and warranties by the parties to the agreements that have been made solely for the benefit of the parties to the agreement. These representations and warranties:

| ■ | may have been qualified by disclosures that were made to the other parties in connection with the negotiation of the agreements, which disclosures are not necessarily reflected in the agreements;

| ■ | may apply standards of materiality that differ from those of a reasonable investor; and

| ■ | were made only as of specified dates contained in the agreements and are subject to subsequent developments and changed circumstances.

Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date that these representations and warranties were made or at any other time. Investors should not rely on them as statements of fact.

| (b) | Exhibits.

Exhibit Number |  | Description of Exhibits
3.01(1) |  | Third Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant.
3.02(2) |  | Fourth Amended and Restated By-laws of the Registrant.
10.03(3) |  | Fourth Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated December 14, 2016, between the Registrant and Howard S. Jonas.
10.04(4) |  | 1996 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, of IDT Corporation.
10.05(5) |  | 2005 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, of IDT Corporation.
10.06(6) |  | 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan of IDT Corporation.
10.07(7) |  | Employment Agreement, dated January 12, 2015, between IDT Telecom and Bill Pereira.
10.08(8) |  | Credit Agreement, dated July 12, 2012, between IDT Telecom, Inc. and TD Bank, N.A.

| 50 |

Exhibit Number |  | Description of Exhibits
10.09(9) |  | Stock Grant Agreement between the Registrant and Howard Jonas, dated December 27, 2012.
10.10* |  | Stock Option Agreement between the Registrant and Howard Jonas, dated May 2, 2017.
10.11* |  | Assignment Agreement between the Registrant and Howard Jonas, dated September 19, 2017.
21.01* |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
23.01* |  | Consent of BDO USA, LLP
23.02* |  | Consent of Grant Thornton LLP
31.01* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.02* |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.01* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.02* |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS* |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

| * | filed herewith.

| (1) | Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K, filed April 5, 2011.

| (2) | Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K, filed September 23, 2009.

| (3) | Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K, filed December 20, 2016.

| (4) | Incorporated by reference to Schedule 14A, filed November 3, 2004.

| (5) | Incorporated by reference to Schedule 14A, filed November 5, 2013.

| (6) | Incorporated by reference to Form S-8, filed October 14, 2016.

| (7) | Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K, filed January 14, 2015.

| (8) | Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2012, filed October 15, 2012

| (9) | Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K, filed December 31, 2012.

| 51 |

Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| IDT CORPORATION
| By: | /s/ Shmuel Jonas
|  | Shmuel Jonas Chief Executive Officer

Date: October 16, 2017

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Titles |  | Date
/s/ Shmuel Jonas |  | Chief Executive Officer |  | October 16, 2017
Shmuel Jonas |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
/s/ Howard S. Jonas |  | Chairman of the Board |  | October 16, 2017
Howard S. Jonas |  |  |  |
/s/ Marcelo Fischer |  | Senior Vice President—Finance |  | October 16, 2017
Marcelo Fischer |  | (Principal Financial Officer) |  |
/s/ Mitch Silberman |  | Chief Accounting Officer and Controller |  | October 16, 2017
Mitch Silberman |  | (Principal Accounting Officer) |  |
/s/ Bill Pereira |  | Director |  | October 16, 2017
Bill Pereira |  |  |  |
/s/ Michael Chenkin |  | Director |  | October 16, 2017
Michael Chenkin |  |  |  |
/s/ Eric F. Cosentino |  | Director |  | October 16, 2017
Eric F. Cosentino |  |  |  |
/s/ Judah Schorr |  | Director |  | October 16, 2017
Judah Schorr |  |  |  |

| 52 |

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

IDT Corporation

Newark, New Jersey

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of IDT Corporation (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of July 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of July 31, 2017 based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of July 31, 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and our report dated October 16, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

Woodbridge, New Jersey

October 16, 2017

| 53 |

IDT Corporation
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-2
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-3
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of July 31, 2017 and 2016 | F-4
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended July 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended July 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | F-6
Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended July 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended July 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 | F-10
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-11

| F-1 |

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders
IDT Corporation
Newark, New Jersey

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of IDT Corporation (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of July 31, 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of IDT Corporation and subsidiaries as of July 31, 2017, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of July 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated October 16, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

Woodbridge, New Jersey
October 16, 2017

| F-2 |

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

IDT Corporation

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of IDT Corporation (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of July 31, 2016, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended July 31, 2016. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of IDT Corporation and subsidiaries as of July 31, 2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended July 31, 2016 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

New York, New York

October 14, 2016

| F-3 |

IDT CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

July 31 (in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
CURRENT ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 90,344 |  |  | $ | 104,001 |
Marketable securities |  |  | 58,272 |  |  |  | 52,949 |
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $2,657 and $3,957 at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively |  |  | 64,979 |  |  |  | 47,230 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 14,506 |  |  |  | 14,601 |
Other current assets |  |  | 18,749 |  |  |  | 13,188 |
Assets held for sale |  |  | 124,267 |  |  |  | 107,084 |
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS |  |  | 371,117 |  |  |  | 339,053 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 88,994 |  |  |  | 87,334 |
Goodwill |  |  | 11,326 |  |  |  | 11,218 |
Investments |  |  | 26,894 |  |  |  | 14,024 |
Deferred income tax assets, net |  |  | 11,841 |  |  |  | 9,554 |
Other assets |  |  | 3,657 |  |  |  | 3,345 |
Assets held for sale |  |  | 5,134 |  |  |  | 5,130 |
TOTAL ASSETS |  | $ | 518,963 |  |  | $ | 469,658 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CURRENT LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade accounts payable |  | $ | 40,989 |  |  | $ | 29,797 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 125,359 |  |  |  | 117,268 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 76,451 |  |  |  | 85,700 |
Other current liabilities |  |  | 4,659 |  |  |  | 14,092 |
Liabilities held for sale |  |  | 115,318 |  |  |  | 96,963 |
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES |  |  | 362,776 |  |  |  | 343,820 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 1,080 |  |  |  | 1,200 |
Liabilities held for sale |  |  | 550 |  |  |  | 435 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES |  |  | 364,406 |  |  |  | 345,455 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EQUITY: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
IDT Corporation stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $.01 par value; authorized shares—10,000; no shares issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Class A common stock, $.01 par value; authorized shares—35,000; 3,272 shares issued and 1,574 shares outstanding at July 31, 2017 and 2016 |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 33 |
Class B common stock, $.01 par value; authorized shares—200,000; 25,561 and 25,383 shares issued and 23,264 and 21,452 shares outstanding at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively |  |  | 256 |  |  |  | 254 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 394,462 |  |  |  | 396,243 |
Treasury stock, at cost, consisting of 1,698 and 1,698 shares of Class A common stock and 2,297 and 3,931 shares of Class B common stock at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively |  |  | (83,304 | ) |  |  | (115,316 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (2,343 | ) |  |  | (3,744 | )
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (163,370 | ) |  |  | (153,673 | )
Total IDT Corporation stockholders’ equity |  |  | 145,734 |  |  |  | 123,797 |
Noncontrolling interests |  |  | 8,823 |  |  |  | 406 |
TOTAL EQUITY |  |  | 154,557 |  |  |  | 124,203 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  | $ | 518,963 |  |  | $ | 469,658 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

| F-4 |

IDT CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

Year ended July 31 (in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
REVENUES |  | $ | 1,501,729 |  |  | $ | 1,496,261 |  |  | $ | 1,596,777 |
COSTS AND EXPENSES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) |  |  | 1,275,708 |  |  |  | 1,246,594 |  |  |  | 1,328,363 |
Selling, general and administrative (i) |  |  | 188,293 |  |  |  | 204,655 |  |  |  | 222,239 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 21,704 |  |  |  | 20,535 |  |  |  | 18,418 |
Research and development |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,656 |
Severance |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,510 |  |  |  | 8,363 |
TOTAL COSTS AND EXPENSES |  |  | 1,485,705 |  |  |  | 1,478,294 |  |  |  | 1,579,039 |
Other (see Note 12) |  |  | (10,412 | ) |  |  | (326 | ) |  |  | (1,552 | )
(Adjustment to) gain on sale of member interest in Visa Europe Ltd. |  |  | (63 | ) |  |  | 7,476 |  |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of interest in Fabrix Systems, Ltd. |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,086 |  |  |  | 76,864 |
Income from operations |  |  | 5,549 |  |  |  | 26,203 |  |  |  | 93,050 |
Interest income (expense), net |  |  | 1,254 |  |  |  | 1,216 |  |  |  | (159 | )
Other income (expense), net |  |  | 817 |  |  |  | 2,049 |  |  |  | (688 | )
Income before income taxes |  |  | 7,620 |  |  |  | 29,468 |  |  |  | 92,203 |
Benefit from (provision for) income taxes |  |  | 2,021 |  |  |  | (4,110 | ) |  |  | (6,088 | )
NET INCOME |  |  | 9,641 |  |  |  | 25,358 |  |  |  | 86,115 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (1,464 | ) |  |  | (1,844 | ) |  |  | (1,625 | )
NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO IDT CORPORATION |  | $ | 8,177 |  |  | $ | 23,514 |  |  | $ | 84,490 |
Earnings per share attributable to IDT Corporation common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  | $ | 1.03 |  |  | $ | 3.69 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  | $ | 1.03 |  |  | $ | 3.63 |
Weighted-average number of shares used in calculation of earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 23,182 |  |  |  | 22,765 |  |  |  | 22,903 |
Diluted |  |  | 23,309 |  |  |  | 22,815 |  |  |  | 23,247 |
(i) Stock-based compensation included in selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 3,740 |  |  | $ | 2,680 |  |  | $ | 5,185 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

| F-5 |

IDT CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

Year ended July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
NET INCOME |  | $ | 9,641 |  |  | $ | 25,358 |  |  | $ | 86,115 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities |  |  | 2,126 |  |  |  | 583 |  |  |  | (567 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | (725 | ) |  |  | (6,127 | ) |  |  | (2,432 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 1,401 |  |  |  | (5,544 | ) |  |  | (2,999 | )
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME |  |  | 11,042 |  |  |  | 19,814 |  |  |  | 83,116 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (1,464 | ) |  |  | (1,844 | ) |  |  | (1,625 | )
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO IDT CORPORATION |  | $ | 9,578 |  |  | $ | 17,970 |  |  | $ | 81,491 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

| F-6 |

IDT CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (in thousands)

|  | IDT Corporation Stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Class A Common Stock |  |  | Class B Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In |  |  | Treasury |  |  | Other Comprehensive |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Noncontrolling |  |  | Total |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Stock |  |  | Income |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Interests |  |  | Equity |
BALANCE AT JULY 31, 2014 |  |  | 3,272 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  |  | 24,587 |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | 392,858 |  |  | $ | (99,841 | ) |  | $ | 3,668 |  |  | $ | (196,725 | ) |  | $ | 925 |  |  | $ | 101,164 |
Dividends declared ($2.03 per share) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (47,594 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (47,594 | )
Restricted Class B common stock purchased from employees |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,777 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,777 | )
Repurchases of Class B common stock through repurchase program |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (425 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (425 | )
Exercise of stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 3,422 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,424 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,604 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 5,666 |
Restricted stock issued to employees and directors |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 373 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Stock issued for matching contributions to the 401(k) Plan |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1,266 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,267 |
Purchase of Class B common stock from Howard S. Jonas |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,500 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,500 | )
Other |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 9 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,050 | ) |  |  | (2,050 | )
Sale of interest in Fabrix Systems Ltd. |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 538 |  |  |  | 640 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,999 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,999 | )
Net income for the year ended July 31, 2015 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 84,490 |  |  |  | 1,625 |  |  |  | 86,115 |
BALANCE AT JULY 31, 2015 |  |  | 3,272 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  |  | 25,276 |  |  | $ | 253 |  |  | $ | 403,146 |  |  | $ | (110,543 | ) |  | $ | 771 |  |  | $ | (159,829 | ) |  | $ | 1,109 |  |  | $ | 134,940 |

| F-7 |

IDT CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (in thousands)—(Continued)

|  | IDT Corporation Stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Class A Common Stock |  |  | Class B Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In |  |  | Treasury |  |  | Other Comprehensive |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Noncontrolling |  |  | Total |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Stock |  |  | Income |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Interests |  |  | Equity |
Dividends declared ($0.75 per share) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,358 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,358 | )
Restricted Class B common stock purchased from employees |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (134 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (134 | )
Repurchases of Class B common stock through repurchase program |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,639 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,639 | )
Exercise of subsidiary stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 9 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,680 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,680 |
Restricted stock issued to employees and directors |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |
Stock issued for matching contributions to the 401(k) Plan |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1,410 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,411 |
Sale of Zedge equity prior to the spin-off |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 374 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 374 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,834 | ) |  |  | (1,834 | )
Zedge Spin-Off |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,369 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,029 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (722 | ) |  |  | (11,062 | )
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,544 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,544 | )
Net income for the year ended July 31, 2016 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,514 |  |  |  | 1,844 |  |  |  | 25,358 |
BALANCE AT JULY 31, 2016 |  |  | 3,272 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  |  | 25,383 |  |  | $ | 254 |  |  | $ | 396,243 |  |  | $ | (115,316 | ) |  | $ | (3,744 | ) |  | $ | (153,673 | ) |  | $ | 406 |  |  | $ | 124,203 |

| F-8 |

IDT CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (in thousands)—(Continued)

|  | IDT Corporation Stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Class A Common Stock |  |  | Class B Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In |  |  | Treasury |  |  | Other Comprehensive |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Noncontrolling |  |  | Total |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Stock |  |  | Income |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Interests |  |  | Equity |
Dividends declared ($0.76 per share) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,874 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,874 | )
Restricted Class B common stock purchased from employees |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,838 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,838 | )
Exercise of stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 835 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 836 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 3,739 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,740 |
Sale of Class B common stock to Howard S. Jonas |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,920 | ) |  |  | 33,850 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,930 |
Sale of interest and rights in Rafael Pharmaceuticals, Inc. to Howard S. Jonas (see Note 2) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (185 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,185 |  |  |  | 1,000 |
Issuance of member interests in CS Pharma Holdings, LLC (see Note 2) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,750 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,250 |  |  |  | 10,000 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,482 | ) |  |  | (1,482 | )
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,401 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,401 |
Net income for the year ended July 31, 2017 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,177 |  |  |  | 1,464 |  |  |  | 9,641 |
BALANCE AT JULY 31, 2017 |  |  | 3,272 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  |  | 25,561 |  |  | $ | 256 |  |  | $ | 394,462 |  |  | $ | (83,304 | ) |  | $ | (2,343 | ) |  | $ | (163,370 | ) |  | $ | 8,823 |  |  | $ | 154,557 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

| F-9 |

IDT CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

Year ended July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 9,641 |  |  | $ | 25,358 |  |  | $ | 86,115 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 21,704 |  |  |  | 20,535 |  |  |  | 18,418 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (2,329 | ) |  |  | 3,809 |  |  |  | 5,877 |
Provision for doubtful accounts receivable |  |  | 686 |  |  |  | 1,519 |  |  |  | 97 |
Gain on sale of interest in Fabrix Systems Ltd. |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,086 | ) |  |  | (76,864 | )
Gain on sale of member interest in Visa Europe Ltd. |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,476 | ) |  |  | — |
Net realized (gain) loss from marketable securities |  |  | (323 | ) |  |  | (543 | ) |  |  | 54 |
Interest in the equity of investments |  |  | (356 | ) |  |  | 362 |  |  |  | (1,699 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 3,740 |  |  |  | 2,680 |  |  |  | 5,185 |
Change in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (17,702 | ) |  |  | (22,548 | ) |  |  | (28,286 | )
Trade accounts receivable |  |  | (17,972 | ) |  |  | 616 |  |  |  | 640 |
Prepaid expenses, other current assets and other assets |  |  | (4,856 | ) |  |  | 8,372 |  |  |  | 2,122 |
Trade accounts payable, accrued expenses, other current liabilities and other liabilities |  |  | 17,344 |  |  |  | (10,099 | ) |  |  | (4,125 | )
Customer deposits |  |  | 18,980 |  |  |  | 25,344 |  |  |  | 25,939 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | (9,543 | ) |  |  | 2,211 |  |  |  | (2,939 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 19,014 |  |  |  | 49,054 |  |  |  | 30,534 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures |  |  | (22,949 | ) |  |  | (18,370 | ) |  |  | (28,556 | )
Payment for acquisition, net of cash acquired |  |  | (1,827 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of interest in Fabrix Systems Ltd., net of cash and cash equivalents sold |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,557 |  |  |  | 59,678 |
Proceeds from sale of member interest in Visa Europe Ltd |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,597 |  |  |  | — |
Cash used for purchase of investments |  |  | (9,438 | ) |  |  | (2,002 | ) |  |  | (125 | )
Proceeds from sales and redemptions of investments |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 634 |  |  |  | 119 |
Purchases of marketable securities |  |  | (53,402 | ) |  |  | (46,909 | ) |  |  | (52,360 | )
Proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable securities |  |  | 47,996 |  |  |  | 35,011 |  |  |  | 24,126 |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities |  |  | (39,605 | ) |  |  | (16,482 | ) |  |  | 2,882 |
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends paid |  |  | (17,874 | ) |  |  | (17,358 | ) |  |  | (47,594 | )
Distributions to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (1,482 | ) |  |  | (1,834 | ) |  |  | (2,050 | )
Sale of Class B common stock to Howard S. Jonas |  |  | 24,930 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of interest and rights in Rafael Pharmaceuticals, Inc. to Howard S. Jonas |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of member interests in CS Pharma Holdings, LLC |  |  | 1,250 |  |  |  | 8,750 |  |  |  | — |
Cash of Zedge deconsolidated as a result of spin-off |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6,381 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of Zedge equity prior to the spin-off |  |  | — |  |  |  | 374 |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  |  | 836 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,424 |
Repayments of borrowings including revolving credit loan payable |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6,353 | ) |  |  | (13,271 | )
Purchase of Class B common stock from Howard S. Jonas |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,500 | )
Repurchases of Class B common stock |  |  | (1,838 | ) |  |  | (4,773 | ) |  |  | (3,202 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 6,822 |  |  |  | (27,575 | ) |  |  | (70,193 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 292 |  |  |  | (5,821 | ) |  |  | (6,685 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (13,477 | ) |  |  | (824 | ) |  |  | (43,462 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  |  | 109,537 |  |  |  | 110,361 |  |  |  | 153,823 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year, including $5,716, $5,536 and $571 held for sale at July 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively (see Note 3) |  | $ | 96,060 |  |  | $ | 109,537 |  |  | $ | 110,361 |
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash payments made for interest |  | $ | 1,209 |  |  | $ | 1,205 |  |  | $ | 745 |
Cash payments made for income taxes |  | $ | 576 |  |  | $ | 779 |  |  | $ | 320 |
SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE OF NON-CASH FINANCING AND INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification of liability for member interests in CS Pharma Holdings, LLC |  | $ | 8,750 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Net assets excluding cash and cash equivalents of Zedge deconsolidated as a result of spin-off |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,681 | ) |  | $ | — |
Shares of Visa Inc. Series C preferred stock received from sale of member interest in Visa Europe Ltd. |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,580 |  |  | $ | — |
Net liabilities excluding cash and cash equivalents of Fabrix Systems Ltd. sold |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,333 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

| F-10 |

IDT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1—Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

IDT Corporation (“IDT” or the “Company”) is a multinational holding company with operations primarily in the telecommunications and payment industries.

The Company has three reportable business segments, Telecom Platform Services, Unified Communications as a Service (“UCaaS”) and Consumer Phone Services. Telecom Platform Services provides retail telecommunications and payment offerings as well as wholesale international long distance traffic termination. UCaaS is comprised of offerings from the Company’s net2phone division, including (1) cable telephony, (2) hosted PBX, (3) SIP Trunking, which supports inbound and outbound domestic and international calling from an IP PBX, and (4) PicuP, a highly-automated business phone service that answers, routes and manages voice calls. Consumer Phone Services provides consumer local and long distance services in certain U.S. states. Telecom Platform Services, UCaaS and Consumer Phone Services comprise the IDT Telecom division.

Operating segments not reportable individually are included in All Other. All Other includes the Company’s real estate holdings and other smaller businesses. Until the spin-off of Zedge, Inc. (“Zedge”) in June 2016, All Other included Zedge, which provides a content platform that enables consumers to personalize their mobile devices with free ringtones, wallpapers, home screen app icons and notification sounds. Until the sale of Fabrix Systems Ltd. (“Fabrix”) in October 2014, All Other also included Fabrix, a software development company offering a cloud-based scale-out storage and computing platform optimized for big data, virtualization and media storage, processing and delivery.

In August 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a plan to reorganize the Company into three separate entities by spinning off its non-core business and assets, one of which was Zedge, to its stockholders. The Company intends to spin-off the other entity, Rafael Holdings, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, to its stockholders. Rafael Holdings, Inc. will own certain commercial real estate assets and interests in clinical and early stage pharmaceutical companies. The commercial real estate holdings consist of the Company’s headquarters building and its associated public garage in Newark, New Jersey, an office/data center building in Piscataway, New Jersey and a portion of a building in Israel that hosts offices for the Company and certain affiliates. The pharmaceutical holdings include interests in Rafael Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (formerly Cornerstone Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) (“Rafael”) and an equity interest in Lipomedix Pharmaceuticals Ltd., an early stage pharmaceutical development company based in Israel. Rafael Holdings, Inc.’s interests in Rafael, which are held through a 90%-owned non-operating subsidiary, IDT-Rafael Holdings, LLC (“IDT-Rafael Holdings”), include convertible notes issued by Rafael, and a warrant held by the Company and certain minority holders to purchase up to a majority equity stake in Rafael at the Company’s discretion in accordance with the terms of the convertible note and the warrant (see Note 2). In addition, the Company intends to contribute $50 million to $60 million in cash to Rafael Holdings, Inc. prior to the spin-off.

Basis of Consolidation and Accounting for Investments

The method of accounting applied to long-term investments, whether consolidated, equity or cost, involves an evaluation of the significant terms of each investment that explicitly grant or suggest evidence of control or influence over the operations of the investee and also includes the identification of any variable interests in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The consolidated financial statements include the Company’s controlled subsidiaries. In addition, Rafael is a variable interest entity, however, the Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary as the Company does not have the power to direct the activities of Rafael that most significantly impact Rafael’s economic performance. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions between the consolidated subsidiaries are eliminated.

Investments in businesses that the Company does not control, but in which the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial matters, are accounted for using the equity method. Investments in which the Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial matters are accounted for using the cost method. Investments in hedge funds are accounted for using the equity method unless the Company’s interest is so minor that it has virtually no influence over operating and financial policies, in which case these investments are accounted for using the cost method. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had $9.8 million and $8.0 million, respectively, in investments accounted for using the equity method, and $10.8 million and $7.0 million, respectively, in investments accounted for using the cost method. Equity and cost method investments are included in “Other current assets” or “Investments” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company periodically evaluates its equity and cost method investments for impairment due to declines considered to be other than temporary. If the Company determines that a decline in fair value is other than temporary, then a charge to earnings is recorded in “Other income (expense), net” in the accompanying consolidated statements of income, and a new basis in the investment is established.

| F-11 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition

Telephone service, which includes domestic and international long distance, local service, and wholesale carrier telephony service, is recognized as revenue when services are provided, primarily based on usage and/or the assessment of fees. Revenue from Boss Revolution PIN-less international calling service and from sales of calling cards, net of customer discounts, is deferred until the service or the cards are used or, calling card administrative fees are imposed, thereby reducing the Company’s outstanding obligation to the customer, at which time revenue is recognized. Domestic and international airtime top-up revenue is recognized upon redemption. International airtime top-up enables customers to purchase airtime for a prepaid mobile telephone in another country.

IDT Telecom enters into reciprocal transactions pursuant to which IDT Telecom is committed to purchase a specific number of minutes to specific destinations at specified rates, and the counterparty is committed to purchase from IDT Telecom a specific number of minutes to specific destinations at specified rates. The number of minutes purchased and sold in a reciprocal transaction is not necessarily equal. The rates in these reciprocal transactions are generally not at prevailing market rates. In addition, IDT Telecom enters into transactions in which it swaps minutes with another carrier. The Company recognizes revenue and the related direct cost of revenue for these reciprocal and swap transactions based on the fair value of the minutes.

Prior to its spin-off, Zedge generated over 90% of its revenues from selling its advertising inventory to advertising networks, advertising exchanges, and direct arrangements with advertisers. Zedge advertising revenue was recognized as advertisements were delivered to users through impressions, ad views or app installs, as long as evidence of the arrangement with the payer existed (generally through an executed contract), the price was fixed and determinable, and collectability was reasonably assured.

Prior to the sale of the Company’s interest in Fabrix, revenue from Fabrix for software licenses and maintenance support was deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis from the date on which delivered orders were accepted by the customer over the period that the support was expected to be provided since sufficient vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value to allocate revenues to the various deliverables did not exist.

Direct Cost of Revenues

Direct cost of revenues for IDT Telecom consists primarily of termination and origination costs, toll-free costs, and network costs—including customer/carrier interconnect charges and leased fiber circuit charges. These costs include an estimate of charges for which invoices have not yet been received, and estimated amounts for pending disputes with other carriers. Direct cost of revenues for IDT Telecom also includes the cost of airtime top-up minutes.

Direct cost of revenues for Zedge consisted of fees paid to third parties for internet hosting, content serving and filtering, and marketing automation services. Such costs were charged to expense as incurred.

Direct cost of revenues for Fabrix consisted primarily of customer support expenses.

Direct cost of revenues excludes depreciation and amortization expense.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company classifies the change in its restricted cash and cash equivalents as an operating activity in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows because the restrictions are directly related to the operations of IDT Financial Services Limited, the Company’s Gibraltar-based bank, and IDT Telecom.

Substantially Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company treats unrestricted cash and cash equivalents held by IDT Payment Services, which provides the Company’s international money transfer services in the United States, as substantially restricted and unavailable for other purposes. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, “Cash and cash equivalents” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets included an aggregate of $10.8 million and $10.5 million, respectively, held by IDT Payment Services that was unavailable for other purposes.

| F-12 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Marketable Securities

The Company’s investments in marketable securities are classified as “available-for-sale.” Available-for-sale securities are required to be carried at their fair value, with unrealized gains and losses (net of income taxes) that are considered temporary in nature recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company uses the specific identification method in computing the gross realized gains and gross realized losses on the sales of marketable securities. The Company periodically evaluates its investments in marketable securities for impairment due to declines in market value considered to be other than temporary. Such impairment evaluations include, in addition to persistent, declining market prices, general economic and Company-specific evaluations. If the Company determines that a decline in market value is other than temporary, then a charge to operations is recorded in “Other income (expense), net” in the accompanying consolidated statements of income and a new cost basis in the investment is established.

Long-Lived Assets

Equipment, buildings, computer software, and furniture and fixtures are recorded at cost and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which range as follows: equipment—5, 7 or 20 years; buildings—40 years; computer software—2, 3 or 5 years; and furniture and fixtures—5, 7 or 10 years. Leasehold improvements are recorded at cost and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the term of their lease or their estimated useful lives, whichever is shorter.

At July 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had intangible assets with finite useful lives of $0.5 million and $0.7 million, respectively, which were included in “Other assets” in the consolidated balance sheets. Costs associated with obtaining the right to use trademark and patents owned by third parties are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant trademark and patent licenses. The fair value of technology and domain names, customer lists, and trademark acquired in a business combination accounted for under the purchase method are amortized over their estimated useful lives as follows: technology and domain names are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of 3 or 4 years; customer lists are amortized ratably over the approximately 15 year period of expected cash flows; and trademark is amortized on a straight-line basis over the 5 year period of expected cash flows. Amortization expense of intangible assets was $0.3 million, $0.4 million and $0.4 million in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively. The Company estimates that amortization expense of intangible assets with finite lives will be $90,000, $71,000, $55,000, $43,000 and $35,000 in fiscal 2018, fiscal 2019, fiscal 2020, fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2022, respectively.

The Company tests the recoverability of its long-lived assets with finite useful lives whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. The Company tests for recoverability based on the projected undiscounted cash flows to be derived from such asset. If the projected undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, the Company will record an impairment loss, if any, based on the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the asset. The Company generally measures fair value by considering sale prices for similar assets or by discounting estimated future cash flows from such asset using an appropriate discount rate. Cash flow projections and fair value estimates require significant estimates and assumptions by management. Should the estimates and assumptions prove to be incorrect, the Company may be required to record impairments in future periods and such impairments could be material.

Goodwill

Goodwill is the excess of the acquisition cost of businesses over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill and other indefinite lived intangible assets are not amortized. These assets are reviewed annually (or more frequently under various conditions) for impairment using a fair value approach.

In fiscal 2017, the Company adopted the Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) that simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. In computing the implied fair value of goodwill under Step 2, an entity had to perform procedures to determine the fair value at the impairment testing date of its assets and liabilities (including unrecognized assets and liabilities) following the procedure that would be required in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Instead, under the amendments in this ASU, the Company performs its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of its reporting units with their carrying amounts. The Company would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized would not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, the Company considers income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of its reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable.

| F-13 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The fair value of the reporting units is estimated using discounted cash flow methodologies, as well as considering third party market value indicators. Calculating the fair value of the reporting units requires significant estimates and assumptions by management. Should the estimates and assumptions regarding the fair value of the reporting units prove to be incorrect, the Company may be required to record impairments to its goodwill in future periods and such impairments could be material.

The Company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. However, the Company may elect to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test even if no indications of a potential impairment exist.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company records its derivatives instruments at their respective fair values. The accounting for changes in the fair value (that is, gains or losses) of a derivative instrument is dependent upon whether the derivative has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship and further, on the type of hedging relationship. The Company does not designate its derivative instruments to qualify for hedge accounting, accordingly the instruments are recorded at fair value as a current asset or liability and any changes in fair value are recorded in the consolidated statements of income.

Advertising Expense

Cost of advertising is charged to selling, general and administrative expenses in the period in which it is incurred. In fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, advertising expense was $17.4 million, $16.5 million and $19.7 million, respectively.

Research and Development Costs

Costs for research and development are charged to expense as incurred. Research and development costs were incurred by Fabrix.

Capitalized Internal Use Software Costs

The Company capitalizes the cost of internal-use software that has a useful life in excess of one year. These costs consist of payments made to third parties and the salaries of employees working on such software development. Subsequent additions, modifications or upgrades to internal-use software are capitalized only to the extent that they allow the software to perform a task it previously did not perform. Software maintenance and training costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. Capitalized internal use software costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Amortization expense related to such capitalized software in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015 was $14.2 million, $12.6 million and $11.4 million, respectively. Unamortized capitalized internal use software costs at July 31, 2017 and 2016 were $22.8 million and $18.8 million, respectively.

Repairs and Maintenance

The Company charges the cost of repairs and maintenance, including the cost of replacing minor items not constituting substantial betterment, to selling, general and administrative expenses as these costs are incurred.

Foreign Currency Translation

Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries denominated in foreign currencies are translated to U.S. Dollars at end-of-period rates of exchange, and their monthly results of operations are translated to U.S. Dollars at the average rates of exchange for that month. Gains or losses resulting from such foreign currency translations are recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are reported in “Other income (expense), net” in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

Income Taxes

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statements carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets depends on the generation of future taxable income during the period in which related temporary differences become deductible. The Company considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in its assessment of a valuation allowance. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date of such change.

The Company uses a two-step approach for recognizing and measuring tax benefits taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company determines whether it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. In evaluating whether a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company presumes that the position will be examined by the appropriate taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured to determine the amount of tax benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Differences between tax positions taken in a tax return and amounts recognized in the financial statements will generally result in one or more of the following: an increase in a liability for income taxes payable, a reduction of an income tax refund receivable, a reduction in a deferred tax asset, or an increase in a deferred tax liability.

| F-14 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The Company classifies interest and penalties on income taxes as a component of income tax expense.

Contingencies

The Company accrues for loss contingencies when both (a) information available prior to issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements and (b) the amount of loss can reasonably be estimated. When the Company accrues for loss contingencies and the reasonable estimate of the loss is within a range, the Company records its best estimate within the range. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company accrues the minimum amount in the range. The Company discloses an estimated possible loss or a range of loss when it is at least reasonably possible that a loss may have been incurred.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to all classes of common stockholders of the Company by the weighted average number of shares of all classes of common stock outstanding during the applicable period. Diluted earnings per share is determined in the same manner as basic earnings per share, except that the number of shares is increased to include restricted stock still subject to risk of forfeiture and to assume exercise of potentially dilutive stock options using the treasury stock method, unless the effect of such increase is anti-dilutive.

The weighted-average number of shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to the Company’s common stockholders consists of the following:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Basic weighted-average number of shares |  |  | 23,182 |  |  |  | 22,765 |  |  |  | 22,903 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 23 |
Non-vested restricted Class B common stock |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 321 |
Diluted weighted-average number of shares |  |  | 23,309 |  |  |  | 22,815 |  |  |  | 23,247 |

The following outstanding stock options were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise price of the stock option was greater than the average market price of the Company’s stock during the period:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Shares excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 209 |  |  |  | 136 |

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes compensation expense for all of its grants of stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value on the grant date. Compensation cost for awards is recognized using the straight-line method over the vesting period. Stock-based compensation is included in selling, general and administrative expense.

On August 1, 2017, the Company adopted the ASU intended to improve the accounting for employee share-based payments. The ASU simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences and classification on the statement of cash flows. The adoption of the ASU did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

| F-15 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Vulnerability Due to Certain Concentrations

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, investments in hedge funds and trade accounts receivable. The Company holds cash and cash equivalents at several major financial institutions, which often exceed FDIC insurance limits. Historically, the Company has not experienced any losses due to such concentration of credit risk. The Company’s temporary cash investments policy is to limit the dollar amount of investments with any one financial institution and monitor the credit ratings of those institutions. While the Company may be exposed to credit losses due to the nonperformance of the holders of its deposits, the Company does not expect the settlement of these transactions to have a material effect on its results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

Concentration of credit risk with respect to trade accounts receivable is limited due to the large number of customers in various geographic regions and industry segments comprising the Company’s customer base. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of consolidated revenues in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 or fiscal 2015. However, the Company’s five largest customers collectively accounted for 12.4%, 11.2% and 11.2% of its consolidated revenues from continuing operations in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively. The Company’s customers with the five largest receivables balances collectively accounted for 35.4% and 23.0% of the consolidated gross trade accounts receivable at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. This concentration of customers increases the Company’s risk associated with nonpayment by those customers. In an effort to reduce such risk, the Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its significant retail, wholesale and cable telephony customers. In addition, the Company attempts to mitigate the credit risk related to specific wholesale carrier services customers by also buying services from the customer, in order to create an opportunity to offset its payables and receivables and reduce its net trade receivable exposure risk. When it is practical to do so, the Company will increase its purchases from wholesale carrier services customers with receivable balances that exceed the Company’s applicable payables in order to maximize the offset and reduce its credit risk.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The allowance for doubtful accounts reflects the Company’s best estimate of probable losses inherent in the accounts receivable balance. The allowance is determined based on known troubled accounts, historical experience and other currently available evidence. Doubtful accounts are written-off upon final determination that the trade accounts will not be collected. The change in the allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands) |  | Balance at beginning of year |  |  | Additions charged to costs and expenses |  |  | Deductions (1) |  |  | Balance at end of year |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reserves deducted from accounts receivable: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts (2) |  | $ | 4,818 |  |  | $ | 686 |  |  | $ | (297 | ) |  | $ | 5,207 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reserves deducted from accounts receivable: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 5,645 |  |  | $ | 1,519 |  |  | $ | (2,346 | ) |  | $ | 4,818 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reserves deducted from accounts receivable: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 11,507 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | (5,959 | ) |  | $ | 5,645 |

(1) | Primarily uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries.

(2) | Includes allowance for doubtful accounts of $2,550 and $861 held for sale at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively (see Note 3)

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities is defined as an exit price, which is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The three-tier hierarchy for inputs used to measure fair value, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value, is as follows:

Level 1 – | quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 – | quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 – | unobservable inputs based on the Company’s assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value.

| F-16 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

A financial asset or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment, and may affect the valuation of the assets and liabilities being measured and their placement within the fair value hierarchy.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and the International Accounting Standards Board jointly issued a comprehensive new revenue recognition standard that will supersede most of the current revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”). The goals of the revenue recognition project were to clarify and converge the revenue recognition principles under U.S. GAAP and IFRS and to develop guidance that would streamline and enhance revenue recognition requirements. Entities have the option of using either a full retrospective or modified retrospective approach for the adoption of the standard. The Company expects to adopt this standard on August 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. The Company has identified its main revenue streams, which include Boss Revolution PIN-less international calling revenue, wholesale carrier services revenue, and domestic and international airtime top-up revenue. The Company is currently reviewing contracts and other relevant documents related to its wholesale carrier services revenue to determine how to apply the new standard to this revenue stream. The Company expects to continue its review and evaluation for its other revenue streams in fiscal 2018. Currently, the Company cannot reasonably estimate the impact that the adoption of the standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In January 2016, the FASB issued an ASU to provide more information about recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. The amendments in the ASU include, among other changes, the following: (1) equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method or that result in consolidation) will be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, (2) a qualitative assessment each reporting period to identify impairment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values, (3) financial assets and financial liabilities will be presented separately by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or the notes to the financial statements, and (4) an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities in combination with the entity’s other deferred tax assets. Entities will no longer be able to recognize unrealized holding gains and losses on equity securities classified as available-for-sale in other comprehensive income. In addition, a practicability exception will be available for equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values and do not qualify for the net asset value practical expedient. These investments may be measured at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. Entities will have to reassess at each reporting period whether an investment qualifies for this practicability exception. The Company will adopt the amendments in this ASU on August 1, 2018. The Company is evaluating the impact that the ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued an ASU related to the accounting for leases. The new standard establishes a right-of-use (“ROU”) model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. The Company will adopt the new standard on August 1, 2019. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. The Company is evaluating the impact that the new standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. For receivables, loans and other instruments, entities will be required to use a new forward-looking “expected loss” model that generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowance for losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses in a manner similar to current practice, except the losses will be recognized as allowances instead of reductions in the amortized cost of the securities. In addition, an entity will have to disclose significantly more information about allowances, credit quality indicators and past due securities. The new provisions will be applied as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings. The Company will adopt the new standard on August 1, 2020. The Company is evaluating the impact that the new standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

| F-17 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

In November 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that includes specific guidance on the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash and cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this ASU require that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents will be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of the period and end of the period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The ASU will be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. The Company will adopt the amendments in this ASU on August 1, 2018. The adoption will impact the Company’s beginning of the period and end of the period cash and cash equivalents balance in its statement of cash flows, as well as its net cash provided by operating activities.

In January 2017, the FASB issued an ASU to clarify the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. Under the current guidance, there are three elements of a business—inputs, processes, and outputs. While an integrated set of assets and activities (collectively referred to as a “set”) that is a business usually has outputs, outputs are not required to be present. In addition, all the inputs and processes that a seller uses in operating a set are not required if market participants can acquire the set and continue to produce outputs, for example, by integrating the acquired set with their own inputs and processes. The amendments in this ASU provide a screen to determine when a set is not a business. The screen requires that when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (or disposed of) is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the set is not a business. This screen reduces the number of transactions that need to be further evaluated. If the screen is not met, the amendments in this ASU (1) require that to be considered a business, a set must include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create output and (2) remove the evaluation of whether a market participant could replace missing elements. The amendments provide a framework to assist entities in evaluating whether both an input and a substantive process are present. The framework includes two sets of criteria to consider that depend on whether a set has outputs. Although outputs are not required for a set to be a business, outputs generally are a key element of a business; therefore, the FASB has developed more stringent criteria for sets without outputs. Lastly, the ASU narrows the definition of the term output. The Company will adopt the amendments in this ASU on August 1, 2018. The Company is evaluating the impact that the new standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued an ASU to provide guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. Pursuant to this ASU, an entity should account for the effects of a modification unless all the following are met: (1) the fair value (or calculated value or intrinsic value, if such an alternative measurement method is used) of the modified award is the same as the fair value (or calculated value or intrinsic value, if such an alternative measurement method is used) of the original award immediately before the original award is modified (if the modification does not affect any of the inputs to the valuation technique that the entity uses to value the award, the entity is not required to estimate the value immediately before and after the modification); (2) the vesting conditions of the modified award are the same as the vesting conditions of the original award immediately before the original award is modified; and (3) the classification of the modified award as an equity instrument or a liability instrument is the same as the classification of the original award immediately before the original award is modified. The Company will adopt the amendments in this ASU prospectively to an award modified on or after on August 1, 2018. The Company is evaluating the impact that the new standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2017, the FASB issued an ASU intended to improve the financial reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity’s risk management activities in its financial statements. In addition, the ASU includes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance in U.S. GAAP. The amendments in this ASU are effective for the Company on August 1, 2019. Early application is permitted. Entities will apply the amendments to cash flow and net investment hedge relationships that exist on the date of adoption using a modified retrospective approach. The presentation and disclosure requirements will be applied prospectively. The Company is evaluating the impact that this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.

Note 2—Investment in Rafael Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

The Company has made investments totaling $10 million in Rafael Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a clinical stage, oncology-focused pharmaceutical company committed to the development and commercialization of therapies that exploit the metabolic differences between normal cells and cancer cells. The Company’s initial $2 million investment in Rafael in fiscal 2016 was in exchange for Rafael’s 3.5% convertible promissory notes due 2018. An additional $8 million was funded in August and September 2016. In September 2016, Rafael issued to the Company’s controlled 50%-owned subsidiary, CS Pharma Holdings, LLC (“CS Pharma”), a convertible promissory note with a principal amount of $10 million (the “Series D Note”) representing the $8 million investment funded on such date plus the conversion of the $2 million principal amount convertible promissory notes issued in connection with the prior funding.

| F-18 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

On March 2, 2017, the Company sold 10% of the Company’s direct and indirect interests and rights in Rafael to Howard S. Jonas, the Company’s Chairman of the Board, and Chairman of the Board of Rafael, for a purchase price of $1 million. As a result of this transaction, the Company recorded an increase of $1.2 million in “Noncontrolling interests” and a decrease of $0.2 million in “Additional paid-in capital” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.

IDT-Rafael Holdings had the contractual right to receive additional shares of Rafael representing 10% of the outstanding capital stock of Rafael that will be issued upon the occurrence of any of the following: (i) Food and Drug Administration approval of a Rafael drug application, (ii) an initial public offering of Rafael at a valuation of over $500 million, or (iii) a sale of Rafael above certain valuations. Currently, none of the conditions have been satisfied and the right remains contingent. On September 14, 2017, IDT-Rafael Holdings distributed this right to its members on a pro rata basis such that the Company received the right to 9% of the outstanding capital stock of Rafael and Mr. Jonas received the right to 1% of the outstanding capital stock of Rafael. In addition, as compensation for assuming the role of Chairman of the Board of Rafael, and to create additional incentive to contribute to the success of Rafael, on September 19, 2017, the Company transferred its right to receive 9% of the outstanding capital stock of Rafael to Mr. Jonas. The right is further transferable at the discretion of Mr. Jonas.

Howard Jonas and Deborah Jonas jointly own $525,000 of Series C Convertible Notes of Rafael, and The Howard S. and Deborah Jonas Foundation own an additional $525,000 of Series C Convertible Notes of Rafael.

The Rafael Series D Note earns interest at 3.5% per annum, with principal and accrued interest due and payable on September 16, 2018. The Series D Note is convertible at the holder’s option into shares of Rafael’s Series D Preferred Stock. The Series D Note also includes a mandatory conversion into Rafael common stock upon a qualified initial public offering, and conversion at the holder’s option upon an unqualified financing event. In all cases, the Series D Note conversion price is based on the applicable financing purchase price.

The Company and CS Pharma were issued warrants to purchase shares of capital stock of Rafael representing in the aggregate up to 56% of the then issued and outstanding capital stock of Rafael, on an as-converted and fully diluted basis. The right to exercise warrants as to the first $10 million thereof is held by CS Pharma. The exercise price of the warrant is the lower of 70% of the price sold in an equity financing, or $1.25 per share, subject to certain adjustments. The minimum initial and subsequent exercises of the warrant shall be for such number of shares that will result in at least $5 million of gross proceeds to Rafael, or such lesser amount as represents 5% of the outstanding capital stock of Rafael, or such lesser amount as may then remain unexercised. The warrant will expire upon the earlier of December 31, 2020 or a qualified initial public offering or liquidation event.

The Company’s investment in Rafael, which was included in “Investments” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, consists of the following:

July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Convertible promissory note (at fair value) |  | $ | 6,300 |  |  | $ | 2,000 |
Warrants (at cost) |  |  | 5,400 |  |  |  | — |
Right to receive additional shares (at cost) |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | — |
Total investment in Rafael |  | $ | 12,100 |  |  | $ | 2,000 |

Rafael is a variable interest entity, however, the Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary as the Company does not have the power to direct the activities of Rafael that most significantly impact Rafael’s economic performance. At July 31, 2017, the Company’s maximum exposure to loss as a result of its involvement with Rafael was its $12.1 million investment, since there were no other arrangements, events or circumstances that could expose the Company to additional loss.

In addition to interests issued to the Company, CS Pharma has issued member interests to third parties in exchange for cash investment in CS Pharma of $10 million. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, CS Pharma had received $10.0 million and $8.8 million, respectively, of such investment. At July 31, 2016, the $8.8 million received was included in “Other current liabilities” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet pending the issuance of the member interests. In fiscal 2017, the Company recorded additional paid-capital of $2.8 million and noncontrolling interests of $7.2 million upon the issuance of the member interests. The Company holds a 50% interest in CS Pharma and is the managing member. It is expected that CS Pharma will use its cash to invest in Rafael.

| F-19 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 3—IDT Financial Services Holding Limited Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale

On June 22, 2017, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary IDT Telecom, Inc. (“IDT Telecom”) entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with JAR Fintech Limited (“JAR Fintech”) and JAR Capital Limited to sell the capital stock of IDT Financial Services Holding Limited, a company incorporated under the laws of Gibraltar and a wholly-owned subsidiary of IDT Telecom, to JAR Fintech. IDT Financial Services Holding Limited is the sole shareholder of IDT Financial Services Limited, a Gibraltar-based bank and e-money issuer, providing prepaid card solutions across the European Economic Area. The Share Purchase Agreement provides for an aggregate purchase price for the outstanding equity interests of IDT Financial Services Holding Limited of approximately $3.8 million plus an amount equal to the value of IDT Financial Services Holding Limited’s net assets, to be paid at closing, subject to adjustments relating to customer assets of IDT Financial Services Holding Limited. The net asset value of IDT Financial Services Holding Limited was $14.0 million at July 31, 2017. A portion of the purchase price will be placed in escrow and released to IDT Telecom once all of the conditions have been met under the Share Purchase Agreement. The sale is expected to close in calendar 2017, subject to regulatory approval and other customary conditions set forth in the Share Purchase Agreement.

The pending disposition of IDT Financial Services Holding Limited did not meet the criteria to be reported as a discontinued operation and accordingly, its results of operations and cash flows have not been reclassified. The IDT Financial Services Holding Limited assets and liabilities held for sale included the following:

July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
CURRENT ASSETS HELD FOR SALE: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 5,716 |  |  | $ | 5,536 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 115,609 |  |  |  | 98,500 |
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $2,550 and $861 at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively |  |  | 1,844 |  |  |  | 2,053 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 758 |  |  |  | 588 |
Other current assets |  |  | 340 |  |  |  | 407 |
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS HELD FOR SALE |  | $ | 124,267 |  |  | $ | 107,084 |
NONCURRENT ASSETS HELD FOR SALE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $228 and $213 at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 40 |
Other intangibles, net of accumulated amortization of $57 and $37 at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively |  |  | 165 |  |  |  | 162 |
Other assets |  |  | 4,945 |  |  |  | 4,928 |
TOTAL NONCURRENT ASSETS HELD FOR SALE |  | $ | 5,134 |  |  | $ | 5,130 |
CURRENT LIABILITIES HELD FOR SALE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade accounts payable |  | $ | 372 |  |  | $ | 456 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | 166 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | — |  |  |  | 478 |
Customer deposits |  |  | 114,689 |  |  |  | 95,843 |
Other current liabilities |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 20 |
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES HELD FOR SALE |  | $ | 115,318 |  |  | $ | 96,963 |
NONCURRENT LIABILITIES HELD FOR SALE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  | $ | 550 |  |  | $ | 435 |
TOTAL NONCURRENT LIABILITIES HELD FOR SALE |  | $ | 550 |  |  | $ | 435 |

| F-20 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

IDT Financial Services Holding Limited is included in the Telecom Platform Services segment. IDT Financial Services Holding Limited’s income before income taxes and income before income taxes attributable to the Company, which is included in the accompanying consolidated statements of income, were as follows:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES |  | $ | (1,577 | ) |  | $ | 7,532 |  |  | $ | 407 |
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES ATTRIBUTABLE TO IDT CORPORATION |  | $ | (1,577 | ) |  | $ | 7,532 |  |  | $ | 407 |

Note 4—Zedge Spin-Off

On June 1, 2016, the Company completed a pro rata distribution of the common stock that the Company held in the Company’s subsidiary Zedge to the Company’s stockholders of record as of the close of business on May 26, 2016 (the “Zedge Spin-Off”). The disposition of Zedge did not meet the criteria to be reported as a discontinued operation and accordingly, its assets, liabilities, results of operations and cash flows have not been reclassified. In connection with the Zedge Spin-Off, each of the Company’s stockholders received one share of Zedge Class A common stock for every three shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, and one share of Zedge Class B common stock for every three shares of the Company’s Class B common stock, held of record as of the close of business on May 26, 2016. The Company received a legal opinion that the Zedge Spin-Off should qualify as a tax-free transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Zedge’s income (loss) before income taxes and income before income taxes attributable to the Company, which is included in the accompanying consolidated statements of income, were as follows:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
INCOME (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,518 |  |  | $ | (4 | )
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES ATTRIBUTABLE TO IDT CORPORATION |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,221 |  |  | $ | 23 |

Note 5—Sale of Interest in Fabrix Systems Ltd.

On October 8, 2014, the Company completed the sale of its interest in Fabrix to Telefonaktiebolget LM Ericsson (publ) (“Ericsson”). The final sale price for 100% of the shares in Fabrix was $95 million in cash, excluding transaction costs and working capital and other adjustments. The Company owned approximately 78% of Fabrix on a fully diluted basis. The Company’s share of the sale price was $69.2 million, after reflecting the impact of working capital and other adjustments. The Company and the other shareholders placed $13.0 million of the proceeds in escrow for the resolution of post-closing claims, of which $6.5 million was released in October 2015 and $6.5 million was released in April 2016. In fiscal 2016, the Company recorded gain on the sale of its interest in Fabrix of $1.1 million, which represented adjustments to the Company’s share of Fabrix’ working capital and estimated transaction costs. In fiscal 2015, the Company recorded gain on the sale of its interest in Fabrix of $76.9 million.

Fabrix’ income before income taxes and income before income taxes attributable to the Company, which is included in the accompanying consolidated statements of income, were as follows:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 917 |
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES ATTRIBUTABLE TO IDT CORPORATION |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,325 |

| F-21 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 6—Marketable Securities

The following is a summary of marketable securities:

(in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
July 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit* |  | $ | 29,011 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (7 | ) |  | $ | 29,005 |
Federal Government Sponsored Enterprise notes |  |  | 3,992 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | 3,978 |
International agency notes |  |  | 291 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 291 |
Mutual funds |  |  | 5,353 |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,430 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | 4,643 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,643 |
Equity |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  | 48 |
U.S. Treasury notes |  |  | 6,673 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,673 |
Municipal bonds |  |  | 8,201 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 8,204 |
TOTAL |  | $ | 58,238 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | (48 | ) |  | $ | 58,272 |
July 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit* |  | $ | 17,690 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,696 |
Federal Government Sponsored Enterprise notes |  |  | 3,457 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,474 |
International agency notes |  |  | 409 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 414 |
Mutual funds |  |  | 5,121 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  | 5,082 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | 3,633 |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,673 |
Equity |  |  | 2,463 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (140 | ) |  |  | 2,323 |
U.S. Treasury notes |  |  | 4,946 |  |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 5,040 |
Municipal bonds |  |  | 15,222 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 15,247 |
TOTAL |  | $ | 52,941 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | (181 | ) |  | $ | 52,949 |

* Each of the Company’s certificates of deposit has a CUSIP, was purchased in the secondary market through a broker and may be sold in the secondary market.

In January 2017, the Company received 23,227 shares of Zedge Class B common stock in connection with the lapsing of restrictions on Zedge restricted stock held by certain of the Company’s employees and the payment of taxes related thereto. As part of the Zedge Spin-Off, holders of the Company’s restricted Class B common stock received, in respect of those restricted shares, one share of Zedge’s Class B common stock for every three restricted shares of the Company that they held as of the record date for the Zedge Spin-Off. The Company received the Zedge shares in exchange for the payment of an aggregate of $74,000 for the employees’ tax withholding obligations upon the vesting event. The number of shares was determined based on their fair market value on the trading day immediately prior to the vesting date. At July 31, 2017, the Zedge shares owned by the Company had a fair value of $48,000.

Proceeds from maturities and sales of available-for-sale securities were $48.0 million, $35.0 million and $24.1 million in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively. Realized gains from sales of available-for-sale securities were $0.3 million, $0.5 million and nil in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively. Realized losses from sales of available-for-sale securities were nil, nil and $0.1 million in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively.

The contractual maturities of the Company’s available-for-sale debt securities at July 31, 2017 were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Fair Value |
Within one year |  | $ | 34,921 |
After one year through five years |  |  | 17,873 |
After five years through ten years |  |  | — |
After ten years |  |  | — |
TOTAL |  | $ | 52,794 |

| F-22 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The following available-for-sale securities were in an unrealized loss position for which other-than-temporary impairments have not been recognized:

(in thousands) |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
July 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 12,155 |
Federal Government Sponsored Enterprise notes |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 3,529 |
Equity |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 48 |
Municipal bonds |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 3,349 |
TOTAL |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 19,081 |
July 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mutual funds |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 5,082 |
Equity |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 2,323 |
U.S. Treasury notes |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 199 |
Municipal bonds |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 3,112 |
TOTAL |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | 10,716 |

At July 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no securities in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer.

Note 7—Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents the balance of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

(in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
July 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable securities |  | $ | 12,151 |  |  | $ | 46,121 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,272 |
Rafael convertible promissory notes |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,300 |  |  |  | 6,300 |
Total |  | $ | 12,151 |  |  | $ | 46,121 |  |  | $ | 6,300 |  |  | $ | 64,572 |
July 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable securities |  | $ | 12,445 |  |  | $ | 40,504 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 52,949 |
Rafael convertible promissory notes |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | 2,000 |
Total |  | $ | 12,445 |  |  | $ | 40,504 |  |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | 54,949 |

At July 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company did not have any liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

At July 31, 2017, the fair value of the Rafael convertible promissory notes, which were classified as Level 3, was estimated based on a valuation of Rafael and other factors that could not be corroborated by the market.

| F-23 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The following tables summarize the change in the balance of the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) in the years ended July 31, 2017, 2016 or 2015.

Year ended July 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total gains included in other comprehensive income |  |  | 2,100 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Purchases |  |  | 2,200 |  |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 6,300 |  |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for assets held at the end of the period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

At July 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had $8.6 million and $8.1 million, respectively, in investments in hedge funds, which were included in “Investments” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s investments in hedge funds are accounted for using the equity method or the cost method, therefore investments in hedge funds are not measured at fair value.

Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments

The estimated fair value of the Company’s other financial instruments was determined using available market information or other appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required in interpreting these data to develop estimates of fair value. Consequently, the estimates are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized or would be paid in a current market exchange.

Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, other current assets, customer deposits, and other current liabilities. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, the carrying amount of these assets and liabilities approximated fair value because of the short period of time to maturity. The fair value estimates for cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents were classified as Level 1 and other current assets, customer deposits, and other current liabilities were classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Other assets and other liabilities. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, the carrying amount of these assets and liabilities approximated fair value. The fair values were estimated based on the Company’s assumptions, which were classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The Company’s investments at July 31, 2017 and 2016 included investments in the equity of certain privately held entities and other investments that are accounted for at cost. It is not practicable to estimate the fair value of these investments because of the lack of a quoted market price for the shares of these entities, and the inability to estimate their fair value without incurring excessive cost. The carrying value of these investments was $10.8 million and $7.0 million at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, which the Company believes was not impaired.

| F-24 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 8—Derivative Instruments

Prior to the Zedge Spin-Off, the primary risk managed by the Company using derivative instruments was foreign exchange risk. Foreign exchange forward contracts were entered into as hedges against unfavorable fluctuations in the U.S. dollar – Norwegian krone (“NOK”) exchange rate. Zedge is based in Norway and much of its operations are located in Norway. Subsequent to the Zedge Spin-Off, the Company provided hedging services to Zedge pursuant to its Transition Services Agreement (see Note 22) until Zedge established a credit facility and was able to enter into foreign exchange contracts. The Company did not apply hedge accounting to these contracts, therefore the changes in fair value were recorded in earnings.

The effects of derivative instruments on the consolidated statements of income were as follows:

|  |  |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized on Derivatives |
|  |  |  | Year ended July 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Derivatives not designated or not qualifying as hedging instruments |  | Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized on Derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange forwards |  | Other income (expense), net |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (145 | ) |  | $ | (58 | )

Note 9—Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following:

July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Equipment |  | $ | 75,867 |  |  | $ | 73,856 |
Land and buildings |  |  | 62,255 |  |  |  | 60,452 |
Computer software |  |  | 88,480 |  |  |  | 68,607 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 1,977 |  |  |  | 1,710 |
Furniture and fixtures |  |  | 1,474 |  |  |  | 1,428 |
|  |  | 230,053 |  |  |  | 206,053 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  | (141,059 | ) |  |  | (118,719 | )
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | $ | 88,994 |  |  | $ | 87,334 |

Depreciation and amortization expense of property, plant and equipment was $21.4 million, $20.1 million and $18.0 million in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively.

Note 10—Goodwill

The table below reconciles the change in the carrying amount of goodwill by operating segment for the period from July 31, 2015 to July 31, 2017:

(in thousands) |  | Telecom Platform Services |  |  | All Other (Zedge) |  |  | Total |
Balance as of July 31, 2015 |  | $ | 11,181 |  |  | $ | 3,207 |  |  | $ | 14,388 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | (823 | ) |  |  | (786 | )
Zedge Spin-Off |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,384 | ) |  |  | (2,384 | )
Balance as of July 31, 2016 |  |  | 11,218 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,218 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 108 |
Balance as of July 31, 2017 |  | $ | 11,326 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,326 |

Note 11—Sale of Member Interest in Visa Europe Ltd.

In June 2016, Visa Inc. acquired Visa Europe Limited for cash, shares of Visa Inc. Series C preferred stock and a deferred cash payment. IDT Financial Services Limited was a member of Visa Europe and received cash of €5.0 million ($5.6 million on the acquisition date), 1,830 shares of Series C preferred stock and deferred payment receivable of €0.4 million ($0.5 million on the acquisition date). The Visa Inc. Series C preferred stock is accounted for using the cost method. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, the carrying value of these shares was $1.6 million. The 1,830 shares of Visa Inc. Series C preferred stock are convertible into 25,532 shares of Visa Inc. Class A common stock. The shares of preferred stock become fully convertible in 2028. Beginning in 2020, Visa Inc. will assess whether it is appropriate to effect a partial conversion. The preferred stock shares may only be transferred to other former Visa Europe members, or to existing qualifying holders of Visa Inc.’s Class B common stock. In addition, the preferred stock will not be registered under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933 and therefore is not transferable unless such transfer is registered or an exemption from registration is available. The deferred payment receivable plus 4% compounded annual interest is due in June 2019. In fiscal 2016, the Company recorded a gain of $7.5 million from the sale of its member interest in Visa Europe.

| F-25 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 12—Other Operating Losses, Net

The following table summarizes the other operating losses, net by business segment:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Corporate —loss related to legal settlement and mutual release |  | $ | (10,436 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Telecom Platform Services— loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment |  |  | — |  |  |  | (326 | ) |  |  | — |
Corporate—gain (losses) related to legal matters |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,552 | )
TOTAL |  | $ | (10,412 | ) |  | $ | (326 | ) |  | $ | (1,552 | )

Straight Path Communications Inc. Settlement and Mutual Release

On July 31, 2013, the Company completed a pro rata distribution of the common stock of the Company’s subsidiary Straight Path Communications Inc. (“Straight Path”) to the Company’s stockholders of record as of the close of business on July 25, 2013 (the “Straight Path Spin-Off”). The Company entered into various agreements with Straight Path prior to the Straight Path Spin-Off including a Separation and Distribution Agreement to effect the separation and provide a framework for the Company’s relationship with Straight Path after the spin-off. On September 20, 2016, the Company received a letter of inquiry from the Enforcement Bureau of the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) requesting certain information and materials related to an investigation of potential violations by Straight Path Spectrum LLC (formerly a subsidiary of the Company and currently a subsidiary of Straight Path) in connection with licenses to operate on the 28 GHz and 39 GHz bands of the Fixed Microwave Services. The Company has cooperated with the FCC in this matter and has responded to the letter of inquiry. If the FCC were to pursue separate action against the Company, the FCC could seek to fine or impose regulatory penalties or civil liability on the Company related to activities during the period of ownership by the Company.

The Separation and Distribution Agreement provides for the Company and Straight Path to indemnify each other for certain liabilities. The Company and Straight Path each communicated that it was entitled to indemnification from the other in connection with the inquiry described above and related matters. On April 9, 2017, the Company and Straight Path entered into a binding term sheet that provides for, among other things, the settlement and mutual release of the potential indemnification claims asserted by each of the Company and Straight Path in connection with, among other things, liabilities (including but not limited to fines, fees or penalties) that may exist or arise relating to the subject matter of the investigation by the FCC. Pursuant to this term sheet, Straight Path will transfer to the Company or its affiliate, subsidiary, or assignee, Straight Path’s ownership interest in Straight Path IP Group, Inc. (“SPIP”), a subsidiary of Straight Path that holds intellectual property primarily related to communications over computer networks, for $6 million, the parties will provide mutual releases, and the Company will pay Straight Path $10 million and stockholders of Straight Path will receive 22% of the net proceeds, if any, received by SPIP from any license, transfer or assignment of any of the patent rights held by SPIP as of the effective date of transfer, or any settlement, award or judgment involving any of the patent rights (including any net proceeds received following the effective date of transfer) to be pursued under the terms of the term sheet.

On April 10, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors and its Corporate Governance Committee approved the transfer by the Company of the ownership interest in SPIP to an entity to be organized by Howard S. Jonas in exchange for $6.0 million, which is the price to be paid by the Company to Straight Path for the ownership interest in SPIP. The new entity will assume the Company’s obligations to Straight Path and its stockholders with respect to the net proceeds, if any, related to the patents as described above.

In April 2017, the Company recorded a liability of $10.0 million related to a legal settlement and mutual release. In addition, in fiscal 2017, the Company incurred legal fees of $0.9 million related to the FCC investigation and the settlement and mutual release, and the Company received insurance proceeds related to the FCC investigation of $0.5 million.

| F-26 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 13—Revolving Credit Loan Payable

The Company’s subsidiary, IDT Telecom, entered into a credit agreement, dated July 12, 2012, with TD Bank, N.A. for a line of credit facility for up to a maximum principal amount of $25.0 million. IDT Telecom may use the proceeds to finance working capital requirements, acquisitions and for other general corporate purposes. The line of credit facility is secured by primarily all of IDT Telecom’s assets. The principal outstanding bears interest per annum, at the option of IDT Telecom, at either (a) the U.S. Prime Rate less 125 basis points, or (b) the LIBOR rate adjusted by the Regulation D maximum reserve requirement plus 150 basis points. Interest is payable monthly and all outstanding principal and any accrued and unpaid interest is due on the maturity date of April 30, 2018. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no amounts outstanding under the facility. The Company intends to borrow under the facility from time to time. IDT Telecom pays a quarterly unused commitment fee of 0.375% per annum on the average daily balance of the unused portion of the $25.0 million commitment. IDT Telecom is required to comply with various affirmative and negative covenants as well as maintain certain financial targets and ratios during the term of the line of credit, including IDT Telecom may not pay any dividend on its capital stock and IDT Telecom’s aggregate loans and advances to affiliates or subsidiaries may not exceed $110.0 million. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no amounts utilized for letters of credit under the line of credit, IDT Telecom was in compliance with all of the covenants, and IDT Telecom’s aggregate loans and advances to affiliates and subsidiaries was $94.9 million and $91.1 million, respectively.

Note 14—Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following:

July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Carrier minutes termination |  | $ | 40,131 |  |  | $ | 34,719 |
Carrier network connectivity, toll-free and 800 services |  |  | 2,152 |  |  |  | 3,046 |
Regulatory fees and taxes |  |  | 44,766 |  |  |  | 48,369 |
Legal settlements |  |  | 12,099 |  |  |  | 2,069 |
Compensation costs |  |  | 9,341 |  |  |  | 14,471 |
Legal and professional fees |  |  | 4,296 |  |  |  | 4,278 |
Other |  |  | 12,574 |  |  |  | 10,316 |
TOTAL |  | $ | 125,359 |  |  | $ | 117,268 |

Note 15—Severance Expense

In July 2016, the Company completed a reduction of its workforce and incurred severance expense of $6.3 million in fiscal 2016. Severance expense in fiscal 2016 also included $0.2 million unrelated to the July 2016 workforce reduction. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, there was accrued severance of $0.3 million and $5.7 million, respectively, included in “Accrued expenses” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets for the July 2016 workforce reduction.

In February and March 2015, the Company completed a reduction of its workforce and incurred severance expense of $6.2 million in fiscal 2015. Severance expense in fiscal 2015 also included $1.9 million due to a downsizing of certain IDT Telecom sales and administrative functions in Europe and the U.S in the first quarter of fiscal 2015, and an additional $0.2 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2015. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, there was accrued severance of nil and $0.1 million, respectively, included in “Accrued expenses” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets for the February and March 2015 headcount reductions.

| F-27 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 16—Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net consists of the following:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) |  | $ | 287 |  |  | $ | 980 |  |  | $ | (1,704 | )
Gain (loss) on marketable securities |  |  | 323 |  |  |  | 543 |  |  |  | (54 | )
Gain (loss) on investments |  |  | 355 |  |  |  | (405 | ) |  |  | 1,500 |
Other |  |  | (148 | ) |  |  | 931 |  |  |  | (430 | )
TOTAL |  | $ | 817 |  |  | $ | 2,049 |  |  | $ | (688 | )

Note 17—Income Taxes

The components of (loss) income before income taxes are as follows:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Domestic |  | $ | (3,161 | ) |  | $ | 11,278 |  |  | $ | 7,538 |
Foreign |  |  | 10,781 |  |  |  | 18,190 |  |  |  | 84,665 |
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES |  | $ | 7,620 |  |  | $ | 29,468 |  |  | $ | 92,203 |

Significant components of the Company’s deferred income tax assets consist of the following:

July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Deferred income tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Bad debt reserve |  | $ | 535 |  |  | $ | 575 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 7,888 |  |  |  | 5,327 |
Stock options and restricted stock |  |  | 1,608 |  |  |  | 1,802 |
Charitable contributions |  |  | 1,768 |  |  |  | 1,527 |
Impairment |  |  | 27,944 |  |  |  | 25,746 |
Depreciation |  |  | 4,438 |  |  |  | 6,785 |
Unrealized gain |  |  | 317 |  |  |  | 193 |
Net operating loss |  |  | 122,260 |  |  |  | 122,849 |
Credits |  |  | 2,899 |  |  |  | 3,192 |
Total deferred income tax assets |  |  | 169,657 |  |  |  | 167,996 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (157,816 | ) |  |  | (158,442 | )
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance |  |  | 11,841 |  |  |  | 9,554 |
Deferred income tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | 42 |
NET DEFERRED INCOME TAX ASSETS |  | $ | 11,841 |  |  | $ | 9,512 |

| F-28 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The benefit from (provision for) income taxes consists of the following:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (83 | ) |  | $ | — |
State and local |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  | (30 | ) |  |  | — |
Foreign |  |  | (282 | ) |  |  | (185 | ) |  |  | (311 | )
|  |  | (308 | ) |  |  | (298 | ) |  |  | (311 | )
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  | (9,536 | ) |  |  | (3,148 | ) |  |  | (1,967 | )
State and local |  |  | (66 | ) |  |  | (51 | ) |  |  | (245 | )
Foreign |  |  | 11,931 |  |  |  | (613 | ) |  |  | (3,565 | )
|  |  | 2,329 |  |  |  | (3,812 | ) |  |  | (5,777 | )
BENEFIT FROM (PROVISION FOR) INCOME TAXES |  | $ | 2,021 |  |  | $ | (4,110 | ) |  | $ | (6,088 | )

The differences between income taxes expected at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and income taxes provided are as follows:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
U.S. federal income tax at statutory rate |  | $ | (2,667 | ) |  | $ | (10,314 | ) |  | $ | (32,271 | )
Valuation allowance |  |  | 626 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Foreign tax rate differential |  |  | 3,107 |  |  |  | 6,035 |  |  |  | 25,757 |
Nondeductible expenses |  |  | 457 |  |  |  | 487 |  |  |  | 659 |
Other |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  | (73 | )
Prior year tax benefit (expense) |  |  | 494 |  |  |  | (231 | ) |  |  | — |
State and local income tax, net of federal benefit |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (160 | )
BENEFIT FROM (PROVISION FOR) INCOME TAXES |  | $ | 2,021 |  |  | $ | (4,110 | ) |  | $ | (6,088 | )

At July 31, 2017, the Company had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $180 million. This carry-forward loss is available to offset future U.S. federal and state taxable income. The net operating loss carryforwards will start to expire in fiscal 2018, with fiscal 2017’s loss expiring in fiscal 2038. The Company has foreign net operating losses of approximately $159 million, of which approximately $111 million does not expire, approximately $47 million expires in two to nine years and $1 million expires in twenty years. These foreign net operating losses are available to offset future taxable income in the countries in which the losses were incurred. The Company’s subsidiary, net2phone, which provides voice over Internet protocol communications services, has additional federal net operating losses of approximately $77 million, which will expire through fiscal 2027. With the reacquisition of net2phone by the Company in March 2006, its losses were limited under Internal Revenue Code Section 382 to approximately $7 million per year. The net operating losses do not include any excess benefits related to stock options or restricted stock.

The Company has not recorded U.S. income tax expense for foreign earnings, since such earnings are permanently reinvested outside the United States. The cumulative undistributed foreign earnings are included in accumulated deficit in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, and consisted of approximately $375 million at July 31, 2017. Upon distribution of these foreign earnings to the Company’s domestic entities, the Company may be subject to U.S. income taxes and withholding of foreign taxes, however, it is not practicable to determine the amount, if any, which would be paid.

| F-29 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The change in the valuation allowance is as follows:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands) |  | Balance at beginning of year |  |  | Additions charged to costs and expenses |  |  | Deductions |  |  | Balance at end of year |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reserves deducted from deferred income taxes, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Valuation allowance |  | $ | 158,442 |  |  | $ | 16,017 |  |  | $ | (16,643 | ) |  | $ | 157,816 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reserves deducted from deferred income taxes, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Valuation allowance |  | $ | 155,393 |  |  | $ | 3,049 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 158,442 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reserves deducted from deferred income taxes, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Valuation allowance |  | $ | 151,975 |  |  | $ | 3,418 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 155,393 |

In fiscal 2017, the Company determined that its valuation allowance on the losses of Elmion Netherlands B.V., a Netherlands subsidiary, was no longer required due to an internal reorganization that generated income and a projection of net income in future periods. The Company recorded a benefit from income taxes of $16.6 million in fiscal 2017 from the full recognition of the Elmion Netherlands B.V. deferred tax assets. In addition, in fiscal 2017, the Company determined that it would not be able to utilize its deferred tax assets in the United States and recorded a valuation allowance of $11.1 million against them.

At July 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company did not have any unrecognized income tax benefits. There were no changes in the balance of unrecognized income tax benefits in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015. At July 31, 2017, the Company did not expect any changes in unrecognized income tax benefits during the next twelve months. In fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, the Company did not record any interest and penalties on income taxes. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, there was no accrued interest included in current income taxes payable.

In August 2016, the Company and the New Jersey Economic Development Authority entered into an incentive agreement pursuant to which the Company may receive corporation business tax credits in exchange for investment in a qualified business facility and employment of the required number of full-time employees. The corporation business tax credits to be received are a maximum of $24.3 million. The Company’s tax certificate documents are currently being reviewed by Economic Development Authority. The tax credits are based on an estimated capital investment of $5.3 million in addition to retaining, as well as creating, a number of full-time jobs. The Company may claim a tax credit each tax year for ten years beginning when the Economic Development Authority accepts the Company’s project completion certification. The tax credit can be applied to 100% of the Company’s New Jersey tax liability each year, and the unused amount of the annual credit can be carried forward. In addition, the Company may apply for a tax credit transfer certificate to sell unused tax credits to another business. The tax credits must be sold for no less than 75% of the value of the tax credits. The tax credits are subject to reduction, forfeiture and recapture if, among other things, the number of full-time employees declines below the program or statewide minimum.

The Company currently remains subject to examinations of its tax returns as follows: U.S. federal tax returns for fiscal 2014 to fiscal 2017, state and local tax returns generally for fiscal 2013 to fiscal 2017 and foreign tax returns generally for fiscal 2013 to fiscal 2017.

Note 18—Equity

Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock

The rights of holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical except for certain voting and conversion rights and restrictions on transferability. The holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock receive identical dividends per share when and if declared by the Company’s Board of Directors. In addition, the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock have identical and equal priority rights per share in liquidation. The Class A common stock and Class B common stock do not have any other contractual participation rights. The holders of Class A common stock are entitled to three votes per share and the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to one-tenth of a vote per share. Each share of Class A common stock may be converted into one share of Class B common stock, at any time, at the option of the holder. Shares of Class A common stock are subject to certain limitations on transferability that do not apply to shares of Class B common stock.

| F-30 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Dividend Payments

In fiscal 2017, the Company paid aggregate cash dividends of $0.76 per share on its Class A common stock and Class B common stock, or $17.9 million in total. In fiscal 2016, the Company paid aggregate cash dividends of $0.75 per share on its Class A common stock and Class B common stock, or $17.4 million in total. In fiscal 2015, the Company paid aggregate cash dividends of $2.03 per share on its Class A common stock and Class B common stock, or $47.6 million in total. The aggregate cash dividends in fiscal 2015 included special dividends of $0.68 per share and $0.64 per share paid in November 2014 and January 2015, respectively.

In September 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a dividend of $0.19 per share for the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017 to holders of the Company’s Class A common stock and Class B common stock. The dividend will be paid on or about October 20, 2017 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on October 16, 2017.

Sales of Shares of Class B Common Stock to Howard S. Jonas

On April 11, 2017, the Company sold 728,332 treasury shares of its Class B common stock to Howard S. Jonas for aggregate consideration of $10.0 million. The price per share of $13.73 was equal to the closing price of the Company’s Class B common stock on April 10, 2017.

On June 9, 2017, the Company sold 1.0 million shares of its Class B common stock to Howard S. Jonas for aggregate consideration of $14.9 million. The price per share of $14.93 was equal to the closing price of the Class B common stock on May 1, 2017, the day prior to the approval of the sale by the Company’s Board of Directors and Corporate Governance Committee.

Purchase of Shares of Class B Common Stock from Howard S. Jonas

On June 25, 2015, the Company purchased 404,967 shares of its Class B common stock from Howard S. Jonas. The purchase price was $18.52 per share, the share price at the close of business on June 23, 2015. The aggregate purchase price was $7.5 million.

Stock Repurchases

The Company has a stock repurchase program for the repurchase of up to an aggregate of 8.0 million shares of the Company’s Class B common stock. There were no repurchases under the program in fiscal 2017. In fiscal 2016, the Company repurchased 398,376 shares of Class B common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $4.6 million. In fiscal 2015, the Company repurchased 29,675 shares of Class B common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $0.4 million. At July 31, 2017, 8.0 million shares remained available for repurchase under the stock repurchase program.

In fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, the Company paid $1.8 million, $0.1 million and $2.8 million, respectively, to repurchase shares of Class B common stock that were tendered by employees of the Company to satisfy the employees’ tax withholding obligations in connection with the lapsing of restrictions on awards of restricted stock. Such shares are repurchased by the Company based on their fair market value on the trading day immediately prior to the vesting date. In fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, the Company repurchased 94,338; 11,250 and 152,856 shares of Class B common stock, respectively, from employees.

Equity Sale Prior to the Zedge Spin-Off

In connection with the Zedge Spin-Off, in May 2016, Zedge sold shares of its Class B common stock representing approximately 10.0% of its capital stock to certain of its equity holders, including the Company, for $3 million. The other purchasers paid $0.4 million of the total and the Company paid $2.6 million.

Note 19—Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation Plan

The 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan is intended to provide incentives to officers, employees, directors and consultants of the Company, including stock options, stock appreciation rights, limited rights, deferred stock units, and restricted stock. On December 14, 2016, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the Company’s 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan to increase the number of shares of the Company’s Class B common stock available for the grant of awards thereunder by an additional 0.1 million shares. At July 31, 2017, the Company had 0.7 million shares of Class B common stock reserved for award under its 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan and 0.1 million shares were available for future grants.

| F-31 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

On September 28, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors amended the 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan to increase the number of shares of the Company’s Class B common stock available for the grant of awards thereunder by an additional 0.3 million shares. The amendment is subject to ratification by the Company’s stockholders.

In fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, there was no income tax benefit resulting from tax deductions in excess of the compensation cost recognized for the Company’s stock-based compensation.

Stock Options

Option awards are generally granted with an exercise price equal to the market price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. Option awards generally vest on a graded basis over three years of service and have ten-year contractual terms. The fair value of stock options was estimated on the date of the grant using a Black-Scholes valuation model and the assumptions in the following table. No option awards were granted in fiscal 2016. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s Class B common stock and other factors. The Company uses historical data on exercise of stock options, post vesting forfeitures and other factors to estimate the expected term of the stock-based payments granted. The risk free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

Year ended July 31 |  | 2017 |  |  | 2015 |
ASSUMPTIONS |  |  |  |  |  |
Average risk-free interest rate |  |  | 1.82 | % |  |  | 1.63 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 5.09 | % |  |  | — |
Expected volatility |  |  | 40.0 | % |  |  | 51.4 | %
Expected term |  |  | 4.0 years |  |  |  | 6.0 years |
Weighted-average grant date fair value |  | $ | 3.26 |  |  | $ | 7.94 |

A summary of stock option activity for the Company is as follows:

|  | Number of Options (in thousands) |  |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) |
Outstanding at July 31, 2016 |  |  | 360 |  |  | $ | 11.98 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | 14.93 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | (73 | ) |  |  | 11.37 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cancelled / Forfeited |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | 17.21 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OUTSTANDING AT JULY 31, 2017 |  |  | 1,273 |  |  | $ | 14.28 |  |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | $ | 850 |
EXERCISABLE AT JULY 31, 2017 |  |  | 166 |  |  | $ | 13.38 |  |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | $ | 288 |

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015 was $0.4 million, nil and $1.3 million, respectively. At July 31, 2017, there was $3.4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.5 years.

On May 2, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors and its Compensation and Corporate Governance Committees approved the grant to Howard S. Jonas of options to purchase up to 1.0 million shares of the Company’s Class B common stock at an exercise price of $14.93 per share, the closing price of the Company’s Class B common stock on May 1, 2017. Mr. Jonas, the Company’s Chairman of the Board, controls matters requiring approval by the Company’s stockholders. The options were immediately exercisable and will expire on May 1, 2022. Subject to certain vesting provisions in Mr. Jonas’ employment agreement with the Company, the unexercised portion of the options will terminate should Mr. Jonas cease to provide services as an officer or director of the Company or one or more of its subsidiaries. The Company will have the right to repurchase the Class B common stock issued upon exercise of the options at a purchase price equal to the exercise price of the option should Mr. Jonas cease to provide services as an officer or director of the Company or one or more of its subsidiaries. The Company’s repurchase right will lapse as to 333,333 shares underlying the options on each of May 2, 2018 and 2019 and as to 333,334 shares underlying the option on May 2, 2020. Mr. Jonas will be prohibited from transferring any shares of the Class B common stock issued on exercise of the option that are subject to the Company’s repurchase right. The Company’s repurchase right is essentially a forfeiture provision. The options were not granted under the Company’s 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, but, except to the extent otherwise provided in the related grant agreement, are subject to the terms of the 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan. The grant of the options is subject to ratification by the stockholders of the Company. The Company estimated that the fair value of the options on the date of grant was $3.3 million, which will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite three year service period ending in May 2020.

| F-32 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

On June 7, 2016, in connection with the Zedge Spin-Off, the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors approved a $2.25 reduction in the per share exercise price of all outstanding options to purchase the Company’s Class B common stock. The Company accounted for the reduction in the exercise price of the Company’s outstanding stock options as a modification. The Company determined that there was no incremental value from the modification, and therefore, the Company did not record a stock-based compensation charge.

Restricted Stock

The fair value of restricted shares of the Company’s Class B common stock is determined based on the closing price of the Company’s Class B common stock on the grant date. Share awards generally vest on a graded basis over three years of service.

A summary of the status of the Company’s grants of restricted shares of Class B common stock is presented below:

(in thousands) |  | Number of Non-vested Shares |  |  | Weighted- Average Grant- Date Fair Value |
Non-vested shares at July 31, 2016 |  |  | 359 |  |  | $ | 17.10 |
Granted |  |  | 99 |  |  |  | 19.17 |
Vested |  |  | (228 | ) |  |  | 17.83 |
Forfeited |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | 17.61 |
NON-VESTED SHARES AT JULY 31, 2017 |  |  | 223 |  |  | $ | 18.16 |

At July 31, 2017, there was $2.4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock-based compensation arrangements, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.7 years. The total grant date fair value of shares vested in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015 was $4.1 million, $1.3 million and $5.6 million, respectively.

| F-33 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 20—Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The accumulated balances for each classification of other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for- sale securities |  |  | Foreign currency translation |  |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | Location of (Gain) Loss Recognized
Balance at July 31, 2014 |  | $ | (8 | ) |  | $ | 3,676 |  |  | $ | 3,668 |  |  |
Sale of interest in Fabrix Systems Ltd. |  |  | — |  |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | 102 |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss attributable to IDT Corporation |  |  | (567 | ) |  |  | (2,432 | ) |  |  | (2,999 | ) |  |
Balance at July 31, 2015 |  |  | (575 | ) |  |  | 1,346 |  |  |  | 771 |  |  |
Zedge Spin-Off |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,029 |  |  |  | 1,029 |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to IDT Corporation before reclassification |  |  | 1,126 |  |  |  | (6,127 | ) |  |  | (5,001 | ) |  |
Less: reclassification for gain included in net income |  |  | (543 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (543 | ) |  | Other income (expense), net
Net other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to IDT Corporation |  |  | 583 |  |  |  | (6,127 | ) |  |  | (5,544 | ) |  |
Balance at July 31, 2016 |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (3,752 | ) |  |  | (3,744 | ) |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to IDT Corporation before reclassification |  |  | 2,449 |  |  |  | (725 | ) |  |  | 1,724 |  |  |
Less: reclassification for gain included in net income |  |  | (323 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (323 | ) |  | Other income (expense), net
Net other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to IDT Corporation (1) |  |  | 2,126 |  |  |  | (725 | ) |  |  | 1,401 |  |  |
BALANCE AT JULY 31, 2017 |  | $ | 2,134 |  |  | $ | (4,477 | ) |  | $ | (2,343 | ) |  |

| (1) | In fiscal 2017, net other comprehensive income attributable to IDT Corporation from unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities included unrealized gains on the Rafael convertible promissory notes of $2.1 million and unrealized gains, net on marketable securities of $26,000.

Note 21—Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

On July 5, 2017, plaintiff JDS1, LLC, on behalf of itself and all other similarly situated stockholders of Straight Path, and derivatively on behalf of Straight Path as nominal defendant, filed a putative class action and derivative complaint in the Delaware Chancery Court against the Company, The Patrick Henry Trust (a trust formed by Howard S. Jonas to hold record and beneficial ownership of all of his shares of Straight Path), Howard S. Jonas, and each of Straight Path’s directors. The complaint alleges that the Company aided and abetted Straight Path’s directors and Howard S. Jonas in his capacity as controlling stockholder of Straight Path, in breaching their fiduciary duties to Straight Path in connection with the settlement of claims between Straight Path and the Company related to potential indemnification claims concerning Straight Path’s obligations under the Consent Decree it entered into with the FCC, as well as the proposed sale of Straight Path’s subsidiary SPIP to the Company in connection with that settlement. That action was consolidated with a similar action that was initiated by The Arbitrage Fund. The Plaintiffs are seeking, among other things, (i) a declaration that the action may be maintained as a class action or in the alternative, that demand on the Straight Path Board is excused; (ii) that the term sheet is invalid; (iii) awarding damages for the unfair price stockholders are receiving in the merger between Straight Path and Verizon Communications Inc. for their shares of Straight Path’s Class B common stock; and (iv) ordering Howard S. Jonas, Davidi Jonas, the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Straight Path, and the Company to disgorge any profits for the benefit of the class Plaintiffs. On August 28, 2017, the Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint. On September 24, 2017, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. The Company intends to vigorously defend the action.

| F-34 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

On May 5, 2004, the Company filed a complaint in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, seeking injunctive relief and damages against Tyco Group, S.A.R.L., Tyco Telecommunications (US) Inc. (f/k/a TyCom (US) Inc.), Tyco International, Ltd., Tyco International (US) Inc., and TyCom Ltd. (collectively “Tyco”). The Company alleged that Tyco breached a settlement agreement that it had entered into with the Company to resolve certain disputes and civil actions among the parties. The Company alleged that Tyco did not provide the Company, as required under the settlement agreement, free of charge and for the Company’s exclusive use, a 15-year indefeasible right to use four Wavelengths in Ring Configuration (as defined in the settlement agreement) on a global undersea fiber optic network that Tyco was deploying at that time. After extensive proceedings, including several decisions and appeals, the New York Court of Appeals affirmed a lower court decision to dismiss the Company’s claim and denied the Company’s motion for re-argument of that decision. On June 23, 2015, the Company filed a new summons and complaint against Tyco in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York alleging that Tyco breached the settlement agreement. In September 2015, Tyco filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, which the Company opposed. Oral argument was held on March 9, 2016. On October 17, 2016, the judge granted Tyco’s motion and dismissed the complaint. In August 2017, the Company filed an appeal, which Tyco opposed.

In addition to the foregoing, the Company is subject to other legal proceedings that have arisen in the ordinary course of business and have not been finally adjudicated. Although there can be no assurance in this regard, the Company believes that none of the other legal proceedings to which the Company is a party will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

Universal Service Fund Audit

The Company’s Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) Form 499-A filings for calendar years 2000 through 2006 related to payments to the Universal Service Fund have been audited by the Internal Audit Division (“IAD”) of the Universal Service Administrative Company (“USAC”), which concluded that the Company incorrectly reported certain revenues on Forms 499-A. USAC’s revisions to the Company’s filing methodology resulted in additional regulatory payments for the years covered by the audits. While the Company believes in the accuracy of its filing methodology and the Company’s Request for Review remains pending, the Company has implemented some of the revisions set forth in the IAD’s filings beginning with the Company’s calendar year 2010 Form 499-A. The Company has accrued for all regulatory fees that the Company believes may be incurred under IAD’s methodology from 2002 through the present, in the event the Company’s Request for Review is denied and/or its methodology is not upheld on appeal, and the Company has made certain payments on amounts that have been invoiced to it by USAC and/or other agencies. The Company’s 2017 FCC Form 499-A, which reports its calendar year 2016 revenue, is currently under audit by the IAD. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company’s accrued expenses included $43.5 million and $47.5 million, respectively, for these regulatory fees for the years covered by the audit and subsequent years. Until a final decision is reached in the Company’s disputes, the Company will continue to accrue in accordance with IAD’s methodology. If the Company does not properly calculate, or has not properly calculated, the amount payable by the Company to the Universal Service Fund, the Company may be subject to interest and penalties.

Purchase Commitments

The Company had purchase commitments of $3.1 million at July 31, 2017.

Lease Commitments

The future minimum payments for operating leases as of July 31, 2017 were as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
Year ending July 31: |  |  |  |
2018 |  | $ | 2,510 |
2019 |  |  | 1,373 |
2020 |  |  | 760 |
2021 |  |  | 720 |
2022 |  |  | 615 |
Thereafter |  |  | 564 |
Total payments |  | $ | 6,542 |

Rental expense under operating leases was $2.9 million, $3.2 million and $6.1 million in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively. In addition, connectivity charges under operating leases were $6.4 million, $7.5 million and $8.4 million in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively.

| F-35 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Rentals under Operating Leases

In April 2016, the Company entered into two leases for space in its headquarters building at 520 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey. In addition, the Company has leases for a portion of its building in Piscataway, New Jersey. The leases do not include contingent rental income.

The minimum future rentals on noncancelable operating leases as of July 31, 2017 were as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
Year ending July 31: |  |  |
2018 |  | $ | 902 |
2019 |  |  | 1,043 |
2020 |  |  | 1,079 |
2021 |  |  | 940 |
2022 |  |  | 843 |
Thereafter |  |  | 2,791 |
Total minimum future rentals |  | $ | 7,598 |

The aggregate carrying value of the Company’s land, building and improvements in New Jersey was as follows:

July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Land, building and improvements |  | $ | 61,206 |  |  | $ | 59,553 |
Less accumulated depreciation |  |  | (12,563 | ) |  |  | (11,202 | )
Net |  | $ | 48,643 |  |  | $ | 48,351 |

Performance Bonds

IDT Payment Services and IDT Telecom have performance bonds issued through third parties for the benefit of various states in order to comply with the states’ financial requirements for money remittance licenses and telecommunications resellers, respectively. At July 31, 2017, the Company had aggregate performance bonds of $15.1 million outstanding.

Subsequent Event—Reciprocal Services Agreement

In August 2017, the Company entered into a Reciprocal Services Agreement with a telecom operator in Central America for a full range of services, including, but not limited to, termination of inbound and outbound international long-distance voice calls. The Company has committed to pay such telecom operator monthly committed amounts during the term of the agreement. In addition, under certain limited circumstances, the parties may renegotiate the amount of the monthly payments. In the event the parties do not agree on re-pricing terms after good faith negotiations, then either party has the right to terminate the agreement. Pursuant to the agreement, in September 2017, the Company deposited $11.75 million into an escrow account as security for the benefit of the telecom operator.

Note 22—Related Party Transactions

The Company entered into various agreements with Zedge prior to the Zedge Spin-Off including a Separation and Distribution Agreement to effect the separation and provide a framework for our relationship with Zedge after the Zedge Spin-Off, and a Tax Separation Agreement, which sets forth the responsibilities of the Company and Zedge with respect to, among other things, liabilities for federal, state, local and foreign taxes for periods before and including the Zedge Spin-Off, the preparation and filing of tax returns for such periods and disputes with taxing authorities regarding taxes for such periods. Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, among other things, the Company indemnifies Zedge and Zedge indemnifies the Company for losses related to the failure of the other to pay, perform or otherwise discharge, any of the liabilities and obligations set forth in the agreement. Pursuant to the Tax Separation Agreement, among other things, Zedge indemnifies the Company from all liability for taxes of Zedge and any of Zedge’s subsidiaries or relating to Zedge’s business accruing after the Zedge Spin-Off, and the Company indemnifies Zedge from all liability for taxes of Zedge and any of Zedge’s subsidiaries or relating to Zedge’s business with respect to taxable periods ending on or before the Zedge Spin-Off.

In connection with the Zedge Spin-Off, the Company and Zedge entered into a Transition Services Agreement pursuant to which the Company provides to Zedge certain administrative and other services, including services relating to human resources, payroll, investor relations, legal, accounting, tax, financial systems, management consulting and foreign exchange risk management. The Company charged Zedge $1.0 million and $0.6 million in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, respectively, for services provided pursuant to the Transition Services Agreement. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, other current assets reported in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet included receivables from Zedge of $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

| F-36 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

At July 31, 2017, the Company held 23,227 shares of Zedge Class B common stock (see Note 6).

The Company entered into various agreements with Straight Path prior to the Straight Path Spin-Off including (1) a Separation and Distribution Agreement to effect the separation and provide a framework for the Company’s relationship with Straight Path after the spin-off, (2) a Tax Separation Agreement, which sets forth the responsibilities of the Company and Straight Path with respect to, among other things, liabilities for federal, state, local and foreign taxes for periods before and including the spin-off, the preparation and filing of tax returns for such periods and disputes with taxing authorities regarding taxes for such periods, and (3) a Transition Services Agreement, which provides for certain services to be performed by the Company to facilitate Straight Path’s transition into a separate publicly-traded company. These agreements provide for, among other things, the allocation between the Company and Straight Path of employee benefits, taxes and other liabilities and obligations attributable to periods prior to the spin-off, and provision of certain services by the Company to Straight Path following the spin-off, including services relating to human resources and employee benefits administration, treasury, accounting, tax, external reporting, and legal. Straight Path transitioned accounting and external reporting services from the Company to a third party in the first quarter of fiscal 2015. In addition, the Company and Straight Path have entered into a license agreement whereby each of the Company, Straight Path and their subsidiaries granted and will grant a license to the other to utilize patents held by each entity.

The Separation and Distribution Agreement also includes that the Company is obligated to reimburse Straight Path for the payment of liabilities of Straight Path arising or related to the period prior to the Straight Path Spin-Off. The following table summarizes the change in the balance of the Company’s estimated liability to Straight Path, which is included in “Other current liabilities” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet:

Year ended July 31 |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 286 |
Additional liability |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | 59 |
Adjustments |  |  | (51 | ) |  |  | (136 | )
Payments |  |  | (105 | ) |  |  | (76 | )
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 133 |

Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, the Company indemnifies Straight Path and Straight Path indemnifies the Company for losses related to the failure of the other to pay, perform or otherwise discharge, any of the liabilities and obligations set forth in the agreement. Pursuant to the Tax Separation Agreement, the Company indemnifies Straight Path from all liability for taxes of Straight Path or any of its subsidiaries or relating to the Straight Path business with respect to taxable periods ending on or before the Straight Path Spin-Off, from all liability for taxes of the Company, other than Straight Path and its subsidiaries, for any taxable period, and from all liability for taxes due to the Straight Path Spin-Off.

The Company charged Straight Path nil, nil and $1.1 million in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively, for services provided pursuant to the Transition Services Agreement and other items. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company’s receivable from Straight Path was nil and nil, respectively.

In July 2015, the Company received 64,624 shares of Straight Path Class B common stock in connection with the lapsing of restrictions on awards of Straight Path restricted stock to certain of the Company’s employees and the payment of taxes related thereto. As part of the Straight Path Spin-Off, holders of the Company’s restricted Class B common stock received, in respect of those restricted shares, one share of Straight Path’s Class B common stock for every two restricted shares of the Company that they held as of the record date for the Straight Path Spin-Off. The Company received the Straight Path shares in exchange for the payment of an aggregate of $2.1 million for the employees’ tax withholding obligations upon the vesting event. The number of shares was determined based on their fair market value on the trading day immediately prior to the vesting date. In September and October 2015, the Company sold all of the shares for $2.6 million and recorded a gain on the sale of $0.5 million.

| F-37 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

On April 9, 2017, the Company and Straight Path entered into a binding term sheet providing for the settlement and mutual release of potential indemnification and other claims asserted by each of the Company and Straight Path (see Note 12). In addition, on July 5, 2017, plaintiff JDS1, LLC, on behalf of itself and all other similarly situated stockholders of Straight Path, and derivatively on behalf of Straight Path as nominal defendant, filed a putative class action and derivative complaint in the Delaware Chancery Court against the Company, The Patrick Henry Trust (a trust formed by Howard S. Jonas to hold record and beneficial ownership of all of his shares of Straight Path), Howard S. Jonas, and each of Straight Path’s directors (see Note 21).

On October 28, 2011, the Company completed a pro rata distribution of the common stock of the Company’s subsidiary, Genie Energy Ltd. (“Genie”), to the Company’s stockholders of record as of the close of business on October 21, 2011 (the “Genie Spin-Off”). The Company entered into various agreements with Genie prior to the Genie Spin-Off including a Separation and Distribution Agreement to effect the separation and provide a framework for the Company’s relationship with Genie after the spin-off, and a Transition Services Agreement, which provides for certain services to be performed by the Company and Genie to facilitate Genie’s transition into a separate publicly-traded company. These agreements provide for, among other things, (1) the allocation between the Company and Genie of employee benefits, taxes and other liabilities and obligations attributable to periods prior to the spin-off, (2) transitional services to be provided by the Company relating to human resources and employee benefits administration, (3) the allocation of responsibilities relating to employee compensation and benefit plans and programs and other related matters, (4) finance, accounting, tax, internal audit, facilities, external reporting, investor relations and legal services to be provided by the Company to Genie following the spin-off and (5) specified administrative services to be provided by Genie to certain of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries. In addition, the Company entered into a Tax Separation Agreement with Genie, which sets forth the responsibilities of the Company and Genie with respect to, among other things, liabilities for federal, state, local and foreign taxes for periods before and including the spin-off, the preparation and filing of tax returns for such periods and disputes with taxing authorities regarding taxes for such periods.

Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, the Company indemnifies Genie and Genie indemnifies the Company for losses related to the failure of the other to pay, perform or otherwise discharge, any of the liabilities and obligations set forth in the agreement. Pursuant to the Tax Separation Agreement, the Company indemnifies Genie from all liability for the Company’s taxes with respect to any taxable period, and Genie indemnifies the Company from all liability for taxes of Genie and its subsidiaries with respect to any taxable period, including, without limitation, the ongoing tax audits related to Genie’s business.

The Company charged Genie $1.6 million, $2.2 million and $3.6 million in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively, for services provided pursuant to the Transition Services Agreement and other items, net of the amounts charged by Genie to the Company. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, other current assets reported in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet included receivables from Genie of $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

The Company provides certain administrative and other services to Rafael Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The Company charged Rafael $0.6 million in fiscal 2017 for services. At July 31, 2017, other current assets reported in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet included receivable from Rafael of $0.6 million.

The Company provides office space, certain connectivity and other services to Jonas Media Group, a publishing firm owned by Howard S. Jonas. Billings for such services were $22,000, $22,000 and $21,000 in fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively. The balance owed to the Company by Jonas Media Group was $22,000 and $6,000 as of July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The Company obtains insurance policies from several insurance brokers, one of which is IGM Brokerage Corp. (“IGM”). IGM was, until his death in October 2009, owned by Irwin Jonas, father of Howard S. Jonas, and the Company’s General Counsel, Joyce J. Mason. IGM is currently owned by Irwin Jonas’ widow—the mother of Howard S. Jonas and Joyce Mason. Jonathan Mason, husband of Joyce Mason and brother-in-law of Howard S. Jonas, provides insurance brokerage services via IGM. Based on information the Company received from IGM, the Company believes that IGM received commissions and fees from payments made by the Company to third party brokers in the aggregate amounts of $24,000 in fiscal 2017, $22,000 in fiscal 2016 and $20,000 in fiscal 2015, which fees and commissions inured to the benefit of Mr. Mason. Neither Howard S. Jonas nor Joyce Mason has any ownership or other interest in IGM or the commissions paid to IGM other than via the familial relationships with their mother and Jonathan Mason.

Mason and Company Consulting, LLC (“Mason and Co.”), a company owned solely by Jonathan Mason, receives an annual fee for the insurance brokerage referral and placement of the Company’s health benefit plan with Brown & Brown Metro, Inc. Based on information the Company received from Jonathan Mason, the Company believes that Mason and Co. received from Brown & Brown Metro, Inc. commissions and fees from payments made by the Company in the amount of $22,000 in fiscal 2017, $24,000 in fiscal 2016 and $18,000 in fiscal 2015. Neither Howard S. Jonas nor Joyce Mason has any ownership or other interest in Mason and Co. or the commissions paid to Mason and Co., other than via the familial relationships with Jonathan Mason.

| F-38 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Since August 2009, IDT Domestic Telecom, Inc., a subsidiary of the Company, has leased space in a building in the Bronx, New York. Howard S. Jonas and Shmuel Jonas, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, and the son of Howard S. Jonas, are members of the limited liability company that owns the building. The latest lease, which became effective November 1, 2012, had a one-year term with a one-year renewal option for IDT Domestic Telecom with the same terms. Aggregate annual rent under the lease was $69,025. The parties have continued IDT Domestic Telecom’s occupancy of the space on the same terms.

The Company had net loans receivable outstanding from employees aggregating $0.2 million and $0.2 million at July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, which are included in “Other current assets” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

At July 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had a payable to Howard S. Jonas of nil and $92,400, respectively.

See Note 2 for the Company’s sale of a 10% direct and indirect interest and rights in Rafael and the transfer of rights to an additional 10% interest in Rafael to Howard S. Jonas. See Note 12 for the Company’s proposed transfer of the ownership interest in SPIP to an entity to be organized by Howard S. Jonas. See Note 18 for sales of shares of the Company’s Class B Common Stock to Howard S. Jonas and purchases of the Company’s Class B Common Stock from Howard S. Jonas. See Note 19 for the grant to Howard S. Jonas of options to purchase shares of the Company’s Class B Common Stock.

Note 23—Defined Contribution Plans

The Company maintains a 401(k) Plan available to all employees meeting certain eligibility criteria. The Plan permits participants to contribute up to 20% of their salary, not to exceed the limits established by the Internal Revenue Code. The Plan provides for discretionary matching contributions of 50%, up to the first 6% of compensation. The discretionary matching contributions vest over the first five years of employment. The Plan permits the discretionary matching contributions to be granted as of December 31 of each year. All contributions made by participants vest immediately into the participant’s account. In fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, the Company’s cost for contributions to the Plan was $1.2 million, $1.4 million and $1.3 million, respectively. In fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, the Company contributed 94,712 shares and 70,843 shares, respectively, of the Company’s Class B common stock to the Plan for matching contributions. The Company’s Class A common stock and Class B common stock are not investment options for the Plan’s participants.

Note 24—Business Segment Information

The Company has three reportable business segments, Telecom Platform Services, UCaaS and Consumer Phone Services, which comprise the IDT Telecom division. The Company’s reportable segments are distinguished by types of service, customers and methods used to provide their services. The operating results of these business segments are regularly reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker.

The Telecom Platform Services segment provides retail telecommunications and payment offerings as well as wholesale international long distance traffic termination. The Consumer Phone Services segment provides consumer local and long distance services in certain U.S. states.

Beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2017, UCaaS is a separate reportable segment. The UCaaS segment is comprised of offerings from the Company’s net2phone division, including (1) cable telephony, (2) hosted PBX, (3) SIP Trunking, which supports inbound and outbound domestic and international calling from an IP PBX, and (4) PicuP, a highly-automated business phone service that answers, routes and manages voice calls. The operations that comprise the UCaaS segment were included in the Telecom Platform Services segment from the inception of each unit until July 31, 2016. Comparative results have been reclassified and restated as if UCaaS was a separate segment in all periods presented.

Operating segments that are not reportable individually are included in All Other. All Other includes the Company’s real estate holdings and other smaller businesses. Prior to the Zedge Spin-Off, All Other included Zedge, which provides a content platform that enables consumers to personalize their mobile devices with free ringtones, wallpapers, home screen app icons and notification sounds. Until the sale of Fabrix in October 2014, All Other also included Fabrix, a software development company offering a cloud-based scale-out storage and computing platform optimized for big data, virtualization and media storage, processing and delivery.

| F-39 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Corporate costs include certain services, such as compensation, consulting fees, treasury and accounts payable, tax and accounting services, human resources and payroll, corporate purchasing, corporate governance including Board of Directors’ fees, internal and external audit, investor relations, corporate insurance, corporate legal, business development, and other corporate-related general and administrative expenses including, among others, facilities costs, charitable contributions and travel, as well as depreciation expense on corporate assets. Corporate does not generate any revenues, nor does it incur any direct cost of revenues.

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as the accounting policies of the Company as a whole. The Company evaluates the performance of its business segments based primarily on income (loss) from operations. IDT Telecom depreciation and amortization are allocated to Telecom Platform Services, UCaaS and Consumer Phone Services because the related assets are not tracked separately by segment. There are no other significant asymmetrical allocations to segments.

Operating results for the business segments of the Company were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Telecom Platform Services |  |  | UCaaS |  |  | Consumer Phone Services |  |  | All Other |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Total |
Year ended July 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  | $ | 1,464,059 |  |  | $ | 29,450 |  |  | $ | 5,482 |  |  | $ | 2,738 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,501,729 |
Income (loss) from operations |  |  | 24,427 |  |  |  | (1,865 | ) |  |  | 1,069 |  |  |  | 342 |  |  |  | (18,424 | ) |  |  | 5,549 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 16,134 |  |  |  | 3,875 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,695 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 21,704 |
Adjustment to gain on sale of member interest in Visa Europe Ltd. |  |  | (63 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (63 | )
Other operating expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,412 | ) |  |  | (10,412 | )
Year ended July 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  | $ | 1,451,553 |  |  | $ | 26,353 |  |  | $ | 6,874 |  |  | $ | 11,481 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,496,261 |
Income (loss) from operations |  |  | 32,813 |  |  |  | (1,599 | ) |  |  | 1,218 |  |  |  | 4,165 |  |  |  | (10,394 | ) |  |  | 26,203 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 15,787 |  |  |  | 2,760 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,987 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 20,535 |
Severance |  |  | 6,200 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 310 |  |  |  | 6,510 |
Gain on sale of member interest in Visa Europe Ltd. |  |  | 7,476 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,476 |
Gain on sale of interest in Fabrix Systems Ltd. |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,086 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,086 |
Other operating expenses |  |  | (326 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (326 | )
Year ended July 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  | $ | 1,543,310 |  |  | $ | 29,434 |  |  | $ | 8,629 |  |  | $ | 15,404 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,596,777 |
Income (loss) from operations |  |  | 26,418 |  |  |  | 533 |  |  |  | 1,259 |  |  |  | 77,969 |  |  |  | (13,129 | ) |  |  | 93,050 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 13,764 |  |  |  | 2,405 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,243 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 18,418 |
Severance |  |  | 7,696 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 632 |  |  |  | 8,363 |
Gain on sale of interest in Fabrix Systems Ltd. |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 76,864 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 76,864 |
Other operating expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,552 | ) |  |  | (1,552 | )

Total assets for the reportable segments are not provided because a significant portion of the Company’s assets are servicing multiple segments and the Company does not track such assets separately by segment.

| F-40 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The Company’s revenue from external customers for each service was as follows:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Retail Communications |  | $ | 610,162 |  |  | $ | 664,850 |  |  | $ | 725,860 |
Wholesale Carrier Services |  |  | 608,634 |  |  |  | 567,369 |  |  |  | 609,122 |
Payment Services |  |  | 245,263 |  |  |  | 219,334 |  |  |  | 208,328 |
UCaaS |  |  | 29,450 |  |  |  | 26,353 |  |  |  | 29,434 |
Consumer Phone Services |  |  | 5,482 |  |  |  | 6,874 |  |  |  | 8,629 |
Fabrix |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,170 |
Zedge |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,474 |  |  |  | 9,054 |
Real estate |  |  | 2,292 |  |  |  | 2,007 |  |  |  | 2,180 |
Other |  |  | 446 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
TOTAL REVENUES |  | $ | 1,501,729 |  |  | $ | 1,496,261 |  |  | $ | 1,596,777 |

Geographic Information

Revenue from customers located outside of the United States as a percentage of total revenues from continuing operations and revenue from customers located in the United Kingdom as a percentage of total revenues from continuing operations were as follows. Revenues by country are determined based on selling location.

Year ended July 31 |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Revenue from customers located outside of the United States |  |  | 31 | % |  |  | 29 | % |  |  | 30 | %
Revenue from customers located in the United Kingdom |  |  | 14 | % |  |  | 23 | % |  |  | 20 | %

Net long-lived assets and total assets held outside of the United States, which are located primarily in Western Europe, were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | United States |  |  | Foreign Countries |  |  | Total |
July 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-lived assets, net |  | $ | 82,682 |  |  | $ | 6,312 |  |  | $ | 88,994 |
Total assets |  |  | 203,548 |  |  |  | 315,415 |  |  |  | 518,963 |
July 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-lived assets, net |  | $ | 82,060 |  |  | $ | 5,314 |  |  | $ | 87,374 |
Total assets |  |  | 257,385 |  |  |  | 212,273 |  |  |  | 469,658 |
July 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-lived assets, net |  | $ | 86,750 |  |  | $ | 4,566 |  |  | $ | 91,316 |
Total assets |  |  | 277,342 |  |  |  | 208,340 |  |  |  | 485,682 |

| F-41 |

IDT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 25—Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

The table below presents selected quarterly financial data of the Company for its fiscal quarters in fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016:

Quarter Ended (in thousands, except per share data) |  | Revenues |  |  | Direct cost of revenues |  |  | Income (loss) from operations |  |  | Net income (loss) |  |  | Net income (loss) attributable to IDT Corporation |  |  | Net income (loss) per share –basic |  |  | Net income (loss) per share – diluted |
2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
October 31(a) |  | $ | 369,151 |  |  | $ | 313,029 |  |  | $ | 5,186 |  |  | $ | 22,294 |  |  | $ | 21,918 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |  |  | $ | 0.96 |
January 31 |  |  | 367,556 |  |  |  | 310,913 |  |  |  | 3,128 |  |  |  | 1,257 |  |  |  | 875 |  |  |  | 0.04 |  |  |  | 0.04 |
April 30 (b) |  |  | 370,035 |  |  |  | 314,704 |  |  |  | (6,502 | ) |  |  | (4,452 | ) |  |  | (4,775 | ) |  |  | (0.21 | ) |  |  | (0.21 | )
July 31(c) |  |  | 394,987 |  |  |  | 337,062 |  |  |  | 3,737 |  |  |  | (9,458 | ) |  |  | (9,841 | ) |  |  | (0.41 | ) |  |  | (0.41 | )
TOTAL |  | $ | 1,501,729 |  |  | $ | 1,275,708 |  |  | $ | 5,549 |  |  | $ | 9,641 |  |  | $ | 8,177 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |
2016: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
October 31 |  | $ | 390,578 |  |  | $ | 324,511 |  |  | $ | 7,925 |  |  | $ | 4,575 |  |  | $ | 4,193 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |
January 31 |  |  | 382,454 |  |  |  | 319,724 |  |  |  | 6,377 |  |  |  | 4,663 |  |  |  | 4,065 |  |  |  | 0.18 |  |  |  | 0.18 |
April 30 (d) |  |  | 355,154 |  |  |  | 293,220 |  |  |  | 5,676 |  |  |  | 4,701 |  |  |  | 4,237 |  |  |  | 0.19 |  |  |  | 0.19 |
July 31(e) |  |  | 368,075 |  |  |  | 309,139 |  |  |  | 6,225 |  |  |  | 11,419 |  |  |  | 11,019 |  |  |  | 0.49 |  |  |  | 0.48 |
TOTAL |  | $ | 1,496,261 |  |  | $ | 1,246,594 |  |  | $ | 26,203 |  |  | $ | 25,358 |  |  | $ | 23,514 |  |  | $ | 1.03 |  |  | $ | 1.03 |

| (a) | Included in net income was a benefit from income taxes of $16.6 million from the full recognition of certain deferred tax assets.

| (b) | Included in loss from operations was expense of $10.1 million related to a legal settlement and mutual release, including legal fees incurred in the quarter.

| (c) | Included in net loss was income tax expense of $11.1 million from an increase in the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets.

| (d) | Included in income from operations was gain on sale of interest in Fabrix Systems Ltd. of $1.1 million.

| (e) | Included in income from operations was severance expense of $6.3 million and gain on sale of member interest in Visa Europe Ltd. of $7.5 million.

F-42