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Fair Value Measurements | 12 Months Ended
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Jul. 31, 2018
Fair Value Measurements [Abstract] |
Fair Value Measurements | Note 6—Fair Value Measurements The following table presents the balance of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
(in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
July 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable securities |  | $ | 2,052 |  |  | $ | 3,920 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,972 |
July 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable securities |  | $ | 12,151 |  |  | $ | 46,121 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,272 |
Rafael convertible promissory notes |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,300 |  |  |  | 6,300 |
Total |  | $ | 12,151 |  |  | $ | 46,121 |  |  | $ | 6,300 |  |  | $ | 64,572 |
At July 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not have any liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. At July 31, 2017, the fair value of the Rafael convertible promissory notes, which were classified as Level 3, was estimated based on a valuation of Rafael Pharma and other factors that could not be corroborated by the market. The following tables summarize the change in the balance of the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) in the years ended July 31, 2018, 2017 or 2016.
Year ended July 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 6,300 |  |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Total gains included in other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,100 |  |  |  | — |
Purchases |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,200 |  |  |  | 2,000 |
Rafael Spin-Off |  |  | (6,300 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,300 |  |  | $ | 2,000 |
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for assets held at the end of the period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
At July 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had $4.8 million and $8.6 million, respectively, in investments in hedge funds, which were included in “Investments” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s investments in hedge funds are accounted for using the equity method or the cost method, therefore investments in hedge funds are not measured at fair value. Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments The estimated fair value of the Company’s other financial instruments was determined using available market information or other appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required in interpreting these data to develop estimates of fair value. Consequently, the estimates are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized or would be paid in a current market exchange. Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, other current assets, customer deposits, and other current liabilities. At July 31, 2018 and 2017, the carrying amount of these assets and liabilities approximated fair value because of the short period of time to maturity. The fair value estimates for cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents were classified as Level 1 and other current assets, customer deposits, and other current liabilities were classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Other assets and other liabilities. At July 31, 2018 and 2017, the carrying amount of these assets and liabilities approximated fair value. The fair values were estimated based on the Company’s assumptions, which were classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s investments at July 31, 2018 and 2017 included investments in the equity of certain privately held entities and other investments that are accounted for at cost. It is not practicable to estimate the fair value of these investments because of the lack of a quoted market price for the shares of these entities, and the inability to estimate their fair value without incurring excessive cost. The carrying value of these investments was $3.0 million and $10.8 million at July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which the Company believes was not impaired.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 820 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2155941 + Details
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