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Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2024

Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Note 1—Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

IDT Corporation (the “Company”) is a provider of point-of-sale (“POS”) terminal-based solutions, international money remittances and other financial technology, or fintech, offerings, cloud communications, and traditional communications services. The Company has four reportable business segments, National Retail Solutions (“NRS”), Fintech, net2phone (which comprises our cloud communications offerings), and Traditional Communications.

As of July 31, 2024, the Company owned 94.0% of the outstanding shares of its subsidiary, net2phone 2.0, Inc. (“net2phone 2.0”), which owns and operates the net2phone segment, and 81.5% of the outstanding shares of NRS, and, on a fully diluted basis assuming all the vesting criteria related to various rights granted have been met, the Company would own 90.0% of net2phone 2.0 and 79.3% of NRS.

Basis of Consolidation

The method of accounting applied to long-term investments, whether consolidated, equity or cost, involves an evaluation of the significant terms of each investment that explicitly grant or suggest evidence of control or influence over the operations of the entity in which the Company owns an interest and includes the identification of any variable interests in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The consolidated financial statements include the Company’s controlled subsidiaries and the variable interest entity in which the Company is the primary beneficiary (see Note 13). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions between the consolidated entities are eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Reclassifications

From and after August 1, 2023, the Company includes depreciation and amortization in “Direct cost of revenues” and “Selling, general and administrative” expense and is reporting gross profit in accordance with U.S. GAAP in the consolidated statements of income. Prior to August 1, 2023, depreciation and amortization was a separate caption in the consolidated statements of income.

From and after February 1, 2024, the Company reclassified most of its technology and development expenses from “Selling, general and administrative” expense to a new “Technology and development” expense caption in the consolidated statements of income and reclassified an amount that was immaterial in all periods to “Direct cost of revenues.” “Technology and development” expense consists primarily of personnel-related expenses for employees involved in the research, design, development, and maintenance of both new and existing technology products and services, including salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation. “Technology and development” expense also includes costs for software licenses, subscription services, and other companywide technology tools dedicated for use by the Company’s technology and development teams. The costs of third-party contractors that support the Company’s technology and development are also included. “Technology and development” expense also includes the costs of product and engineering teams used to support the development of both internal infrastructure and internal-use software, to the extent such costs do not qualify for capitalization. The expenses reclassified to “Direct cost of revenues” are the costs of cloud computing arrangements hosted by a vendor in the production environment incurred by the net2phone segment and NRS, and net2phone’s colocation costs for data centers where net2phone is not fully operational in the cloud. Finally, depreciation and amortization of capitalized internal use software costs was reclassified from “Selling, general and administrative” expense to “Technology and development” expense.

The following table shows the amounts that were reclassified in fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022 to conform to the current year’s presentation:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands)	2023		2022
Selling, general and administrative expense reclassified to:
Direct cost of revenues	$	1,364	$	1,113
Technology and development expense	$	35,230	$	34,935
Selling, general and administrative expense		35,230		34,935
Depreciation and amortization expense reclassified to:
Direct cost of revenues	$	4,516	$	3,516
Selling, general and administrative expense	$	2,862	$	2,489
Technology and development expense	$	12,758	$	12,110
Depreciation and amortization expense	$	12,758	$	12,110

Accounting for Investments

Investments in businesses that the Company does not control, but in which the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial matters, are accounted for using the equity method. Investments in which the Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial matters are accounted for using the cost method. Investments in hedge funds are accounted for using the equity method unless the Company’s interest is so minor that it has virtually no influence over operating and financial policies, in which case these investments are accounted for using the cost method. The Company periodically evaluates its equity and cost method investments for impairment due to declines considered to be other than temporary. If the Company determines that a decline in fair value is other than temporary, then a charge to earnings is recorded in “Other expense, net” in the accompanying consolidated statements of income, and a new basis in the investment is established.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services, in accordance with a five-step process as follows: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract(s), (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract(s), and (v) recognize revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

Direct Cost of Revenues

Direct cost of revenues consists primarily of termination and origination costs, toll-free costs, and network costs—including customer/carrier interconnect charges and fiber circuit charges. These costs include an estimate of charges for which invoices have not yet been received, and estimated amounts for pending disputes with other carriers. Direct cost of revenues also includes the cost of airtime top-up minutes, the cost of NRS’ POS terminals sold, the costs of cloud computing arrangements hosted by a vendor in the production environment incurred by the net2phone segment and NRS, net2phone’s colocation costs for data centers where net2phone is not fully operational in the cloud, net2phone’s cost of equipment sold, and commissions paid to disbursement agents, sales agents, and retailers for BOSS Money’s originations and distributions.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Debt Securities

The Company’s investments in debt securities are classified as “available-for-sale.” Available-for-sale debt securities are required to be carried at their fair value, with unrealized gains that are considered temporary in nature recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. On August 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, ASU 2016-13 replaced the concept of “other-than-temporary” impairment with a determination whether any impairment is a result of a credit loss or other factors. The portion of the unrealized loss that is the result of a credit loss is recognized as an allowance and a corresponding expense recorded in “Other expense, net” in the consolidated statement of income. Unrealized loss that is not the result of a credit loss is recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” in the consolidated balance sheets. The adoption of the new standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, and it was not necessary to record a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of August 1, 2023.

The Company uses the specific identification method in computing the gross realized gains and gross realized losses on the sales of debt securities.

Equity Investments

Investments in equity securities (except those accounted for under the equity method or that result in consolidation) are measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in net income. For investments in equity securities without a readily determinable fair value, the Company elects the measurement alternative and measures these investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. At each reporting date, the Company reassesses whether the investment still qualifies for this measurement alternative. Further, at each reporting date, the Company performs a qualitative assessment to evaluate whether the investment is impaired. If the qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired and the fair value of the investment is less than its carrying value, the carrying amount of the investment will be reduced and the resulting loss recognized in “Other expense, net” in the accompanying consolidated statements of income in the period the impairment is identified.

On August 1, 2024, the Company adopted ASU No. 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, that clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The ASU also requires specific disclosures related to equity securities that are subject to contractual sales restrictions. The adoption of the new standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Settlement Assets and Settlement Liabilities

Settlement assets represent funds to be received for unsettled international money remittance and related value/payment transfer services. The receivables are due from financial institutions and agents for payment instruments sold and amounts advanced by the Company to certain agents for operational and local regulatory purposes. These receivables are outstanding from the day of the sale of the payment instrument until the financial institution or agent remits the funds to the Company. The Company provides an allowance for the portion of the receivable estimated to become uncollectible based on its history of collection experience, known collection issues, consumer credit card chargebacks and insufficient funds, and other matters the Company identifies in its routine collection monitoring.

Settlement liabilities represent obligations relating to amounts payable under international money remittance and related value/payment transfer services. These obligations are recognized by the Company at the time the underlying transaction occurs. The Company records corresponding settlement assets for the funds to be received.

Disbursement Prefunding

The Company maintains relationships with disbursement partners in various countries for its BOSS Money and IDT Digital Payments services. The Company maintains prefunding balances with these disbursement partners, so they can satisfy the Company’s customer liabilities. The Company does not earn interest on these balances. The balances are not compensating balances and are not legally restricted.

Inventory

Inventory consists of NRS’ POS terminals that it sells to retailers. Inventory is measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation.

Property, Plant, and Equipment and Intangible Assets

Equipment, computer software, and furniture and fixtures are recorded at cost and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which are as follows: equipment—5 and 7 years; computer software—3 years; and furniture and fixtures—5 years. Leasehold improvements are recorded at cost and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the term of their lease or their estimated useful lives, whichever is shorter.

Non-compete agreements, customer relationships, and tradenames are amortized over their estimated useful lives (see Notes 6 and 12).

The Company tests the recoverability of its property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets with finite useful lives whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. The Company tests for recoverability based on the projected undiscounted cash flows to be derived from such asset. If the projected undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, the Company will record an impairment loss, if any, based on the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the asset. The Company generally measures fair value by considering sale prices for similar assets or by discounting estimated future cash flows from such asset using an appropriate discount rate. Cash flow projections and fair value estimates require significant estimates and assumptions by management. Should the estimates and assumptions prove to be incorrect, the Company may be required to record impairments in future periods and such impairments could be material.

Goodwill

Goodwill is the excess of the consideration paid for a business over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill and other indefinite lived intangible assets are not amortized. Instead, these assets are reviewed annually (or more frequently under various conditions) for impairment. The Company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. However, the Company may elect to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test even if no indications of a potential impairment exist.

When performing its quantitative annual, or an interim (when conditions warrant), goodwill impairment test the Company compares the fair value of its reporting units with their carrying amounts. The Company would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized would not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, the Company considers income tax effects from any tax-deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of its reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. The fair value of the reporting units is estimated using discounted cash flow methodologies, as well as considering third party market value indicators. The Company’s use of a discounted cash flow methodology includes estimates of future revenue based upon budgets and projections. The Company also develops estimates for future levels of gross and operating profits and projected capital expenditures. The Company’s methodology also includes the use of estimated discount rates based upon industry and competitor analysis as well as other factors. Calculating the fair value of the reporting units requires significant estimates and assumptions by management. Should the estimates and assumptions regarding the fair value of the reporting units prove to be incorrect, the Company may be required to record impairments to its goodwill in future periods and such impairments could be material.

Advertising Expense

Cost of advertising is charged to selling, general and administrative expense in the period in which it is incurred. In fiscal 2024, fiscal 2023, and fiscal 2022, advertising expense was $19.0 million, $17.9 million, and $17.0 million, respectively.

Capitalized Internal Use Software Costs

The Company capitalizes the cost of internal-use software that has a useful life in excess of one year. These costs consist of payments made to third parties and the salaries of employees working on such software development. Subsequent additions, modifications or upgrades to internal-use software are capitalized only to the extent that they allow the software to perform a task it previously did not perform. Software maintenance and training costs are charged to expense in the period in which they are incurred. Capitalized internal use software costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Amortization expense related to such capitalized software in fiscal 2024, fiscal 2023, and fiscal 2022 was $12.8 million, $13.2 million, and $12.2 million, respectively. Unamortized capitalized internal use software costs at July 31, 2024 and 2023 were $18.6 million and $18.8 million, respectively.

Repairs and Maintenance

The Company charges the cost of repairs and maintenance, including the cost of replacing minor items not constituting substantial betterment, to selling, general and administrative expense or technology and development expense as these costs are incurred.

Foreign Currency Translation

Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries denominated in foreign currencies are translated to U.S. Dollars at end-of-period rates of exchange, and their monthly results of operations are translated to U.S. Dollars at the average rates of exchange for that month. Gains or losses resulting from such foreign currency translations are recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are reported in “Other expense, net” in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

Income Taxes

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statements carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets depends on the generation of future taxable income during the period in which related temporary differences become deductible. The Company considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in its assessment of a valuation allowance. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date of such change.

The Company uses a two-step approach for recognizing and measuring tax benefits taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company determines whether it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. In evaluating whether a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company presumes that the position will be examined by the appropriate taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured to determine the amount of tax benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Differences between tax positions taken in a tax return and amounts recognized in the financial statements will generally result in one or more of the following: an increase in a liability for income taxes payable, a reduction of an income tax refund receivable, a reduction in a deferred tax asset, or an increase in a deferred tax liability.

The Company classifies interest and penalties on income taxes as a component of income tax expense.

Contingencies

The Company accrues for loss contingencies when both (a) information available prior to issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements and (b) the amount of loss can reasonably be estimated. When the Company accrues for loss contingencies and the reasonable estimate of the loss is within a range, the Company records its best estimate within the range. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company accrues the minimum amount in the range. The Company discloses an estimated possible loss or a range of loss when it is at least reasonably possible that a loss may have been incurred.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to all classes of common stockholders of the Company by the weighted average number of shares of all classes of common stock outstanding during the applicable period. Diluted earnings per share is determined in the same manner as basic earnings per share, except that the number of shares is increased to include restricted stock still subject to risk of forfeiture and to assume exercise of potentially dilutive stock options using the treasury stock method, unless the effect of such increase is anti-dilutive.

The weighted-average number of shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to the Company’s common stockholders consists of the following:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands)	2024		2023		2022
Basic weighted-average number of shares		25,241		25,517		25,791
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options		1		9		434
Non-vested restricted Class B common stock		156		51		131
Diluted weighted-average number of shares		25,398		25,577		26,356

There were no shares excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share in fiscal 2024, fiscal 2023, or fiscal 2022.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes compensation expense for its grants of stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value on the grant date. Compensation cost for awards is recognized using the straight-line method over the requisite service period, which is usually the vesting period. Stock-based compensation is included in selling, general and administrative expense and technology and development expense.

Vulnerability Due to Certain Concentrations

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, debt securities, equity investments, and trade accounts receivable. The Company holds cash and cash equivalents at several major financial institutions, which often exceed FDIC insurance limits. Historically, the Company has not experienced any losses due to such concentration of credit risk. The Company’s temporary cash investments policy is to limit the dollar amount of investments with any one financial institution and monitor the credit ratings of those institutions. While the Company may be exposed to credit losses due to the nonperformance of the holders of its deposits, the Company does not expect the settlement of these transactions to have a material effect on its results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition.

The concentration of credit risk with respect to trade accounts receivable is limited due to the large number of customers in various geographic regions and industry segments comprising the Company’s customer base. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of consolidated revenues in fiscal 2024, fiscal 2023 or fiscal 2022. However, the Company’s five largest customers collectively accounted for 10.3%, 10.8%, and 12.5% of its consolidated revenues in fiscal 2024, fiscal 2023, and fiscal 2022, respectively. The Company’s customers with the five largest receivable balances collectively accounted for 22.7% and 16.7% of the consolidated gross trade accounts receivable at July 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. This concentration of customers increases the Company’s risk associated with nonpayment by those customers. In an effort to reduce such risk, the Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its significant customers. In addition, the Company attempts to mitigate the credit risk related to specific IDT Global customers by also buying services from the customer, in order to create an opportunity to offset its payables and receivables and reduce its net trade receivable exposure risk. When it is practical to do so, the Company will increase its purchases from IDT Global customers with receivable balances that exceed the Company’s applicable payables in order to maximize the offset and reduce its credit risk.

Allowance for Credit Losses and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Effective with the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on August 1, 2023, the Company records an expense based on a forward-looking current expected credit loss model to maintain its allowance for credit losses, which replaced the allowance for doubtful accounts. When determining its allowance for trade accounts receivable, the Company considers the probability of recoverability of accounts receivable based on experience, taking into account current collection trends and general economic factors, including bankruptcy rates. The Company also considers future economic trends to estimate expected credit losses over the lifetime of the asset. Credit risks are assessed based on historical write-offs, net of recoveries, as well as an analysis of the aged accounts receivable balances with allowances generally increasing as the receivable ages. Accounts receivable may be fully reserved for when specific collection issues are known to exist, such as pending bankruptcies. Account balances are written off against the allowance when it is determined that the receivable will not be recovered. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, and it was not necessary to record a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of August 1, 2023.

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13, the Company estimated the balance of its allowance for doubtful accounts by analyzing accounts receivable balances by age and applying historical write-off and collection trend rates. The Company’s estimates included separately providing for customer receivables based on specific circumstances and credit conditions, and when it was deemed probable that the balance was uncollectible.

The changes in the allowance and reserves deducted from asset accounts is as follows:

Year ended July 31 (in thousands)	Balance at beginning of year		Additions charged to costs and expenses		Deductions (1)			Balance at end of year
2024
Deducted from asset accounts:
Allowance for credit losses	$	5,642	$	3,402	$	(2,692	)	$	6,352
Reserve for losses on settlement assets		1,143		988		(265	)		1,866
Total	$	6,785	$	4,390	$	(2,957	)	$	8,218
2023
Deducted from asset accounts:
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	5,328	$	1,578	$	(1,264	)	$	5,642
Reserve for losses on settlement assets		554		620		(31	)		1,143
Total	$	5,882	$	2,198	$	(1,295	)	$	6,785
2022
Deducted from asset accounts:
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	4,129	$	1,982	$	(783	)	$	5,328
Reserve for losses on settlement assets		309		348		(103	)		554
Total	$	4,438	$	2,330	$	(886	)	$	5,882

(1)

Primarily uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities is defined as an exit price, which is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The three-tier hierarchy for inputs used to measure fair value, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value, is as follows:

Level 1 –	quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 –	quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 –	unobservable inputs based on the Company’s assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value.

A financial asset or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect the valuation of the assets and liabilities being measured and their placement within the fair value hierarchy.

Leases

The Company determines whether an arrangement is a lease at the inception of the arrangement based on the terms and conditions in the contract. A contract contains a lease if there is an identified asset which the Company has the right to control. The Company records a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet on the lease commencement date for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases are classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. The ROU asset and lease liability are recorded based on the present value of the Company’s obligation to make payments over the lease term. The present value of the lease payments is calculated using the incremental borrowing rate based on the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments on a collateralized basis over a similar term. The Company recognizes lease cost for its leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standard—Segment Reporting

On August 1, 2024, the Company adopted ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, that is intended to improve the disclosures about reportable segments and add more detailed information about a reportable segment’s expenses. These changes will affect the Company’s segment reporting beginning with its Annual Report for fiscal 2025 and its Quarterly Reports in fiscal 2026 applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented. The amendments in the ASU require public entities to disclose on an annual and interim basis significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, other segment items by reportable segment, the title and position of the CODM, and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The ASU does not change the definition of a segment, the method for determining segments, the criteria for aggregating operating segments into reportable segments, or the current specifically enumerated segment expenses that are required to be disclosed. The adoption of this ASU did not impact the Company’s results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures as well as certain other amendments to income tax disclosures. Entities will be required on an annual basis to consistently categorize and provide greater disaggregation of rate reconciliation information and further disaggregate their income taxes paid. The Company will adopt the amendments in this ASU for its fiscal year beginning on August 1, 2025. The amendments in this ASU should be applied on a prospective basis, although retrospective application is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact that this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-08, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60), Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets, that changes the accounting for crypto assets from a cost-less-impairment model to fair value, with changes recognized in net income each reporting period. The ASU also requires enhanced disclosures including, among other things, the name, cost basis, fair value, and number of units for each significant holding, and a rollforward of annual activity including additions, dispositions, gains, and losses. The Company will adopt the amendments in this ASU for its fiscal year beginning on August 1, 2025. The ASU requires a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of adoption. The Company is evaluating the impact that this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.