10-K 1 kmt630201610k.htm 10-K
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 2016
Commission File Number 1-5318
KENNAMETAL INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Pennsylvania |  | 25-0900168
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

600 Grant Street |  |
Suite 5100 |  |
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |  | 15219-2706
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (412) 248-8200
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Capital Stock, par value $1.25 per share |  | New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock Purchase Rights |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes [ ] No [X]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES [X] NO [ ]
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer [X] |  |  |  | Accelerated filer [ ] |  |
Non-accelerated filer [ ] (Do not check if smaller reporting company) |  | Smaller reporting company [ ] |  |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes [ ] No [X]
As of December 31, 2015, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s Capital Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, estimated solely for the purposes of this Form 10-K, was approximately $1,033,300,000. For purposes of the foregoing calculation only, all directors and executive officers of the registrant and each person who may be deemed to own beneficially more than 5% of the registrant’s Capital Stock have been deemed affiliates.
As of July 29, 2016, there were 79,700,981 of the Registrant’s Capital Stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III.

Table of Contents

Item No. | Page
PART I
1 | Business | 4
1A. | Risk Factors | 8
1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 10
2. | Properties | 10
3. | Legal Proceedings | 12
4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 12
PART II
5. | Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 12
6. | Selected Financial Data | 15
7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 16
7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 28
8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 30
9. | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 70
9A. | Controls and Procedures | 70
9B. | Other Information | 70
PART III
10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 71
11. | Executive Compensation | 72
12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 72
13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 72
14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 72
SIGNATURES | 73
PART IV
15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 74

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FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Forward-looking statements are statements that do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. For example, statements about Kennametal's outlook for earnings, sales volumes, and cash flow for its fiscal year 2017, its expectations regarding future growth and any statements regarding future operating or financial performance or events are forward-looking. We have also included forward looking statements in this Form 10-K concerning, among other things, our strategy, goals, plans and projections regarding our financial position, liquidity and capital resources, results of operations, market position, and product development. These statements are based on current estimates that involve inherent risks and uncertainties. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements prove incorrect, our actual results could vary materially from our current expectations. There are a number of factors that could cause our actual results to differ from those indicated in the forward-looking statements. They include: economic recession; our ability to achieve all anticipated benefits of restructuring initiatives; our foreign operations and international markets, such as currency exchange rates, different regulatory environments, trade barriers, exchange controls, and social and political instability; changes in the regulatory environment in which we operate, including environmental, health and safety regulations; potential for future goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges; our ability to protect and defend our intellectual property; continuity and security of information technology infrastructure; competition; our ability to retain our management and employees; demands on management resources; availability and cost of the raw materials we use to manufacture our products; product liability claims; integrating acquisitions and achieving the expected savings and synergies; global or regional catastrophic events; demand for and market acceptance of our products; business divestitures; energy costs; commodity prices; labor relations; and implementation of environmental remediation matters. We provide additional information about many of the specific risks we face in the “Risk Factors” Section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We can give no assurance that any goal or plan set forth in forward-looking statements can be achieved and readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such statements, which speak only as of the date made. We undertake no obligation to release publicly any revisions to forward-looking statements as a result of future events or developments.
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PART I
ITEM 1 - BUSINESS
OVERVIEW Kennametal Inc. was incorporated in Pennsylvania in 1943. As a global industrial leader, Kennametal delivers productivity solutions to customers seeking peak performance in demanding environments. The Company provides innovative wear-resistant products, application engineering and services backed by advanced material science serving customers across diverse sectors of industrial production, transportation, earthworks, energy, construction, process industries and aerospace. Kennametal solutions are built around industry-essential technology platforms, including precision-engineered metalworking tools and components, surface technologies and earth cutting tools that are mission-critical to customer operations battling extreme conditions associated with wear fatigue, corrosion and high temperatures. The Company’s reputation for material and industrial technology excellence, as well as expertise and innovation in the development of custom solutions and services, contributes to its leading position in its primary industrial and infrastructure markets. End users of the Company’s products include manufacturers, metalworking suppliers, machinery operators and processors engaged in a diverse array of industries, including the manufacture of transportation vehicles and components; machine tool, light machinery and heavy machinery industries; airframe and aerospace components, defense; as well as producers and suppliers in equipment-intensive operations such as coal mining, road construction, quarrying, oil and gas exploration, refining, production and supply.
Our product offering includes a wide selection of standard and customized technologies for metalworking, such as sophisticated metal cutting tools, tooling systems and services, as well as advanced, high-performance materials, such as cemented tungsten carbide products, super alloys, coatings and investment castings to address customer demands. We offer these products through a variety of channels to meet customer-specified needs. We are a leading global supplier of tooling, engineered components and advanced materials consumed in production processes. We believe we are one of the largest global providers of consumable metal cutting tools and tooling supplies.
We specialize in developing and manufacturing metalworking tools and wear-resistant engineered components and coatings using a specialized type of powder metallurgy. Our metalworking tools are made of cemented tungsten carbides, ceramics, cermets and super-hard materials. We also manufacture and market a complete line of tool holders, tool-holding systems and rotary-cutting tools by machining and fabricating steel bars and other metal alloys. In addition, we produce specialized compacts and metallurgical powders, as well as products made from tungsten carbide or other hard materials that are used for custom-engineered and challenging applications, including mining and highway construction, among others. Further, we develop, manufacture and market engineered components and surface technology solutions with proprietary metal cladding capabilities.
Unless otherwise specified, any reference to a “year” refers to the fiscal year ending on June 30.
BUSINESS SEGMENT REVIEW The Company manages and reports its business in the following two segments: Industrial and Infrastructure. The Company's reportable operating segments have been determined in accordance with the Company's internal management structure, which is organized based on operating activities, the manner in which we organize segments for making operating decisions and assessing performance and the availability of separate financial results. Sales and operating income by segment are presented in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations set forth in Item 7 of this annual report on Form 10-K (MD&A). Additional segment data is provided in Note 20 of our consolidated financial statements set forth in Item 8 of this annual report on Form 10-K (Item 8) which is incorporated herein by reference.
During fiscal 2017, we began operating under a new structure. See additional discussion included in MD&A.
INDUSTRIAL In the Industrial segment, we focus on customers in the transportation, general engineering, aerospace and defense market sectors, as well as the machine tool industry. Our customers in these end markets use our products and services in the manufacture of engines, airframes, automobiles, trucks, ships and other various types of industrial equipment. The technology and customization requirements we provide vary by customer, application and industry. The value we deliver to our Industrial segment customers centers on knowledge of our customers' processes, application expertise and our diverse offering of products and services.
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INFRASTRUCTURE In the Infrastructure segment, we focus on customers in the energy and earthworks market sectors who support primary industries such as oil and gas, power generation and chemicals; underground, surface and hard-rock mining; highway construction and road maintenance; and process industries such as food and beverage. Our success is determined by our associates gaining an in-depth understanding of our customers’ engineering and development needs, to be able to offer complete system solutions and high-performance capabilities to optimize and add value to their operations.
INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS During 2016, we generated 57 percent of our sales in markets outside of the United States of America (U.S.), with principal international operations in Western Europe, Asia and Canada. In addition, we operate additional manufacturing and distribution facilities in Israel, Latin America and South Africa, while serving customers through sales offices, agents and distributors in Eastern Europe and other parts of the world. While geographic diversification helps to minimize the sales and earnings impact of respective demand changes in any one particular region, our international operations are subject to normal risks of doing business globally, including fluctuations in currency exchange rates and changes in social, political and economic environments.
Our international assets and sales are presented in Note 20 of the Company’s consolidated financial statements, set forth in Item 8 and are incorporated herein by reference. Further information about the effects and risks of currency exchange rates is presented in the Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk section, as set forth in Item 7A of this annual report on Form 10-K (Item 7A).
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS In fiscal 2016 we continued to experience the effects of the further deterioration in customer demand in many of our end markets and certain geographies. Some areas of industrial production declined, in addition to further reductions in mining and oil and gas activity. In addition to restructuring actions, we took temporary cost reductions in various areas of the business.
In 2016, restructuring programs delivered incremental benefits of approximately $44 million. We substantially completed Phase 1 of restructuring programs. Estimated ongoing annualized savings for this phase is $40-$45 million. The company has identified additional actions to adjust the company's cost structure. These initiatives are expected to improve the alignment of our cost structure with the current operating environment through rationalization of three additional manufacturing facilities and through headcount reductions. Restructuring programs not yet completed are currently anticipated to deliver annual ongoing pre-tax savings of $75 million to $90 million once fully implemented.
Additionally, we have embarked on a workforce reduction initiative which should reduce employment by 1,000 with expected costs of $80-$95 million, expected to result in an annual run rate savings of $100-$110 million by fiscal year-end 2017. Consistent with our fix-in-place manufacturing strategy, we believe that there are further cost improvements possible through investments in automation and efficiency programs which are expected to yield savings of several hundred million dollars over the next three years.
We are implementing a more robust sales and marketing strategy while continuing to work on the cost structure, serving our customers and preserving our competitive strengths. At the same time, we continue to focus on cash flow and liquidity. Our operating flexibility was enhanced with an amendment to our $600 million five-year, multi-currency, revolving credit facility that extends to April 2021. Further discussion and analysis of the development in our business is set forth in MD&A.
ACQUISITIONS AND DIVESTITURES During the year ended June 30, 2016, we completed the sale of non-core businesses as defined in Note 4 of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for an aggregate price of $56.1 million, net of cash. The pre-tax net loss on divestiture during the year ended June 30, 2016 is $131.5 million, of which $127.9 million and $3.6 million were recorded in the Infrastructure and Industrial segments, respectively.
We continue to evaluate new opportunities for the expansion of existing product lines into new market areas where appropriate. We also continue to evaluate opportunities for the introduction of new and/or complementary product offerings into new and/or existing market areas where appropriate. Rather than evaluating potential acquisitions in the near term, we expect to continue to grow our business and further enhance our market position through the investment opportunities that exist within our core businesses.
We are currently exploring strategic alternatives for a remaining non-core Infrastructure business. The estimated net book value of the business is approximately $30 million as of June 30, 2016. As the strategic direction has not yet been determined for this business, the business is classified as held and used, and the Company cannot determine if additional impairment charges will be incurred.
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MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION To market our products, we maintain two premium brands: Kennametal® and WIDIA®. We sell and market our products through the following sales channels: (i) a direct sales force; (ii) a network of independent distributors and sales agents in North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia and other regions around the world; (iii) integrated supply channels; and (iv) via the internet. Application engineers and technicians are critical to the sales process and directly assist our customers with specified product design, selection, application and support.
RAW MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES Our major metallurgical raw materials consist of ore concentrates, compounds and secondary materials containing tungsten, tantalum, titanium, niobium and cobalt. Although an adequate supply of these raw materials currently exists, our major sources for raw materials are located abroad and prices fluctuate at times. We have entered into extended raw material supply agreements and will implement product price increases as deemed necessary to mitigate rising costs. For these reasons, we exercise great care in selecting, purchasing and managing availability of raw materials. We also purchase steel bars and forgings for making toolholders and other tool parts, as well as for producing rotary cutting tools and accessories. We obtain products purchased for use in manufacturing processes and for resale from thousands of suppliers located in the U.S. and abroad. Our internal capabilities help mitigate our reliance on third parties for raw materials as they provide access to additional sources of raw materials and offer tungsten carbide recycling capabilities.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Our product development efforts focus on providing solutions to our customers’ manufacturing challenges and productivity requirements. Our product development program provides discipline and focus for the product development process by establishing “gateways,” or sequential tests, during the development process to remove inefficiencies and accelerate improvements. This program speeds and streamlines development into a series of actions and decision points, combining efforts and resources to produce new and enhanced products faster. This program is designed to assure a strong link between customer requirements and corporate strategy, and to enable us to gain full benefit from our investment in new product development.
We hold a number of patents and trademarks which, in the aggregate, are material to the operation of our businesses.
Research and development expenses included in operating expense totaled $39.4 million, $45.1 million and $44.0 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
SEASONALITY Our business is affected by seasonal variations to varying degrees by traditional summer vacation shutdowns of customers’ plants and holiday shutdowns that affect our sales levels during the first and second quarters of our fiscal year.
BACKLOG Our backlog of orders generally is not significant to our operations.
COMPETITION As one of the world’s leading producers of engineered cemented carbide products and specialty wear-resistant components and coating solutions, we maintain a leading competitive position in major markets worldwide. We continually strengthen our competitive position by developing new and innovative metalworking and earth cutting products and services, innovative surface and wear solutions and innovative products for mining, construction and road milling applications to name a few. We actively compete in the sale of all our products with several large global competitors and with many smaller niche businesses offering various capabilities to customers around the world. While several of our competitors are divisions of larger corporations, our industry remains largely fragmented, containing several hundred fabricators, toolmakers and niche specialty coating businesses. Many of our competitors operate relatively small facilities, producing a limited selection of tools while buying cemented tungsten carbide components from original producers of cemented tungsten carbide products, including Kennametal. We also supply coating solutions and other engineered wear-resistant products to both larger corporations and smaller niche businesses. Given the fragmentation, opportunities for consolidation exist from both U.S.-based and internationally-based firms, as well as among thousands of industrial supply distributors.
The principal competitive differentiators in our businesses include customer focused technical application and support, custom and standard product innovation, product performance, quality and availability, as well as service, pricing and productivity delivered ascribed to our brands. We derive competitive advantage from our premium brand positions, global presence, application expertise and ability to address unique customer needs with new and improved tools, innovative surface and wear solutions, highly engineered components, consistent quality, traditional and digital customer service and technical assistance capabilities, state-of-the-art manufacturing and multiple sales channels. With these strengths, we are able to sell products based on the value-added productivity we deliver to our customers, rather than competing on price.
REGULATION From time to time, we are a party to legal claims and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business, which may relate to our operations or assets, including real, tangible, or intellectual property. While we currently believe that the amount of ultimate liability, if any, with respect to these actions will not materially affect our financial position, results of operations or liquidity, the ultimate outcome of any litigation is uncertain. Were an unfavorable outcome to occur or if protracted litigation were to ensue, the impact could be material to us.
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Compliance with government laws and regulations pertaining to the discharge of materials or pollutants into the environment or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment did not have a material effect on our capital expenditures or competitive position for the years covered by this report, nor is such compliance expected to have a material effect in the future.
Among other environmental laws, we are subject to the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (Superfund), under which we have been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) as a potentially responsible party (PRP) with respect to environmental remedial costs at certain Superfund sites. We have evaluated our claims and liabilities associated with these Superfund sites based upon best currently available information. We believe our environmental accruals are adequate to cover our portion of the environmental remedial costs at the Superfund sites where we have been designated a PRP, to the extent these expenses are probable and reasonably estimable.
Reserves for other potential environmental issues at June 30, 2016 and 2015 were $12.5 million and $12.6 million, respectively. The reserves that we have established for environmental liabilities represent our best current estimate of the costs of addressing all identified environmental situations, based on our review of currently available evidence, and take into consideration our prior experience in remediation and that of other companies, as well as public information released by the USEPA, other governmental agencies, and by the PRP groups in which we are participating. Although the reserves currently appear to be sufficient to cover these environmental liabilities, there are uncertainties associated with environmental liabilities, and we can give no assurance that our estimate of any environmental liability will not increase or decrease in the future. The reserved and unreserved liabilities for all environmental concerns could change substantially due to factors such as the nature and extent of contamination, changes in remedial requirements, technological changes, discovery of new information, the financial strength of other PRPs, the identification of new PRPs and the involvement of and direction taken by the U.S. government on these matters.
We maintain a Corporate Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Department to monitor compliance with environmental regulations and to oversee remediation activities. In addition, we have designated EHS coordinators who are responsible for each of our manufacturing facilities. Our financial management team periodically meets with members of the Corporate EHS Department and the Corporate Legal Department to review and evaluate the status of environmental projects and contingencies. On a quarterly basis, we review financial provisions and reserves for environmental contingencies and adjust these reserves when appropriate.
EMPLOYEES We employed approximately 11,200 people at June 30, 2016, of which approximately 4,200 were located in the U.S. and 7,000 in other parts of the world, principally Europe, Asia Pacific and India. At June 30, 2016, approximately 3,900 of the above employees were represented by labor unions. We consider our labor relations to be generally good.
AVAILABLE INFORMATION Our Internet address is www.kennametal.com. On the SEC Filings page of our Web Site, which is accessible under the "About Us" tab, under Investor Relations, we post the following filings as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): our annual report on Form 10-K, our annual proxy statement, our annual conflict minerals disclosure and report on Form SD, our annual reports on Form 11-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, our current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act). Our SEC Filings page of our Web Site also includes Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed pursuant to Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act. All filings posted on our SEC Filings page of our Web Site are available to be viewed on the Web page free of charge. On the Corporate Governance page of our Web Site, which is under the "About Us" tab, under Investor Relations, we post the following charters and guidelines: Audit Committee Charter, Compensation Committee Charter, Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee Charter, Kennametal Inc. Corporate Governance Guidelines and Kennametal Inc. Stock Ownership Guidelines. On the Ethics and Compliance page of our Web Site, which is under the "About Us" tab, under Company Profile, we post our Code of Conduct and our Conflict Minerals Statement. All charters and guidelines posted on our Web pages are available to be viewed on our Web page free of charge. Information contained on our Web site is not part of this annual report on Form 10-K or our other filings with the SEC. Copies of this annual report on Form 10-K and those items disclosed on the Corporate Governance and Ethics and Compliance pages of our Web Site are available without charge upon written request to: Investor Relations, Kelly Boyer, Kennametal Inc., 600 Grant Street, Suite 5100, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219-2706.
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ITEM 1A – RISK FACTORS
This section describes material risks to our business that are currently known to us. Our business, financial condition or results of operations may be materially affected by a number of factors. Our management regularly monitors the risks inherent in our business, with input and assistance from our Enterprise Risk Management department. In addition to real time monitoring, we periodically conduct a formal enterprise-wide risk assessment to identify factors and circumstances that might present significant risk to the Company. Many of these factors are discussed throughout this report. The risks below, however, are not exhaustive. We operate in a rapidly changing environment. Other risks that we currently believe to be immaterial could become material in the future. We also are subject to legal and regulatory change. New factors can emerge, and it is not possible to predict the outcome of all other factors on our business, financial condition or results of operations. The following discussion details the material factors and uncertainties that we believe could cause Kennametal’s actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements:
Downturns in the business cycle could adversely affect our sales and profitability. Our business has historically been cyclical and subject to significant impact from economic downturns. Global economic downturn coupled with global financial and credit market disruptions have had a negative impact on our sales and profitability historically. These events could contribute to weak end markets, a sharp drop in demand and higher costs of borrowing and/or diminished credit availability. Although we believe that the long-term prospects for our business remain positive, we are unable to predict the future course of industry variables or the strength, pace or sustainability of economic recovery and the effects of government intervention.
There can be no assurance that our restructuring efforts will have the intended effects. We are in the process of implementing restructuring and other actions to improve our manufacturing costs and operating expenses. However, there is no assurance that these actions, or any others that we have taken or may take, will be sufficient to counter any future economic or industry disruptions. We cannot provide assurance that we will not incur additional restructuring charges or impairment charges, or that we will achieve all of the anticipated benefits from restructuring actions we have taken. If we are unable to effectively restructure our operations in the light of evolving market conditions, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our international operations pose certain risks that may adversely impact sales and earnings. We have manufacturing operations and assets located outside of the U.S., including but not limited to those in Western Europe, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Israel and South Africa. We also sell our products to customers and distributors located outside of the U.S. During the year ended June 30, 2016, 57 percent of our consolidated sales were derived from non-U.S. markets. These international operations are subject to a number of special risks, in addition to the risks of our domestic business, including currency exchange rate fluctuations, differing protections of intellectual property, trade barriers, exchange controls, regional economic uncertainty, differing (and possibly more stringent) labor regulations, labor unrest, risk of governmental expropriation, domestic and foreign customs and tariffs, current and changing regulatory environments (including, but not limited to, the risks associated with the importation and exportation of products and raw materials), risk of failure of our foreign employees to comply with both U.S. and foreign laws, including antitrust laws, trade regulations and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, difficulty in obtaining distribution support, difficulty in staffing and managing widespread operations, differences in the availability and terms of financing, political instability and unrest and risks of increases in taxes. Also, in some foreign jurisdictions, we may be subject to laws limiting the right and ability of entities organized or operating therein to pay dividends or remit earnings to affiliated companies unless specified conditions are met. To the extent we are unable to effectively manage our international operations and these risks, our international sales may be adversely affected, we may be subject to additional and unanticipated costs, and we may be subject to litigation or regulatory action. As a consequence, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be seriously harmed.
Changes in the regulatory environment, including environmental, health and safety regulations, could subject us to increased compliance and manufacturing costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Health and Safety Regulations. Certain of our products contain hard metals, including tungsten and cobalt. Hard metal dust is being studied for potential adverse health effects by organizations in several regions throughout the world, including the U.S., Europe and Japan. Future studies on the health effects of hard metals may result in our products being classified as hazardous to human health, which could lead to new regulations in countries in which we operate that may restrict or prohibit the use of, and/or exposure to, hard metal dust. New regulation of hard metals could require us to change our operations, and these changes could affect the quality of our products and materially increase our costs.
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Environmental Regulations. We are subject to various environmental laws, and any violation of, or our liabilities under, these laws could adversely affect us. Our operations necessitate the use and handling of hazardous materials and, as a result, we are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign laws, regulations and ordinances relating to the protection of the environment, including those governing discharges to air and water, handling and disposal practices for solid and hazardous wastes, the cleanup of contaminated sites and the maintenance of a safe workplace. These laws impose penalties, fines and other sanctions for noncompliance and liability for response costs, property damages and personal injury resulting from past and current spills, disposals or other releases of, or exposure to, hazardous materials. We could incur substantial costs as a result of noncompliance with or liability for cleanup or other costs or damages under these laws. We may be subject to more stringent environmental laws in the future. If more stringent environmental laws are enacted in the future, these laws could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Regulations affecting the mining and drilling industries or utilities industry. Some of our principal customers are mining and drilling and utility companies. Many of these customers supply coal, oil, gas or other fuels as a source for the production of utilities in the U.S. and other industrialized regions. The operations of these mining and drilling companies are geographically diverse and are subject to or affected by a wide array of regulations in the jurisdictions where they operate, such as applicable environmental laws and regulations governing the operations of utilities. As a result of changes in regulations and laws relating to such industries, our customers’ operations could be disrupted or curtailed by governmental authorities. The high cost of compliance with mining, drilling and environmental regulations may also induce customers to discontinue or limit their operations, and may discourage companies from developing new opportunities. As a result of these factors, demand for our mining- and drilling-related products could be substantially affected by regulations adversely impacting the mining and drilling industries or altering the consumption patterns of utilities.
Impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives could result in a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations. At June 30, 2016, goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets totaled $315.3 million or 13% of our total assets. Goodwill results from acquisitions, representing the excess of cost over the fair value of the net tangible and other identifiable intangible assets we have acquired. At a minimum, we assess annually whether there has been impairment in the value of our intangible assets. If future operating performance at one or more of our reporting units were to fall significantly below current levels, we could record, under current applicable accounting rules, a non-cash impairment charge for goodwill or other intangible asset impairment. Any determination requiring the impairment of a significant portion of goodwill or other intangible assets would negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our continued success depends on our ability to protect and defend our intellectual property. Our future success depends in part upon our ability to protect and defend our intellectual property. We rely principally on nondisclosure agreements and other contractual arrangements and trade secret laws and, to a lesser extent, trademark and patent laws, to protect our intellectual property. However, these measures may be inadequate to protect our intellectual property from infringement by others or prevent misappropriation of our proprietary rights. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as do U.S. laws. If one of our patents is infringed upon by a third party, we may need to devote significant time and financial resources to attempt to halt the infringement. We may not be successful in defending the patents involved in such a dispute. Similarly, while we do not knowingly infringe on patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights owned by other parties, we may be required to spend a significant amount of time and financial resources to resolve any infringement claims against us. We may not be successful in defending our position or negotiating an alternative remedy. Our inability to protect our proprietary information and enforce or defend our intellectual property rights in proceedings initiated by or against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Failure of, or a breach in security of, our information technology systems could adversely affect our business. We rely on information technology infrastructure to achieve our business objectives. Any disruption of this infrastructure could negatively impact our ability to record or process orders, manufacture and ship in a timely manner, or otherwise carry on business in the normal course. Any such events could cause us to lose customers or revenue and could require us to incur significant expense to remediate.
A security breach of our information technology could also interrupt or damage our operations or harm our reputation. In addition, we could be subject to liability if confidential information relating to customers, suppliers, employees or other parties is misappropriated from our computer system. Despite the implementation of security measures, these systems may be vulnerable to physical break-ins, computer viruses, programming errors or similar disruptive problems.
We operate in a highly competitive environment. Our domestic and foreign operations are subject to significant competitive pressures. We compete directly and indirectly with other manufacturers and suppliers of metalworking tools, engineered components and advanced materials. Some of our competitors are larger than we are and may have greater access to financial resources or be less leveraged than us. In addition, the industry in which our products are used is a large, fragmented industry that is highly competitive.
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If we are unable to retain our qualified management and employees, our business may be negatively affected. Our ability to provide high quality products and services depends in part on our ability to retain our skilled personnel in the areas of management, product engineering, servicing and sales. Competition for such personnel is intense, and our competitors can be expected to attempt to hire our management and skilled employees from time to time. In addition, our restructuring activities and strategies for growth have placed, and are expected to continue to place, increased demands on our management’s skills and resources. Additionally, we announced that we have embarked on a workforce reduction initiative which should reduce employment by 1,000. If we are unable to retain our management team and professional personnel, our customer relationships and level of technical expertise could be negatively affected, which may materially and adversely affect our business.
Any interruption of our workforce, including interruptions due to unionization efforts, changes in labor relations or shortages of appropriately skilled individuals could impact our business.
Our future operating results may be affected by fluctuations in the prices and availability of raw materials. The raw materials we use for our products include ore concentrates, compounds and secondary materials containing tungsten, tantalum, titanium, niobium and cobalt. A significant portion of our raw materials is supplied by sources outside of the U.S. The raw materials industry as a whole is highly cyclical and at times pricing and supply can be volatile due to a number of factors beyond our control, including natural disasters, general economic and political conditions, labor costs, competition, import duties, tariffs and currency exchange rate fluctuations. This volatility can significantly affect our raw material costs. In an environment of increasing raw material prices, competitive conditions can affect how much of the price increases in raw materials that we can recover in the form of higher sales prices for our products. To the extent we are unable to pass on any raw material price increases to our customers, our profitability could be adversely affected. Furthermore, restrictions in the supply of tungsten, cobalt and other raw materials could adversely affect our operating results. If the prices for our raw materials increase or we are unable to secure adequate supplies of raw materials on favorable terms, our profitability could be impaired. If the prices for our raw materials decrease, we could face product pricing challenges.
Product liability claims could have a material adverse effect on our business. The sale of metalworking, mining, highway construction and other tools and related products as well as engineered components and advanced materials entails an inherent risk of product liability claims. We cannot give assurance that the coverage limits of our insurance policies will be adequate or that our policies will cover any particular loss. Insurance can be expensive, and we may not always be able to purchase insurance on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. Claims brought against us that are not covered by insurance or that result in recoveries in excess of our insurance coverage could have a material adverse affect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may not be able to complete, manage or integrate acquisitions successfully. In the past, we have acquired companies and we may continue to evaluate acquisition opportunities that have the potential to support and strengthen our business. We can give no assurances, however, that any acquisition opportunities will arise or if they do, that they will be consummated, or that additional financing, if needed, will be available on satisfactory terms. In addition, acquisitions involve inherent risks that the businesses acquired will not perform in accordance with our expectations. We may not be able to achieve the synergies and other benefits we expect from the integration of acquisitions as successfully or rapidly as projected, if at all. Our failure to consummate an acquisition or effectively integrate newly acquired operations could prevent us from realizing our expected strategic growth and rate of return on an acquired business and could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Natural disasters or other global or regional catastrophic events could disrupt our operations and adversely affect results. Despite our concerted effort to minimize risk to our production capabilities and corporate information systems and to reduce the effect of unforeseen interruptions to us through business continuity planning, we still may be exposed to interruptions due to catastrophe, natural disaster, pandemic, terrorism or acts of war, which are beyond our control. Disruptions to our facilities or systems, or to those of our key suppliers, could also interrupt operational processes and adversely impact our ability to manufacture our products and provide services and support to our customers. As a result, our business, our results of operations, financial position, cash flows and stock price could be adversely affected.
ITEM 1B – UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
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ITEM 2 – PROPERTIES
Our principal executive offices are located at 600 Grant Street, Suite 5100, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219. Our corporate center and Technology Center are located at 1600 Technology Way, P.O. Box 231, Latrobe, Pennsylvania, 15650. A summary of our principal manufacturing facilities and other materially important properties is as follows:

Location |  | Owned/Leased | Principal Products | Segment
United States: |  |  |
Gurley, Alabama | Owned | Metallurgical Powders | Infrastructure
Huntsville, Alabama | Owned | Metallurgical Powders | Infrastructure
Madison, Alabama | Owned | Tungsten Heavy Alloy | Infrastructure
Rogers, Arkansas | Owned/Leased | Carbide Products and Pelletizing Die Plates | Infrastructure
Rockford, Illinois | Owned | Indexable Tooling | Industrial
Goshen, Indiana | Leased | Powders; Welding Rods, Wires and Machines | Infrastructure
New Albany, Indiana | Leased | High Wear Coating for Steel Parts | Infrastructure
Greenfield, Massachusetts | Owned | High-Speed Steel Taps | Industrial
Traverse City, Michigan | Owned | Wear Parts | Infrastructure
Fallon, Nevada | Owned | Metallurgical Powders | Infrastructure
Asheboro, North Carolina | Owned | Carbide Round Tools | Industrial
Henderson, North Carolina | Owned | Metallurgical Powders | Infrastructure
Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina | Owned | Metalworking Inserts | Industrial
Cleveland, Ohio | Leased | Distribution | Industrial
Orwell, Ohio | Owned | Metalworking Inserts | Industrial
Solon, Ohio | Owned | Metalworking Toolholders | Industrial
Whitehouse, Ohio | Owned | Metalworking Inserts and Round Tools | Industrial
Bedford, Pennsylvania | Owned/Leased | Mining and Construction Tools, Wear Parts and Distribution | Infrastructure
Irwin, Pennsylvania | Owned | Carbide Wear Parts | Infrastructure
New Castle, Pennsylvania | Owned/Leased | Specialty Metals and Alloys | Infrastructure
Johnson City, Tennessee | Owned | Metalworking Inserts | Industrial
La Vergne, Tennessee | Owned | Metalworking Inserts | Industrial
Houston, Texas | Owned | Downhole Drilling Carbide Components | Infrastructure
Chilhowie, Virginia | Owned | Mining and Construction Tools and Wear Parts | Infrastructure
New Market, Virginia | Owned | Metalworking Toolholders | Industrial
International: |  |  |
La Paz, Bolivia | Owned | Tungsten Concentrate | Infrastructure
Indaiatuba, Brazil | Leased | Metalworking Carbide Drills and Toolholders | Industrial
Belleville, Canada | Owned | Casting Components, Coatings and Powder Metallurgy Components | Infrastructure
Victoria, Canada | Owned | Wear Parts | Infrastructure
Fengpu, China | Owned | Intermetallic Composite Ceramic Powders and Parts | Infrastructure
Shanghai, China | Owned | Powders, Welding Rods and Wires and Casting Components | Infrastructure
Shanghai, China | Owned | Distribution | Industrial
Tianjin, China | Owned | Metalworking Inserts and Carbide Round Tools | Industrial
Xuzhou, China | Leased | Mining Tools | Infrastructure
Ebermannstadt, Germany | Owned | Metalworking Inserts | Industrial
Essen, Germany | Owned | Metalworking Inserts, Metallurgical Powders and Wear Parts | Industrial
Königsee, Germany | Leased | Metalworking Carbide Drills | Industrial
Lichtenau, Germany | Owned | Metalworking Toolholders | Industrial
Mistelgau, Germany | Owned | Metallurgical Powders, Metalworking Inserts and Wear Parts | Infrastructure
Nabburg, Germany | Owned | Metalworking Toolholders and Metalworking Round Tools, Drills and Mills | Industrial
Neunkirchen, Germany | Owned | Distribution | Industrial

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Location |  | Owned/Leased | Principal Products | Segment
Schongau, Germany | Owned | Ceramic Vaporizer Boats | Infrastructure
Vohenstrauss, Germany | Owned | Metalworking Carbide Drills | Industrial
Bangalore, India | Owned | Metalworking Inserts and Toolholders and Wear Parts | Industrial
Shlomi, Israel | Owned | High-Speed Steel and Carbide Round Tools | Industrial
San Giuliano Milanese, Italy | Leased | Indexable Inserts | Industrial
Zory, Poland | Leased | Mining and Construction Conicals | Infrastructure
Boksburg, South Africa | Leased | Mining and Construction Conicals | Infrastructure
Barcelona, Spain | Leased | Metalworking Cutting Tools | Industrial
Kingswinford, United Kingdom | Leased | Distribution | Industrial
Newport, United Kingdom | Owned | Intermetallic Composite Powders | Infrastructure

We also have a network of warehouses and customer service centers located throughout North America, Europe, India, Asia Pacific and Latin America, a significant portion of which are leased. The majority of our research and development efforts are conducted in a corporate technology center located in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, U.S., as well as in our facilities in Rogers, Arkansas, U.S.; Fürth, Germany and Bangalore, India.
We use all of our significant properties in the businesses of powder metallurgy, tools, tooling systems, engineered components and advanced materials. Our production capacity is adequate for our present needs. We believe that our properties have been adequately maintained, are generally in good condition and are suitable for our business as presently conducted.
ITEM 3 - LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The information set forth in Part I, Item 1, of this annual report on Form 10-K under the caption “Regulation” is incorporated into this Item 3. From time to time, we are party to legal claims and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business, which may relate to our operations or assets, including real, tangible or intellectual property. Although certain of these actions are currently pending, we do not believe that any individual proceeding is material or that our pending legal proceedings in the aggregate are material to Kennametal.
ITEM 4 - MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
Incorporated by reference into this Part I is the information set forth in Part III, Item 10 under the caption “Executive Officers of the Registrant” of this annual report on Form 10-K.
PART II
ITEM 5 - MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our capital stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (symbol KMT). The number of Shareholders of record as of July 29, 2016 was 1,698. Stock price ranges and dividends declared and paid were as follows:

Quarter ended |  | September 30 |  |  | December 31 |  |  | March 31 |  |  | June 30 |
Fiscal 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
High |  | $ | 34.61 |  |  | $ | 29.45 |  |  | $ | 23.61 |  |  | $ | 26.24 |
Low |  | 23.77 |  |  | 17.71 |  |  | 15.11 |  |  | 20.98 |
Dividends |  | 0.20 |  |  | 0.20 |  |  | 0.20 |  |  | 0.20 |
Fiscal 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
High |  | $ | 46.76 |  |  | $ | 42.18 |  |  | $ | 36.25 |  |  | $ | 39.91 |
Low |  | 40.00 |  |  | 33.23 |  |  | 27.63 |  |  | 33.09 |
Dividends |  | 0.18 |  |  | 0.18 |  |  | 0.18 |  |  | 0.18 |

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The information incorporated by reference in Part III, Item 12 of this annual report on Form 10-K from our 2016 Proxy Statement under the heading “Equity Compensation Plans – Equity Compensation Plan Information” is hereby incorporated by reference into this Item 5.
PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The following graph compares cumulative total shareholder return on our capital stock with the cumulative total shareholder return on the common stock of the companies in the Standard & Poor’s Mid-Cap 400 Market Index (S&P Midcap 400), the Standard & Poor’s Composite 1500 Market Index (S&P 1500 Composite), the Standard & Poor's Global 1200 Industrials Index (S&P Global 1200 Industrials) and the peer groups of companies determined by us for the period from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2016.
The Peer Group consists of the following companies: Actuant Corporation; Allegheny Technologies Incorporated; Ametek, Inc.; Carpenter Technology Corporation; Crane Co.; Donaldson Company, Inc.; Flowserve Corporation; Greif; Harsco Corporation; IDEX Corporation; Joy Global Inc.; Lincoln Electric Holdings, Inc.; Pall Corporation; Parker Hannifin Corporation; Sandvik AB, Corp.; Teleflex Incorporated; The Timken Company; and Woodward, Inc.
Assumes $100 Invested on July 1, 2011 and All Dividends Reinvested

| 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016
Kennametal | $ | 100.00 |  | $ | 79.61 |  | $ | 94.81 |  | $ | 114.80 |  | $ | 86.23 |  | $ | 57.78 |
Peer Group Index | 100.00 |  | 84.92 |  | 98.84 |  | 127.49 |  | 110.49 |  | 102.11 |
S&P Midcap 400 | 100.00 |  | 97.67 |  | 122.27 |  | 153.12 |  | 162.92 |  | 165.09 |
S&P 1500 Super Composite | 100.00 |  | 104.63 |  | 126.73 |  | 158.04 |  | 169.60 |  | 175.77 |
S&P Global 1200 Industrials | 100.00 |  | 90.16 |  | 109.30 |  | 138.46 |  | 136.64 |  | 138.43 |

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ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) |  |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2) |
April 1 through April 30, 2016 | 1,465 |  |  | $ | 22.82 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,100,100 |
May 1 through May 31, 2016 | 2,873 |  |  | 24.56 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,100,100 |
June 1 through June 30, 2016 | 81 |  |  | 24.28 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,100,100 |
Total | 4,419 |  |  | $ | 23.98 |  |  | — |  |  |

(1) | During the fourth quarter of 2016, 2,593 shares were purchased on the open market on behalf of Kennametal to fund the Company’s dividend reinvestment program. Also, during the current period employees delivered 1,826 shares of restricted stock to Kennametal, upon vesting, to satisfy tax withholding requirements.

(2) | On July 25, 2013, the Company publicly announced an open-ended, amended repurchase program for up to 17 million shares of its outstanding capital stock.

UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
None.
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ITEM 6 - SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

|  | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012
OPERATING RESULTS (in thousands) |  |  |
Sales |  | $ | 2,098,436 |  | $ | 2,647,195 |  | $ | 2,837,190 |  | $ | 2,589,373 |  | $ | 2,736,246 |
Cost of goods sold |  | 1,482,369 |  | 1,841,202 |  | 1,940,187 |  | 1,744,369 |  | 1,741,996 |
Operating expense |  | 494,975 |  | 554,895 |  | 589,768 |  | 527,850 |  | 561,490 |
Restructuring and asset impairment charges | (1 | ) | 143,810 |  | 582,235 |  | 17,608 |  | — |  | — |
Loss on divestiture | (2 | ) | 131,463 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Interest expense |  | 27,752 |  | 31,466 |  | 32,451 |  | 27,472 |  | 27,215 |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes |  | 25,313 |  | (16,654 | ) | 66,611 |  | 59,693 |  | 79,136 |
(Loss) income from continuing operations attributable to Kennametal |  | (225,968 | ) | (373,896 | ) | 158,366 |  | 203,265 |  | 307,230 |
Net (loss) income attributable to Kennametal |  | (225,968 | ) | (373,896 | ) | 158,366 |  | 203,265 |  | 307,230 |
FINANCIAL POSITION (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Working capital |  | $ | 648,066 |  | $ | 775,802 |  | $ | 962,440 |  | $ | 1,031,880 |  | $ | 704,340 |
Total assets |  | 2,368,793 |  | 2,849,529 |  | 3,868,086 |  | 3,301,039 |  | 3,034,188 |
Long-term debt, including capital leases, excluding current maturities |  | 699,558 |  | 735,885 |  | 981,666 |  | 703,626 |  | 490,608 |
Total debt, including capital leases and notes payable |  | 701,453 |  | 751,587 |  | 1,061,783 |  | 747,945 |  | 565,745 |
Total Kennametal shareholders' equity |  | 964,323 |  | 1,345,807 |  | 1,929,256 |  | 1,781,826 |  | 1,643,850 |
PER SHARE DATA ATTRIBUTABLE TO KENNAMETAL SHAREHOLDERS |  |
Basic (loss) earnings from continuing operations | (3 | ) | $ | (2.83 | ) | $ | (4.71 | ) | $ | 2.01 |  | $ | 2.56 |  | $ | 3.83 |
Basic (loss) earnings | (3 | ) | (2.83 | ) | (4.71 | ) | 2.01 |  | 2.56 |  | 3.83 |
Diluted (loss) earnings from continuing operations | (3 | ) | (2.83 | ) | (4.71 | ) | 1.99 |  | 2.52 |  | 3.77 |
Diluted (loss) earnings | (3 | ) | (2.83 | ) | (4.71 | ) | 1.99 |  | 2.52 |  | 3.77 |
Dividends |  | 0.80 |  | 0.72 |  | 0.72 |  | 0.64 |  | 0.54 |
Book value (at June 30) |  | 12.10 |  | 16.96 |  | 24.52 |  | 22.89 |  | 20.53 |
Market Price (at June 30) |  | 22.11 |  | 34.12 |  | 46.28 |  | 38.83 |  | 33.15 |
OTHER DATA (in thousands, except number of employees) |  |  |
Capital expenditures |  | $ | 110,697 |  | $ | 100,939 |  | $ | 117,376 |  | $ | 82,835 |  | $ | 103,036 |
Number of employees (at June 30) |  | 11,178 |  | 12,718 |  | 13,521 |  | 12,648 |  | 12,932 |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 79,835 |  | 79,342 |  | 78,678 |  | 79,463 |  | 80,216 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 79,835 |  | 79,342 |  | 79,667 |  | 80,612 |  | 81,439 |
KEY RATIOS |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales (decline) growth | (4 | ) | (20.7 | )% | (6.7 | )% | 9.6 | % | (5.4 | )% | 13.8 | %
Gross profit margin |  | 29.4 |  | 30.4 |  | 31.6 |  | 32.6 |  | 36.3 |
Operating margin | (5 | ) | (8.3 | ) | (13.5 | ) | 9.3 |  | 11.4 |  | 15.2 |

(1) | In 2016, the charges related to goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges of $108.5 million, restructuring charges of $30.0 million and fixed asset disposal charges of $5.4 million. In 2015, the charges related to goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges of $541.7 million and restructuring charges of $40.5 million. In 2014, the charges related to restructuring activity.

(2) | In 2016, the charge related to the loss on divestiture of non-core businesses.

(3) | In 2016, basic and diluted loss per share included U.S. deferred tax valuation allowance of $1.02 per share, divestiture and related charges of $1.39 per share, goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges of $0.96 per share and restructuring and related charges of $0.50 per share. In 2015, basic and diluted loss per share included goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges of $6.13 per share and restructuring and related charges of $0.56 per share.

(4) | In 2016, divestiture impact of sales decline was negative 5 percent.

(5) | In 2016, operating margin included divestiture and related charges of $131.5 million, goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges of $108.5 million and restructuring and related charges of $53.5 million. In 2015, operating margin included goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges of $541.7 million and restructuring and related charges of $58.1 million.

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ITEM 7 - MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion should be read in connection with the consolidated financial statements of Kennametal Inc. and the related financial statement notes. Unless otherwise specified, any reference to a “year” is to a fiscal year ended June 30. Additionally, when used in this annual report on Form 10-K, unless the context requires otherwise, the terms “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Kennametal Inc. and its subsidiaries.
OVERVIEW As a global industrial leader, Kennametal Inc. delivers productivity solutions to customers seeking peak performance in demanding environments. We provide innovative wear-resistant products, application engineering and services backed by advanced material science serving customers across diverse sectors of industrial production, transportation, earthworks, energy, construction, process industries and aerospace. Our solutions are built around industry-essential technology platforms, including precision-engineered metalworking tools and components, surface technologies and earth cutting tools that are mission-critical to customer operations battling extreme conditions associated with wear fatigue, corrosion and high temperatures. The Company's reputation for material and industrial technology excellence, as well as expertise and innovation in development of custom solutions and services, contributes to our leading position in our primary industrial and infrastructure markets. End users of our products include manufacturers, metalworking suppliers, machinery operators and processors engaged in a diverse array of industries, including the manufacture of transportation vehicles and components; machine tool, light machinery and heavy machinery industries; airframe and aerospace components; defense; as well as producers and suppliers in equipment-intensive operations such as coal mining, road construction, quarrying, oil and gas exploration, refining, production and supply. We believe we are one of the largest global providers of consumable metal cutting tools and tooling supplies.
For 2016, sales were $2,098.4 million, a decrease of 21 percent compared to prior year sales of $2,647.2 million, driven by organic sales decline, impact of divestiture and unfavorable currency exchange. Operating loss was $174.9 million compared to operating loss of $357.8 million in the prior year. The decrease in operating loss was driven primarily by higher non-cash goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges in the prior year. Other drivers include current year lower material costs, incremental restructuring benefits, manufacturing productivity improvements and lower restructuring and related charges, offset partially by the current year loss on divestiture, organic sales decline, unfavorable product mix, lower fixed cost absorption and unfavorable currency exchange. The Company reported loss per diluted share of $2.83 in 2016.
Our operating flexibility was enhanced with an amendment to our revolving credit facility that extends maturity from April 2018 to April 2021. Similar to the prior agreement, the amendment permits revolving loans of up to $600 million for working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes. The definition of the maximum leverage ratio was temporarily increased under the 2016 Amendment as defined in the agreement in order to increase operating flexibility. Further, the earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) definition in the 2016 Amendment now allows for up to $120 million of aggregate cash restructuring payment add-backs through December 31, 2017. Other material provisions, including the minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio, remain unchanged.
During the year the Company completed the sale of several non-core businesses related to certain castings, steel-plate fabrication and deburring for an aggregate price of $56.1 million, net of cash acquired. Annual sales for these non-core businesses were approximately $220 million. A portion of the transaction proceeds were used to pay down revolver debt with the remaining balance being held as cash on hand. The transaction resulted in a pre-tax loss on the sale of $131.5 million.
We generated cash flow from operating activities of $219.3 million in the current year, driven by improved working capital management. We have actively managed our capital structure by decreasing our debt by $50.1 million and by returning $63.7 million to Shareholders through dividends. In addition, we made capital expenditures of $110.7 million during the year.
We invested further in technology and innovation to continue delivering a high level of new products to our customers. Research and development expenses included in operating expense totaled $39.4 million for 2016.
The permanent savings that we are realizing from restructuring are the result of programs that we have undertaken over the past 33 months. Pre-tax benefits from these restructuring actions were approximately $79 million in 2016, of which approximately $44 million were incremental to prior year. We substantially completed Phase 1 of our restructuring programs. We also have identified additional actions to adjust the company's cost structure. Refer to the Results of Continuing Operations section of Item 7 for further discussion and analysis of our restructuring programs.
NEW OPERATING STRUCTURE IMPLEMENTED IN FISCAL 2017 In order to take advantage of the growth opportunities of our WIDIA brand, we implemented a new operating structure.
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A key attribute of the new structure is the establishment of the WIDIA operating segment. In order to better lever the opportunities that lie in this business, in addition to being more agile and competitive in the marketplace, we are placing higher levels of focus, determination and leadership in the business. Industrial and WIDIA in 2017 will be formed from the 2016 Industrial segment. We will have three reportable operating segments going forward: Industrial, WIDIA and Infrastructure.
RESULTS OF CONTINUING OPERATIONS
SALES Sales of $2,098.4 million in 2016 decreased 21 percent from $2,647.2 million in 2015 reflecting an 11 percent organic sales decline, a 5 percent divestiture impact, and a 5 percent unfavorable currency exchange impact. Sales decreased by 30 percent in the Infrastructure segment and 13 percent in the Industrial segment. Drivers of the organic sales decrease were 28 percent in energy, 15 percent in earthworks, 11 percent in general engineering and 4 percent in transportation, while aerospace and defense remained flat.
Sales of $2,647.2 million in 2015 decreased 7 percent from $2,837.2 million in 2014 reflecting an 5 percent organic sales decline and a 4 percent unfavorable currency exchange impact, offset by 2 percent increase from prior year acquisition and divestiture activity. Sales decreased by 10 percent in the Infrastructure segment and 4 percent in the Industrial segment. Drivers of the organic sales decrease, were earthworks of 10 percent, energy markets of 10 percent, aerospace and defense of 6 percent, transportation of 1 percent and general engineering of 1 percent.
GROSS PROFIT Gross profit decreased $189.9 million to $616.1 million in 2016 from $806.0 million in 2015. This decrease was primarily due to organic sales decline, unfavorable business mix in both segments, lower fixed cost absorption, unfavorable currency exchange and divestiture impact, offset partially by lower raw material costs and restructuring benefits. The gross profit margin for 2016 was 29.4 percent compared to 30.4 percent in 2015.
Gross profit decreased $91.0 million to $806.0 million in 2015 from $897.0 million in 2014. The decrease was primarily due to organic sales decline, unfavorable currency exchange and unfavorable business mix in the Infrastructure segment, offset partially by restructuring benefits, contributions from the TMB acquisition and the benefits of a nonrecurring inventory charge of $6.4 million that occurred in the prior year. The gross profit margin for 2015 was 30.4 percent compared to 31.6 percent in 2014.
OPERATING EXPENSE Operating expense in 2016 was $495.0 million, a decrease of $59.9 million, or 10.8 percent, compared to $554.9 million in 2015. The decrease is primarily due to divestiture impact of $18.6 million, favorable foreign currency exchange impacts of $23.3 million, restructuring benefits and the impact of cost reduction initiatives, offset partially by $8.3 million higher restructuring related charges.
Operating expense in 2015 was $554.9 million, a decrease of $34.9 million, or 5.9 percent, compared to $589.8 million in 2014. The decrease is primarily due to foreign currency exchange impacts of $24.7 million, restructuring benefits and the impact of cost reduction initiatives, offset partially by annual merit increase.
RESTRUCTURING AND RELATED CHARGES AND ASSET IMPAIRMENT CHARGES
Restructuring and Related Charges
During 2016, we recorded restructuring and related charges of $53.5 million. Of this amount, restructuring charges totaled $30.0 million. Restructuring-related charges of $7.3 million were recorded in cost of goods sold and $16.2 million in operating expense during 2016. Total restructuring and related charges since the inception of our restructuring plans through 2016 were $130.7 million. See Note 15 in our consolidated financial statements set forth in Item 8 (Note 15).
During 2015, we recorded restructuring and related charges of $58.1 million. Of this amount, restructuring charges totaled $42.1 million, of which $1.5 million were charges related to inventory disposals and were recorded in cost of goods sold. Restructuring-related charges of $8.2 million were recorded in cost of goods sold and $7.8 million in operating expense during 2015.
During 2014, we recorded restructuring and related charges of $19.1 million. Of this amount, restructuring charges totaled $17.8 million, of which $0.2 million were charges related to inventory disposals and were recorded in cost of goods sold. Restructuring-related charges of $1.2 million were recorded in cost of goods sold and $0.1 million in operating expense during 2014.
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Phase 1
We implemented restructuring actions in conjunction with our Phase 1 restructuring program to achieve synergies across Kennametal as a result of the TMB acquisition by consolidating operations among both organizations, reducing administrative overhead and leveraging the supply chain. These restructuring actions were substantially completed in fiscal 2016 and were mostly cash expenditures. Estimated ongoing annualized savings for this phase is $40-$45 million, and we incurred inception to date charges of $59.3 million.
Ongoing restructuring programs
We are currently implementing restructuring actions to streamline the Company's cost structure. These initiatives are expected to improve the alignment of our cost structure with the current operating environment through rationalization and consolidation of certain manufacturing facilities and through headcount reductions; enhancement of operational efficiencies through an enterprise-wide cost reduction program; and other employment and cost reduction programs. These restructuring actions are currently anticipated to deliver annual ongoing pre-tax savings of $75 million to $90 million once completed by December of fiscal 2019 and are anticipated to be mostly cash expenditures. The total pre-tax charges for these programs are expected to be in the range of $105 million to $125 million.
Asset Impairment Charges
During 2016 and 2015, we recorded non-cash pre-tax goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges of $108.5 million and $541.7 million, respectively. There were no asset impairment charges during 2014. See Note 2 in our consolidated financial statements set forth in Item 8 (Note 2).
During 2016, we identified specific machinery and equipment that was no longer being utilized in the manufacturing organization of which we disposed by abandonment. As a result of this review, we recorded property, plant, and equipment impairment charges of $5.4 million during 2016, which has been presented as restructuring and asset impairment charges in our consolidated statement of income.
LOSS ON DIVESTITURE We recognized a pre-tax loss on the sale of non-core businesses of $131.5 million in 2016, which includes the impact of estimated working capital adjustments, deal costs and transaction costs. Of this amount, $127.9 million and $3.6 million were recorded in the Infrastructure and Industrial segments, respectively. See Note 4 in our consolidated financial statements set forth in Item 8 (Note 4).
AMORTIZATION OF INTANGIBLES Amortization expense was $20.8 million, $26.7 million and $26.2 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The decrease of $5.9 million from 2015 to 2016 is driven primarily by the impact of divestiture.
INTEREST EXPENSE Interest expense decreased $3.7 million to $27.8 million in 2016, compared with $31.5 million in 2015 due to lower average borrowings throughout the current period. The portion of our debt subject to variable rates of interest was less than 1 percent and approximately 7 percent at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The decrease in the portion of our debt subject to variable rates was due to the decrease in the balance outstanding on our revolving credit facility.
Interest expense decreased $1.0 million to $31.5 million in 2015, compared with $32.5 million in 2014 due to lower average borrowings throughout the current period. The portion of our debt subject to variable rates of interest was approximately 7 percent and 34 percent at June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The decrease in the portion of our debt subject to variable rates was due to the decrease in the balance outstanding on our revolving credit facility.
OTHER (INCOME) EXPENSE, NET In 2016, other income, net was $4.1 million compared to other income, net of $1.7 million in 2015. The year-over-year increase is due primarily to the reduction of a contingent liability associated with a prior acquisition and income from transition services provided to the acquirer of our non-core businesses, partially offset by a loss on sale of assets and lower interest income.
In 2015, other income, net was $1.7 million compared to other expense, net of $2.2 million in 2014. The year-over-year change was due primarily to gains on derivatives in 2015.
INCOME TAXES The effective tax rate for 2016 was 12.7 percent (provision on a loss) compared to 4.3 percent (benefit on a loss) for 2015. The change in the effective rate from 2015 to 2016 was primarily driven by a 2016 discrete tax charge for a valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets in the U.S., primarily related to asset impairment charges and restructuring charges in both periods and the loss on divestiture in the current year, as well as an overall decrease in demand in U.S. operations.
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The effective tax rate for 2015 was 4.3 percent (benefit on a loss) compared to 29.1 percent (provision on income) for 2014. The change in the effective rate from 2014 to 2015 was primarily driven by the asset impairment charges recorded in the current year, non-deductible restructuring and divestiture costs recorded in the prior year and charges related to a change in assertion with respect to certain foreign subsidiaries' undistributed earnings which are no longer considered permanently reinvested. All earnings of other non U. S. subsidiaries are permanently reinvested and no deferred taxes have been provided on those earnings.
(LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO KENNAMETAL SHAREHOLDERS Loss attributable to Kennametal Shareholders was $226.0 million, or $2.83 per diluted share, in 2016, compared to $373.9 million, or $4.71 per diluted share, in 2015. The decrease in loss from continuing operations is a result of the factors previously discussed.
Loss from continuing operations attributable to Kennametal Shareholders was $373.9 million or $4.71 per diluted share, in 2015, compared to income of $158.4 million, or $1.99 per diluted share, in 2014. The change in (loss) income from continuing operations was a result of the factors previously discussed.
BUSINESS SEGMENT REVIEW We operate two reportable operating segments consisting of Industrial and Infrastructure. Corporate expenses that are not allocated are reported in Corporate. Segment determination is based upon internal organizational structure, the manner in which we organize segments for making operating decisions and assessing performance and the availability of separate financial results.
INDUSTRIAL

(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
External sales |  | $ | 1,269,162 |  |  | $ | 1,461,744 |  |  | $ | 1,524,075 |
Operating income |  | 81,243 |  |  | 160,894 |  |  | 177,040 |

External sales of $1,269.2 million in 2016 decreased by $192.6 million, or 13 percent, from 2015. The decrease in sales is attributable to a 7 percent organic sales decline and a 6 percent unfavorable currency exchange impact. Excluding the impact of currency exchange and divestiture, sales decreased approximately 27 percent in energy, 8 percent in general engineering and 4 percent in transportation, while sales increased in aerospace and defense approximately 1 percent. The oil and gas downturn caused a decline in the energy market, must acutely in the Americas, where there was spillover into the broader general engineering market. The downturn was somewhat amplified as inventory levels in the indirect channel were lowered. Sales in the transportation market benefited from strong global unit sales offset by lower sales in Asia in part due to fewer tooling package sales in the current year. Aerospace sales increased modestly as favorable developments in Europe and Asia where somewhat offset by our decision to exit certain low margin business. On a segment regional basis excluding the impact of currency exchange and divestiture, sales decreased by 11 percent in the Americas, 10 percent in Asia and 1 percent in Europe. The sales decrease in the Americas was driven by general engineering and energy and to a lesser extent transportation. The sales decrease in Asia was driven by transportation, general engineering and energy, offset partially by an increase in aerospace and defense. The sales decrease in Europe was driven by energy and aerospace and defense, offset partially by an increase in transportation.
In 2016, Industrial operating income was $81.2 million and decreased by $79.7 million from 2015. The primary drivers of the decrease in operating income were organic sales decline, unfavorable currency exchange of $11.9 million, lower fixed cost absorption, unfavorable mix, loss on divestiture of $3.6 million, fixed asset disposal charges of $3.4 million and intangible asset impairment of $2.3 million, offset partially by incremental restructuring program benefits of $26.7 million, lower raw material costs and $3.0 million less restructuring and related charges. Industrial operating margin was 6.4 percent compared with 11.0 percent in the prior year.
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External sales of $1,461.7 million in 2015 decreased by $62.3 million, or 4 percent, from 2014. The decrease in sales is attributable to unfavorable currency exchange impact of 5 percent, offset partially by an increase of 1 percent due to prior year net acquisition and divestiture activity. Excluding the impact of currency exchange, sales increased in both general engineering and transportation by approximately 2 percent while the aerospace and defense served markets decreased approximately 4 percent and energy decreased approximately 6 percent. In general engineering, sales growth in the indirect channel was partially offset by weak demand in the energy market due to the downturn in the oil and gas markets. Transportation end market sales increased due to strong growth in Asia from our component solutions focus, partially offset by fewer new tooling programs sales in the Americas and slower market conditions in Europe. Sales in aerospace and defense declined due to our decision to exit certain low margin business. On a regional basis, excluding impacts of acquisition and divestiture, sales increased by approximately 8 percent in Asia and remained flat in the Americas, while sales decreased 2 percent in Europe. The sales increase in Asia was driven primarily by transportation and to a lesser extent aerospace and defense and general engineering. The Americas sales benefited from increases in general engineering, offset by decreases in aerospace and defense and transportation. The sales decrease in Europe was driven primarily by aerospace and defense and to a lesser extent transportation.
In 2015, Industrial operating income was $160.9 million and decreased by $16.1 million from 2014. The primary drivers of the decrease in operating income were driven by increased restructuring and related charges of $16.6 million and lower absorption of manufacturing cost sue to an inventory reduction initiative, offset partially by the impact of acquisition, restructuring benefits and decreased operating expense as a result of cost reduction efforts. Industrial operating margin was 11.0 percent compared with 11.6 percent in 2014.
INFRASTRUCTURE

(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
External sales |  | $ | 829,274 |  |  | $ | 1,185,451 |  |  | $ | 1,313,115 |
Operating (loss) income |  | (246,306 | ) |  | (509,381 | ) |  | 94,940 |

External sales of $829.3 million in 2016 decreased by $356.2 million, or 30 percent, from 2015. The decrease in sales was attributed to organic sales decline of 16 percent, divestiture impact of 11 percent and unfavorable currency exchange impact of 3 percent. Excluding the impact of divestiture and currency exchange, sales decreased approximately 28 percent in energy, 21 percent in general engineering and 15 percent in earthworks. Sales were lower year-over-year due to persistent weak demand in oil and gas, mining, industrial applications and processing end markets. On a segment regional basis excluding the impact of divestiture and currency exchange, sales decreased 25 percent in the Americas, 10 percent in Asia, and 1 percent in Europe. The sales decrease in the Americas was driven by energy, earthworks and general engineering. The sales decrease in Asia was driven by earthworks and general engineering, offset partially by an increase in energy. The sales decrease in Europe was driven primarily by energy, while general engineering remained flat and earthworks increased.
In 2016, Infrastructure operating loss in 2016 was $246.3 million, a decrease of $263.1 million from 2015 operating loss of $509.4 million. The decrease in operating loss was primarily driven by lower impairment charges in the current verses prior year period. See Notes 2 and see Note 8 in our consolidated financial statements set forth in Item 8 (Note 8). The current year also includes a loss on divestiture for the sale of non-core businesses of $127.9 million, see Note 4. In addition to the aforementioned impairment charge and loss on divestiture, operating results for the current period were negatively impacted by lower organic sales, lower fixed cost absorption and unfavorable mix, offset partially by an increase in lower raw material costs and incremental restructuring program benefits of $18.1 million.
We are currently exploring strategic alternatives for a remaining non-core Infrastructure business. The estimated net book value of the business is approximately $30 million as of June 30, 2016. As the strategic direction has not yet been determined for this business, the Company cannot determine if additional impairment charges will be incurred.
External sales of $1,185.5 million in 2015 decreased by $127.7 million, or 10 percent, from 2014. The decrease in sales was attributed to organic sales decline of 11 percent and unfavorable currency exchange impact of 4 percent, offset partially by the impact of acquisition of 5 percent. Excluding the impact of currency exchange, sales decreased approximately 11 percent in the energy market and approximately 10 percent in the earthworks markets. The energy market was impacted by the severe downturn in oil and gas markets. In the earthworks markets, underground mining remained weak throughout 2015, while construction sales were down in all regions, particularly in Europe and Asia due to lower infrastructure project work year over year. General industrial sales decreased, tied largely to the impacts of the downturn in oil and gas markets, while weakness in machine demand resulted in lower surface finishing sales. On a regional basis, excluding impacts of acquisition, sales decreased 12 percent in Asia, 10 percent in Europe and 9 percent in the Americas. The sales decrease in all geographic regions were driven by the energy markets and the earthworks markets.
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In 2015, Infrastructure operating loss in 2015 was $509.4 million, a decrease of $604.3 million from 2014 operating income of $94.9 million. In addition to the previously mentioned impairment charges of $541.7 million, operating results for the current period were negatively impacted by lower organic sales, higher restructuring and related charges of $17.7 million, lower manufacturing absorption due to lower sales volumes and an inventory reduction initiative and unfavorable mix, partly offset by the impacts of the TMB acquisition and restructuring benefits. 2014 operating income included a non-recurring inventory charge of $6.4 million.
CORPORATE

(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Corporate unallocated expense |  | $ | (9,880 | ) |  | $ | (9,336 | ) |  | $ | (8,548 | )

In 2016, Corporate unallocated expense increased $0.5 million, or 5.8 percent, from 2015, primarily due to higher restructuring-related charges in 2016 than in 2015. In 2015, Corporate unallocated expense increased $0.8 million, or 9.2 percent, from 2014, primarily due to higher restructuring-related charges in 2015 than in 2014.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES Cash flow from operations is the primary source of funding for capital expenditures and internal growth. During the year ended June 30, 2016, cash flow provided by operating activities was $219.3 million.
Our five-year, multi-currency, revolving credit facility, as amended and restated in April 2016 (Credit Agreement) is used to augment cash from operations and as an additional source of funds. The Credit Agreement permits revolving credit loans of up to $600.0 million for working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes. The Credit Agreement allows for borrowings in U.S. dollars, euro, Canadian dollars, pound sterling and Japanese yen. Interest payable under the Credit Agreement is based upon the type of borrowing under the facility and may be (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin, (2) the greater of the prime rate or the Federal Funds effective rate plus an applicable margin or (3) fixed as negotiated by us. The Credit Agreement matures in April 2021. We had no outstanding borrowings on our Credit Agreement as of June 30, 2016.
The Credit Agreement requires us to comply with various restrictive and affirmative covenants, including two financial covenants: a maximum leverage ratio and a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio (as those terms are defined in the agreement). We were in compliance with all covenants as of June 30, 2016. For the year ended June 30, 2016, average daily borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement were approximately $20.6 million. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by our significant domestic subsidiaries.
Additionally, we obtain local financing through credit lines with commercial banks in the various countries in which we operate. At June 30, 2016, these borrowings amounted to $1.2 million of notes payable and $0.7 million of term debt, capital leases and other debt. We believe that cash flow from operations and the availability under our credit lines will be sufficient to meet our cash requirements over the next 12 months.
Based upon our debt structure at June 30, 2016 and 2015, less than 1 percent and approximately 7 percent of our debt, respectively, was exposed to variable rates of interest. The decrease in the portion of our debt subject to variable rates was due to the decrease in the balance outstanding on our revolving credit facility.
Except as noted below, we consider substantially all of the unremitted earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries that have not previously been taxed in the U.S. to be permanently reinvested. As of June 30, 2016, cash and cash equivalents of $55.3 million would not be available for use in the U.S. on a long-term basis without incurring U.S. federal and state income tax consequences. We have not repatriated, nor do we anticipate the need to repatriate, funds to the U.S. to satisfy domestic liquidity needs arising in the ordinary course of business or associated with our domestic debt service requirements. Notwithstanding the above, we redeployed cash from certain non-U.S. subsidiaries related to the transaction specified in Note 4. As such, the year ended June 30, 2016 includes a tax charge of $4.7 million related to this change in assertion with respect to a portion of our foreign subsidiaries' undistributed earnings, which are no longer considered permanently reinvested. The remaining undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries continue to be indefinitely reinvested and would not be available for use in the U.S. on a long term basis without incurring U.S. federal and state income tax consequences.
At June 30, 2016, we had cash and cash equivalents of $161.6 million. Total Kennametal Shareholders’ equity was $964.3 million and total debt was $701.5 million. Our current senior credit ratings are at investment grade levels. We believe that our current financial position, liquidity and credit ratings provide us access to the capital markets. We continue to closely monitor our liquidity position and the condition of the capital markets, as well as the counterparty risk of our credit providers.
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The following is a summary of our contractual obligations and other commercial commitments as of June 30, 2016 (in thousands):

Contractual Obligations |  |  |  | Total |  | 2017 |  | 2018-2019 |  | 2020-2021 |  | Thereafter
Long-term debt |  | (1 | ) |  | $ | 800,949 |  |  | $ | 22,225 |  |  | $ | 44,450 |  |  | $ | 426,901 |  |  | $ | 307,373 |
Notes payable |  | (2 | ) |  | 1,268 |  |  | 1,268 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Pension benefit payments |  |  |  | (3) |  | 52,172 |  |  | 98,290 |  |  | 105,311 |  |  | (3)
Postretirement benefit payments |  |  |  | (3) |  | 2,036 |  |  | 3,685 |  |  | 3,286 |  |  | (3)
Capital leases |  | (4 | ) |  | 800 |  |  | 775 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Operating leases |  |  |  | 77,274 |  |  | 18,623 |  |  | 22,922 |  |  | 14,793 |  |  | 20,936 |
Purchase obligations |  | (5 | ) |  | 367,969 |  |  | 150,905 |  |  | 157,289 |  |  | 29,898 |  |  | 29,877 |
Unrecognized tax benefits |  | (6 | ) |  | 3,765 |  |  | 560 |  |  | 2,809 |  |  | — |  |  | 396 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 248,564 |  |  | $ | 329,470 |  |  | $ | 580,189 |  |  |  |

(1) | Long-term debt includes interest obligations of $101.0 million. Interest obligations were determined assuming interest rates as of June 30, 2016

remain constant.

(2) | Notes payable includes interest obligations of $0.1 million. Interest obligations were determined assuming interest rates as of June 30, 2016 remain constant.

(3) | Annual payments are expected to continue into the foreseeable future at the amounts noted in the table.

(4) | Capital leases include interest obligations of $0.1 million.

(5) | Purchase obligations consist of purchase commitments for materials, supplies and machinery and equipment as part of the ordinary conduct of business. Purchase obligations with variable price provisions were determined assuming market prices as of June 30, 2016 remain constant.

(6) | Unrecognized tax benefits are positions taken or expected to be taken on an income tax return that may result in additional payments to tax authorities. These amounts include interest of $0.3 million and penalty of $0.3 million accrued related to such positions as of June 30, 2016. Positions for which we are not able to reasonably estimate the timing of potential future payments are included in the ‘Thereafter’ column. If a tax authority agrees with the tax position taken or expected to be taken or the applicable statute of limitations expires, then additional payments will not be necessary.

Other Commercial Commitments |  | Total |  | 2017 |  | 2018-2019 |  | 2020-2021 |  | Thereafter
Standby letters of credit |  | $ | 14,156 |  |  | $ | 14,156 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Guarantees |  | 19,010 |  |  | 12,895 |  |  | 1,367 |  |  | 216 |  |  | 4,532 |
Total |  | $ | 33,166 |  |  | $ | 27,051 |  |  | $ | 1,367 |  |  | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | 4,532 |

The standby letters of credit relate to insurance and other activities. The guarantees are non-debt guarantees with financial institutions, which are required primarily for security deposits, product performance guarantees and advances.
Cash Flow Provided by Operating Activities
During 2016, cash flow provided by operating activities was $219.3 million, compared to $351.4 million in 2015. During 2016, cash flow provided by operating activities for the current year consisted of net income and non-cash items amounting to $163.8 million and changes in certain assets and liabilities netting to $55.5 million. These changes were primarily driven by a decrease in inventory of $69.6 million due to our continued focus on working capital management and a decrease in accounts receivable of $32.7 million due to lower sales volume. Partially offsetting these inflows were a decrease in accrued income taxes of $25.2 million driven by payment of a capital gains tax related to a prior period tax reorganization and a decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $2.2 million.
During 2015, cash flow provided by operating activities was $351.4 million, compared to $271.9 million in 2014. During 2015, cash flow provided by operating activities for the current year consisted of net income and non-cash items amounting to $279.1 million, offset by changes in certain assets and liabilities netting to $72.4 million. These changes were primarily driven by a decrease in inventory of $70.9 million due to improved working capital management, a decrease in accounts receivable of $46.6 million due to lower sales volumes and a decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $8.2 million.
During 2014, cash flow provided by operating activities was $271.9 million. Cash flow provided by operating activities consisted of net income and non-cash items amounting to $338.7 million, offset by changes in certain assets and liabilities netting to $66.8 million. These changes were primarily driven by an increase in accounts receivable of $45.0 million due to higher sales volumes and a decrease in accrued income taxes of $12.5 million.
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Cash Flow Used for Investing Activities
Cash flow used for investing activities was $47.9 million for 2016, a decrease of $36.6 million, compared to $84.6 million in 2015. During 2016, cash flow used for investing activities included capital expenditures, net of $104.7 million, which consisted primarily of equipment upgrades. Partially offsetting this outflow was an inflow of $56.1 million of proceeds from the divestiture of non-core businesses.
Cash flow used for investing activities was $84.6 million for 2015, a decrease of $655.6 million, compared to $740.2 million in 2014. During 2015, cash flow used for investing activities included capital expenditures, net were $84.8 million, which consisted primarily of equipment upgrades.
Cash flow used for investing activities was $740.2 million for 2014. During 2014, cash flow used for investing activities included the TMB acquisition for $607.0 million, net of cash acquired, the Emura acquisition for $25.6 million cash paid in 2014 and $2.0 million related to a small acquisition in the Infrastructure segment. Capital expenditures, net were $116.1 million, which consisted primarily of equipment upgrades. These cash outflows were partially offset by $10.2 million of proceeds from sale of a small non-core business acquired as part of the TMB acquisition.
Cash Flow (Used for) Provided by Financing Activities
Cash flow used for financing activities was $110.5 million for 2016, compared to $333.0 million in 2015. During 2016, cash flow used for financing activities included $63.7 million of cash dividends paid to Shareholders and $50.8 million net decrease in borrowings, partially offset by $4.5 million of dividend reinvestment and the effect of employee benefit and stock plans.
Cash flow used for financing activities was $333.0 million for 2015, compared to cash flow provided by financing activities of $270.4 million in 2014. During 2015, cash flow used for financing activities included $282.5 million net decrease in borrowings and $57.0 million of cash dividends paid to Shareholders, partially offset by $13.8 million of dividend reinvestment and the effect of employee benefit and stock plans.
Cash flow provided by financing activities was $270.4 million for 2014. During 2014, cash flow provided by financing activities included a $313.1 million net increase in borrowings, which included $287.1 million of borrowings outstanding under our Credit Agreement, and $26.7 million of dividend reinvestment and the effect of employee benefit and stock plans, partially offset by $56.4 million of cash dividends paid to Shareholders and $14.2 million used for the purchase of capital stock.
FINANCIAL CONDITION At June 30, 2016, total assets were $2,368.8 million, a decrease of $480.7 million from $2,849.5 million at June 30, 2015. Total liabilities decreased $101.1 million from $1,474.1 million at June 30, 2015 to $1,373.0 million at June 30, 2016.
Working capital was $648.1 million at June 30, 2016, a decrease of $127.7 million, or 16.5 percent from $775.8 million at June 30, 2015. Inventory decreased $116.7 million due to lower work in process and powder blends, finished goods and raw materials driven by improved working capital management. Accounts receivable decreased $74.5 million due to lower sales volume and deferred income taxes decreased $45.7 million due primarily to effects from recording of a valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets in the U.S. Partially offsetting these items were an increase in cash and cash equivalents $56.1 million; a decrease in other current liabilities of $26.4 million due primarily to lower restructuring liabilities and lower accrued compensation; and a decrease in current maturities of long-term debt, capital leases and notes payable of $13.8 million due to debt reduction initiatives. Currency exchange rate effects accounted for $20.5 million of the decrease in working capital, and $32.9 million of the decrease in working capital is related to the sale of non-core businesses.
Property, plant and equipment, net decreased $85.2 million from $815.8 million at June 30, 2015 to $730.6 million at June 30, 2016, primarily due to depreciation expense of $96.7 million, $67.6 million sold as part of sale of non-core businesses, unfavorable currency exchange impacts of $10.7 million and capital disposals of $6.0 million. Partially offsetting these items was capital expenditures of $110.7 million, which includes a net $1.0 million change which was included in accounts payable at June 30, 2016 related to purchases of property, plant and equipment.
At June 30, 2016, other assets were $562.8 million, a decrease of $212.3 million from $775.2 million at June 30, 2015. The primary drivers for the decrease were a decrease in goodwill of $118.9 million, a decrease in other intangible assets of $79.5 million and a decrease in deferred income taxes of $9.6 million. The decrease in goodwill was due to impairment charges in the Infrastructure segment of $105.7 million, $7.5 million of goodwill written off as part of the sale of non-core businesses and unfavorable currency exchange effects of $5.7 million. The change in other intangible assets was due to $52.7 million intangibles sold as part of the sale of non-core businesses, amortization expense of $20.8 million, impairments of $2.7 million and unfavorable currency exchange effects of $1.7 million. The decrease in deferred income taxes is due primarily to recording of a valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets in the U.S.
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Long-term debt and capital leases decreased $36.3 million to $699.6 million at June 30, 2016 from $735.9 million at June 30, 2015. This change was driven by the $42.8 million decrease of borrowings outstanding on the revolver, a portion of which is deemed current maturities. Accrued pension benefits increased $38.8 million to $182.6 million, driven primarily by actuarial losses due to discount rate changes.
Kennametal Shareholders’ equity was $964.3 million at June 30, 2016, a decrease of $381.5 million from $1,345.8 million in the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to net loss attributable to Kennametal of $226.0 million, cash dividends paid to Shareholders of $63.7 million, unrecognized ne t pension and other postretirement benefit loss of $78.3 million and unfavorable currency exchange of $51.5 million, partially offset by a reclassification of foreign currency translation adjustment loss into earnings upon sale of non-core businesses of $15.1 million and capital stock issued under employee benefit and stock plans of $14.7 million.
ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS The operation of our business has exposed us to certain liabilities and compliance costs related to environmental matters. We are involved in various environmental cleanup and remediation activities at certain of our locations.
Superfund Sites Among other environmental laws, we are subject to Superfund, under which we have been designated by the USEPA as a PRP with respect to environmental remedial costs at certain Superfund sites. We have evaluated our claims and liabilities associated with these Superfund sites based upon best currently available information. We believe our environmental accruals are adequate to cover our portion of the environmental remedial costs at the Superfund sites where we have been designated a PRP, to the extent these expenses are probable and reasonably estimable.
Other Environmental Issues We establish and maintain reserves for other potential environmental issues. At June 30, 2016 and 2015, the total of accruals for these reserves was $12.5 million and $12.6 million, respectively. These reserves represent anticipated costs associated with the remediation of these issues.
The reserves we have established for environmental liabilities represent our best current estimate of the costs of addressing all identified environmental situations, based on our review of currently available evidence, and taking into consideration our prior experience in remediation and that of other companies, as well as public information released by the USEPA, other governmental agencies, and by the PRP groups in which we are participating. Although the reserves currently appear to be sufficient to cover these environmental liabilities, there are uncertainties associated with environmental liabilities, and we can give no assurance that our estimate of any environmental liability will not increase or decrease in the future. The reserved and unreserved liabilities for all environmental concerns could change substantially due to factors such as the nature and extent of contamination, changes in remedial requirements, technological changes, discovery of new information, the financial strength of other PRPs, the identification of new PRPs and the involvement of and direction taken by the government on these matters.
We maintain a Corporate EHS Department to monitor compliance with environmental regulations and to oversee remediation activities. In addition, we have designated EHS coordinators who are responsible for each of our global manufacturing facilities. Our financial management team periodically meets with members of the Corporate EHS Department and the Corporate Legal Department to review and evaluate the status of environmental projects and contingencies. On a quarterly basis, we review financial provisions and reserves for environmental contingencies and adjust these reserves when appropriate.
EFFECTS OF INFLATION Despite modest inflation in recent years, rising costs, including the cost of certain raw materials, continue to affect our operations throughout the world. We strive to minimize the effects of inflation through cost containment, productivity improvements and price increases.
DISCUSSION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES In preparing our financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S., we make judgments and estimates about the amounts reflected in our financial statements. As part of our financial reporting process, our management collaborates to determine the necessary information on which to base our judgments and develops estimates used to prepare the financial statements. We use historical experience and available information to make these judgments and estimates. However, different amounts could be reported using different assumptions and in light of different facts and circumstances. Therefore, actual amounts could differ from the estimates reflected in our financial statements. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2. We believe that the following discussion addresses our critical accounting policies.
Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue for our products and assembled machines when title and all risks of loss and damages pass to the buyer. Our general conditions of sale explicitly state that the delivery of our products and assembled machines is freight on board shipping point and that title and all risks of loss and damages pass to the buyer upon delivery of the sold products or assembled machines to the common carrier.
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Our general conditions of sale explicitly state that acceptance of the conditions of shipment is considered to have occurred unless written notice of objection is received by Kennametal within 10 calendar days of the date specified on the invoice. We do not ship products or assembled machines unless we have documentation authorizing shipment to our customers. Our products are consumed by our customers in the manufacture of their products. Historically, we have experienced very low levels of returned products and assembled machines and do not consider the effect of returned products and assembled machines to be material. We have recorded an estimated returned goods allowance to provide for any potential returns.
We warrant that products and services sold are free from defects in material and workmanship under normal use and service when correctly installed, used and maintained. This warranty terminates 30 days after delivery of the product to the customer and does not apply to products that have been subjected to misuse, abuse, neglect or improper storage, handling or maintenance. Products may be returned to Kennametal only after inspection and approval by Kennametal and upon receipt by the customer of shipping instructions from Kennametal. We have included an estimated allowance for warranty returns in our returned goods allowance discussed above.
We recognize revenue related to the sale of specialized assembled machines upon customer acceptance and installation, as installation is deemed essential to the functionality of a specialized assembled machine. Sales of specialized assembled machines were immaterial for 2016, 2015 and 2014.
Stock-Based Compensation We recognize stock-based compensation expense for all stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units over the period from the date of grant to the date when the award is no longer contingent on the employee providing additional service (substantive vesting period). We utilize the Black-Scholes valuation method to establish the fair value of all stock option awards. Time vesting stock units are valued at the market value of the stock on the grant date. Performance vesting stock units with a market condition are valued using a Monte Carlo model.
Accounting for Contingencies We accrue for contingencies when it is probable that a liability or loss has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Contingencies by their nature relate to uncertainties that require the exercise of judgment in both assessing whether or not a liability or loss has been incurred and estimating the amount of probable loss. The significant contingencies affecting our financial statements include environmental, health and safety matters and litigation.
Long-Lived Assets We evaluate the recoverability of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets that are amortized whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of such assets may not be fully recoverable. Changes in circumstances include technological advances, changes in our business model, capital structure, economic conditions or operating performance. Our evaluation is based upon, among other things, our assumptions about the estimated future undiscounted cash flows these assets are expected to generate. When the sum of the undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value, we will recognize an impairment loss to the extent that carrying value exceeds fair value. We apply our best judgment when performing these evaluations to determine if a triggering event has occurred, the undiscounted cash flows used to assess recoverability and the fair value of the asset.
Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets We evaluate the recoverability of goodwill of each of our reporting units by comparing the fair value of each reporting unit with its carrying value. The fair values of our reporting units are determined using a combination of a discounted cash flow analysis and market multiples based upon historical and projected financial information. We apply our best judgment when assessing the reasonableness of the financial projections used to determine the fair value of each reporting unit. We evaluate the recoverability of indefinite-lived intangible assets using a discounted cash flow analysis based on projected financial information. We perform our annual impairment tests during the June quarter in connection with our annual planning process, unless there are impairment indicators based on the results of an ongoing cumulative qualitative assessment that warrant a test prior to that.
The $298.5 million of goodwill allocated to the Industrial reporting unit is not at risk of failing Step 1 of the impairment test since fair value substantially exceeded the carrying value as of the date of the last impairment test. There is no goodwill allocated to the Infrastructure reporting unit.
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits We sponsor these types of benefit plans for certain employees and retirees. Accounting for the cost of these plans requires the estimation of the cost of the benefits to be provided well into the future and attributing that cost over the expected work life of employees participating in these plans. This estimation requires our judgment about the discount rate used to determine these obligations, expected return on plan assets, rate of future compensation increases, rate of future health care costs, withdrawal and mortality rates and participant retirement age. Differences between our estimates and actual results may significantly affect the cost of our obligations under these plans.
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In the valuation of our pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities, management utilizes various assumptions. Our discount rates are derived by identifying a theoretical settlement portfolio of high quality corporate bonds sufficient to provide for a plan’s projected benefit payments. This rate can fluctuate based on changes in the corporate bond yields. At June 30, 2016, a hypothetical 25 basis point increase in our discount rates would increase our pre-tax income by approximately $1.7 million, and a hypothetical 25 basis point decrease in our discount rates would decrease our pre-tax income by approximately $2.3 million.
The long-term rate of return on plan assets is estimated based on an evaluation of historical returns for each asset category held by the plans, coupled with the current and short-term mix of the investment portfolio. The historical returns are adjusted for expected future market and economic changes. This return will fluctuate based on actual market returns and other economic factors.
The rate of future health care cost increases is based on historical claims and enrollment information projected over the next fiscal year and adjusted for administrative charges. This rate is expected to decrease until 2027. At June 30, 2016, a hypothetical 1 percent increase or decrease in our health care cost trend rates would be immaterial to our pre-tax income.
Future compensation rates, withdrawal rates and participant retirement age are determined based on historical information. These assumptions are not expected to significantly change. Mortality rates are determined based on a review of published mortality tables.
We expect to contribute approximately $12.1 million and $2.0 million to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans, respectively, in 2017.
In 2016, substantially all plan participants of the U.S. Retirement Income Plan (RIP) became inactive. As a result, the average remaining life expectancy of the inactive participants will be used to amortize the unrecognized net gain or loss instead of the average remaining service period of active plan participants in fiscal 2017.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts We record allowances for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. We assess the creditworthiness of our customers based on multiple sources of information and analyze additional factors such as our historical bad debt experience, industry and geographic concentrations of credit risk, current economic trends and changes in customer payment terms. This assessment requires significant judgment. If the financial condition of our customers was to deteriorate, additional allowances may be required, resulting in future operating losses that are not included in the allowance for doubtful accounts at June 30, 2016.
Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. We use the last-in, first-out method for determining the cost of a significant portion of our U.S. inventories. The cost of the remainder of our inventories is determined under the first-in, first-out or average cost methods. When market conditions indicate an excess of carrying costs over market value, a lower-of-cost-or-market provision is recorded. Excess and obsolete inventory reserves are established based upon our evaluation of the quantity of inventory on hand relative to demand.
Income Taxes Realization of our deferred tax assets is primarily dependent on future taxable income, the timing and amount of which are uncertain, in part, due to the expected profitability of certain foreign subsidiaries. A valuation allowance is recognized if it is “more likely than not” that some or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. As of June 30, 2016, the deferred tax assets net of valuation allowances relate primarily to net operating loss carryforwards, pension benefits, accrued employee benefits and inventory reserves. In the event that we were to determine that we would not be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future, an increase in the valuation allowance would be required. In the event we were to determine that we are able to use our deferred tax assets and a valuation allowance had been recorded against the deferred tax assets, a decrease in the valuation allowance would be required.
NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Adopted
In April 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance on reporting discontinued operations and disclosures of disposals of components of an entity. Under the guidance, only disposals representing a strategic shift in operations should be presented as discontinued operations. Additionally, the guidance requires expanded disclosures about discontinued operations that will provide financial statement users with more information about the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of discontinued operations. The guidance also requires disclosure of the pre-tax income attributable to a disposal of a significant part of an organization that does not qualify for discontinued operations reporting. This guidance was effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2015. The divestiture of non-core businesses outlined in Note 4 was evaluated under this guidance.
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Issued
In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance on measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. The new guidance introduces an approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments. It also modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and provides for a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. The scope of this amendment includes valuation of trade receivables. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2020. We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In May 2016, the FASB issued guidance on narrow scope improvements and practical expedients as part of Topic 606: Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The amendments address collectability criterion and accounting for contracts that do not meet the criteria, presentation of sales taxes and other similar taxes collected from customers, noncash consideration, contract modifications at transition and completed contracts at transition, in addition to a technical correction. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2018, in conjunction with the adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Topic 606.” We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In April 2016, the FASB issued guidance on identifying performance obligations and licensing as part of Topic 606: Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The amendments in this update clarify identifying performance obligations and the licensing implementation guidance, while retaining the related principles for those areas. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2018, in conjunction with the adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Topic 606.” We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance intended to simplify equity-based award accounting and presentation. The guidance impacts income tax accounting related to equity-based awards, the classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and the classification on the statement of cash flows. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2017. We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance on principal versus agent considerations in reporting revenue gross versus net. This guidance is intended to improve the operability and understandability of the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations. As this update serves to clarify existing guidance, it is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance on lease accounting, which replaces the existing guidance in ASC 840, Leases. The standard establishes a right-of-use (ROU) model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2019. We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In November 2015, the FASB issued guidance on balance sheet classification of deferred taxes. The amendments in this Update require that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position, as opposed to the current practice of separating deferred income tax liabilities and assets into current and noncurrent amounts on the balance sheet. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2017. We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2015, the FASB issued guidance that defers the effective date of previously issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Topic 606.” Under this guidance, the effective date for Kennametal was deferred from July 1, 2017 to July 1, 2018. We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In July 2015, the FASB issued guidance on subsequent measurement of inventory. The amendments in this update require that inventory other than LIFO be subsequently measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value, as opposed to the current practice of lower of cost or market. Subsequent measurement is unchanged for inventory measured using LIFO. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2017. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption on our consolidated financial statements.
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In April 2015, the FASB issued guidance on the presentation of debt issuance costs. The guidance requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2016 and will be retrospectively applied. The guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
In April 2015, the FASB issued guidance on accounting for fees paid in a cloud computing arrangement. The amendments in this update provide guidance to customers about whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license and accounting for the arrangement as capitalized and amortized as an intangible asset or expensed as incurred as a service contract. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2016. The provisions of the guidance may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. We plan to adopt this guidance prospectively, and adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Topic 606.” This ASU replaces nearly all existing U.S. GAAP guidance on revenue recognition. The standard prescribes a five-step model for recognizing revenue, the application of which will require significant judgment. This standard is effective for Kennametal July 1, 2017. We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.
ITEM 7A - QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
MARKET RISK We are exposed to certain market risks arising from transactions that are entered into in the normal course of business. As part of our financial risk management program, we use certain derivative financial instruments to manage these risks. We do not enter into derivative transactions for speculative purposes and, therefore, hold no derivative instruments for trading purposes. We use derivative financial instruments to provide predictability to the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates on our consolidated results and to achieve our targeted mix of fixed and floating interest rates on outstanding debt. Our objective in managing foreign exchange exposures with derivative instruments is to reduce volatility in cash flow, allowing us to focus more of our attention on business operations. With respect to interest rate management, these derivative instruments allow us to achieve our targeted fixed-to-floating interest rate mix as a separate decision from funding arrangements in the bank and public debt markets. We measure hedge effectiveness by assessing the changes in the fair value or expected future cash flows of the hedged item. The ineffective portions are recorded in other (income) expense, net. See Notes 2 and 16 of our consolidated financial statements set forth in Item 8.
We are exposed to counterparty credit risk for nonperformance of derivative contracts and, in the event of nonperformance, to market risk for changes in interest and currency exchange rates, as well as settlement risk. We manage exposure to counterparty credit risk through credit standards, diversification of counterparties and procedures to monitor concentrations of credit risk. We do not anticipate nonperformance by any of the counterparties.
The following provides additional information on our use of derivative instruments. Included below is a sensitivity analysis that is based upon a hypothetical 10 percent weakening or strengthening in the U.S. dollar compared to the June 30, 2016 currency exchange rates and the effective interest rates under our current borrowing arrangements. We compared the contractual derivative and borrowing arrangements in effect at June 30, 2016 to the hypothetical foreign exchange or interest rates in the sensitivity analysis to determine the effect on interest expense, pre-tax income or accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income. Our analysis takes into consideration the different types of derivative instruments and the applicability of hedge accounting.
CASH FLOW HEDGES Currency A portion of our operations consists of investments in foreign subsidiaries. Our exposure to market risk from changes in foreign exchange rates arises from these investments, intercompany loans utilized to finance these subsidiaries, trade receivables and payables and firm commitments arising from international transactions. We manage our foreign exchange transaction risk to reduce the volatility of cash flows caused by currency exchange rate fluctuations through natural offsets where appropriate and through foreign exchange contracts. These contracts are designated as hedges of forecasted transactions that will settle in future periods and that would otherwise expose us to currency risk.
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Our foreign exchange hedging program is intended to mitigate our exposure to currency exchange rate movements. This exposure arises largely from anticipated cash flows from cross-border intercompany sales of products and services. This program utilizes range forwards and forward contracts primarily to sell foreign currency. The notional amounts of the contracts translated into U.S. dollars at June 30, 2016 and 2015 were $53.3 million and $53.8 million, respectively. We would have received $0.3 million and $2.6 million at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively to settle these contracts representing the fair value of these agreements. At June 30, 2016, a hypothetical 10 percent strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar would have changed accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax, by $1.7 million.
In addition, we may enter into forward contracts to hedge transaction exposures or significant cross-border intercompany loans by either purchasing or selling specified amounts of foreign currency at a specified date. At June 30, 2016 and 2015, we had outstanding forward contracts to purchase and sell foreign currency with notional amounts, translated into U.S. dollars at June 30, 2016 and 2015 rates, of $57.5 million and $93.4 million, respectively. At June 30, 2016, a hypothetical 10 percent change in the year-end exchange rates would have resulted in an increase or decrease in pre-tax income of $5.8 million related to these positions.
Interest Rate Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our long-term debt obligations. We seek to manage our interest rate risk in order to balance our exposure between fixed and floating rates, while attempting to minimize our borrowing costs. To achieve these objectives, we primarily use interest rate swap contracts to manage exposure to interest rate changes related to these borrowings. We had no swaps in place as of June 30, 2016 and 2015.
DEBT AND NOTES PAYABLE At June 30, 2016 and 2015, we had $701.5 million and $751.6 million, respectively, of outstanding debt, including capital leases and notes payable. Effective interest rates as of June 30, 2016 and 2015 were 3.6 percent and 3.0 percent, respectively. A hypothetical change of 10 percent in market interest rates from June 30, 2016 levels would have no impact on our interest expense.
CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATIONS Currency exchange rate fluctuations increased diluted earnings per share by $0.08 in 2016, did not have a material impact in 2015 and decreased diluted earnings per share by $0.07 in 2014. Currency exchange rate fluctuations may have a material impact on future earnings in the short term and long term.
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ITEM 8 - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Management has conducted an assessment of the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting as of June 30, 2016 using the criteria in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Based on its assessment, management has concluded that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2016, based on criteria in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2016 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders of Kennametal Inc.
In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, cash flow and shareholders' equity present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Kennametal Inc. and its subsidiaries at June 30, 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2016 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements and financial statement schedule, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 8. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements, on the financial statement schedule, and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
August 11, 2016
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

Year ended June 30 (in thousands, except per share data) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Sales | $ | 2,098,436 |  |  | $ | 2,647,195 |  |  | $ | 2,837,190 |
Cost of goods sold | 1,482,369 |  |  | 1,841,202 |  |  | 1,940,187 |
Gross profit | 616,067 |  |  | 805,993 |  |  | 897,003 |
Operating expense | 494,975 |  |  | 554,895 |  |  | 589,768 |
Restructuring and asset impairment charges (Notes 2 and 15) | 143,810 |  |  | 582,235 |  |  | 17,608 |
Loss on divestiture (Note 4) | 131,463 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of intangibles | 20,762 |  |  | 26,686 |  |  | 26,195 |
Operating (loss) income | (174,943 | ) |  | (357,823 | ) |  | 263,432 |
Interest expense | 27,752 |  |  | 31,466 |  |  | 32,451 |
Other (income) expense, net | (4,124 | ) |  | (1,674 | ) |  | 2,172 |
(Loss) income before income taxes | (198,571 | ) |  | (387,615 | ) |  | 228,809 |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 25,313 |  |  | (16,654 | ) |  | 66,611 |
Net (loss) income | (223,884 | ) |  | (370,961 | ) |  | 162,198 |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 2,084 |  |  | 2,935 |  |  | 3,832 |
Net (loss) income attributable to Kennametal | $ | (225,968 | ) |  | $ | (373,896 | ) |  | $ | 158,366 |
PER SHARE DATA ATTRIBUTABLE TO KENNAMETAL SHAREHOLDERS |  |
Basic (loss) earnings per share | $ | (2.83 | ) |  | $ | (4.71 | ) |  | $ | 2.01 |
Diluted (loss) earnings per share | $ | (2.83 | ) |  | $ | (4.71 | ) |  | $ | 1.99 |
Dividends per share | $ | 0.80 |  |  | $ | 0.72 |  |  | $ | 0.72 |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 79,835 |  |  | 79,342 |  |  | 78,678 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 79,835 |  |  | 79,342 |  |  | 79,667 |

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (223,884 | ) |  | $ | (370,961 | ) |  | $ | 162,198 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (loss) gain on derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges |  | (150 | ) |  | 6,652 |  |  | (706 | )
Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss on expired derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges |  | (1,563 | ) |  | (2,873 | ) |  | 1,987 |
Unrecognized net pension and other postretirement benefit loss |  | (78,295 | ) |  | (47,982 | ) |  | (11,990 | )
Reclassification of net pension and other postretirement benefit loss |  | 4,925 |  |  | 2,931 |  |  | 2,184 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | (52,695 | ) |  | (139,465 | ) |  | 31,763 |
Reclassification of foreign currency translation adjustment loss realized upon sale |  | 15,088 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax |  | (112,690 | ) |  | (180,737 | ) |  | 23,238 |
Total comprehensive (loss) income |  | (336,574 | ) |  | (551,698 | ) |  | 185,436 |
Less: comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | 896 |  |  | (410 | ) |  | 4,198 |
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Kennametal Shareholders |  | $ | (337,470 | ) |  | $ | (551,288 | ) |  | $ | 181,238 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

As of June 30 (in thousands, except per share data) | 2016 |  | 2015
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 161,579 |  |  | $ | 105,494 |
Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $12,724 and $13,560 respectively | 370,916 |  |  | 445,373 |
Inventories (Note 7) | 458,830 |  |  | 575,531 |
Deferred income taxes (Note 12) | 26,713 |  |  | 72,449 |
Other current assets | 57,303 |  |  | 59,699 |
Total current assets | 1,075,341 |  |  | 1,258,546 |
Property, plant and equipment: |  |  |
Land and buildings | 353,789 |  |  | 401,207 |
Machinery and equipment | 1,511,462 |  |  | 1,573,597 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (1,134,611 | ) |  | (1,158,979 | )
Property, plant and equipment, net | 730,640 |  |  | 815,825 |
Other assets: |  |  |
Investments in affiliated companies | 2 |  |  | 361 |
Goodwill (Notes 2 and 8) | 298,487 |  |  | 417,389 |
Other intangible assets, less accumulated amortization of $114,093 and $153,370, respectively (Notes 2 and 8) | 207,208 |  |  | 286,669 |
Deferred income taxes (Note 12) | 14,459 |  |  | 24,091 |
Other | 42,656 |  |  | 46,648 |
Total other assets | 562,812 |  |  | 775,158 |
Total assets | $ | 2,368,793 |  |  | $ | 2,849,529 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Current maturities of long-term debt and capital leases (Note 10) | $ | 732 |  |  | $ | 8,129 |
Notes payable to banks (Note 11) | 1,163 |  |  | 7,573 |
Accounts payable | 182,039 |  |  | 187,381 |
Accrued income taxes | 16,602 |  |  | 25,237 |
Accrued vacation pay | 24,709 |  |  | 26,566 |
Accrued payroll | 49,761 |  |  | 49,180 |
Other current liabilities (Note 9) | 152,269 |  |  | 178,678 |
Total current liabilities | 427,275 |  |  | 482,744 |
Long-term debt and capital leases, less current maturities (Note 10) | 699,558 |  |  | 735,885 |
Deferred income taxes (Note 12) | 17,126 |  |  | 59,744 |
Accrued postretirement benefits (Note 13) | 18,876 |  |  | 19,230 |
Accrued pension benefits (Note 13) | 182,597 |  |  | 143,799 |
Accrued income taxes | 3,100 |  |  | 3,002 |
Other liabilities | 24,460 |  |  | 29,690 |
Total liabilities | 1,372,992 |  |  | 1,474,094 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 19) |  |  |
EQUITY |  |  |
Kennametal Shareholders’ Equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, no par value; 5,000 shares authorized; none issued | — |  |  | — |
Capital stock, $1.25 par value; 120,000 shares authorized; 79,694 and 79,375 shares issued, respectively | 99,618 |  |  | 99,219 |
Additional paid-in capital | 436,617 |  |  | 419,829 |
Retained earnings | 780,597 |  |  | 1,070,282 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (352,509 | ) |  | (243,523 | )
Total Kennametal Shareholders’ Equity | 964,323 |  |  | 1,345,807 |
Noncontrolling interests | 31,478 |  |  | 29,628 |
Total equity | 995,801 |  |  | 1,375,435 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 2,368,793 |  |  | $ | 2,849,529 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW

Year ended June 30 (in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income | $ | (223,884 | ) |  | $ | (370,961 | ) |  | $ | 162,198 |
Adjustments for non-cash items: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation | 96,704 |  |  | 104,978 |  |  | 104,027 |
Amortization | 20,762 |  |  | 26,686 |  |  | 26,195 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 18,129 |  |  | 16,827 |  |  | 17,641 |
Restructuring and asset impairment charges (Notes 2 and 15) | 118,779 |  |  | 548,028 |  |  | 3,408 |
Loss on divestiture (Note 4) | 131,124 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Deferred income tax provision | 8,328 |  |  | (48,575 | ) |  | 23,119 |
Other | (6,113 | ) |  | 2,098 |  |  | 2,106 |
Changes in certain assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 32,661 |  |  | 46,552 |  |  | (45,041 | )
Inventories | 69,552 |  |  | 70,874 |  |  | (5,310 | )
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | (2,180 | ) |  | (8,218 | ) |  | 13,748 |
Accrued income taxes | (25,247 | ) |  | (10,163 | ) |  | (12,485 | )
Accrued pension and postretirement benefits | (15,013 | ) |  | 4,863 |  |  | (16,592 | )
Other | (4,280 | ) |  | (31,552 | ) |  | (1,141 | )
Net cash flow provided by operating activities | 219,322 |  |  | 351,437 |  |  | 271,873 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment | (110,697 | ) |  | (100,939 | ) |  | (117,376 | )
Disposals of property, plant and equipment | 5,978 |  |  | 16,122 |  |  | 1,236 |
Business acquisition, net of cash acquired (Note 4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (634,615 | )
Proceeds from divestiture (Note 4) | 56,127 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,225 |
Other | 659 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 356 |
Net cash flow used for investing activities | (47,933 | ) |  | (84,554 | ) |  | (740,174 | )
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Net (decrease) increase in notes payable | (6,288 | ) |  | (63,647 | ) |  | 31,568 |
Net increase (decrease) in short-term revolving and other lines of credit | — |  |  | 200 |  |  | (3,600 | )
Term debt borrowings | 50,070 |  |  | 89,712 |  |  | 736,079 |
Term debt repayments | (94,577 | ) |  | (308,736 | ) |  | (450,928 | )
Purchase of capital stock | (295 | ) |  | (318 | ) |  | (14,165 | )
Dividend reinvestment and the effect of employee benefit and stock plans | 4,519 |  |  | 13,844 |  |  | 26,676 |
Cash dividends paid to Shareholders | (63,717 | ) |  | (56,979 | ) |  | (56,436 | )
Other | (181 | ) |  | (7,039 | ) |  | 1,214 |
Net cash flow (used for) provided by financing activities | (110,469 | ) |  | (332,963 | ) |  | 270,408 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (4,835 | ) |  | (6,355 | ) |  | (1,494 | )
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS |  |  |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 56,085 |  |  | (72,435 | ) |  | (199,387 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year | 105,494 |  |  | 177,929 |  |  | 377,316 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year | $ | 161,579 |  |  | $ | 105,494 |  |  | $ | 177,929 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Year ended June 30 (in thousands) | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |
CAPITAL STOCK |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year | 79,375 |  |  | $ | 99,219 |  |  | 78,672 |  |  | $ | 98,340 |  |  | 77,842 |  |  | $ | 97,303 |
Dividend reinvestment | 12 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 9 |
Capital stock issued under employee benefit and stock plans | 319 |  |  | 399 |  |  | 703 |  |  | 879 |  |  | 1,155 |  |  | 1,443 |
Purchase of capital stock | (12 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | (332 | ) |  | (415 | )
Balance at end of year | 79,694 |  |  | 99,618 |  |  | 79,375 |  |  | 99,219 |  |  | 78,672 |  |  | 98,340 |
ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year |  |  | 419,829 |  |  |  |  | 395,890 |  |  |  |  | 374,300 |
Dividend reinvestment |  |  | 279 |  |  |  |  | 311 |  |  |  |  | 319 |
Capital stock issued under employee benefit and stock plans |  |  | 14,271 |  |  |  |  | 23,939 |  |  |  |  | 35,019 |
Sale of subsidiary stock to noncontrolling interests |  |  | 2,517 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Purchase of capital stock |  |  | (279 | ) |  |  |  | (311 | ) |  |  |  | (13,748 | )
Balance at end of year |  |  | 436,617 |  |  |  |  | 419,829 |  |  |  |  | 395,890 |
RETAINED EARNINGS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year |  |  | 1,070,282 |  |  |  |  | 1,501,157 |  |  |  |  | 1,399,227 |
Net (loss) income |  |  | (225,968 | ) |  |  |  | (373,896 | ) |  |  |  | 158,366 |
Cash dividends paid to Shareholders |  |  | (63,717 | ) |  |  |  | (56,979 | ) |  |  |  | (56,436 | )
Balance at end of year |  |  | 780,597 |  |  |  |  | 1,070,282 |  |  |  |  | 1,501,157 |
ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year |  |  | (243,523 | ) |  |  |  | (66,131 | ) |  |  |  | (89,004 | )
Unrealized (loss) gain on derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges |  |  | (150 | ) |  |  |  | 6,652 |  |  |  |  | (706 | )
Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss on expired derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges |  |  | (1,563 | ) |  |  |  | (2,873 | ) |  |  |  | 1,987 |
Unrecognized net pension and other postretirement benefit loss |  |  | (78,295 | ) |  |  |  | (47,982 | ) |  |  |  | (11,990 | )
Reclassification of net pension and other postretirement benefit loss |  |  | 4,925 |  |  |  |  | 2,931 |  |  |  |  | 2,184 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | (51,508 | ) |  |  |  | (136,120 | ) |  |  |  | 31,398 |
Reclassification of foreign currency translation adjustment loss realized upon sale |  |  | 15,088 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax |  |  | (111,503 | ) |  |  |  | (177,392 | ) |  |  |  | 22,873 |
Sale of subsidiary stock to noncontrolling interests |  |  | 2,517 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Balance at end of year |  |  | (352,509 | ) |  |  |  | (243,523 | ) |  |  |  | (66,131 | )
NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year |  |  | 29,628 |  |  |  |  | 32,352 |  |  |  |  | 30,467 |
Net income |  |  | 2,084 |  |  |  |  | 2,935 |  |  |  |  | 3,832 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax |  |  | (1,188 | ) |  |  |  | (3,345 | ) |  |  |  | 366 |
Sale of subsidiary stock to noncontrolling interests |  |  | 2,566 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Cash dividends paid to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (1,612 | ) |  |  |  | (2,314 | ) |  |  |  | (2,313 | )
Balance at end of year |  |  | 31,478 |  |  |  |  | 29,628 |  |  |  |  | 32,352 |
Total equity, June 30 |  |  | $ | 995,801 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,375,435 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,961,608 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 — NATURE OF OPERATIONS
Kennametal Inc. delivers productivity solutions to customers seeking peak performance in demanding environments. We provide innovative wear-resistant products, application engineering and services backed by advanced material science serving customers across diverse sectors of industrial production, transportation, earthworks, energy, construction, process industries and aerospace. Our solutions are built around industry-essential technology platforms, including precision-engineered metalworking tools and components, surface technologies and earth cutting tools that are mission-critical to customer operations battling extreme conditions associated with wear fatigue, corrosion and high temperatures. The Company's reputation for material and industrial technology excellence, as well as expertise and innovation in development of custom solutions and services, contributes to our leading position in our primary industrial and infrastructure markets. End users of our products include manufacturers, metalworking suppliers, machinery operators and processors engaged in a diverse array of industries, including the manufacture of transportation vehicles and components; machine tool, light machinery and heavy machinery industries; airframe and aerospace components; defense; as well as producers and suppliers in equipment-intensive operations such as coal mining, road construction, quarrying, oil and gas exploration, refining, production and supply.
Our product offering includes a wide selection of standard and customized technologies for metalworking, such as sophisticated metal cutting tools, tooling systems and services, as well as advanced, high-performance materials, such as cemented tungsten carbide products, super alloys, coatings and investment castings to address customer demands. We offer these products through a variety of channels to meet customer-specified needs. We are a leading global supplier of tooling, engineered components and advanced materials consumed in production processes. We believe we are one of the largest global providers of consumable metal cutting tools and tooling supplies.
We specialize in developing and manufacturing metalworking tools and wear-resistant engineered components and coatings using a specialized type of powder metallurgy. Our metalworking tools are made of cemented tungsten carbides, ceramics, cermets and super-hard materials. We also manufacture and market a complete line of tool holders, tool-holding systems and rotary-cutting tools by machining and fabricating steel bars and other metal alloys. In addition, we produce specialized compacts and metallurgical powders, as well as products made from tungsten carbide or other hard materials that are used for custom-engineered and challenging applications, including mining and highway construction, among others. Further, we develop, manufacture and market engineered components and surface technology solutions with proprietary metal cladding capabilities.
Unless otherwise specified, any reference to a “year” is to a fiscal year ended June 30. When used in this annual report on Form 10-K, unless the context requires otherwise, the terms “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Kennametal Inc. and its subsidiaries.
NOTE 2 — SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The summary of our significant accounting policies is presented below to assist in evaluating our consolidated financial statements.
PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION The consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of our majority-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated. Investments in entities of less than 50 percent of the voting stock over which we have significant influence are accounted for on an equity basis. The factors used to determine significant influence include, but are not limited to, our management involvement in the investee, such as hiring and setting compensation for management of the investee, the ability to make operating and capital decisions of the investee, representation on the investee’s board of directors and purchase and supply agreements with the investee. Investments in entities of less than 50 percent of the voting stock in which we do not have significant influence are accounted for on the cost basis.
USE OF ESTIMATES IN THE PREPARATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS In preparing our consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP), we make judgments and estimates about the amounts reflected in our financial statements. As part of our financial reporting process, our management collaborates to determine the necessary information on which to base our judgments and develop estimates used to prepare the financial statements. We use historical experience and available information to make these judgments and estimates. However, different amounts could be reported using different assumptions and in light of different facts and circumstances. Therefore, actual amounts could differ from the estimates reflected in our financial statements.
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS Cash investments having original maturities of three months or less are considered cash equivalents. Cash equivalents principally consist of investments in money market funds and bank deposits at June 30, 2016.
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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE We market our products to a diverse customer base throughout the world. Trade credit is extended based upon periodically updated evaluations of each customer’s ability to satisfy its obligations. We make judgments as to our ability to collect outstanding receivables and provide allowances for the portion of receivables when collection becomes doubtful. Accounts receivable reserves are determined based upon an aging of accounts and a review of specific accounts.
INVENTORIES Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. We use the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method for determining the cost of a significant portion of our United States (U.S.) inventories. The cost of the remainder of our inventories is determined under the first-in, first-out or average cost methods. When market conditions indicate an excess of carrying costs over market value, a lower-of-cost-or-market provision is recorded. Excess and obsolete inventory reserves are established based upon our evaluation of the quantity of inventory on hand relative to demand. The excess and obsolete inventory reserve at June 30, 2016 and 2015 was $36.7 million and $45.0 million, respectively.
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost. Major improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Retirements and disposals are removed from cost and accumulated depreciation accounts, with the gain or loss reflected in operating income. Interest related to the construction of major facilities is capitalized as part of the construction costs and is depreciated over the facilities' estimated useful lives.
Depreciation for financial reporting purposes is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives: building and improvements over 15-40 years; machinery and equipment over 4-15 years; furniture and fixtures over 5-10 years and computer hardware and software over 3-5 years.
Leased property and equipment under capital leases are depreciated using the straight-line method over the terms of the related leases.
LONG-LIVED ASSETS We evaluate the recoverability of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets that are amortized, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of any such assets may not be fully recoverable. Changes in circumstances include technological advances, changes in our business model, capital structure, economic conditions or operating performance. Our evaluation is based upon, among other things, our assumptions about the estimated future undiscounted cash flows these assets are expected to generate. When the sum of the undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the asset or asset group, we will recognize an impairment loss to the extent that carrying value exceeds fair value. We apply our best judgment when performing these evaluations to determine if a triggering event has occurred, the undiscounted cash flows used to assess recoverability and the fair value of the asset.
GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of the net assets of acquired companies. Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives are tested at least annually for impairment. We perform our annual impairment tests during the June quarter in connection with our annual planning process, unless there are impairment indicators based on the results of an ongoing cumulative qualitative assessment that warrant a test prior to that. We evaluate the recoverability of goodwill for each of our reporting units by comparing the fair value of each reporting unit with its carrying value. The fair values of our reporting units are determined using a combination of a discounted cash flow analysis and market multiples based upon historical and projected financial information. We apply our best judgment when assessing the reasonableness of the financial projections used to determine the fair value of each reporting unit. We evaluate the recoverability of indefinite-lived intangible assets using a discounted cash flow analysis based on projected financial information. This evaluation is sensitive to changes in market interest rates and other external factors.
Identifiable assets with finite lives are reviewed for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. During the December quarter of fiscal 2016, we performed an interim review of our identifiable assets with finite lives and preliminarily determined that the assets were not impaired. During the March quarter of fiscal 2016, we completed the finalization of fair values related to intangibles and property, plant and equipment. We also completed a review of our identifiable assets with finite lives and determined that the assets were not impaired.
Acquisition Impact on Goodwill
On November 4, 2013, we acquired TMB from Allegheny Technologies Incorporated (ATI), the operations of which are included in both the Industrial and Infrastructure segments. As a result of the acquisition, we increased goodwill by $246.6 million in based on our purchase price allocations, $3.0 million of which was recorded in the Industrial segment in 2015 based on finalization of the purchase price allocation. The goodwill recorded relates to operating synergies associated with the acquisition that we expected to realize. Goodwill of $202.1 million was deductible for tax purposes.
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2015 December Quarter Impairment Charge
As previously disclosed, we recorded a non-cash pre-tax impairment charge during the three months ended December 31, 2014 of $376.5 million in the Infrastructure segment, of which $375.0 million was for goodwill and $1.5 million was for an indefinite-lived trademark intangible asset.
2015 March Quarter Impairment Charge
As previously disclosed, we recorded an additional non-cash pre-tax impairment charge during the three months ended March 31, 2015 of $152.9 million in the Infrastructure reporting unit, of which $152.5 million was for goodwill and $0.4 million was for an indefinite-lived trademark intangible asset.
In addition, we recorded an additional $6.8 million charge during the three months ended March 31, 2015 for an indefinite-lived trademark intangible asset based upon completion of the 2015 December valuation.
During 2015, an impairment of $10.5 million was recorded for a contract-based technology intangible asset that was part of the Infrastructure segment, resulting in a non-cash impairment charge of $5.5 million and a reduction in a liability of $5.0 million.
2016 December Quarter Impairment Charge
Late in the December quarter of fiscal 2016, the Company experienced a further unexpected deterioration in customer demand in many of its end markets and certain geographies at that time. Industrial production indices in the U.S. and China declined, as well as further reductions in mining and oil and gas activity. In view of these declines and the significant impact on our near term financial forecasts as well as a significant and sustained decline in the Company’s stock price, we determined an interim impairment test of our goodwill and other long-lived assets of our Industrial and Infrastructure reporting units was required. As a result of this interim test, we recorded a preliminary non-cash pre-tax impairment charge during the three months ended December 31, 2015 of $106.1 million in the Infrastructure segment, of which $105.7 million was for goodwill and $0.4 million was for an indefinite-lived trademark intangible asset. We also recorded a preliminary non-cash pre-tax impairment charge during the three months ended December 31, 2015 of $2.3 million in the Industrial segment for an indefinite-lived trademark intangible asset. These impairment charges are recorded in restructuring and asset impairment charges in our consolidated statements of income. There is $298.5 million of goodwill at the Industrial reporting unit. The Industrial reporting unit passed the 2016 interim and annual goodwill impairment tests with fair value substantially exceeded the carrying value. No goodwill remains with the Infrastructure reporting unit as of June 30, 2016.
The further acceleration or extended persistence of the current downturn in the global end markets could have a further negative impact on our business and financial performance. We cannot provide assurance that we will achieve all of the anticipated benefits from restructuring actions we have taken and expect to continue to take. If we are unable to effectively restructure our operations in the light of evolving market conditions, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We are currently exploring strategic alternatives for a remaining non-core Infrastructure business. The estimated net book value of the business is approximately $30 million as of June 30, 2016. As the strategic direction has not yet been determined for these businesses, the Company cannot determine if additional impairment charges will be incurred.
We recorded no goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges in 2014.
Divestiture Impact on Goodwill
During 2016, we completed the sale of non-core businesses, see Note 4. As a result of this transaction, goodwill decreased by $1.1 million and $6.5 million in our Industrial and Infrastructure segments, respectively. These decreases are recorded in loss on divestiture in our consolidated statements of income.
Divestiture Impact on Other Intangible Assets
The divestiture of non-core businesses completed during 2016 resulted in a reduction of $30.0 million in customer-related, $15.4 million in unpatented technology, $5.0 million in indefinite-lived trademarks, $1.1 million in definite-lived trademarks, $0.8 million in technology-based and other and $0.5 million in contract-based.
PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS We sponsor these types of benefit plans for certain employees and retirees. Accounting for the cost of these plans requires the estimation of the cost of the benefits to be provided well into the future and attributing that cost over the expected work life of employees participating in these plans. This estimation requires our judgment about the discount rate used to determine these obligations, expected return on plan assets, rate of future compensation increases, rate of future health care costs, withdrawal and mortality rates and participant retirement age. Differences between our estimates and actual results may significantly affect the cost of our obligations under these plans.
In the valuation of our pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities, management utilizes various assumptions. Discount rates are derived by identifying a theoretical settlement portfolio of high quality corporate bonds sufficient to provide for a plan’s projected benefit payments. This rate can fluctuate based on changes in the corporate bond yields.
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The long-term rate of return on plan assets is estimated based on an evaluation of historical returns for each asset category held by the plans, coupled with the current and short-term mix of the investment portfolio. The historical returns are adjusted for expected future market and economic changes. This return will fluctuate based on actual market returns and other economic factors.
The rate of future health care costs is based on historical claims and enrollment information projected over the next year and adjusted for administrative charges. This rate is expected to decrease until 2027.
Future compensation rates, withdrawal rates and participant retirement age are determined based on historical information. These assumptions are not expected to significantly change. Mortality rates are determined based on a review of published mortality tables.
EARNINGS PER SHARE Basic earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period, while diluted earnings per share is calculated to reflect the potential dilution that occurs related to the issuance of capital stock under stock option grants, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units. The difference between basic and diluted earnings per share relates solely to the effect of capital stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units.
In 2016 and 2015, the effect of unexercised capital stock options and unvested restricted stock units was anti-dilutive as a result of a net loss in the periods and therefore has been excluded from diluted shares outstanding as well as from the diluted earnings per share calculation. For purposes of determining the number of diluted shares outstanding at June 30, 2014, weighted average shares outstanding for basic earnings per share calculations were increased due solely to the dilutive effect of unexercised capital stock options, unvested restricted stock awards and unvested restricted stock units by 1.0 million shares. Unexercised capital stock options, unvested restricted stock awards and restricted stock units of 0.3 million shares at June 30, 2014 were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the option exercise price was greater than the average market price, and therefore the inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.
REVENUE RECOGNITION We recognize revenue for our products and assembled machines when title and all risks of loss and damages pass to the buyer. Our general conditions of sale explicitly state that the delivery of our products and assembled machines is freight on board shipping point and that title and all risks of loss and damage pass to the buyer upon delivery of the sold products or assembled machines to the common carrier.
Our general conditions of sale explicitly state that acceptance of the conditions of shipment are considered to have occurred unless written notice of objection is received by Kennametal within 10 calendar days of the date specified on the invoice. We do not ship products or assembled machines unless we have documentation from our customers authorizing shipment. Our products are consumed by our customers in the manufacture of their products. Historically, we have experienced very low levels of returned products and assembled machines and do not consider the effect of returned products and assembled machines to be material. We have recorded an estimated returned goods allowance to provide for any potential returns.
We warrant that products and services sold are free from defects in material and workmanship under normal use and service when correctly installed, used and maintained. This warranty terminates 30 days after delivery of the product to the customer and does not apply to products that have been subjected to misuse, abuse, neglect or improper storage, handling or maintenance. Products may be returned to Kennametal, only after inspection and approval by Kennametal and upon receipt by the customer of shipping instructions from Kennametal. We have included an estimated allowance for warranty returns in our returned goods allowance.
We recognize revenue related to the sale of specialized assembled machines upon customer acceptance and installation, as installation is deemed essential to the functionality of a specialized assembled machine. Sales of specialized assembled machines were immaterial for 2016, 2015 and 2014.
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION We recognize stock-based compensation expense for all stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units over the period from the date of grant to the date when the award is no longer contingent on the employee providing additional service (substantive vesting period). We utilize the Black-Scholes valuation method to establish the fair value of all stock option awards. Time vesting stock units are valued at the market value of the stock on the grant date. Performance vesting stock units with a market condition are valued using a Monte Carlo model.
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Capital stock options are granted to eligible employees at fair market value at the date of grant. Capital stock options are exercisable under specified conditions for up to 10 years from the date of grant. The Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010, as Amended and Restated on October 22, 2013, and as further amended January 27, 2015 (A/R 2010 Plan) authorizes the issuance of up to 9,500,000 shares of the Company’s capital stock plus any shares remaining unissued under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2002, as amended (2002 Plan). Under the provisions of the A/R 2010 Plan participants may deliver stock, owned by the holder for at least six months, in payment of the option price and receive credit for the fair market value of the shares on the date of delivery. The fair market value of shares delivered during 2016, 2015 and 2014 was immaterial. In addition to stock option grants, the A/R 2010 Plan permits the award of stock appreciation rights, performance share awards, performance unit awards, restricted stock awards, restricted unit awards and share awards to directors, officers and key employees.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COSTS Research and development costs of $39.4 million, $45.1 million and $44.0 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, were expensed as incurred. These costs are included in operating expense in the consolidated statements of income.
SHIPPING AND HANDLING FEES AND COSTS All fees billed to customers for shipping and handling are classified as a component of sales. All costs associated with shipping and handling are classified as a component of cost of goods sold.
INCOME TAXES Deferred income taxes are recognized based on the future income tax effects (using enacted tax laws and rates) of differences in the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and tax purposes. A valuation allowance is recognized if it is “more likely than not” that some or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.
DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES As part of our financial risk management program, we use certain derivative financial instruments. We do not enter into derivative transactions for speculative purposes and, therefore, hold no derivative instruments for trading purposes. We use derivative financial instruments to provide predictability to the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates on our consolidated results, achieve our targeted mix of fixed and floating interest rates on outstanding debt. Our objective in managing foreign exchange exposures with derivative instruments is to reduce volatility in cash flow, allowing us to focus more of our attention on business operations. With respect to interest rate management, these derivative instruments allow us to achieve our targeted fixed-to-floating interest rate mix, as a separate decision from funding arrangements, in the bank and public debt markets.
We account for derivative instruments as a hedge of the related asset, liability, firm commitment or anticipated transaction, when the derivative is specifically designated as a hedge of such items. We measure hedge effectiveness by assessing the changes in the fair value or expected future cash flows of the hedged item. The ineffective portions are recorded in other (income) expense, net. Certain currency forward contracts hedging significant cross-border intercompany loans are considered other derivatives and, therefore, do not qualify for hedge accounting. These contracts are recorded at fair value in the balance sheet, with the offset to other (income) expense, net.
CASH FLOW HEDGES Currency Forward contracts and range forward contracts (a transaction where both a put option is purchased and a call option is sold) are designated as cash flow hedges and hedge anticipated cash flows from cross-border intercompany sales of products and services. Gains and losses realized on these contracts at maturity are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, and are recognized as a component of other (income) expense, net when the underlying sale of products or services is recognized into earnings.
Interest Rate Floating-to-fixed interest rate swap contracts, designated as cash flow hedges, are entered into from time to time to hedge our exposure to interest rate changes on a portion of our floating rate debt. These interest rate swap contracts convert a portion of our floating rate debt to fixed rate debt. We record the fair value of these contracts as an asset or a liability, as applicable, in the balance sheet, with the offset to accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income.
FAIR VALUE HEDGES Interest Rate Fixed-to-floating interest rate swap contracts, designated as fair value hedges, are entered into from time to time to hedge our exposure to fair value fluctuations on a portion of our fixed rate debt. These interest rate swap contracts convert a portion of our fixed rate debt to floating rate debt. When in place, these contracts require periodic settlement, and the difference between amounts to be received and paid under the contracts is recognized in interest expense.
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CURRENCY TRANSLATION Assets and liabilities of international operations are translated into U.S. dollars using year-end exchange rates, while revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates throughout the year. The resulting net translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income. The local currency is the functional currency of most of our locations. A gain of $1.6 million, a gain of $1.7 million and a loss of $2.5 million from currency transactions were included in other (income) expense, net in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Adopted
In April 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance on reporting discontinued operations and disclosures of disposals of components of an entity. Under the guidance, only disposals representing a strategic shift in operations should be presented as discontinued operations. Additionally, the guidance requires expanded disclosures about discontinued operations that will provide financial statement users with more information about the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of discontinued operations. The guidance also requires disclosure of the pre-tax income attributable to a disposal of a significant part of an organization that does not qualify for discontinued operations reporting. This guidance was effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2015. The divestiture of non-core businesses outlined in Note 4 was evaluated under this guidance.
Issued
In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance on measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. The new guidance introduces an approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments. It also modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and provides for a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. The scope of this amendment includes valuation of trade receivables. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2020. We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In May 2016, the FASB issued guidance on narrow scope improvements and practical expedients as part of Topic 606: Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The amendments address collectability criterion and accounting for contracts that do not meet the criteria, presentation of sales taxes and other similar taxes collected from customers, noncash consideration, contract modifications at transition and completed contracts at transition, in addition to a technical correction. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2018, in conjunction with the adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Topic 606.” We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In April 2016, the FASB issued guidance on identifying performance obligations and licensing as part of Topic 606: Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The amendments in this update clarify identifying performance obligations and the licensing implementation guidance, while retaining the related principles for those areas. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2018, in conjunction with the adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Topic 606.” We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance intended to simplify equity-based award accounting and presentation. The guidance impacts income tax accounting related to equity-based awards, the classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and the classification on the statement of cash flows. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2017. We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance on principal versus agent considerations in reporting revenue gross versus net. This guidance is intended to improve the operability and understandability of the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations. As this update serves to clarify existing guidance, it is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance on lease accounting, which replaces the existing guidance in ASC 840, Leases. The standard establishes a right-of-use (ROU) model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2019. We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.
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In November 2015, the FASB issued guidance on balance sheet classification of deferred taxes. The amendments in this Update require that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position, as opposed to the current practice of separating deferred income tax liabilities and assets into current and noncurrent amounts on the balance sheet. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2017. We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2015, the FASB issued guidance that defers the effective date of previously issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Topic 606.” Under this guidance, the effective date for Kennametal was deferred from July 1, 2017 to July 1, 2018. We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In July 2015, the FASB issued guidance on subsequent measurement of inventory. The amendments in this update require that inventory other than LIFO be subsequently measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value, as opposed to the current practice of lower of cost or market. Subsequent measurement is unchanged for inventory measured using LIFO. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2017. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption on our consolidated financial statements.
In April 2015, the FASB issued guidance on the presentation of debt issuance costs. The guidance requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2016 and will be retrospectively applied. The guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
In April 2015, the FASB issued guidance on accounting for fees paid in a cloud computing arrangement. The amendments in this update provide guidance to customers about whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license and accounting for the arrangement as capitalized and amortized as an intangible asset or expensed as incurred as a service contract. This standard is effective for Kennametal beginning July 1, 2016. The provisions of the guidance may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. We plan to adopt this guidance prospectively, and adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Topic 606.” This ASU replaces nearly all existing U.S. GAAP guidance on revenue recognition. The standard prescribes a five-step model for recognizing revenue, the application of which will require significant judgment. This standard is effective for Kennametal July 1, 2017. We are in the process of assessing the impact the adoption of this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.
NOTE 3 — SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW DISCLOSURES

Year ended June 30 (in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |  |  |
Interest | $ | 26,250 |  |  | $ | 30,984 |  |  | $ | 29,836 |
Income taxes | 43,733 |  |  | 40,295 |  |  | 49,393 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash information: |  |  |  |  |
Changes in accounts payable related to purchases of property, plant and equipment | 1,000 |  |  | (9,900 | ) |  | 2,100 |

NOTE 4 — ACQUISITIONS AND DIVESTITURES
Divestiture of Non-Core Businesses
In 2016, Kennametal completed the transaction to sell all of the outstanding capital stock of: Kennametal Extrude Hone LLC and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Kennametal Stellite S.r.l. (Bellusco, Italy), Kennametal Stellite S.p.A. (Milan, Italy), Kennametal Stellite GmbH (Koblenz, Germany); and all of the assets of the businesses of: Tricon (manufacturing operations in Birmingham, Alabama; Chicago, Illinois; and Elko, Nevada), Landis (manufacturing operation in Waynesboro, Pennsylvania); and all of the assets located at the Biel, Switzerland manufacturing facility ("non-core businesses") to Madison Industries for an aggregate price of $56.1 million cash, net of cash. A portion of the transaction proceeds were used to pay down revolver debt and the remaining balance is being held as cash on hand.
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The net book value of these non-core businesses was $191.9 million. The pre-tax net loss on divestiture recognized in 2016 was $131.5 million, of which $127.9 million and $3.6 million were recorded in the Infrastructure and Industrial segments, respectively. The pre-tax income attributable to the non-core businesses was assessed and determined to be immaterial for disclosure for the periods presented.
TMB Acquisition
On November 4, 2013, the Company completed its transaction to acquire TMB from ATI which included all of the assets of TDY Industries, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of ATI, used or held for use by TDY in connection with the business; and all of the shares of TDY Limited and ATI Holdings SAS, both wholly-owned subsidiaries of ATI, for a preliminary purchase price of $607.0 million, net of cash acquired. We funded the acquisition primarily through a combination of cash from operations and available borrowings under our existing credit facility. TMB is a leading producer of tungsten metallurgical powders, as well as tooling technologies and components. When acquired, the business had approximately 1,175 employees in 12 locations primarily in the United States of America, and 6 other countries.
As part of the acquisition of TMB, Kennametal incurred $8.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2014 of acquisition-related costs, which are included in operating expense and cost of goods sold.
The accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2015 reflects the final allocation of the purchase price. We recorded an additional $3.0 million of goodwill in 2015 based on finalization of the purchase price. See Note 2.
The operating results for the year ended June 30, 2014 include net sales of $194.9 million and net loss attributable to Kennametal of $10.5 million related to TMB.
TMB Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information
The following unaudited pro forma summary of operating results presents the consolidated results of operations as if the TMB acquisition had occurred on July 1, 2012. These amounts were calculated after applying our accounting policies and adjusting TMB’s results to reflect increased depreciation and amortization expense resulting from recording fixed assets and intangible assets at fair value, as well as increased cost of sales resulting from recording inventory at fair value. The pro forma results for the year ended June 30, 2014 excludes $8.7 million of acquisition-related and includes $19.1 million of restructuring-related pre-tax costs. The pro forma results have been presented for comparative purposes only, include no expected sales or cost synergies and are not indicative of future results of operations or what would have occurred had the acquisition been made on July 1, 2012.
Unaudited pro forma summary of operating results of Kennametal, assuming the acquisition had occurred as of July 1, 2012, are as follows:

Year ended June 30 (in thousands) | 2014
Pro forma (unaudited): |
Net Sales | $ | 2,941,005 |
Net income attributable to Kennametal | $ | 175,804 |
Per share data attributable to Kennametal Shareholders : |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 2.23 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 2.21 |

During the year ended June 30, 2014, we divested a small non-core business acquired as part of the TMB acquisition for proceeds of $10.2 million.
Emura
On August 1, 2013, the Company acquired the operating assets of Emura, based in La Paz, Bolivia, and secured related material sourcing agreements for a purchase price of $40.1 million, of which $25.6 million was paid in fiscal year 2014 and $0.5 million was paid in fiscal year 2013, and $14.0 million of contingent consideration, as discussed in Note 5. Emura's principal operations are engaged in collecting, testing, processing and exporting tungsten ore material, and was a long-standing supplier to Kennametal. The addition of Emura enhances the Company's strategic tungsten sourcing capabilities to serve growth globally.
Other
On September 30, 2013, the Company completed a small acquisition in the Infrastructure segment for $2.0 million.
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NOTE 5 — FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy consists of three levels to prioritize the inputs used in valuations, as defined below:
Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.
Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates); and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.
Level 3: Inputs that are unobservable.
As of June 30, 2016, the fair values of the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are categorized as follows:

(in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 334 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 334 |
Total assets at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 334 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 334 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 763 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 763 |
Contingent consideration | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,600 |  |  | 6,600 |
Total liabilities at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 763 |  |  | $ | 6,600 |  |  | $ | 7,363 |

There have been no changes in classification and transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy in the current period. The fair value of contingent consideration payable that was classified as Level 3 relates to our probability assessments of expected future milestone targets, primarily associated with product delivery, related to a previous acquisition. The contingent consideration is expected to be paid over the next six months and is recorded in other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. The Company reassessed this contingent consideration and determined that an adjustment of $3.4 million to reduce the fair value of the remaining contingent consideration was necessary during 2016 due to agreed upon terms with the seller that they did not achieve certain milestone targets and to a return of inventory to the seller during the period. No other changes in the expected outcome have occurred during 2016.
As of June 30, 2015, the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are categorized as follows:

(in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,678 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,678 |
Total assets at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,678 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,678 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44 |
Contingent consideration | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,000 |  |  | 10,000 |
Total liabilities at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 10,000 |  |  | $ | 10,044 |

(1) Currency derivatives are valued based on observable market spot and forward rates and are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
NOTE 6 — DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
As part of our financial risk management program, we use certain derivative financial instruments. See Note 2 for discussion on our derivative instruments and hedging activities policy.
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The fair value of derivatives designated and not designated as hedging instruments in the consolidated balance sheet are as follows:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |
Other current assets - range forward contracts | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 2,626 |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments | 323 |  |  | 2,626 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |
Other current assets - currency forward contracts | 11 |  |  | 52 |
Other current liabilities - currency forward contracts | (763 | ) |  | (44 | )
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | (752 | ) |  | 8 |
Total derivatives | $ | (429 | ) |  | $ | 2,634 |

Certain currency forward contracts that hedge significant cross-border intercompany loans are considered as other derivatives and therefore do not qualify for hedge accounting. These contracts are recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheet, with the offset to other (income) expense, net. Losses (gains) related to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments have been recognized as follows:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Other (income) expense, net - currency forward contracts | $ | 719 |  |  | $ | (1,026 | ) |  | $ | 1,057 |

FAIR VALUE HEDGES
Fixed-to-floating interest rate swap contracts, designated as fair value hedges, are entered into from time to time to hedge our exposure to fair value fluctuations on a portion of our fixed rate debt. We had no such contracts outstanding at June 30, 2016 and June 30, 2015.
CASH FLOW HEDGES
Currency forward contracts and range forward contracts (a transaction where both a put option is purchased and a call option is sold) are designated as cash flow hedges and hedge anticipated cash flows from cross-border intercompany sales of products and services. Gains and losses realized on these contracts at maturity are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, and are recognized as a component of other (income) expense, net when the underlying sale of products or services is recognized into earnings. The notional amount of the contracts translated into U.S. dollars at June 30, 2016 and 2015 was $53.3 million and $53.8 million, respectively. The time value component of the fair value of range forward contracts is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. Assuming the market rates remain constant with the rates at June 30, 2016, we expect to recognize into earnings in the next 12 months an immaterial amount of losses on outstanding derivatives.
Floating-to-fixed interest rate swap contracts, designated as cash flow hedges, are entered into from time to time to hedge our exposure to interest rate changes on a portion of our floating rate debt. These interest rate swap contracts convert a portion of our floating rate debt to fixed rate debt. We record the fair value of these contracts as an asset or a liability, as applicable, in the balance sheet, with the offset to accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax. We had no such contracts outstanding at June 30, 2016 or 2015, respectively.
The following represents gains and losses related to cash flow hedges:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Gains (losses) recognized in other comprehensive loss (income), net | $ | (297 | ) |  | $ | 6,651 |  |  | $ | (702 | )
Losses (gains) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into other (income) expense, net | $ | 381 |  |  | $ | (250 | ) |  | $ | 1,399 |

No portion of the gains or losses recognized in earnings was due to ineffectiveness and no amounts were excluded from our effectiveness testing for the years ended June 30, 2016, 2015 and 2014.
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NOTE 7 — INVENTORIES
Inventories consisted of the following at June 30:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015
Finished goods | $ | 284,054 |  |  | $ | 324,840 |
Work in process and powder blends | 166,274 |  |  | 249,629 |
Raw materials | 68,472 |  |  | 100,881 |
Inventories at current cost | 518,800 |  |  | 675,350 |
Less: LIFO valuation | (59,970 | ) |  | (99,819 | )
Total inventories | $ | 458,830 |  |  | $ | 575,531 |

We used the LIFO method of valuing inventories for approximately 44 percent and 47 percent of total inventories at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
NOTE 8 — GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
A summary of the carrying amount of goodwill attributable to each segment, as well as the changes in such, is as follows:

(in thousands) | Industrial |  | Infrastructure |  | Total
Gross goodwill | $ | 472,337 |  |  | $ | 654,081 |  |  | $ | 1,126,418 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (150,842 | ) |  | — |  |  | (150,842 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2014 | $ | 321,495 |  |  | $ | 654,081 |  |  | $ | 975,576 |
Activity for the year ended June 30, 2015: |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition | 2,984 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,984 |
Translation | (19,950 | ) |  | (13,721 | ) |  | (33,671 | )
Change in gross goodwill | (16,966 | ) |  | (13,721 | ) |  | (30,687 | )
Gross goodwill | 455,371 |  |  | 640,360 |  |  | 1,095,731 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (150,842 | ) |  | (527,500 | ) |  | (678,342 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2015 | $ | 304,529 |  |  | $ | 112,860 |  |  | $ | 417,389 |
Activity for the year ended June 30, 2016: |  |  |  |  |
Divestiture | (1,075 | ) |  | (6,461 | ) |  | (7,536 | )
Translation | (4,967 | ) |  | (688 | ) |  | (5,655 | )
Change in gross goodwill | (6,042 | ) |  | (7,149 | ) |  | (13,191 | )
Impairment charges | — |  |  | (105,711 | ) |  | (105,711 | )
Gross goodwill | 449,329 |  |  | 633,211 |  |  | 1,082,540 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (150,842 | ) |  | (633,211 | ) |  | (784,053 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2016 | $ | 298,487 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 298,487 |

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The components of our other intangible assets were as follows:

| Estimated Useful Life (in years) |  | June 30, 2016 |  |  | June 30, 2015
(in thousands) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization
Contract-based | 3 to 15 |  | $ | 7,152 |  |  | $ | (6,886 | ) |  |  | $ | 8,523 |  |  | $ | (6,990 | )
Technology-based and other | 4 to 20 |  | 47,323 |  |  | (27,011 | ) |  |  | 52,820 |  |  | (29,723 | )
Customer-related | 10 to 21 |  | 205,471 |  |  | (66,938 | ) |  |  | 275,796 |  |  | (90,141 | )
Unpatented technology | 10 to 30 |  | 31,837 |  |  | (4,614 | ) |  |  | 59,449 |  |  | (14,426 | )
Trademarks | 5 to 20 |  | 12,668 |  |  | (8,644 | ) |  |  | 18,575 |  |  | (12,090 | )
Trademarks | Indefinite |  | 16,850 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,876 |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | $ | 321,301 |  |  | $ | (114,093 | ) |  |  | $ | 440,039 |  |  | $ | (153,370 | )

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $20.8 million, $26.7 million and $26.2 million for 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Estimated amortization expense for 2017 through 2021 is $15.8 million, $14.3 million, $13.9 million, $13.7 million, and $13.3 million, respectively.
NOTE 9 — OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES
Other current liabilities consisted of the following at June 30:

(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Accrued employee benefits |  | $ | 33,754 |  |  | $ | 40,995 |
Accrued restructuring (Note 15) |  | 15,703 |  |  | 20,788 |
Payroll, state and local taxes |  | 12,983 |  |  | 15,006 |
Accrued legal and professional fees |  | 12,112 |  |  | 11,710 |
Accrued interest |  | 7,079 |  |  | 7,040 |
Other |  | 70,638 |  |  | 83,139 |
Total other current liabilities |  | $ | 152,269 |  |  | $ | 178,678 |

NOTE 10 — LONG-TERM DEBT AND CAPITAL LEASES
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations consisted of the following at June 30:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015
2.65% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2019 net of discount of $0.3 million for 2016 and $0.3 million for 2015 | $ | 399,748 |  |  | $ | 399,671 |
3.875% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2022 net of discount of $0.2 million for 2016 and $0.2 million for 2015 | 299,794 |  |  | 299,757 |
Credit Agreement: |  |  |
Euro-denominated borrowings, 0.9% to 1.1% in 2016 and 2015, due 2021 | — |  |  | 42,609 |
U.S. Dollar-denominated borrowings, 1.2% in 2016 and 2015, due 2021 | — |  |  | 200 |
Capital leases with terms expiring through 2018 at 1.6% to 5.4% in 2016 and 2015 | 748 |  |  | 1,771 |
Other | — |  |  | 6 |
Total debt and capital leases | 700,290 |  |  | 744,014 |
Less current maturities: |  |  |
Long-term debt | — |  |  | (8,049 | )
Capital leases | (732 | ) |  | (74 | )
Other | — |  |  | (6 | )
Total current maturities | (732 | ) |  | (8,129 | )
Long-term debt and capital leases, less current maturities | $ | 699,558 |  |  | $ | 735,885 |

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Senior Unsecured Notes On November 7, 2012, we issued $400.0 million of 2.65 percent Senior Unsecured Notes due in 2019. Interest is paid semi-annually on May 1 and November 1 of each year. We used the net proceeds from this notes offering to repay outstanding indebtedness under our credit facility and for general corporate purposes. On February 14, 2012, we issued $300 million of 3.875 percent Senior Unsecured Notes due in 2022. Interest is paid semi-annually on February 15 and August 15 of each year.
Credit Agreement The five-year, multi-currency, revolving credit facility, as amended and restated in April 2016 (Credit Agreement) permits revolving credit loans of up to $600 million for working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes. The Credit Agreement matures in April 2021 and allows for borrowings in U.S. dollars, euro, Canadian dollars, pound sterling and Japanese yen. Interest payable under the Credit Agreement is based upon the type of borrowing under the facility and may be (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin, (2) the greater of the prime rate or the Federal Funds effective rate plus an applicable margin, or (3) fixed as negotiated by us.
The Credit Agreement requires us to comply with various restrictive and affirmative covenants, including two financial covenants: a maximum leverage ratio and a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio (as those terms are defined in the agreement). We were in compliance with all covenants as of June 30, 2016. We had $0.0 million and $42.8 million of borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement as of June 30, 2016 and June 30, 2015, respectively. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by our significant domestic subsidiaries.
Future principal maturities of long-term debt are $400 million in 2020 and $300 million beyond 2021.
Future minimum lease payments under capital leases for the next five years and thereafter in total are as follows:

(in thousands) |
2017 | $ | 775 |
2018 | 25 |
2019 | — |
2020 | — |
2021 | — |
After 2021 | — |
Total future minimum lease payments | 800 |
Less amount representing interest | (52 | )
Amount recognized as capital lease obligations | $ | 748 |

At June 30, 2016 and 2015 our collateralized debt consisted of capitalized lease obligations of $0.7 million and $1.8 million, respectively. The underlying assets collateralize these obligations.
NOTE 11 — NOTES PAYABLE AND LINES OF CREDIT
Notes payable to banks of $1.2 million and $7.6 million at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, represents short-term borrowings under credit lines with commercial banks. These credit lines, translated into U.S. dollars at June 30, 2016 exchange rates, totaled $152.4 million at June 30, 2016, of which $151.2 million was unused. The weighted average interest rate for notes payable and lines of credit was 9.0 percent and 2.0 percent at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
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NOTE 12 — INCOME TAXES
(Loss) income before income taxes consisted of the following for the years ended June 30:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
(Loss) income before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | (228,667 | ) |  | $ | (323,299 | ) |  | $ | 59,160 |
International | 30,096 |  |  | (64,316 | ) |  | 169,649 |
Total (loss) income before income taxes | $ | (198,571 | ) |  | $ | (387,615 | ) |  | $ | 228,809 |
Current income taxes: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | (15,039 | ) |  | $ | (9,328 | ) |  | $ | 15,108 |
State | 454 |  |  | 816 |  |  | 896 |
International | 31,570 |  |  | 40,433 |  |  | 27,488 |
Total current income taxes | 16,985 |  |  | 31,921 |  |  | 43,492 |
Deferred income taxes: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 6,786 |  |  | $ | (38,943 | ) |  | $ | 10,157 |
State | 8,407 |  |  | (8,680 | ) |  | (62 | )
International | (6,865 | ) |  | (952 | ) |  | 13,024 |
Total deferred income taxes: | 8,328 |  |  | (48,575 | ) |  | 23,119 |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | $ | 25,313 |  |  | $ | (16,654 | ) |  | $ | 66,611 |
Effective tax rate | (12.7 | )% |  | 4.3 | % |  | 29.1 | %

The reconciliation of income taxes computed using the statutory U.S. income tax rate and the provision for income taxes was as follows for the years ended June 30:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Income taxes at U.S. statutory rate | $ | (69,500 | ) |  | $ | (135,665 | ) |  | $ | 80,083 |
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefits | 859 |  |  | (1,748 | ) |  | 1,593 |
U.S. income taxes provided on international income | 2,364 |  |  | 3,679 |  |  | 2,423 |
Combined tax effects of international income | (25,469 | ) |  | (21,560 | ) |  | (22,580 | )
Impact of goodwill impairment charges | 6,439 |  |  | 134,657 |  |  | — |
Impact of divestiture | 27,790 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Change in valuation allowance and other uncertain tax positions | 84,530 |  |  | 1,530 |  |  | (2,603 | )
Impact of domestic production activities deduction | (2,072 | ) |  | — |  |  | (942 | )
Research and development credit | (4,351 | ) |  | (3,087 | ) |  | (1,385 | )
Change in permanent reinvestment assertion | 3,659 |  |  | 2,945 |  |  | 7,170 |
Other | 1,064 |  |  | 2,595 |  |  | 2,852 |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | $ | 25,313 |  |  | $ | (16,654 | ) |  | $ | 66,611 |

During 2016, we recorded a valuation allowance against our net domestic deferred tax assets of $105.9 million, as discussed below. Of this amount, $81.2 million impacted the effective tax rate and is included in the income tax reconciliation table under the caption "change in valuation allowance and other uncertain tax positions," and $24.7 million was recorded in other comprehensive income.
During 2016 and 2015, we recorded goodwill impairment charges related to our Infrastructure segment. There was no tax benefit for a portion of charges in 2016. There was no tax benefit for a majority of charges in 2015. The federal effect of these permanent differences is included in the income tax reconciliation table under the caption "impact of goodwill impairment charges."
During 2016, we divested certain non-core businesses as described in Note 4. A portion of the loss from this divestiture was not deductible for tax purposed. The Federal effect of this permanent difference is included in the income tax reconciliation table under the caption "impact of divestiture."
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During 2016 we recorded on adjustment of $3.7 million related to a change in assertion of certain foreign subsidiaries' undistributed earnings primarily related to the transaction described in Note 4, which are no longer considered permanently reinvested. The effect of this charge is included in the income tax reconciliation table under the caption "change in permanent reinvestment assertion."
During 2015, we recorded an adjustment of $2.9 million related to a change in assertion of certain foreign subsidiaries' undistributed earnings, which are no longer considered permanently reinvested. The effect of this charge is included in the income tax reconciliation table under the caption "change in permanent reinvestment assertion."
During 2014, we recorded an adjustment of $2.2 million related to the effective settlement of uncertain tax positions in Europe, which reduced income tax expense. The effects of these tax benefits are included in the income tax reconciliation table under the caption “change in valuation allowance and other uncertain tax positions.”
During 2014, we recorded a valuation allowance adjustment of $1.2 million, which reduced income tax expense. The valuation allowance adjustment is related to a state tax law change. The effect of this tax benefit is included in the income tax reconciliation table under the caption “change in valuation allowance and other uncertain tax positions.”
During 2014, we recorded an adjustment of $7.2 million related to a change in assertion of a foreign subsidiary’s certain undistributed earnings, which are no longer considered permanently reinvested. The effect of this charge is included in the income tax reconciliation table under the caption “change in permanent reinvestment assertion.”
The components of net deferred tax assets and (liabilities) were as follows at June 30:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforwards | $ | 77,198 |  |  | $ | 47,289 |
Inventory valuation and reserves | 18,865 |  |  | 18,023 |
Pension benefits | 42,432 |  |  | 23,559 |
Other postretirement benefits | 7,111 |  |  | 7,359 |
Accrued employee benefits | 17,069 |  |  | 23,674 |
Other accrued liabilities | 9,229 |  |  | 18,210 |
Hedging activities | 5,507 |  |  | 4,354 |
Tax credits and other carryforwards | 30,733 |  |  | 13,815 |
Intangible assets | 21,575 |  |  | — |
Other | — |  |  | 12,028 |
Total | 229,719 |  |  | 168,311 |
Valuation allowance | (122,699 | ) |  | (16,771 | )
Total deferred tax assets | $ | 107,020 |  |  | $ | 151,540 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Tax depreciation in excess of book | $ | 83,412 |  |  | $ | 102,480 |
Intangible assets | — |  |  | 18,688 |
Other | 149 |  |  | — |
Total deferred tax liabilities | $ | 83,561 |  |  | $ | 121,168 |
Total net deferred tax assets (liabilities) | $ | 23,459 |  |  | $ | 30,372 |

Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not (greater than 50%) that a tax benefit will not be realized. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all potential sources of taxable income, including income available in carryback periods, future reversals of taxable temporary differences, projections of taxable income, and income from tax planning strategies, as well as all available positive and negative evidence. Positive evidence includes factors such as a history of profitable operations, and projections of future profitability within the carry forward period, including taxable income from tax planning strategies. Negative evidence includes items such as cumulative losses, projections of future losses, or carryforward periods that are not long enough to allow for the utilization of the deferred tax asset based on existing projections of income. Upon changes in facts and circumstances, we may conclude that deferred tax assets for which no valuation allowance is currently recorded may not be realized, resulting in a future charge to establish a valuation allowance. Existing valuation allowances are re-examined under the same standards of positive and negative evidence. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will be realized, the appropriate amount of the valuation allowance, if any, is released.
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In 2016, we recorded a valuation allowance of $105.9 million against our net deferred tax assets in the U.S. Of this amount, $81.2 million was recorded in the provision for income taxes and $24.7 million was recorded in other comprehensive income. After weighing all available positive and negative evidence, as previously described, we determined that it was no longer more likely than not that we will realize the tax benefit of these deferred tax assets. This was driven by cumulative pre-tax domestic losses from charges related to asset impairment, restructuring and loss on divestiture, as well as an overall decrease in demand in U.S. operations. The need for this valuation allowance will be assessed on a continuous basis in future periods and, as a result, a portion or all of the valuation allowance may be reversed based on changes in facts and circumstances.
Included in deferred tax assets at June 30, 2016 is $30.7 million associated with tax credits and other carryforward items primarily in federal and state jurisdictions. Of that amount, $1.1 million expires through 2021, $22.9 million expires through 2026, $0.6 million expires through 2031, $5.9 million expires through 2036 and the remaining $0.2 million does not expire.
Included in deferred tax assets at June 30, 2016 is $77.2 million associated with net operating loss carryforwards in state and foreign jurisdictions. Of that amount, $7.2 million expires through 2021, $3.6 million expires through 2026, $2.1 million expires through 2031, $39.7 million expires through 2036, and the remaining $24.6 million does not expire. The realization of these tax benefits is primarily dependent on future taxable income in these jurisdictions.
A valuation allowance of $122.7 million has been placed against deferred tax assets in the U.S., Europe, China, Hong Kong and Brazil, all of which would be allocated to income tax expense upon realization of the deferred tax assets. In 2016, the valuation allowance related to these deferred tax assets increased by $105.9 million. As the respective operations generate sufficient income, the valuation allowances will be partially or fully reversed at such time we believe it will be more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized.
As of June 30, 2016, unremitted earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries and affiliates of $2,019.4 million, the majority of which have not been previously taxed in the U.S., are considered permanently reinvested, and accordingly, no deferred tax liability has been recorded in connection therewith. It is not practical to estimate the income tax effect that might be incurred if cumulative prior year earnings not previously taxed in the U.S. were remitted to the U.S.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits (excluding interest) is as follows as of June 30:

(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 14,619 |  |  | $ | 20,366 |  |  | $ | 26,798 |
Increases for tax positions of prior years |  | 1,197 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,461 |
Decreases for tax positions of prior years |  | — |  |  | (3,188 | ) |  | (6,982 | )
Increases for tax positions related to the current year |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 116 |
Decreases related to settlement with taxing authority |  | (11,942 | ) |  | (348 | ) |  | (2,161 | )
Decreases related to lapse of statute of limitations |  | (667 | ) |  | (398 | ) |  | — |
Foreign currency translation |  | (101 | ) |  | (1,813 | ) |  | 1,134 |
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 3,106 |  |  | $ | 14,619 |  |  | $ | 20,366 |

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate in 2016, 2015 and 2014 is $3.1 million, $2.7 million and $2.4 million, respectively. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income taxes as a component of the provision for income taxes in the consolidated statement of income. We recognized a reduction in interest of $0.2 million and $0.7 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively. We recognized interest expense of $0.8 million in 2014. As of June 30, 2016 and 2015 the amount of interest accrued was $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2016 and 2015, the amount of penalty accrued was $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively.
In 2016, decreases for tax positions related to the current year primarily relate to one foreign tax position. We settled this position with the foreign authority. A corresponding deferred tax asset in the amount of $11.9 million was released for the position in the U.S. and in the prior year this amount was included in the components of net deferred tax liabilities and assets table under the caption "other."
With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to income tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2010. The Internal Revenue Service has audited all U.S. tax years prior to 2013 and is currently examining 2014. Various state and foreign jurisdiction tax authorities are in the process of examining our income tax returns for various tax years ranging from 2010 to 2014. We continue to execute our pan-European business model. As a result of this and other matters, we continuously review our uncertain tax positions and evaluate any potential issues that may lead to an increase or decrease in the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits recorded.
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We believe that it is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits could decrease by approximately $0.6 million within the next twelve months.
NOTE 13 — PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS
Pension benefits under defined benefit pension plans are based on years of service and, for certain plans, on average compensation for specified years preceding retirement. We fund pension costs in accordance with the funding requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), as amended, for U.S. plans and in accordance with local regulations or customs for non-U.S. plans.
We have an Executive Retirement Plan for various executives and a Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan which was closed to future participation on July 26, 2006.
We presently provide varying levels of postretirement health care and life insurance benefits to certain employees and retirees. Postretirement health care benefits are available to employees and their spouses retiring on or after age 55 with 10 or more years of service. Beginning with retirements on or after January 1, 1998, our portion of the costs of postretirement health care benefits is capped at 1996 levels. Beginning with retirements on or after January 1, 2009, we have no obligation to provide a company subsidy for retiree medical costs.
We use a June 30 measurement date for all of our plans.
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Defined Benefit Pension Plans
The funded status of our pension plans and amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets as of June 30 were as follows:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015
Change in benefit obligation: |  |  |
Benefit obligation, beginning of year | $ | 954,454 |  |  | $ | 969,904 |
Service cost | 4,640 |  |  | 5,474 |
Interest cost | 37,726 |  |  | 39,007 |
Participant contributions | 6 |  |  | 12 |
Actuarial losses | 86,425 |  |  | 50,464 |
Benefits and expenses paid | (45,074 | ) |  | (73,897 | )
Currency translation adjustments | (19,283 | ) |  | (36,377 | )
Plan amendments | 696 |  |  | — |
Special termination benefits | 334 |  |  | 459 |
Plan settlements | (7,991 | ) |  | — |
Plan curtailments | (6,565 | ) |  | (592 | )
Benefit obligation, end of year | $ | 1,005,368 |  |  | $ | 954,454 |
Change in plans' assets: |  |  |
Fair value of plans' assets, beginning of year | $ | 827,337 |  |  | $ | 884,264 |
Actual return on plans' assets | 50,637 |  |  | 20,007 |
Company contributions | 15,876 |  |  | 8,703 |
Participant contributions | 6 |  |  | 12 |
Plan settlements | (7,991 | ) |  | — |
Benefits and expenses paid | (45,074 | ) |  | (73,897 | )
Currency translation adjustments | (19,116 | ) |  | (11,752 | )
Fair value of plans' assets, end of year | $ | 821,675 |  |  | $ | 827,337 |
Funded status of plans | $ | (183,693 | ) |  | $ | (127,117 | )
Amounts recognized in the balance sheet consist of: |  |  |
Long-term prepaid benefit | $ | 8,941 |  |  | $ | 31,274 |
Short-term accrued benefit obligation | (10,037 | ) |  | (14,592 | )
Accrued pension benefits | (182,597 | ) |  | (143,799 | )
Net amount recognized | $ | (183,693 | ) |  | $ | (127,117 | )

The pre-tax amounts related to our defined benefit pension plans recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income were as follows at June 30:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015
Unrecognized net actuarial losses | $ | 272,802 |  |  | $ | 196,567 |
Unrecognized net prior service credits | 155 |  |  | (953 | )
Unrecognized transition obligations | 740 |  |  | 651 |
Total | $ | 273,697 |  |  | $ | 196,265 |

Prepaid pension benefits are included in other long-term assets. The assets of our U.S. and international defined benefit pension plans consist principally of capital stocks, corporate bonds and government securities.
To the best of our knowledge and belief, the asset portfolios of our defined benefit pension plans do not contain our capital stock. We do not issue insurance contracts to cover future annual benefits of defined benefit pension plan participants. Transactions between us and our defined benefit pension plans include the reimbursement of plan expenditures incurred by us on behalf of the plans. To the best of our knowledge and belief, the reimbursement of cost is permissible under current ERISA rules or local government law. The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $1,003.5 million and $943.5 million as of June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
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Included in the above information are plans with accumulated benefit obligations exceeding the fair value of plan assets as of June 30 as follows:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015
Projected benefit obligation | $ | 877,146 |  |  | $ | 165,281 |
Accumulated benefit obligation | 875,233 |  |  | 164,913 |
Fair value of plan assets | 684,512 |  |  | 7,394 |

The components of net periodic pension income include the following as of June 30:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Service cost | $ | 4,640 |  |  | $ | 5,474 |  |  | $ | 6,910 |
Interest cost | 37,726 |  |  | 39,007 |  |  | 41,084 |
Expected return on plans' assets | (58,523 | ) |  | (59,698 | ) |  | (59,527 | )
Amortization of transition obligation | 80 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 78 |
Amortization of prior service cost | (417 | ) |  | (361 | ) |  | (234 | )
Special termination benefit charge | 334 |  |  | 459 |  |  | — |
Curtailment loss | — |  |  | 358 |  |  | — |
Settlement loss | 227 |  |  | 261 |  |  | — |
Recognition of actuarial losses | 7,286 |  |  | 3,671 |  |  | 2,642 |
Net periodic pension income | $ | (8,647 | ) |  | $ | (10,751 | ) |  | $ | (9,047 | )

During 2016, we recognized a special termination benefit charge of $0.3 million and a settlement loss of $0.2 million related to several terminated Executive Retirement Plan participants. Both of these items were recognized in restructuring expense.
During 2015, we recognized a special termination benefit charge of $0.5 million and a curtailment loss of $0.4 million for one of our U.S.-based defined benefit pension plans resulting from a plant closure. The special termination benefit charge was recognized in restructuring expense.
As of June 30, 2016, the projected benefit payments, including future service accruals for these plans for 2017 through 2021, are $52.2 million, $48.2 million, $50.1 million, $51.8 million and $53.5 million, respectively, and $283.3 million in 2022 through 2026.
The amounts of accumulated other comprehensive loss expected to be recognized in net periodic pension cost during 2016 related to net actuarial losses and transition obligations are $8.5 million and $0.1 million, respectively. The amount of accumulated other comprehensive income expected to be recognized in net periodic pension cost during 2016 related to prior service credit is $0.5 million.
We expect to contribute approximately $12.1 million to our pension plans in 2017.
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Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
The funded status of our other postretirement benefit plans and the related amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets were as follows:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015
Change in benefit obligation: |  |  |
Benefit obligation, beginning of year | $ | 21,205 |  |  | $ | 24,476 |
Service cost | — |  |  | 45 |
Interest cost | 840 |  |  | 934 |
Actuarial losses | 722 |  |  | 1,489 |
Benefits paid | (2,225 | ) |  | (2,155 | )
Curtailments | — |  |  | (3,584 | )
Benefit obligation, end of year | $ | 20,542 |  |  | $ | 21,205 |
Funded status of plan | $ | (20,542 | ) |  | $ | (21,205 | )
Amounts recognized in the balance sheet consist of: |  |  |
Short-term accrued benefit obligation | $ | (1,666 | ) |  | $ | (1,975 | )
Accrued postretirement benefits | (18,876 | ) |  | (19,230 | )
Net amount recognized | $ | (20,542 | ) |  | $ | (21,205 | )

The pre-tax amounts related to our other postretirement benefit plans which were recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income were as follows at June 30:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015
Unrecognized net actuarial losses | $ | 6,368 |  |  | $ | 5,969 |
Unrecognized net prior service credits | (150 | ) |  | (172 | )
Total | $ | 6,218 |  |  | $ | 5,797 |

The components of net periodic other postretirement benefit cost include the following for the years ended June 30:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Service cost | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 55 |
Interest cost | 840 |  |  | 934 |  |  | 1,006 |
Amortization of prior service credit | (22 | ) |  | (59 | ) |  | (111 | )
Recognition of actuarial loss | 324 |  |  | 492 |  |  | 317 |
Curtailment gain | — |  |  | (221 | ) |  | — |
Net periodic other postretirement benefit cost | $ | 1,142 |  |  | $ | 1,191 |  |  | $ | 1,267 |

The curtailment gain of $0.2 million during 2015 was a result of the plant closure discussed above.
As of June 30, 2016, the projected benefit payments, including future service accruals for our other postretirement benefit plans for 2017 through 2021, are $2.0 million, $1.9 million, $1.8 million, $1.7 million and $1.6 million, respectively, and $6.8 million in 2022 through 2026.
The amounts of accumulated other comprehensive loss expected to be recognized in net periodic pension cost during 2016 related to net actuarial losses are $0.4 million. The amount of accumulated other comprehensive income expected to be recognized in net periodic pension cost during 2016 related to prior service credit is immaterial.
We expect to contribute approximately $2.0 million to our postretirement benefit plans in 2017.
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Assumptions
The significant actuarial assumptions used to determine the present value of net benefit obligations for our defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans were as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Discount Rate: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. plans | 2.4-3.7% |  | 3.2-4.5% |  | 4.4 | %
International plans | 0.9-3.2% |  | 2.3-3.8% |  | 2.9-4.3% |
Rates of future salary increases: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. plans | 3.0-4.0% |  | 3.0-4.0% |  | 3.0-5.0% |
International plans | 2.5-3.0% |  | 2.5-3.0% |  | 2.5-3.0% |

The significant assumptions used to determine the net periodic (income) cost for our pension and other postretirement benefit plans were as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Discount Rate: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. plans | 3.2-4.5% |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | 4.9 | %
International plans | 2.3-3.8% |  |  | 2.9-4.3% |  |  | 3.5-4.8% |
Rates of future salary increases: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. plans | 3.0-4.0% |  |  | 3.0-5.0% |  |  | 3.0-5.0% |
International plans | 2.5-3.0% |  |  | 2.5-3.0% |  |  | 2.5-3.0% |
Rate of return on plans assets: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. plans | 7.5 | % |  | 7.5 | % |  | 8.0 | %
International plans | 5.3-5.5% |  |  | 5.0-6.0% |  |  | 5.0 | %

The rates of return on plan assets are based on historical performance, as well as future expected returns by asset class considering macroeconomic conditions, current portfolio mix, long-term investment strategy and other available relevant information.
The annual assumed rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered benefits (the health care cost trend rate) for our postretirement benefit plans was as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Health care costs trend rate assumed for next year | 8.5 | % |  | 7.3 | % |  | 7.5 | %
Rate to which the cost trend rate gradually declines | 5.0 | % |  | 5.0 | % |  | 5.0 | %
Year that the rate reaches the rate at which it is assumed to remain | 2027 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2024 |

A change of one percentage point in the assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects on the total service and interest cost components of our other postretirement cost and other postretirement benefit obligation at June 30, 2016:

(in thousands) | 1% Increase |  | 1% Decrease
Effect on total service and interest cost components | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | (33 | )
Effect on other postretirement obligation | 864 |  |  | (776 | )

Plan Assets
The primary objective of certain of our pension plans' investment policies is to ensure that sufficient assets are available to provide the benefit obligations at the time the obligations come due. The overall investment strategy for the defined benefit pension plans' assets combine considerations of preservation of principal and moderate risk-taking. The assumption of an acceptable level of risk is warranted in order to achieve satisfactory results consistent with the long-term objectives of the portfolio. Fixed income securities comprise a significant portion of the portfolio due to their plan-liability-matching characteristics and to address the plans' cash flow requirements. Additionally, diversification of investments within each asset class is utilized to further reduce the impact of losses in single investments.
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Investment management practices must comply with ERISA and all applicable regulations and rulings thereof. The use of derivative instruments is permitted where appropriate and necessary for achieving overall investment policy objectives. Currently, the use of derivative instruments is not significant when compared to the overall investment portfolio.
The Company utilizes a liability driven investment strategy (LDI) for the assets of its U.S. defined benefit pension plans in order to reduce the volatility of the funded status of these plans and to meet the obligations at an acceptable cost over the long term. This LDI strategy entails modifying the asset allocation and duration of the assets of the plans to more closely match the liability profile of these plans. The asset reallocation involves increasing the fixed income allocation, reducing the equity component and adding alternative investments. Longer duration interest rate swaps have been utilized periodically in order to increase the overall duration of the asset portfolio to more closely match the liabilities.
Our defined benefit pension plans’ asset allocations as of June 30, 2016 and 2015 and target allocations for 2017, by asset class, were as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Target %
Equity | 23 | % |  | 32 | % |  | 22.5 | %
Fixed Income | 67 | % |  | 65 | % |  | 70.0 | %
Other | 10 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 7.5 | %

The following sections describe the valuation methodologies used by the trustee to measure the fair value of the defined benefit pension plan assets, including an indication of the level in the fair value hierarchy in which each type of asset is generally classified (see Note 5 for the definition of fair value and a description of the fair value hierarchy).
Corporate fixed income securities Investments in corporate fixed income securities consist of corporate debt and asset backed securities. These investments are classified as level two and are valued using independent observable market inputs such as the treasury curve, swap curve and yield curve.
Common / collective trusts Investments in common / collective trusts invest primarily in publicly traded securities and are classified as level two and valued based on observable market data.
Common stock Common stocks are classified as level one and are valued at their quoted market price.
Government securities Investments in government securities consist of fixed income securities such as U.S. government and agency obligations and foreign government bonds and asset and mortgage backed securities such as obligations issued by government sponsored organizations. These investments are classified as level two and are valued using independent observable market inputs such as the treasury curve, credit spreads and interest rates.
Other fixed income securities Investments in other fixed income securities are classified as level two and valued based on observable market data.
Other Other investments consist primarily of state and local obligations and short term investments including cash, corporate notes, and various short term debt instruments which can be redeemed within a nominal redemption notice period. These investments are primarily classified as level two and are valued using independent observable market inputs.
The fair value methods described may not be reflective of future fair values. Additionally, while the Company believes the valuation methods used by the plans’ trustee are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in different fair value measurement at the reporting date.
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The following table presents the fair value of the benefit plan assets classified under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy as of June 30, 2016:

(in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Corporate fixed income securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 395,102 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 395,102 |
Common / collective trusts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Value funds | — |  |  | 68,731 |  |  | — |  |  | 68,731 |
Growth funds | — |  |  | 38,126 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,126 |
Balanced funds | — |  |  | 8,581 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,581 |
Common stock | 74,163 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 74,163 |
Government securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government securities | — |  |  | 79,275 |  |  | — |  |  | 79,275 |
Foreign government securities | — |  |  | 43,729 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,729 |
Other fixed income securities | — |  |  | 31,503 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,503 |
Other | 3,029 |  |  | 79,436 |  |  | — |  |  | 82,465 |
Total investments | $ | 77,192 |  |  | $ | 744,483 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 821,675 |

The following table presents the fair value of the benefit plan assets classified under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy as of June 30, 2015:

(in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Corporate fixed income securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 391,275 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 391,275 |
Common / collective trusts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Value funds | — |  |  | 102,466 |  |  | — |  |  | 102,466 |
Growth funds | — |  |  | 54,179 |  |  | — |  |  | 54,179 |
Balanced funds | — |  |  | 10,090 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,090 |
Common stock | 94,964 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94,964 |
Government securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government securities | — |  |  | 68,628 |  |  | — |  |  | 68,628 |
Foreign government securities | — |  |  | 44,474 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,474 |
Other fixed income securities | — |  |  | 32,540 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,540 |
Other | 3,396 |  |  | 25,325 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,721 |
Total investments | $ | 98,360 |  |  | $ | 728,977 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 827,337 |

Defined Contribution Plans
We sponsor several defined contribution retirement plans. Costs for defined contribution plans were $17.2 million, $23.1 million and $20.4 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
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NOTE 14 — ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) consists of net income and other changes in equity from transactions and other events from sources other than shareholders. It includes postretirement benefit plan adjustments, currency translation adjustments, and unrealized gains and losses from derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges.
The components of and changes in AOCL were as follows (net of tax) for the year ended June 30, 2016 (in thousands):

Attributable to Kennametal: | Post-retirement benefit plans | Currency translation adjustment | Derivatives | Total
Balance, June 30, 2015 | $ | (138,793 | ) | $ | (97,309 | ) | $ | (7,421 | ) | $ | (243,523 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (78,295 | ) | (51,508 | ) | (150 | ) | (129,953 | )
Amounts Reclassified from AOCL | 4,925 |  | 15,088 |  | (1,563 | ) | 18,450 |
Net current period other comprehensive loss | (73,370 | ) | (36,420 | ) | (1,713 | ) | (111,503 | )
Sale of subsidiary stock to noncontrolling interest | — |  | 2,517 |  | — |  | 2,517 |
AOCL, June 30, 2016 | $ | (212,163 | ) | $ | (131,212 | ) | $ | (9,134 | ) | $ | (352,509 | )
Attributable to noncontrolling interests: |  |  |  |
Balance, June 30, 2015 | $ | — |  | $ | (2,258 | ) | $ | — |  | $ | (2,258 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | — |  | (1,188 | ) | — |  | (1,188 | )
Net current period other comprehensive loss | — |  | (1,188 | ) | — |  | (1,188 | )
AOCL, June 30, 2016 | $ | — |  | $ | (3,446 | ) | $ | — |  | $ | (3,446 | )

The components of and changes in AOCL were as follows (net of tax) for the year ended June 30, 2015 (in thousands):

Attributable to Kennametal: | Post-retirement benefit plans | Currency translation adjustment | Derivatives | Total
Balance, June 30, 2014 | $ | (93,742 | ) | $ | 38,811 |  | $ | (11,200 | ) | $ | (66,131 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (47,982 | ) | (136,120 | ) | 6,652 |  | (177,450 | )
Amounts Reclassified from AOCL | 2,931 |  | — |  | (2,873 | ) | 58 |
Net current period other comprehensive loss | (45,051 | ) | (136,120 | ) | 3,779 |  | (177,392 | )
AOCL, June 30, 2015 | $ | (138,793 | ) | $ | (97,309 | ) | $ | (7,421 | ) | $ | (243,523 | )
Attributable to noncontrolling interests: |  |  |  |
Balance, June 30, 2014 | $ | — |  | $ | 1,087 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,087 |
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | — |  | (3,345 | ) | — |  | (3,345 | )
Net current period other comprehensive loss | — |  | (3,345 | ) | — |  | (3,345 | )
AOCL, June 30, 2015 | $ | — |  | $ | (2,258 | ) | $ | — |  | $ | (2,258 | )

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The components of and changes in AOCL were as follows (net of tax) for the year ended June 30, 2014 (in thousands):

Attributable to Kennametal: | Post-retirement benefit plans | Currency translation adjustment | Derivatives | Total
Balance, June 30, 2013 | $ | (83,936 | ) | $ | 7,413 |  | $ | (12,481 | ) | $ | (89,004 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | (11,990 | ) | 31,398 |  | (706 | ) | 18,702 |
Amounts Reclassified from AOCL | 2,184 |  | — |  | 1,987 |  | 4,171 |
Net current period other comprehensive loss | (9,806 | ) | 31,398 |  | 1,281 |  | 22,873 |
AOCL, June 30, 2014 | $ | (93,742 | ) | $ | 38,811 |  | $ | (11,200 | ) | $ | (66,131 | )
Attributable to noncontrolling interests: |  |  |  |
Balance, June 30, 2013 | $ | — |  | $ | 721 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 721 |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | — |  | 366 |  | — |  | 366 |
Net current period other comprehensive loss | — |  | 366 |  | — |  | 366 |
AOCL, June 30, 2014 | $ | — |  | $ | 1,087 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,087 |

Reclassifications out of AOCL for the years ended June 30, 2016, 2015 and 2014 consisted of the following:

| Year Ended June 30, |
Details about AOCL components (in thousands) | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | Affected line item in the Income Statement
Gains and losses on cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |
Forward starting interest rate swaps | $ | 2,099 |  | $ | 2,021 |  | $ | 1,945 |  | Interest expense
Currency exchange contracts | (4,645 | ) | (6,700 | ) | 1,260 |  | Other (income) expense, net
Total before tax | (2,546 | ) | (4,679 | ) | 3,205 |  |
Tax expense (benefit) | 983 |  | 1,806 |  | (1,218 | ) | Provision (benefit) for income taxes
Net of tax | $ | (1,563 | ) | $ | (2,873 | ) | $ | 1,987 |  |
Post-retirement benefit plans: |  |  |  |
Amortization of transition obligations | $ | 80 |  | $ | 78 |  | $ | 78 |  | See Note 13 for further details
Amortization of prior service credit | (439 | ) | (420 | ) | (345 | ) | See Note 13 for further details
Recognition of actuarial losses | 7,610 |  | 4,163 |  | 2,959 |  | See Note 13 for further details
Total before tax | 7,251 |  | 3,821 |  | 2,692 |  |
Tax (benefit) | (2,326 | ) | (890 | ) | (508 | ) | Provision (benefit) for income taxes
Net of tax | $ | 4,925 |  | $ | 2,931 |  | $ | 2,184 |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments: |  |  |  |
Released due to divestiture | 15,088 |  | — |  | — |  | Loss on divestiture
Total before taxes | 15,088 |  | — |  | — |  |
Tax benefit | — |  | — |  | — |  | Provision (benefit) for income taxes
Net of tax | $ | 15,088 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |

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The amount of income tax allocated to each component of other comprehensive (loss) for the year ended June 30, 2016:

(in thousands) | Pre-tax | Tax impact | Net of tax
Unrealized loss on derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges | $ | (244 | ) | $ | 94 |  | $ | (150 | )
Reclassification of unrealized gain on expired derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges | (2,546 | ) | 983 |  | (1,563 | )
Unrecognized net pension and other postretirement benefit loss | (84,266 | ) | 5,971 |  | (78,295 | )
Reclassification of net pension and other postretirement benefit loss | 7,251 |  | (2,326 | ) | 4,925 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (52,699 | ) | 4 |  | (52,695 | )
Reclassification of foreign currency translation adjustment loss realized upon sale | 15,088 |  | — |  | 15,088 |
Other comprehensive (loss) | $ | (117,416 | ) | $ | 4,726 |  | $ | (112,690 | )

The amount of income tax allocated to each component of other comprehensive (loss) for the year ended June 30, 2015:

(in thousands) | Pre-tax | Tax impact | Net of tax
Unrealized gain on derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges | $ | 10,834 |  | $ | (4,182 | ) | $ | 6,652 |
Reclassification of unrealized gain on expired derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges | (4,679 | ) | 1,806 |  | (2,873 | )
Unrecognized net pension and other postretirement benefit loss | (76,029 | ) | 28,047 |  | (47,982 | )
Reclassification of net pension and other postretirement benefit loss | 3,821 |  | (890 | ) | 2,931 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (147,172 | ) | 7,707 |  | (139,465 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) | $ | (213,225 | ) | $ | 32,488 |  | $ | (180,737 | )

The amount of income tax allocated to each component of other comprehensive income for the year ended June 30, 2014:

(in thousands) | Pre-tax | Tax impact | Net of tax
Unrealized loss on derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges | (1,139 | ) | 433 |  | (706 | )
Reclassification of unrealized loss on expired derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges | 3,205 |  | (1,218 | ) | 1,987 |
Unrecognized net pension and other postretirement benefit loss | (15,900 | ) | 3,910 |  | (11,990 | )
Reclassification of net pension and other postretirement benefit loss | 2,692 |  | (508 | ) | 2,184 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 33,493 |  | (1,730 | ) | 31,763 |
Other comprehensive income | 22,351 |  | 887 |  | 23,238 |

NOTE 15 — RESTRUCTURING AND RELATED CHARGES AND ASSET IMPAIRMENT CHARGES
Restructuring and Related Charges
Phase 1
We implemented restructuring actions in conjunction with our Phase 1 restructuring program to achieve synergies across Kennametal as a result of the TMB acquisition by consolidating operations among both organizations, reducing administrative overhead and leveraging the supply chain. These restructuring actions were substantially completed in fiscal 2016 and were mostly cash expenditures.
Total restructuring and related charges since inception of $59.3 million have been recorded for these Phase 1 programs through June 30, 2016: $30.7 million in Industrial, $26.2 million in Infrastructure, and $2.4 million in Corporate.
Ongoing restructuring programs
We are currently implementing restructuring actions to streamline the Company's cost structure. These initiatives are expected to improve the alignment of our cost structure with the current operating environment through rationalization and consolidation of certain manufacturing facilities and through headcount reductions; enhancement of operational efficiencies through an enterprise-wide cost reduction program; and other employment and cost reduction programs. These restructuring actions are expected to be completed by December of fiscal 2019 and are anticipated to be mostly cash expenditures.
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The total pre-tax charges for these programs are expected to be in the range of $105 million to $125 million, which is expected to be approximately 65 percent Industrial and 35 percent Infrastructure. Total restructuring and related charges since inception of $71.4 million have been recorded for these programs through June 30, 2016: $41.2 million in Industrial, $23.3 million in Infrastructure and $6.9 million in Corporate.
Combined
During 2016, we recognized total restructuring and related charges of $53.5 million, of this amount, restructuring charges totaled $30.0 million. Total restructuring-related charges of $7.3 million were recorded in cost of goods sold and $16.2 million in operating expense during 2016.
During 2015, we recognized total restructuring and related charges of $58.1 million, of this amount, restructuring charges totaled $42.1 million, of which $1.5 million were charges related to inventory disposals and were recorded in cost of goods sold. Total restructuring-related charges of $8.2 million were recorded in cost of goods sold and $7.8 million in operating expense during 2015.
During 2014, we recorded $19.1 million restructuring and related charges, of this amount, restructuring charges totaled $17.8 million, of which $0.2 million were charges related to inventory disposals and were recorded in cost of goods sold. Total restructuring-related charges of $1.2 million were recorded in cost of goods sold and $0.1 million in operating expense during 2014.
The restructuring accrual is recorded in other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet and the amount attributable to each segment is as follows:

(in thousands) | June 30, 2015 |  | Expense |  | Asset Write-Down |  | Other (2) |  | Translation |  | Cash Expenditures |  | June 30, 2016
Industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Severance | $ | 13,456 |  |  | $ | 17,322 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (347 | ) |  | $ | (140 | ) |  | $ | (21,202 | ) |  | $ | 9,089 |
Facilities | — |  |  | 330 |  |  | (780 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 450 |  |  | — |
Other | 28 |  |  | 297 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 579 |  |  | 899 |
Total Industrial | $ | 13,484 |  |  | $ | 17,949 |  |  | $ | (780 | ) |  | $ | (347 | ) |  | $ | (145 | ) |  | $ | (20,173 | ) |  | $ | 9,988 |
Infrastructure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Severance | $ | 7,173 |  |  | $ | 7,424 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (201 | ) |  | $ | (60 | ) |  | $ | (9,035 | ) |  | $ | 5,301 |
Facilities | 131 |  |  | 4,515 |  |  | (3,914 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (699 | ) |  | 33 |
Other | — |  |  | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 256 |  |  | 381 |
Total Infrastructure | 7,304 |  |  | 12,066 |  |  | (3,914 | ) |  | (201 | ) |  | (62 | ) |  | (9,478 | ) |  | 5,715 |
Total | $ | 20,788 |  |  | $ | 30,015 |  |  | $ | (4,694 | ) |  | $ | (548 | ) |  | $ | (207 | ) |  | $ | (29,651 | ) |  | $ | 15,703 |

(2) Special termination benefit charge and settlement charge for one of our U.S.-based benefit pension plans resulting from executive retirement - see Note 13.

(in thousands) | June 30, 2014 |  | Expense |  | Asset Write-Down |  | Other (3) |  | Translation |  | Cash Expenditures |  | June 30, 2015
Industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Severance | $ | 5,815 |  |  | $ | 20,713 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (328 | ) |  | $ | (12,744 | ) |  | $ | 13,456 |
Facilities | 444 |  |  | 2,277 |  |  | (2,231 | ) |  | — |  |  | (15 | ) |  | (475 | ) |  | — |
Other | 67 |  |  | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (114 | ) |  | 28 |
Total Industrial | $ | 6,326 |  |  | $ | 23,067 |  |  | $ | (2,231 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (345 | ) |  | $ | (13,333 | ) |  | $ | 13,484 |
Infrastructure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Severance | $ | 2,458 |  |  | $ | 14,027 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (459 | ) |  | $ | (223 | ) |  | $ | (8,630 | ) |  | $ | 7,173 |
Facilities | 190 |  |  | 4,969 |  |  | (3,638 | ) |  | — |  |  | (32 | ) |  | (1,358 | ) |  | 131 |
Other | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (25 | ) |  | — |
Total Infrastructure | 2,676 |  |  | 18,996 |  |  | (3,638 | ) |  | (459 | ) |  | (258 | ) |  | (10,013 | ) |  | 7,304 |
Total | $ | 9,002 |  |  | $ | 42,063 |  |  | $ | (5,869 | ) |  | $ | (459 | ) |  | $ | (603 | ) |  | $ | (23,346 | ) |  | $ | 20,788 |

(3) Special termination benefit charge for one of our U.S.-based benefit pension plans resulting from a plant closure - see Note 13.
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Asset impairment Charges
See discussion on goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges in Note 2.
During 2016, we identified specific machinery and equipment that was no longer being utilized in the manufacturing organization of which we disposed by abandonment. As a result of this review, we recorded property, plant, and equipment impairment charges of $5.4 million during 2016, which has been presented in restructuring and asset impairment charges in our consolidated statement of income.
NOTE 16 — FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The methods used to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments are as follows:
Cash and Equivalents, Current Maturities of Long-Term Debt and Notes Payable to Banks The carrying amounts approximate their fair value because of the short maturity of the instruments.
Long-Term Debt Fixed rate debt had a fair market value of $704.0 million and $698.0 million at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The fair value is determined based on the quoted market price of this debt as of June 30 and were classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Foreign Exchange Contracts The notional amount of outstanding foreign exchange contracts, translated at current exchange rates, was $53.3 million and $53.8 million at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We would have received $0.3 million and $2.6 million at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, to settle these contracts representing the fair value of these agreements. The carrying value equaled the fair value for these contracts at June 30, 2016 and 2015. Fair value was estimated based on quoted market prices of comparable instruments.
Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of temporary cash investments and trade receivables. By policy, we make temporary cash investments with high credit quality financial institutions and limit the amount of exposure to any one financial institution. With respect to trade receivables, concentrations of credit risk are significantly reduced because we serve numerous customers in many industries and geographic areas.
We are exposed to counterparty credit risk for nonperformance of derivatives and, in the unlikely event of nonperformance, to market risk for changes in interest and currency exchange rates, as well as settlement risk. We manage exposure to counterparty credit risk through credit standards, diversification of counterparties and procedures to monitor concentrations of credit risk. We do not anticipate nonperformance by any of the counterparties. As of June 30, 2016 and 2015, we had no significant concentrations of credit risk.
NOTE 17 — STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
Stock Options
The assumptions used in our Black-Scholes valuation related to grants made during 2016, 2015 and 2014 were as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Risk-free interest rate | 1.4 | % |  | 1.5 | % |  | 1.3 | %
Expected life (years) (4) | 4.5 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 4.5 |
Expected volatility (5) | 31.7 | % |  | 32.5 | % |  | 40.3 | %
Expected dividend yield | 2.1 | % |  | 1.7 | % |  | 1.7 | %

(4) Expected life is derived from historical experience.
(5) Expected volatility is based on the implied historical volatility of our stock.
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Changes in our stock options for 2016 were as follows:

| Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic value (in thousands)
Options outstanding, June 30, 2015 | 2,094,037 |  |  | $ | 36.08 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 885,403 |  |  | 28.29 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (39,177 | ) |  | 24.96 |  |  |  |  |
Lapsed and forfeited | (392,454 | ) |  | 34.93 |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding, June 30, 2016 | 2,547,809 |  |  | $ | 33.72 |  |  | 4.9 |  | $ | 602 |
Options vested and expected to vest, June 30, 2016 | 2,501,094 |  |  | $ | 33.79 |  |  | 4.8 |  | $ | 589 |
Options exercisable, June 30, 2016 | 1,625,728 |  |  | $ | 35.38 |  |  | 2.7 |  | $ | 89 |

During 2016, 2015 and 2014, compensation expense related to stock options was $3.3 million, $3.2 million and $4.3 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2016, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to options outstanding was $2.5 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years.
Weighted average fair value of options granted during 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $6.45, $10.16 and $13.76, respectively. Fair value of options vested during 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $2.3 million, $7.6 million and $5.1 million, respectively.
Tax benefits relating to excess stock-based compensation deductions, are presented in the statement of cash flow as financing cash inflows. Tax benefits resulting from stock-based compensation deductions were less than the amounts reported for financial reporting purposes by $1.9 million in 2016, and exceeded amounts reported for financial reporting purposes by $1.3 million and $6.0 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively.
The amount of cash received from the exercise of capital stock options during 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $1.0 million, $11.7 million and $20.6 million, respectively. The related tax benefit was immaterial in 2016, and was $2.0 million and $4.6 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was immaterial in 2016, and was $5.3 million and $14.8 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Under the provisions of the A/R 2010 Plan, participants may deliver stock, owned by the holder for at least six months, in payment of the option price and receive credit for the fair market value of the shares on the date of delivery. The fair market value of shares delivered during 2016, 2015 and 2014 were immaterial.
Restricted Stock Units – Time Vesting and Performance Vesting
Performance vesting restricted stock units are earned pro rata each year if certain performance goals are met over a three-year period, and are also subject to a service condition that requires the individual to be employed by the Company at the payment date after the three-year performance period, with the exception of retirement eligible grantees, who upon retirement are entitled to receive payment for any units that have been earned, including a prorated portion in the partially completed fiscal year in which the retirement occurs. Time vesting stock units are valued at the market value of the stock on the grant date. Performance vesting stock units with a market condition are valued using a Monte Carlo model.
Changes in our time vesting and performance vesting restricted stock units for 2016 were as follows:

| Performance Vesting Stock Units |  | Performance Vesting Weighted Average Fair Value |  | Time Vesting Stock Units |  | Time Vesting Weighted Average Fair Value
Unvested performance vesting and time vesting restricted stock units, June 30, 2015 | 101,245 |  |  | $ | 43.00 |  |  | 689,268 |  |  | $ | 41.53 |
Granted | 117,589 |  |  | 31.60 |  |  | 760,443 |  |  | 27.46 |
Vested | — |  |  | — |  |  | (300,191 | ) |  | 40.68 |
Performance metric not achieved | (42,697 | ) |  | 31.60 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Forfeited | (60,670 | ) |  | 32.70 |  |  | (134,776 | ) |  | 35.80 |
Unvested performance vesting and time vesting restricted stock units, June 30, 2016 | 115,467 |  |  | $ | 36.96 |  |  | 1,014,744 |  |  | $ | 31.97 |

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During 2016, 2015 and 2014, compensation expense related to time vesting and performance vesting restricted stock units was $14.6 million, $13.5 million and $13.1 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2016, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested time vesting and performance vesting restricted stock units was $14.1 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years.
NOTE 18— ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
The operation of our business has exposed us to certain liabilities and compliance costs related to environmental matters. We are involved in various environmental cleanup and remediation activities at certain of our locations.
Superfund Sites Among other environmental laws, we are subject to the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (Superfund), under which we have been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) as a potentially responsible party (PRP) with respect to environmental remedial costs at certain Superfund sites. We have evaluated our claims and liabilities associated with these Superfund sites based upon best currently available information. We believe our environmental accruals are adequate to cover our portion of the environmental remedial costs at the Superfund sites where we have been designated a PRP, to the extent these expenses are probable and reasonably estimable.
Other Environmental Matters We establish and maintain reserves for other potential environmental issues. At June 30, 2016 and 2015, the balance of these reserves was $12.5 million and $12.6 million, respectively. These reserves represent anticipated costs associated with the remediation of these issues.
The reserves we have established for environmental liabilities represent our best current estimate of the costs of addressing all identified environmental situations, based on our review of currently available evidence, and taking into consideration our prior experience in remediation and that of other companies, as well as public information released by the USEPA, other governmental agencies and by the PRP groups in which we are participating. Although the reserves currently appear to be sufficient to cover these environmental liabilities, there are uncertainties associated with environmental liabilities, and we can give no assurance that our estimate of any environmental liability will not increase or decrease in the future. The reserved and unreserved liabilities for all environmental concerns could change substantially due to factors such as the nature and extent of contamination, changes in remedial requirements, technological changes, discovery of new information, the financial strength of other PRPs, the identification of new PRPs and the involvement of and direction taken by the government on these matters.
We maintain a Corporate Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Department to monitor compliance with environmental regulations and to oversee remediation activities. In addition, we have designated EHS coordinators who are responsible for each of our global manufacturing facilities. Our financial management team periodically meets with members of the Corporate EHS Department and the Corporate Legal Department to review and evaluate the status of environmental projects and contingencies. On a quarterly basis, we review financial provisions and reserves for environmental contingencies and adjust these reserves when appropriate.
NOTE 19 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Legal Matters Various lawsuits arising during the normal course of business are pending against us. In our opinion, the ultimate liability, if any, resulting from these matters will have no significant effect on our consolidated financial positions or results of operations.
Lease Commitments We lease a wide variety of facilities and equipment under operating leases, primarily for warehouses, production and office facilities and equipment. Lease expense under these rentals amounted to $28.6 million, $29.4 million and $31.9 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Future minimum lease payments for non-cancelable operating leases are $18.6 million, $13.0 million, $9.9 million, $8.0 million and $6.8 million for the years 2017 through 2021 and $20.9 million thereafter.
Purchase Commitments We have purchase commitments for materials, supplies and machinery and equipment as part of the ordinary conduct of business. Some of these commitments extend beyond one year and are based on minimum purchase requirements. We believe these commitments are not at prices in excess of current market.
Other Contractual Obligations We do not have material financial guarantees or other contractual commitments that are reasonably likely to adversely affect our liquidity.
Related Party Transactions Sales to affiliated companies were immaterial in 2016, 2015 and 2014. We do not have any other related party transactions that affect our operations, results of operations, cash flow or financial condition.
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NOTE 20 — SEGMENT DATA
The Company manages and reports its business in the following two segments: Industrial and Infrastructure. The Company's reportable operating segments have been determined in accordance with the Company's internal management structure, which is organized based on operating activities, the manner in which we organize segments for making operating decisions and assessing performance and the availability of separate financial results. We do not allocate certain corporate expenses related to executive retirement plans, the Company’s Board of Directors and strategic initiatives, as well as certain other costs and report them in Corporate. Neither of our two reportable operating segments represent the aggregation of two or more operating segments.
Sales to a single customer did not aggregate 4 percent or more of total sales in 2016, 2015 and 2014. Export sales from U.S. operations to unaffiliated customers were $65.3 million, $71.0 million and $82.2 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
INDUSTRIAL The Industrial segment generally serves customers that operate in industrial end markets such as transportation, general engineering, aerospace and defense. The customers in these end markets manufacture engines, airframes, automobiles, trucks, ships and various types of industrial equipment. The technology and customization requirements for customers we serve vary by customer, application and industry. The value we deliver to our Industrial segment customers centers on our application expertise and our diverse offering of products and services.
INFRASTRUCTURE The Infrastructure segment generally serves customers that operate in the earthworks and energy sectors who support primary industries such as oil and gas, power generation, underground, surface and hard-rock mining, highway construction and road maintenance. Generally, we rely on customer intimacy to serve this segment. By gaining an in-depth understanding of our customers’ engineering and development needs, we are able to offer complete system solutions and high-performance capabilities to optimize and add value to their operations.
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Segment data is summarized as follows:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Sales: |  |  |  |  |
Industrial | $ | 1,269,162 |  |  | $ | 1,461,744 |  |  | $ | 1,524,075 |
Infrastructure | 829,274 |  |  | 1,185,451 |  |  | 1,313,115 |
Total sales | $ | 2,098,436 |  |  | $ | 2,647,195 |  |  | $ | 2,837,190 |
Operating (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |
Industrial | $ | 81,243 |  |  | $ | 160,894 |  |  | $ | 177,040 |
Infrastructure | (246,306 | ) |  | (509,381 | ) |  | 94,940 |
Corporate | (9,880 | ) |  | (9,336 | ) |  | (8,548 | )
Total operating (loss) income | $ | (174,943 | ) |  | $ | (357,823 | ) |  | $ | 263,432 |
Interest expense | $ | 27,752 |  |  | $ | 31,466 |  |  | $ | 32,451 |
Other (income) expense, net | (4,124 | ) |  | (1,674 | ) |  | 2,172 |
(Loss) income before income taxes | $ | (198,571 | ) |  | $ | (387,615 | ) |  | $ | 228,809 |
Depreciation and amortization: |  |  |  |  |
Industrial | $ | 62,942 |  |  | $ | 64,188 |  |  | $ | 65,820 |
Infrastructure | 54,459 |  |  | 67,413 |  |  | 64,339 |
Corporate | 65 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 63 |
Total depreciation and amortization | $ | 117,466 |  |  | $ | 131,664 |  |  | $ | 130,222 |
Equity income: |  |  |  |  |
Industrial | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34 |
Infrastructure | (10 | ) |  | 6 |  |  | 50 |
Total equity income | $ | (10 | ) |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 84 |
Total assets: |  |  |  |  |
Industrial | $ | 1,215,226 |  |  | $ | 1,259,270 |  |  | $ | 1,449,688 |
Infrastructure | 849,447 |  |  | 1,279,608 |  |  | 1,986,724 |
Corporate | 304,120 |  |  | 310,651 |  |  | 431,674 |
Total assets | $ | 2,368,793 |  |  | $ | 2,849,529 |  |  | $ | 3,868,086 |
Capital expenditures: |  |  |  |  |
Industrial | $ | 80,560 |  |  | $ | 64,497 |  |  | $ | 71,628 |
Infrastructure | 30,137 |  |  | 36,442 |  |  | 45,748 |
Total capital expenditures | $ | 110,697 |  |  | $ | 100,939 |  |  | $ | 117,376 |
Investments in affiliated companies: |  |  |  |  |
Industrial | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Infrastructure | 2 |  |  | 361 |  |  | 495 |
Total investments in affiliated companies | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 361 |  |  | $ | 495 |

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Geographic information for sales, based on country of origin, and assets is as follows:

(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Sales: |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 897,399 |  |  | $ | 1,176,622 |  |  | $ | 1,198,541 |
Germany | 334,366 |  |  | 442,009 |  |  | 511,209 |
China | 210,124 |  |  | 246,953 |  |  | 248,212 |
India | 77,934 |  |  | 85,193 |  |  | 81,455 |
Italy | 69,821 |  |  | 85,530 |  |  | 107,511 |
France | 56,264 |  |  | 59,772 |  |  | 63,473 |
Canada | 55,812 |  |  | 73,912 |  |  | 78,163 |
United Kingdom | 50,723 |  |  | 70,600 |  |  | 105,041 |
Other | 345,993 |  |  | 406,604 |  |  | 443,585 |
Total sales | $ | 2,098,436 |  |  | $ | 2,647,195 |  |  | $ | 2,837,190 |
Total assets: |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 1,075,330 |  |  | $ | 1,338,594 |  |  | $ | 1,842,453 |
Germany | 327,679 |  |  | 394,491 |  |  | 538,661 |
China | 233,200 |  |  | 274,774 |  |  | 341,949 |
Switzerland | 189,498 |  |  | 194,139 |  |  | 264,928 |
India | 91,544 |  |  | 97,463 |  |  | 94,897 |
Canada | 57,174 |  |  | 60,492 |  |  | 133,481 |
Italy | 50,352 |  |  | 94,978 |  |  | 178,141 |
United Kingdom | 48,507 |  |  | 71,342 |  |  | 79,657 |
Other | 295,509 |  |  | 323,256 |  |  | 393,919 |
Total assets: | $ | 2,368,793 |  |  | $ | 2,849,529 |  |  | $ | 3,868,086 |

Approximate sales by end markets as a percentage of consolidated sales are as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
End markets: |  |  |  |  |
General engineering | 38 | % |  | 36 | % |  | 31 | %
Transportation | 21 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 21 |
Energy | 17 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 23 |
Earthworks | 16 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 19 |
Aerospace and defense | 8 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 6 |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

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NOTE 21 — SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)

For the quarter ended (in thousands, except per share data) | September 30 |  | December 31 |  | March 31 |  | June 30
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales | $ | 555,354 |  |  | $ | 524,021 |  |  | $ | 497,837 |  |  | $ | 521,224 |
Gross profit | 151,224 |  |  | 140,806 |  |  | 157,353 |  |  | 166,684 |
Net (loss) income attributable to Kennametal | (6,226 | ) |  | (169,227 | ) |  | 16,000 |  |  | (66,515 | )
Basic (loss) earnings per share attributable to Kennametal (6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | (0.08 | ) |  | (2.12 | ) |  | 0.20 |  |  | (0.83 | )
Diluted (loss) earnings per share attributable to Kennametal (6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | (0.08 | ) |  | (2.12 | ) |  | 0.20 |  |  | (0.83 | )
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales | $ | 694,941 |  |  | $ | 675,631 |  |  | $ | 638,970 |  |  | $ | 637,653 |
Gross profit | 218,009 |  |  | 199,458 |  |  | 199,470 |  |  | 188,966 |
Net income (loss) attributable to Kennametal | 39,489 |  |  | (388,302 | ) |  | (46,229 | ) |  | 21,146 |
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to Kennametal (6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | 0.50 |  |  | (4.89 | ) |  | (0.58 | ) |  | 0.27 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to Kennametal (6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | 0.49 |  |  | (4.89 | ) |  | (0.58 | ) |  | 0.26 |

(6) Earnings per share amounts attributable to Kennametal for each quarter are computed using the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the quarter. Earnings per share amounts attributable to Kennametal for the full year are computed using the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year. Thus, the sum of the four quarters’ earnings per share attributable to Kennametal does not always equal the full-year earnings per share attributable to Kennametal.
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ITEM 9 — CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A — CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

(a) | Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management evaluated, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of June 30, 2016. The Company’s disclosure controls were designed to provide a reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission. It should be noted that the design of any system of controls is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, regardless of how remote. However, the controls have been designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving the controls’ stated goals. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance at June 30, 2016 to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

(b) | Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting is included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K and incorporated herein by reference.

(c) | Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The effectiveness of Kennametal’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2016 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report included in Item 8 of this annual report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.

(d) | Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2016 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B — OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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PART III
ITEM 10 — DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
Information regarding the executive officers of Kennametal Inc. is as follows: Name, Age, Position, and Experience During the Past Five Years (1).
Ronald M. De Feo, 64
President and Chief Executive Officer
President and Chief Executive Officer since February 2016; Director since November 2001; Formerly, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Terex Corporation (provides machinery and industrial products), from March 1998 and March 1995, respectively, until December 2015.
Judith L. Bacchus, 54
Vice President and Chief Human Resources and Corporate Relations Officer
Vice President and Chief Human Resources and Corporate Relations Officer since December 2015; Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer from June 2011 to November 2015.
Charles M. Byrnes, Jr., 51
Vice President, Kennametal Inc. and President, Industrial Business Segment
Vice President, Kennametal Inc. and President, Industrial Business Segment since May 2016; Vice President and Executive Vice President, Industrial Business Segment from December 2015 to May 2016; Formerly President at General Bearing Corporation (provides bearing components and bearing products) from March 2014 to December 2015; Senior Vice President - Sales and Marketing at Accuride Corporation (provides commercial vehicle components) from September 2011 to February 2014; and Senior Vice President - Business Development at Accuride Corporation from June 2011 to September 2011.
Robert J. Clemens, 59
Vice President and Chief Technical Officer
Vice President and Chief Technical Officer since March 2013; Formerly, Vice President, Corporate Technology at Eastman Chemical Company (specialty chemical company) from January 2008 to February 2013.
Peter A. Dragich, 53
Vice President, Kennametal Inc. and President, Infrastructure Business Segment
Vice President, Kennametal Inc. and President, Infrastructure Business Segment since May 2016; Vice President and Executive Vice President, Infrastructure Business Segment from October 2015 to May 2016; Vice President Integrated Supply Chain and Logistics from October 2012 to October 2015. Formerly, Vice President, Global Field Operations, Climate, Controls, and Security for United Technologies Corporation (provides products and services to aerospace and building systems industries) from May 2010 to October 2012.
Martha Fusco, 42
Vice President Finance and Corporate Controller
Vice President Finance and Corporate Controller since December 2009; Interim Chief Financial Officer from February 2015 to August 2015.
Jan Kees van Gaalen, 59
Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since September 2015; Formerly, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Dresser-Rand Group Inc. (provides custom-engineered rotating equipment for applications in the oil, gas, process, power, and other industries) from April 2013 to June 2015; Vice President and Treasurer of Baker Hughes Inc. (oil field services) from January 2008 to April 2013.
Michelle Keating, 40
Vice President, Secretary and Interim General Counsel
Vice President, Secretary and Interim General Counsel since July 2016; Vice President, Associate General Counsel & Assistant Secretary from March 2016 to July 2016; Assistant General Counsel & Assistant Secretary from August 2011 to February 2016.
(1) Each executive officer has been elected by the Board of Directors to serve until removed or until a successor is elected and qualified. Unless otherwise noted, none of the executive officers (i) has an arrangement or understanding with any other person(s) pursuant to which he or she was selected as an officer, (ii) has any family relationship with any director or executive officer of the Company, or (iii) is involved in any legal proceeding which would require disclosure under this item.
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Incorporated herein by reference is the information provided under the captions “Proposal I. Election of Directors” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after June 30, 2016 (2016 Proxy Statement). Also incorporated herein by reference is the information set forth under the caption “Ethics and Corporate Governance-Code of Business Ethics and Conduct” and "Ethics and Corporate Governance-Corporate Governance" in the 2016 Proxy Statement.
The Company has a separately designated standing Audit Committee established in accordance with Section 3(a) (58) (A) of the Exchange Act. The members of the Audit Committee are: Timothy R. McLevish (Chair); Cindy L. Davis; William M. Lambert and Steven H. Wunning. Incorporated herein by reference is the information provided under the caption “Board of Directors and Board Committees-Committee Functions-Audit Committee” in the 2016 Proxy Statement.
ITEM 11 — EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Incorporated herein by reference is certain information in the “Executive Compensation, Compensation Discussion and Analysis” section of the 2016 Proxy Statement including, without limitation, Compensation Committee Report, Analysis of Risk Inherent in our Compensation Policies and Practices, the Executive Compensation Tables and Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control. Also incorporated herein by reference is certain information in “Board of Directors Compensation and Benefits” and “Board of Directors and Board Committees."
ITEM 12 — SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Incorporated herein by reference from our 2016 Proxy Statement are: (i) the information set forth under the caption “Equity Compensation Plans” (ii) the information set forth under the caption “Ownership of Capital Stock by Directors, Nominees and Executive Officers” with respect to the directors’ and officers’ shareholdings; and (iii) the information set forth under the caption “Principal Holders of Voting Securities” with respect to other beneficial owners.
ITEM 13 — CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Incorporated herein by reference is certain information set forth under the captions “Ethics and Corporate Governance-Corporate Governance-Board of Director Review and Approval of Related Person Transactions,” “Executive Compensation,” “Executive Compensation Tables” and “Ethics and Corporate Governance-Corporate Governance-Board Composition and Independence” in the 2016 Proxy Statement.
ITEM 14 — PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Incorporated herein by reference is the information with respect to pre-approval policies set forth under the caption “Proposal II. Ratification of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for the Fiscal Year ending June 30, 2017-Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policy” and the information with respect to principal accountant fees and services set forth under “Proposal II. Ratification of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for the Fiscal Year ending June 30, 2017-Fees and Services” in the 2016 Proxy Statement.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  |  | KENNAMETAL INC.
Date: August 11, 2016 |  |  |  | By: |  | /s/ Martha Fusco
|  |  |  |  |  | Martha Fusco
|  |  |  |  |  | Vice President Finance and Corporate Controller

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

SIGNATURE |  | TITLE |  | DATE
/s/ RONALD M. DE FEO Ronald M. De Feo |  | President and Chief Executive Officer |  | August 11, 2016
/s/ JAN KEES VAN GAALEN Jan Kees van Gaalen |  | Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |  | August 11, 2016
/s/ MARTHA FUSCO Martha Fusco |  | Vice President Finance and Corporate Controller |  | August 11, 2016
/s/ LAWRENCE W. STRANGHOENER Lawrence W. Stranghoener |  | Chairman of the Board |  | August 11, 2016
/s/ CINDY L. DAVIS Cindy L. Davis |  | Director |  | August 11, 2016
/s/ PHILIP A. DUR Philip A. Dur |  | Director |  | August 11, 2016
/s/ WILLIAM J. HARVEY William J. Harvey |  | Director |  | August 11, 2016
/s/ WILLIAM M. LAMBERT William M. Lambert |  | Director |  | August 11, 2016
/s/ TIMOTHY R. MCLEVISH Timothy R. McLevish |  | Director |  | August 11, 2016
/s/ STEVEN H. WUNNING Steven H. Wunning |  | Director |  | August 11, 2016

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PART IV
ITEM 15 — EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) Documents filed as part of this Form 10-K report.
1. Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8
2. Financial Statement Schedule
The financial statement schedule required by Part II, Item 8 of this document is filed as part of this report. All of the other schedules are omitted as the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in our consolidated financial statements or related notes.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE Page 80
Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves for the Years Ended June 30, 2016, 2015 and 2014
3. Exhibits

2 |  |  | Plan of Acquisition, Reorganization, Arrangement, Liquidation or Succession |  |
2.1 |  |  | Share Sale and Purchase Agreement relating to Deloro Stellite Holdings 1 Limited dated 2012 |  | Exhibit 2.1 of the Form 10-Q filed February 8, 2012 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
2.2 |  |  | Warranty Agreement relating to Deloro Stellite Holdings 1 Limited dated January 13, 2012 |  | Exhibit 2.2 of the Form 10-Q filed February 8, 2012 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
2.3 |  |  | Tax Deed Covenant relating to Deloro Stellite Holdings 1 Limited dated March 1, 2012 |  | Exhibit 2.1 of the Form 10-Q filed May 9, 2012 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
2.4 |  |  | Purchase Agreement relating to the Tungsten Materials Business of Allegheny Technologies Incorporated dated as of September 13, 2013 |  | Exhibit 2.1 of the Form 10-Q filed November 7, 2013 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
3 |  |  | Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws |  |
3.1 |  |  | Articles of Incorporation of Kennametal Inc., as amended and restated through October 28, 2014 |  | Exhibit 3.(i) of the Form 8-K filed October 30, 2014 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
3.2 |  |  | By-Laws of Kennametal Inc., as amended and restated through July 26, 2016 |  | Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K filed July 28, 2016 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
4 |  |  | Instruments Defining the Rights of Security Holders, Including Indentures |  |
4.1 |  |  | Indenture, dated as of June 19, 2002, by and between the Registrant and Bank One Trust Company, N.A., as trustee |  | Exhibit 4.1 of the Form 8-K filed June 20, 2002 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
4.2 |  |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 19, 2002, by and between the Registrant and Bank One Trust Company, N.A., as trustee |  | Exhibit 4.2 of the Form 8-K filed June 20, 2002 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
4.3 |  |  | Indenture dated February 14, 2012 between Kennametal Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association |  | Exhibit 4.1 of the Form 8-K filed February 14, 2012 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
4.4 |  |  | First Supplemental Indenture dated February 14, 2012 between Kennametal Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association (including Form of 3.875% Note due 2022) |  | Exhibit 4.2 of the Form 8-K filed February 14, 2012 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
4.5 |  |  | Second Supplemental Indenture dated November 7, 2012 between Kennametal Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association (including Form of 2.65% Note due 2019) |  | Exhibit 4.4 of the Form 8-K filed November 7, 2012 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10 |  |  | Material Contracts |  |
10.1* |  |  | Kennametal Inc. Management Performance Bonus Plan |  | Appendix A to the 2011 Proxy Statement filed September 12, 2011 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.2* |  |  | Deferred Fee Plan for Outside Directors, as amended and restated effective December 30, 2008 |  | Exhibit 10.1 of the December 31, 2008 Form 10-Q filed February 4, 2009 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.3* |  |  | Executive Deferred Compensation Trust Agreement |  | Exhibit 10.5 of the June 30, 1988 Form 10-K (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.

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10.4* |  |  | Directors Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective December 30, 2008 |  | Exhibit 10.2 of the December 31, 2008 Form 10-Q filed February 4, 2009 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.5* |  |  | Performance Bonus Stock Plan of 1995, as amended and restated effective December 30, 2008 |  | Exhibit 10.3 of the December 31, 2008 Form 10-Q filed February 4, 2009 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.6* |  |  | Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2002 (as amended on October 21, 2008) |  | Appendix A to the 2008 Proxy Statement filed September 8, 2008 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.7* |  |  | Forms of Award Agreements under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2002, as amended |  | Exhibit 10.18 of the June 30, 2004 Form 10-K filed September 10, 2004 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.8* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Restricted Unit Award (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2002, as amended) |  | Exhibit 10.1 of the September 30, 2009 Form 10-Q filed November 5, 2009 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.9* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Performance Unit Award (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2002, as amended) |  | Exhibit 10.1 of Form 10-Q filed November 5, 2010 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.10* |  |  | Form of Officer’s Employment Agreement with Ronald M. De Feo |  | Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed February 5, 2016 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.11* |  |  | Form of Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with certain Named Executive Officers |  | Exhibit 10.6 of the December 31, 2008 Form 10-Q filed February 4, 2009 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.12* |  |  | Schedule of Named Executive Officers who have entered into the Form of Amended and Restated Employment Agreement and Form of Amendment as set forth in Exhibit 10.11 |  | Filed herewith.
10.13* |  |  | Form of Officer's Employment Agreement with certain Named Executive Officers |  | Exhibit 10.16 of the Form 10-K filed August 13, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.14* |  |  | Schedule of Named Executive Officers who have entered into the Form of Officer's Employment Agreement as set forth in Exhibit 10.13 |  | Exhibit 10.17 of the Form 10-K filed August 13, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.15* |  |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement for Named Executive Officers |  | Exhibit 10.2 of the Form 8-K filed March 22, 2005 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.16* |  |  | Schedule of Named Executive Officers who have entered into the Form of Indemnification Agreement as set forth in Exhibit 10.15 |  | Filed herewith.
10.17* |  |  | Form of Employment Agreement with Donald A. Nolan |  | Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K filed November 17, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.18* |  |  | Kennametal Inc. Executive Retirement Plan (for Designated Others) (as amended effective December 30, 2008) |  | Exhibit 10.8 of the December 31, 2008 Form 10-Q filed February 4, 2009 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.19* |  |  | Amendment No. 1 to Kennametal Inc. Executive Retirement Plan (dated January 27, 2015) |  | Exhibit 10.2 to the Form 8-K dated February 2, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.20* |  |  | Amendment No. 2 to Kennametal Inc. Executive Retirement Plan (dated June 18, 2015) |  | Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K filed June 23, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.21* |  |  | Kennametal Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (as amended effective December 30, 2008) |  | Exhibit 10.9 of the December 31, 2008 Form 10-Q filed February 4, 2009 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.22* |  |  | Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (as amended effective December 30, 2008) (dated June 18, 2015) |  | Exhibit 10.2 of the Form 8-K filed June 23, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.23* |  |  | Description of Compensation Payable to Non-Employee Directors |  | Filed herewith.

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10.24 |  |  | Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of June 25, 2010 among Kennametal Inc., Kennametal Europe GmbH, Bank of America, N.A., London Branch (as Euro Swingline Lender), PNC Bank, National Association and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (as Co-Syndication Agents), Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania and Bank of Tokyo- Mitsubishi UFJ Trust Company (as Co-Documentation Agents), Bank of America, N.A. (as the Administrative Agent), and the following lenders: Bank of America, N.A., PNC Bank, National Association, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Trust Company, Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania, Mizuho Corporate Bank, Ltd., Comerica Bank, Commerzbank AG New York and Grand Cayman Branches, HSBC Bank USA, National Association, Intesa Sanpaolo S.p.A New York Branch, U.S. Bank National Association, First Commonwealth Bank and TriState Capital Bank |  | Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K filed June 30, 2010 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.25 |  |  | Amendment No. 1, dated as of October 21, 2011, to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by and among Kennametal Inc., Kennametal Europe GmbH, Bank of America, N.A., Bank of America, N.A., London Branch, PNC Bank, National Association, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania, Mizuho Corporate Bank, Ltd., HSBC Bank USA, N.A., U.S. Bank National Association, Comerica Bank, Commerzbank AG New York and Grand Cayman Branches,The Huntington National Bank, First Commonwealth Bank and Intesa Sanpaolo S.p.A |  | Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K filed October 27, 2011 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.26 |  |  | Amendment No. 2, dated as of April 5, 2013, to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by and among Kennametal Inc., Kennametal Europe GmbH, Bank of America, N.A., Bank of America, N.A., London Branch, PNC Bank, National Association, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania, Mizuho Corporate Bank, Ltd., HSBC Bank USA, N.A., U.S. Bank National Association, Commerzbank AG New York and Grand Cayman Branches,The Huntington National Bank, Compass Bank and First Commonwealth Bank. |  | Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K filed April 11, 2013 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.27 |  |  | Form of Third Amended and Restated Guarantee (in connection with the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) |  | Exhibit 10.26 of Form 10-K filed August 12, 2010 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.28 |  |  | Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of April 15, 2016 among Kennametal Inc. and Kennametal Europe GmbH (the “Borrowers”), the several banks and other financial institutions or entities from time to time parties to the Agreement (“Lenders”), Bank of America, N.A., London Branch (as Euro Swingline Lender), PNC Bank, National Association and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (as Co-Syndication Agents), Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania, The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Trust Company and Mizuho Bank, Ltd. (as Co-Documentation Agents), Bank of America, N.A. (as the Administrative Agent). |  | Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K filed April 19, 2016 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.29* |  |  | Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 |  | Exhibit A of the 2010 Proxy Statement filed September 13, 2010 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.30* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Performance Unit Award (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010) |  | Exhibit 10.2 of Form 10-Q filed February 8, 2011 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.31* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Restricted Unit Award (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010) |  | Exhibit 10.3 of Form 10-Q filed February 8, 2011 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.32* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Restricted Unit Award for Non-Employee Directors (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010) |  | Exhibit 10.4 of Form 10-Q filed February 8, 2011 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.33* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Nonstatutory Stock Option Award (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010) |  | Exhibit 10.5 of Form 10-Q filed February 8, 2011 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.

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10.34* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Nonstatutory Stock Option Award for Non-Employee Directors (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010) |  | Exhibit 10.6 of Form 10-Q filed February 8, 2011 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference
10.35* |  |  | Form of Performance Unit Award (granted under Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan 2010) |  | Exhibit 10.2 of Form 10-Q filed November 8, 2011 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference
10.36* |  |  | Form of Officer’s Employment Agreement with certain Named Executive Officers |  | Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K filed May 13, 2011 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.37* |  |  | Schedule of Executive Officers who have entered into the Form of Officer's Employment Agreement as set forth in Exhibit 10.36 |  | Filed herewith.
10.38* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Restricted Unit Award - President and CEO (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.3 to Form 8-K filed February 5, 2016 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference
10.39* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Nonstatutory Stock Option Award - President and CEO (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed February 5, 2016 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference
10.40* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Restricted Unit Award - President and CEO (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Filed herewith.
10.41* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Performance Unit Award - President and CEO (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Filed herewith.
10.42* |  |  | Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013) |  | Appendix A of the 2013 Proxy Statement filed September 17, 2013 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.43* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Performance Unit Award (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.38 of Form 10-K filed August 13, 2014 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.44* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Restricted Unit Award (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.39 of Form 10-K filed August 13, 2014 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.45* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Restricted Unit Award for Non-Employee Directors (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.40 of Form 10-K filed August 13, 2014 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.46* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Nonstatutory Stock Option Award (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.41 of Form 10-K filed August 13, 2014 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.47* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Nonstatutory Stock Option Award for Non-Employee Directors (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.42 of Form 10-K filed August 13, 2014 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.48* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Cash Settled Share-Based Award for China-based Employees (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.43 of Form 10-K filed August 13, 2014 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.49* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Stock Appreciation Right Award for China-based Employees (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.44 of Form 10-K filed August 13, 2014 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.50* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Restricted Unit Award - Alternate Form (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.45 of Form 10-K filed August 13, 2014 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.51* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Nonstatutory Stock Option Award - Alternate Form (granted under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.46 of Form 10-K filed August 13, 2014 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.

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10.52* |  |  | Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013) |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K dated February 2, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.53* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Performance Unit Award (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.3 to the Form 8-K dated February 2, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.54* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Restricted Unit Award (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.4 to the Form 8-K dated February 2, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.55* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Restricted Unit Award for Non-Employee Directors (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.5 to the Form 8-K dated February 2, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.56* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Restricted Unit Award - Alternate Form (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.6 to the Form 8-K dated February 2, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.57* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Nonstatutory Stock Option Award (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.8 to the Form 8-K dated February 2, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.58* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Nonstatutory Stock Option Award for Non-Employee Directors (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.9 to the Form 8-K dated February 2, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.59* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Nonstatutory Stock Option Award - Alternate Form (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.10 to the Form 8-K dated February 2, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.60* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Cash Settled Share-Based Award for China-based Employees (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.12 to the Form 8-K dated February 2, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.61* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Stock Appreciation Right Award for China-based Employees (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.13 to the Form 8-K dated February 2, 2015 (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.62* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Performance Unit Award (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K dated July 30, 2015, (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.63* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Restricted Unit Award (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.3 to the Form 8-K dated July 30, 2015, (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.64* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Restricted Unit Award - Alternate Form (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.5 to the Form 8-K dated July 30, 2015, (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.65* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Cash Settled Share-Based Award for China-based Employees (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.6 to the Form 8-K dated July 30, 2015, (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.66* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Nonstatutory Stock Option Award (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.7 to the Form 8-K dated July 30, 2015, (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
10.67* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Nonstatutory Stock Option Award - Alternate Form (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.9 to the Form 8-K dated July 30, 2015, (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.

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10.68* |  |  | Form of Kennametal Inc. Stock Appreciation Right Award for China-based Employees (granted under Amendment No. 1 to the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010 (As Amended and Restated October 22, 2013)) |  | Exhibit 10.10 to the Form 8-K dated July 30, 2015, (File No. 001-05318) is incorporated herein by reference.
21 |  |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant |  | Filed herewith.
23 |  |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |  | Filed herewith.
31 |  |  | Certifications |  |
31.1 |  |  | Certification executed by Ronald M. De Feo, President and Chief Executive Officer of Kennametal Inc. |  | Filed herewith.
31.2 |  |  | Certification executed by Jan Kees van Gaalen, Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Kennametal Inc. |  | Filed herewith.
32 |  |  | Section 1350 Certifications |  |
32.1 |  |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, executed by Ronald M. De Feo, President and Chief Executive Officer of Kennametal Inc., and Jan Kees van Gaalen, Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Kennametal Inc. |  | Filed herewith.
*Denotes management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. |  |
101 |  |  | XBRL |  |
101.INS |  |  | XBRL Instance Document. |  | Filed herewith.
101.SCH |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  | Filed herewith.
101.CAL |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |  | Filed herewith.
101.DEF |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase |  | Filed herewith.
101.LAB |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |  | Filed herewith.
101.PRE |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |  | Filed herewith.

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SCHEDULE II — VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS AND RESERVES

(In thousands) For the year ended June 30 |  | Balance at Beginning of Year |  |  | Charges to Costs and Expenses |  |  |  | Charged to Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |  |  |  | Recoveries |  |  | Other Adjustments |  |  |  | Deductions from Reserves |  |  | Balance at End of Year |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 13,560 |  |  | $ | 4,827 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | (601 | ) |  | (1) | $ | (5,093 | ) | (2) | $ | 12,724 |
Reserve for excess and obsolete inventory |  | 45,020 |  |  | 5,393 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (3,372 | ) |  | (1) | (10,328 | ) | (3) | 36,713 |
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance |  | 16,771 |  |  | 85,361 |  |  | (5) | 24,666 |  |  | (5) | — |  |  | (4,099 | ) |  | (1) | — |  |  | 122,699 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 14,027 |  |  | $ | 3,602 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | (1,095 | ) |  | (1) | $ | (3,014 | ) | (2) | $ | 13,560 |
Reserve for excess and obsolete inventory |  | 52,737 |  |  | 8,666 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (5,613 | ) |  | (1) | (10,770 | ) | (3) | 45,020 |
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance |  | 17,860 |  |  | 1,846 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (2,935 | ) |  | (1) | — |  |  | 16,771 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 11,949 |  |  | $ | 2,880 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 111 |  |  | (1) | $ | (1,120 | ) | (2) | $ | 14,027 |
Reserve for excess and obsolete inventory |  | 52,739 |  |  | 9,252 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,317 |  |  | (1) | (10,571 | ) | (3) | 52,737 |
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance |  | 15,569 |  |  | 3,001 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 505 |  |  | (1) | (1,239 | ) | (4) | 17,860 |

(1)Represents foreign currency translation adjustment and reserves divested through business combinations.
(2)Represents uncollected accounts charged against the allowance.
(3)Represents scrapped inventory and other charges against the reserve.
(4)Represents a forfeited net operating loss deduction.
(5)Represents primarily effects from recording of a valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets in the U.S.
80