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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended: December 31, 2021
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _______ to _______
Commission file number 1-5318
KENNAMETAL INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Pennsylvania |  | 25-0900168
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
525 William Penn Place |  |
Suite 3300 |  |
Pittsburgh, | Pennsylvania |  | 15219
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (412) 248-8000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Capital Stock, par value $1.25 per share | KMT | New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock Purchase Rights |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of January 31, 2022 83,090,710 shares of the Registrant’s Capital Stock, par value $1.25 per share, were outstanding.

Table of Contents
KENNAMETAL INC.
FORM 10-Q
FOR THE THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Item No. | Page No.
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
1. | Financial Statements |
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) Three and six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) Three and six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) December 31, 2021 and June 30, 2021 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow (Unaudited) Six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 | 6
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 7
2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 22
3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 34
4. | Controls and Procedures | 34
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
1. | Legal Proceedings | 35
2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 35
6. | Exhibits | 36
Signatures | 37

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FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements are statements that do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. You can identify forward-looking statements by words such as “should,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “approximate,” “expect,” “may,” “will,” “project,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe” and other words of similar meaning and expression in connection with any discussion of future operating or financial performance or events. We have also included forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q concerning, among other things, our strategy, goals, plans and projections regarding our financial position, liquidity and capital resources, results of operations, market position and product development. These statements are based on current estimates that involve inherent risks and uncertainties. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements prove incorrect, our actual results could vary materially from our current expectations. There are a number of factors that could cause our actual results to differ from those indicated in the forward-looking statements. They include: the duration and spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the emergence of more contagious or virulent strains of the virus, its impacts on our business operations, financial results and financial position and on the industries in which we operate and the global economy generally, including as a result of travel restrictions, business and workforce disruptions associated with the pandemic, the success of preventative measures to contain or mitigate the spread of the virus and emerging variants, and the effectiveness, distribution and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines; other economic recession; our ability to achieve all anticipated benefits of restructuring, simplification and modernization initiatives; our foreign operations and international markets, such as currency exchange rates, different regulatory environments, trade barriers, exchange controls, and social and political instability; changes in the regulatory environment in which we operate, including environmental, health and safety regulations; potential for future goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges; our ability to protect and defend our intellectual property; continuity of information technology infrastructure; competition; our ability to retain our management and employees; demands on management resources; availability and cost of the raw materials we use to manufacture our products; product liability claims; integrating acquisitions and achieving the expected savings and synergies; global or regional catastrophic events; demand for and market acceptance of our products; business divestitures; energy costs; commodity prices; labor relations; and implementation of environmental remediation matters. We provide additional information about many of the specific risks we face in the “Risk Factors” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other periodic reports we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We can give no assurance that any goal or plan set forth in our forward-looking statements will be achieved and readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such statements, which speak only as of the date made. Except as required by law, we do not intend to release publicly any revisions to forward-looking statements as a result of future events or developments.
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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
KENNAMETAL INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)

| Three Months Ended December 31, | Six Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share amounts) | 2021 |  | 2020 | 2021 |  | 2020
Sales | $ | 486,673 |  |  | $ | 440,507 |  | $ | 970,182 |  |  | $ | 840,812 |
Cost of goods sold | 333,718 |  |  | 318,978 |  | 656,477 |  |  | 614,210 |
Gross profit | 152,955 |  |  | 121,529 |  | 313,705 |  |  | 226,602 |
Operating expense | 106,654 |  |  | 97,758 |  | 209,348 |  |  | 191,097 |
Restructuring (benefits) charges and asset impairment charges (Note 6) | (3,460) |  |  | 1,390 |  | (3,270) |  |  | 26,967 |
Gain on divestiture (Note 3) | (1,001) |  |  | — |  | (1,001) |  |  | — |
Amortization of intangibles | 3,257 |  |  | 3,347 |  | 6,517 |  |  | 6,681 |
Operating income | 47,505 |  |  | 19,034 |  | 102,111 |  |  | 1,857 |
Interest expense | 6,460 |  |  | 8,317 |  | 12,781 |  |  | 18,896 |
Other income, net | (3,142) |  |  | (3,857) |  | (6,601) |  |  | (7,875) |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 44,187 |  |  | 14,574 |  | 95,931 |  |  | (9,164) |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | 11,462 |  |  | (5,676) |  | 25,454 |  |  | (8,554) |
Net income (loss) | 32,725 |  |  | 20,250 |  | 70,477 |  |  | (610) |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 1,304 |  |  | 862 |  | 2,858 |  |  | 1,677 |
Net income (loss) attributable to Kennametal | $ | 31,421 |  |  | $ | 19,388 |  | $ | 67,619 |  |  | $ | (2,287) |
PER SHARE DATA ATTRIBUTABLE TO KENNAMETAL SHAREHOLDERS |  |  |
Basic earnings (loss) per share | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | (0.03) |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share | $ | 0.37 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  | $ | 0.80 |  |  | $ | (0.03) |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 83,637 |  |  | 83,582 |  | 83,759 |  |  | 83,451 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 84,374 |  |  | 84,197 |  | 84,502 |  |  | 83,451 |

KENNAMETAL INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

| Three Months Ended December 31, | Six Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020 | 2021 |  | 2020
Net income (loss) | $ | 32,725 |  |  | 20,250 |  | $ | 70,477 |  |  | $ | (610) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain on derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges | — |  |  | 3,291 |  | — |  |  | 4,501 |
Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges | (192) |  |  | 479 |  | (385) |  |  | 940 |
Unrecognized net pension and other postretirement benefit gain (loss) | 876 |  |  | (4,211) |  | 2,781 |  |  | (7,521) |
Reclassification of net pension and other postretirement benefit loss | 2,201 |  |  | 2,614 |  | 4,416 |  |  | 5,179 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (10,081) |  |  | 42,601 |  | (26,557) |  |  | 74,547 |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax | (7,196) |  |  | 44,774 |  | (19,745) |  |  | 77,646 |
Total comprehensive income | 25,529 |  |  | 65,024 |  | 50,732 |  |  | 77,036 |
Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 855 |  |  | 2,218 |  | 1,954 |  |  | 4,312 |
Comprehensive income attributable to Kennametal Shareholders | $ | 24,674 |  |  | 62,806 |  | $ | 48,778 |  |  | $ | 72,724 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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KENNAMETAL INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except per share data) | December 31, 2021 |  | June 30, 2021
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 101,799 |  |  | $ | 154,047 |
Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $9,367 and $9,734, respectively | 272,592 |  |  | 302,945 |
Inventories (Note 9) | 533,016 |  |  | 476,345 |
Other current assets | 76,794 |  |  | 71,470 |
Total current assets | 984,201 |  |  | 1,004,807 |
Property, plant and equipment: |  |  |
Land and buildings | 414,947 |  |  | 413,865 |
Machinery and equipment | 1,937,533 |  |  | 1,959,176 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (1,329,710) |  |  | (1,317,906) |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 1,022,770 |  |  | 1,055,135 |
Other assets: |  |  |
Goodwill (Note 17) | 273,319 |  |  | 277,615 |
Other intangible assets, less accumulated amortization of $159,163 and $153,972, respectively (Note 17) | 113,009 |  |  | 120,041 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 45,667 |  |  | 50,341 |
Deferred income taxes | 57,074 |  |  | 58,742 |
Other | 114,832 |  |  | 99,080 |
Total other assets | 603,901 |  |  | 605,819 |
Total assets | $ | 2,610,872 |  |  | $ | 2,665,761 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Revolving and other lines of credit and notes payable (Note 11) | $ | 12,228 |  |  | $ | 8,365 |
Current operating lease liabilities | 13,125 |  |  | 14,220 |
Accounts payable | 185,857 |  |  | 177,659 |
Accrued income taxes | 30,318 |  |  | 18,059 |
Accrued expenses | 43,610 |  |  | 61,489 |
Other current liabilities | 125,845 |  |  | 157,602 |
Total current liabilities | 410,983 |  |  | 437,394 |
Long-term debt, less current maturities (Note 10) | 592,731 |  |  | 592,108 |
Operating lease liabilities | 33,161 |  |  | 36,800 |
Deferred income taxes | 23,609 |  |  | 23,710 |
Accrued pension and postretirement benefits | 163,069 |  |  | 171,067 |
Accrued income taxes | 4,085 |  |  | 4,246 |
Other liabilities | 26,661 |  |  | 32,231 |
Total liabilities | 1,254,299 |  |  | 1,297,556 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
EQUITY (Note 15) |  |  |
Kennametal Shareholders’ Equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, no par value; 5,000 shares authorized; none issued | — |  |  | — |
Capital stock, $1.25 par value; 120,000 shares authorized; 83,074 and 83,614 shares issued, respectively | 103,842 |  |  | 104,518 |
Additional paid-in capital | 534,592 |  |  | 562,820 |
Retained earnings | 1,026,756 |  |  | 992,597 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (349,168) |  |  | (330,327) |
Total Kennametal Shareholders’ Equity | 1,316,022 |  |  | 1,329,608 |
Noncontrolling interests | 40,551 |  |  | 38,597 |
Total equity | 1,356,573 |  |  | 1,368,205 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 2,610,872 |  |  | $ | 2,665,761 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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KENNAMETAL INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW (UNAUDITED)

| Six Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 70,477 |  |  | $ | (610) |
Adjustments to reconcile to cash from operations: |  |  |
Depreciation | 58,229 |  |  | 55,483 |
Amortization | 6,517 |  |  | 6,681 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 13,374 |  |  | 12,797 |
Restructuring (benefits) charges and asset impairment charges (Note 6) | (3,246) |  |  | 1,602 |
Deferred income taxes | 108 |  |  | (455) |
Gain on divestiture (Note 3) | (1,001) |  |  | — |
Other | 22 |  |  | 4,549 |
Changes in certain assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 23,017 |  |  | (22,538) |
Inventories | (67,031) |  |  | 46,711 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | (36,616) |  |  | (9,631) |
Accrued income taxes | 8,562 |  |  | (24,463) |
Accrued pension and postretirement benefits | (12,884) |  |  | (13,435) |
Other | (1,724) |  |  | 10,661 |
Net cash flow provided by operating activities | 57,804 |  |  | 67,352 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment | (37,736) |  |  | (68,616) |
Disposals of property, plant and equipment | 598 |  |  | 904 |
Proceeds from divestiture (Note 3) | 1,001 |  |  | — |
Other | 63 |  |  | 93 |
Net cash flow used for investing activities | (36,074) |  |  | (67,619) |
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net (decrease) increase in notes payable | (5,129) |  |  | 2,738 |
Net increase (decrease) in revolving and other lines of credit | 9,000 |  |  | (475,500) |
Purchase of capital stock | (35,508) |  |  | (100) |
The effect of employee benefit and stock plans and dividend reinvestment | (6,774) |  |  | (2,531) |
Cash dividends paid to Shareholders | (33,460) |  |  | (33,310) |
Other | (678) |  |  | (3,334) |
Net cash flow used for financing activities | (72,549) |  |  | (512,037) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (1,429) |  |  | 8,808 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS |  |  |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (52,248) |  |  | (503,496) |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 154,047 |  |  | 606,684 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 101,799 |  |  | $ | 103,188 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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KENNAMETAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1.BASIS OF PRESENTATION
The condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which include our accounts and those of our subsidiaries in which we have a controlling interest, should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2021 (the “2021 Annual Report”). The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2021 was derived from the audited balance sheet included in our 2021 Annual Report. The interim statements are unaudited; however, we believe that all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results of the interim periods were made and all adjustments are normal recurring adjustments. The results for the six months ended December 31, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for a full fiscal year. Unless otherwise specified, any reference to a “year” is to a fiscal year ended June 30. For example, a reference to 2022 is to the fiscal year ending June 30, 2022. When used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, unless the context requires otherwise, the terms “the Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Kennametal Inc. and its subsidiaries.
2.SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW DISCLOSURES

| Six Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |
Interest | $ | 12,617 |  |  | $ | 19,335 |
Income taxes | 16,784 |  |  | 16,481 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash information: |  |  |
Changes in accounts payable related to purchases of property, plant and equipment | (150) |  |  | (11,800) |
Changes in notes payable related to purchases of property, plant and equipment | — |  |  | 7,254 |

3. DIVESTITURE
During the year ended June 30, 2020, we completed the sale of certain assets of the non-core specialty alloys and metals business within the Infrastructure segment located in New Castle, Pennsylvania to Advanced Metallurgical Group N.V. for an aggregate price of $24.0 million.
The net book value of these assets at closing was $29.5 million, and the pre-tax loss on divestiture recognized during the year ended June 30, 2020 was $6.5 million. Transaction proceeds were primarily used for capital expenditures related to our simplification/modernization efforts. During the quarter ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a gain of $1.0 million on the New Castle divestiture due to proceeds held in escrow until November 2021.
4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received on the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy consists of three levels to prioritize the inputs used in valuations, as defined below:
Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.
Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates); and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.
Level 3: Inputs that are unobservable.
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KENNAMETAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

As of December 31, 2021, the fair values of our financial assets and financial liabilities are categorized as follows:

(in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25 |
Total assets at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 61 |
Total liabilities at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 61 |

As of June 30, 2021, the fair values of our financial assets and financial liabilities are categorized as follows:

(in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36 |
Total assets at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87 |
Total liabilities at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87 |

(1) Currency derivatives are valued based on observable market spot and forward rates and are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
There have been no changes in classification and transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy in the current period.
5. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
As part of our financial risk management program, we use certain derivative financial instruments. We do not enter into derivative transactions for speculative purposes and, therefore, we do not hold any derivative instruments for trading purposes. We account for derivative instruments as a hedge of the related asset, liability, firm commitment or anticipated transaction, when the derivative is specifically designated and qualifies as a hedge of such items. Our objective in managing foreign exchange exposures with derivative instruments is to reduce volatility in cash flow. We measure hedge effectiveness by assessing the changes in the fair value or expected future cash flows of the hedged item.
There were no derivatives designated as hedging instruments as of December 31, 2021 and June 30, 2021. The fair value of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments in the condensed consolidated balance sheets are as follows:

(in thousands) | December 31, 2021 |  | June 30, 2021
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |
Other current assets - currency forward contracts | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 36 |
Other current liabilities - currency forward contracts | (61) |  |  | (87) |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | (36) |  |  | (51) |
Total derivatives | $ | (36) |  |  | $ | (51) |

Certain currency forward contracts that hedge significant cross-border intercompany loans are considered as other derivatives and therefore do not qualify for hedge accounting. These contracts are recorded at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheet, with the offset to other income, net. (Gains) losses related to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments have been recognized as follows:

| Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Other income, net - currency forward contracts | $ | (134) |  |  | $ | (2,127) |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (1,409) |

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KENNAMETAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

NET INVESTMENT HEDGES
As of December 31, 2021 and June 30, 2021, we had certain foreign currency-denominated intercompany loans payable with total aggregate principal amounts of €5.3 million and €5.2 million, respectively, designated as net investment hedges to hedge the foreign exchange exposure of our net investment in our Euro-based subsidiaries. A gain of $0.1 million and a loss of $0.8 million were recorded as a component of foreign currency translation adjustments in other comprehensive income for the three months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A gain of $1.4 million and a loss of $1.4 million were recorded as a component of foreign currency translation adjustments in other comprehensive loss for the six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
As of December 31, 2021, the foreign currency-denominated intercompany loans payable designated as net investment hedges consisted of:

Instrument | Notional (EUR in thousands)(2) | Notional (USD in thousands)(2) | Maturity
Foreign currency-denominated intercompany loan payable | € | 5,265 |  | $ | 5,953 |  | June 26, 2022

(2) Includes principal and accrued interest.
6. RESTRUCTURING AND RELATED CHARGES
FY21 Restructuring Actions
In the September quarter of fiscal 2020, we announced the initiation of restructuring actions in Germany associated with our simplification/modernization initiative to reduce structural costs. Subsequently, we also announced the acceleration of our other structural cost reduction plans including the closure of the Johnson City, Tennessee facility. Expected pre-tax charges for the FY21 Restructuring Actions are approximately $85 million. Total restructuring and related charges since inception of $81.8 million were recorded for this program through December 31, 2021, consisting of: $74.1 million in Metal Cutting and $7.7 million in Infrastructure. The remaining charges related to the FY21 Restructuring Actions are expected to be within the Metal Cutting segment.
Restructuring and Related Charges Recorded
We recorded restructuring and related benefits from the reversal of charges of $1.7 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021, which consisted of benefits of $1.7 million in Metal Cutting and an immaterial amount in Infrastructure. Of this amount, restructuring benefits were $3.5 million and restructuring-related charges were $1.8 million (included in cost of goods sold) for the three months ended December 31, 2021. For the three months ended December 31, 2020, we recorded restructuring and related charges of $4.2 million, which consisted of charges of $3.5 million in Metal Cutting and $0.7 million in Infrastructure. Of this amount, restructuring charges totaled $1.8 million of which $0.4 million was included in cost of goods sold for the three months ended December 31, 2020. Restructuring-related charges of $2.4 million were recorded in cost of goods sold for the three months ended December 31, 2020.
We recorded restructuring and related benefits from the reversal of charges of $0.4 million for the six months ended December 31, 2021, which consisted of benefits of $0.4 million in Metal Cutting and an immaterial amount in Infrastructure. Of this amount, restructuring benefits were $3.3 million and restructuring-related charges were $2.8 million (included in cost of goods sold) for the six months ended December 31, 2021. For the six months ended December 31, 2020, we recorded restructuring and related charges of $32.9 million, which consisted of charges of $29.5 million in Metal Cutting and $3.3 million in Infrastructure. Of this amount, restructuring charges were $27.4 million of which $0.4 million was included in cost of goods sold. Restructuring-related charges of $5.5 million were recorded in cost of goods sold for the six months ended December 31, 2020.
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KENNAMETAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

As of December 31, 2021, $10.6 million and $4.5 million of the restructuring accrual was recorded in other current liabilities and other liabilities, respectively, in our condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of June 30, 2021, $19.9 million and $9.9 million of the restructuring accrual was recorded in other current liabilities and other liabilities, respectively. The amounts are as follows:

(in thousands) | June 30, 2021 |  | Expense |  | Asset Write-Down |  |  |  | Translation |  | Cash Expenditures |  | December 31, 2021
Severance | $ | 29,723 |  |  | $ | (3,999) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,012) |  |  | $ | (9,656) |  |  | $ | 15,056 |
Facilities | — |  |  | 729 |  |  | (729) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 29,723 |  |  | $ | (3,270) |  |  | $ | (729) |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,012) |  |  | $ | (9,656) |  |  | $ | 15,056 |

7. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
Stock Options
Changes in our stock options for the six months ended December 31, 2021 were as follows:

| Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic value (in thousands)
Options outstanding, June 30, 2021 | 315,012 |  |  | $ | 37.83 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (6,916) |  |  | 31.69 |  |  |  |  |
Lapsed or forfeited | (28,000) |  |  | 41.32 |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding, December 31, 2021 | 280,096 |  |  | $ | 37.63 |  |  | 2.4 |  | $ | 611 |
Options vested, December 31, 2021 | 280,096 |  |  | $ | 37.63 |  |  | 2.4 |  | $ | 611 |
Options exercisable, December 31, 2021 | 280,096 |  |  | $ | 37.63 |  |  | 2.4 |  | $ | 611 |

As of December 31, 2021 and June 30, 2021, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to options outstanding, and all options were fully vested as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
The amount of cash received from the exercise of options during the six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $0.2 million and $3.1 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $0.1 million and $1.6 million during the six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Restricted Stock Units – Performance Vesting and Time Vesting
Changes in our performance vesting and time vesting restricted stock units for the six months ended December 31, 2021 were as follows:

| Performance Vesting Stock Units |  | Performance Vesting Weighted Average Fair Value |  | Time Vesting Stock Units |  | Time Vesting Weighted Average Fair Value
Unvested, June 30, 2021 | 500,477 |  |  | $ | 32.53 |  |  | 1,332,740 |  |  | $ | 31.72 |
Granted | 194,821 |  |  | 36.70 |  |  | 504,752 |  |  | 36.64 |
Vested | (36,455) |  |  | 40.10 |  |  | (506,654) |  |  | 32.17 |
Performance metric adjustments, net | (150,711) |  |  | 31.18 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Forfeited | (11,541) |  |  | 30.51 |  |  | (38,064) |  |  | 31.64 |
Unvested, December 31, 2021 | 496,591 |  |  | $ | 34.07 |  |  | 1,292,774 |  |  | $ | 33.46 |

During the six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, compensation expense related to time vesting and performance vesting restricted stock units was $12.6 million and $12.3 million, respectively. Certain performance metrics were not met, resulting in an adjustment of 150,711 performance vesting stock units during the six months ended December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested time vesting and performance vesting restricted stock units was $32.2 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years.
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KENNAMETAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

8. PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS
The table below summarizes the components of net periodic pension income:

| Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Service cost | $ | 281 |  |  | $ | 419 |  |  | $ | 567 |  |  | $ | 836 |
Interest cost | 5,641 |  |  | 5,783 |  |  | 11,300 |  |  | 11,557 |
Expected return on plan assets | (12,999) |  |  | (13,365) |  |  | (26,035) |  |  | (26,711) |
Amortization of transition obligation | 24 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 45 |
Amortization of prior service cost | 3 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 17 |
Recognition of actuarial losses | 2,941 |  |  | 3,386 |  |  | 5,911 |  |  | 6,758 |
Net periodic pension income | $ | (4,109) |  |  | $ | (3,746) |  |  | $ | (8,204) |  |  | $ | (7,498) |

The table below summarizes the components of net periodic other postretirement benefit cost:

| Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Interest cost | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 144 |  |  | $ | 153 |
Amortization of prior service credit | (69) |  |  | (69) |  |  | (138) |  |  | (138) |
Recognition of actuarial loss | 74 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 148 |  |  | 154 |
Net periodic other postretirement benefit cost | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 169 |

The service cost component of net periodic pension income is reported as a component of cost of goods sold and operating expense. All other components of net periodic pension income and net periodic other postretirement benefit cost are reported as a component of other income, net.
9. INVENTORIES
We used the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method of valuing inventories for 38 percent and 39 percent of total inventories at December 31, 2021 and June 30, 2021, respectively. Inventory valuations under the LIFO method are based on an annual determination of quantities and costs as of June 30 of each year; therefore, the interim LIFO valuations are based on our projections of expected year-end inventory levels and costs and are subject to any final year-end LIFO inventory adjustments.
Inventories consisted of the following:

(in thousands) | December 31, 2021 |  | June 30, 2021
Finished goods | $ | 319,682 |  |  | $ | 302,524 |
Work in process and powder blends | 191,149 |  |  | 173,671 |
Raw materials | 98,528 |  |  | 72,551 |
Inventories at current cost | 609,359 |  |  | 548,746 |
Less: LIFO valuation | (76,343) |  |  | (72,401) |
Total inventories | $ | 533,016 |  |  | $ | 476,345 |

10. LONG-TERM DEBT
Fixed rate debt had a fair market value of $636.5 million and $644.2 million at December 31, 2021 and June 30, 2021, respectively. The Level 2 fair value is determined based on the quoted market prices for similar debt instruments as of December 31, 2021 and June 30, 2021, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

11. REVOLVING AND OTHER LINES OF CREDIT AND NOTES PAYABLE
During the three months ended September 30, 2020, we entered into the First Amendment (the Amendment) to the Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of June 21, 2018 (as amended by the Amendment, the Credit Agreement). The Credit Agreement is a five-year, multi-currency, revolving credit facility that we use to augment our cash from operations and as an additional source of funds. The Credit Agreement provides for revolving credit loans of up to $700.0 million for working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes. The Credit Agreement allows for borrowings in U.S. dollars, euros, Canadian dollars, pounds sterling and Japanese yen. Interest payable under the Credit Agreement is based upon the type of borrowing under the facility and may be (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin, (2) the greater of the prime rate or the Federal Funds effective rate plus an applicable margin, or (3) fixed as negotiated by us. The Credit Agreement matures in June 2023.
The Credit Agreement requires us to comply with various restrictive and affirmative covenants, including two financial covenants: (1) a maximum leverage ratio where debt, net of domestic cash in excess of $25 million and, as added by the Amendment, sixty percent of the unrestricted cash held outside of the United States, must be less than or equal to 3.5 times trailing twelve months EBITDA (temporarily increased by the Amendment to 4.25 times trailing twelve months EBITDA during the period from September 30, 2020 through and including December 31, 2021), adjusted for certain non-cash expenses, and which may be further adjusted, at our discretion, to include up to $120 million (increased from $80 million pursuant to the Amendment) of cash restructuring charges through December 31, 2021; and (2) a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio of EBITDA to interest of 3.5 times (as the aforementioned terms are defined in the Credit Agreement). Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by our significant domestic subsidiaries.
As of December 31, 2021, we were in compliance with all the covenants of the Credit Agreement and we had $9.0 million of borrowings outstanding and $691.0 million of additional availability. There were no borrowings outstanding as of June 30, 2021.
Other lines of credit and notes payable were $3.2 million and $8.4 million at December 31, 2021 and June 30, 2021, respectively.
12. ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
The operation of our business has exposed us to certain liabilities and compliance costs related to environmental matters. We are involved in various environmental cleanup and remediation activities at certain of our locations.
We establish and maintain accruals for certain potential environmental liabilities. At December 31, 2021, the balance of these accruals was $14.6 million, of which $2.5 million was current. At June 30, 2021, the balance was $14.7 million, of which $2.6 million was current. These accruals represent anticipated costs associated with potential remedial requirements and are generally not discounted.
The accruals we have established for potential environmental liabilities represent our best current estimate of the costs of addressing all identified environmental situations, based on our review of currently available evidence, and taking into consideration our prior experience in remediation and that of other companies, as well as public information released by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), other governmental agencies and by the Potentially Responsible Party (PRP) groups in which we are participating. Although our accruals currently appear to be sufficient to cover these potential environmental liabilities, there are uncertainties associated with environmental liabilities, and we can give no assurance that our estimate of any environmental liability will not increase or decrease in the future. The accrued liabilities for all environmental concerns could change substantially due to factors such as the nature and extent of contamination, changes in remedial requirements, technological changes, discovery of new information, the financial strength of other PRPs, the identification of new PRPs and the involvement of and direction taken by the government on these matters.
Superfund Sites Among other environmental laws, we are subject to the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), under which we have been designated by the USEPA as a PRP with respect to environmental remedial costs at certain Superfund sites. We have evaluated our claims and liabilities associated with these Superfund sites based upon best currently available information. We believe our environmental accruals are adequate to cover our portion of the environmental remedial costs at the Superfund sites where we have been designated a PRP, to the extent these expenses are probable and reasonably estimable.
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KENNAMETAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

13. INCOME TAXES
The effective income tax rates for the three months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were 25.9 percent (provision on income) and 39.0 percent (benefit on income), respectively. The year-over-year change is primarily due to the effects of changes in projected pre-tax income in the prior period, higher projected pre-tax income in the current year and geographical mix.
The effective income tax rates for the six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were 26.5 percent (provision on income) and 93.3 percent (benefit on a loss), respectively. The year-over-year change is primarily due to the effects of higher projected pre-tax income in the current period and geographical mix.
As of December 31, 2021, we have $25.5 million of U.S. net deferred tax assets, of which $57.0 million is related to net operating loss, tax credit, and other carryforwards that can be used to offset future U.S. taxable income. Certain of these carryforwards will expire if they are not used within a specified timeframe. At this time, we consider it more likely than not that we will have sufficient U.S. taxable income in the future that will allow us to realize these net deferred tax assets. However, it is possible that some or all of these tax attributes could ultimately expire unused, especially if our end markets do not continue to recover from the COVID-19 global pandemic. Therefore, if we are unable to generate sufficient U.S. taxable income from our operations, a valuation allowance to reduce the U.S. net deferred tax assets may be required, which would materially increase income tax expense in the period in which the valuation allowance is recorded.
Swiss tax reform
Swiss tax reform legislation was effectively enacted during the December quarter of fiscal 2020 when the Canton of Schaffhausen approved the Federal Act on Tax Reform and AHV Financing on October 8, 2019 (Swiss tax reform). Significant changes from Swiss tax reform include the abolishment of certain favorable tax regimes and the creation of a multi-year transitional period at both the federal and cantonal levels. The transitional provisions of Swiss tax reform allow companies to utilize a combination of lower tax rates and tax basis adjustments to fair value, which are used for tax depreciation and amortization purposes resulting in deductions over the transitional period. To reflect the federal and cantonal transitional provisions, as they apply to us, we recorded a deferred tax asset of $14.5 million during the three months ended December 31, 2020. We consider the deferred tax asset from Swiss tax reform to be an estimate based on our current interpretation of the legislation, which is subject to change based on further legislative guidance, review with the Swiss federal and cantonal authorities, and modifications to the underlying valuation. We anticipate finalization of the deferred tax asset during the current fiscal year.
14. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period, while diluted earnings per share is calculated to reflect the potential dilution that would occur related to the issuance of capital stock under stock option grants, performance awards and restricted stock units. The difference between basic and diluted earnings per share relates solely to the effect of capital stock options, performance awards and restricted stock units.
During the six months ended December 31, 2020, the effect of unexercised capital stock options, unvested performance awards and unvested restricted stock units was anti-dilutive as a result of a net loss in the period and therefore has been excluded from diluted shares outstanding as well as from the diluted earnings per share calculation.
The following table provides the computation of diluted shares outstanding for the three months ended December 31, 2021, the three months ended December 31, 2020, and the six months ended December 31, 2021:

(in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended December 31, 2021 |  |  |  | Three Months Ended December 31, 2020 |  | Six Months Ended December 31, 2021
Weighted-average shares outstanding during period |  | 83,637 |  |  |  |  | 83,582 |  |  | 83,759 |
Add: Unexercised stock options and unvested restricted stock units |  | 737 |  |  |  |  | 615 |  |  | 743 |
Number of shares on which diluted earnings per share is calculated |  | 84,374 |  |  |  |  | 84,197 |  |  | 84,502 |
Unexercised stock options with an exercise price greater than the average market price and restricted stock units not included in the computation because they were anti-dilutive |  | 145 |  |  |  |  | 386 |  |  | 183 |

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KENNAMETAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

15. EQUITY
A summary of the changes in the carrying amounts of total equity, Kennametal Shareholders’ equity and equity attributable to noncontrolling interests for the three months ending December 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:

| Kennametal Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
(in thousands, except per share amounts) | Capital stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Non-controlling interests |  | Total equity
Balance as of September 30, 2021 | $ | 104,527 |  |  | $ | 550,790 |  |  | $ | 1,012,055 |  |  | $ | (342,421) |  |  | $ | 39,696 |  |  | $ | 1,364,647 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,421 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,304 |  |  | 32,725 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,747) |  |  | (449) |  |  | (7,196) |
Dividend reinvestment | 1 |  |  | 46 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |
Capital stock issued under employee benefit and stock plans(3) | 65 |  |  | 5,604 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,669 |
Purchase of capital stock | (751) |  |  | (21,848) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22,599) |
Cash dividends ($0.20 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,720) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,720) |
Cash dividends to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total equity, December 31, 2021 | $ | 103,842 |  |  | $ | 534,592 |  |  | $ | 1,026,756 |  |  | $ | (349,168) |  |  | $ | 40,551 |  |  | $ | 1,356,573 |

| Kennametal Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
(in thousands, except per share amounts) | Capital stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Non-controlling interests |  | Total equity
Balance as of September 30, 2020 | $ | 104,064 |  |  | $ | 540,374 |  |  | $ | 966,596 |  |  | $ | (385,648) |  |  | $ | 40,996 |  |  | $ | 1,266,382 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,388 |  |  | — |  |  | 862 |  |  | 20,250 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43,417 |  |  | 1,357 |  |  | 44,774 |
Dividend reinvestment | 2 |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |
Capital stock issued under employee benefit and stock plans(3) | 266 |  |  | 7,691 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,957 |
Purchase of capital stock | (2) |  |  | (48) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (50) |
Cash dividends ($0.20 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,683) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,683) |
Cash dividends to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,361) |  |  | (1,361) |
Other | — |  |  | (311) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1,319) |  |  | (1,630) |
Total equity, December 31, 2020 | $ | 104,330 |  |  | $ | 547,754 |  |  | $ | 969,301 |  |  | $ | (342,231) |  |  | $ | 40,535 |  |  | $ | 1,319,689 |

(3) Net of restricted stock units delivered upon vesting to satisfy tax withholding requirements.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

A summary of the changes in the carrying amounts of total equity, Kennametal Shareholders’ equity and equity attributable to noncontrolling interests for the six months ending December 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:

| Kennametal Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
(in thousands, except per share amounts) | Capital stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Non-controlling interests |  | Total equity
Balance as of June 30, 2021 | $ | 104,518 |  |  | $ | 562,820 |  |  | $ | 992,597 |  |  | $ | (330,327) |  |  | $ | 38,597 |  |  | $ | 1,368,205 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67,619 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,858 |  |  | 70,477 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18,841) |  |  | (904) |  |  | (19,745) |
Dividend reinvestment | 3 |  |  | 92 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 95 |
Capital stock issued under employee benefit and stock plans(3) | 512 |  |  | 5,997 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,509 |
Purchase of capital stock | (1,191) |  |  | (34,317) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (35,508) |
Cash dividends ($0.40 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33,460) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33,460) |
Cash dividends to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total equity, December 31, 2021 | $ | 103,842 |  |  | $ | 534,592 |  |  | $ | 1,026,756 |  |  | $ | (349,168) |  |  | $ | 40,551 |  |  | $ | 1,356,573 |

| Kennametal Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
(in thousands, except per share amounts) | Capital stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Non-controlling interests |  | Total equity
Balance as of June 30, 2020 | $ | 103,654 |  |  | $ | 538,575 |  |  | $ | 1,004,898 |  |  | $ | (417,242) |  |  | $ | 38,903 |  |  | $ | 1,268,788 |
Net (loss) income | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | (2,287) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,677 |  |  | (610) |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 75,011 |  |  | 2,635 |  |  | 77,646 |
Dividend reinvestment | 4 |  |  | 97 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 101 |
Capital stock issued under employee benefit and stock plans(3) | 676 |  |  | 9,490 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,166 |
Purchase of capital stock | (4) |  |  | (97) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (101) |
Cash dividends ($0.40 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33,310) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33,310) |
Cash dividends to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,361) |  |  | (1,361) |
Other | — |  |  | (311) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,319) |  |  | (1,630) |
Total equity, December 31, 2020 | $ | 104,330 |  |  | $ | 547,754 |  |  | $ | 969,301 |  |  | $ | (342,231) |  |  | $ | 40,535 |  |  | $ | 1,319,689 |

(3) Net of restricted stock units delivered upon vesting to satisfy tax withholding requirements.
The amounts of comprehensive income attributable to Kennametal Shareholders and noncontrolling interests are disclosed in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

16. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
The components of, and changes in, accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) were as follows, net of tax, for the six months ended December 31, 2021:

(in thousands) | Pension and other postretirement benefits | Currency translation adjustment | Derivatives | Total
Attributable to Kennametal: |  |  |  |
Balance, June 30, 2021 | $ | (213,172) |  | $ | (122,428) |  | $ | 5,273 |  | $ | (330,327) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 2,781 |  | (25,653) |  | — |  | (22,872) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCL | 4,416 |  | — |  | (385) |  | 4,031 |
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) | 7,197 |  | (25,653) |  | (385) |  | (18,841) |
AOCL, December 31, 2021 | $ | (205,975) |  | $ | (148,081) |  | $ | 4,888 |  | $ | (349,168) |
Attributable to noncontrolling interests: |  |  |  |
Balance, June 30, 2021 | $ | — |  | $ | (3,982) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (3,982) |
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | — |  | (904) |  | — |  | (904) |
Net current period other comprehensive income | — |  | (904) |  | — |  | (904) |
AOCL, December 31, 2021 | $ | — |  | $ | (4,886) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (4,886) |

The components of, and changes in, AOCL were as follows, net of tax, for the six months ended December 31, 2020:

(in thousands) | Pension and other postretirement benefits | Currency translation adjustment | Derivatives | Total
Attributable to Kennametal: |  |  |  |
Balance, June 30, 2020 | $ | (232,634) |  | $ | (181,027) |  | $ | (3,581) |  | $ | (417,242) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (7,521) |  | 71,912 |  | 4,501 |  | 68,892 |
Amounts reclassified from AOCL | 5,179 |  | — |  | 940 |  | 6,119 |
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income | (2,342) |  | 71,912 |  | 5,441 |  | 75,011 |
AOCL, December 31, 2020 | $ | (234,976) |  | $ | (109,115) |  | $ | 1,860 |  | $ | (342,231) |
Attributable to noncontrolling interests: |  |  |  |
Balance, June 30, 2020 | $ | — |  | $ | (5,909) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (5,909) |
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | — |  | 2,635 |  | — |  | 2,635 |
Net current period other comprehensive income | — |  | 2,635 |  | — |  | 2,635 |
AOCL, December 31, 2020 | $ | — |  | $ | (3,274) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (3,274) |

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

Reclassifications out of AOCL for the three and six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 consisted of the following:

| Three Months Ended December 31, | Six Months Ended December 31, |  |
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020 | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Affected line item in the Income Statement
Losses and (gains) on cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward starting interest rate swaps | $ | (255) |  |  | $ | 635 |  | $ | (511) |  |  | $ | 1,269 |  |  | Interest expense
Currency exchange contracts | — |  |  | (1) |  | — |  |  | (24) |  |  | Cost of goods sold and other income, net
Total before tax | (255) |  |  | 634 |  | (511) |  |  | 1,245 |  |  |
Tax impact | 63 |  |  | (155) |  | 126 |  |  | (305) |  |  | Provision for income taxes
Net of tax | $ | (192) |  |  | $ | 479 |  | $ | (385) |  |  | $ | 940 |  |  |
Pension and other postretirement benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of transition obligations | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 23 |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | Other income, net
Amortization of prior service credit | (66) |  |  | (61) |  | (133) |  |  | (121) |  |  | Other income, net
Recognition of actuarial losses | 3,015 |  |  | 3,463 |  | 6,059 |  |  | 6,912 |  |  | Other income, net
Total before tax | 2,973 |  |  | 3,425 |  | 5,974 |  |  | 6,836 |  |  |
Tax impact | (772) |  |  | (811) |  | (1,558) |  |  | (1,657) |  |  | Provision for income taxes
Net of tax | $ | 2,201 |  |  | $ | 2,614 |  | $ | 4,416 |  |  | $ | 5,179 |  |  |

The amount of income tax allocated to each component of other comprehensive (loss) income for the three months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

|  | 2021 |  |  |  |  | 2020 |
(in thousands) | Pre-tax | Tax impact | Net of tax |  |  | Pre-tax | Tax impact | Net of tax
Unrealized gain on derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 4,359 |  | $ | (1,068) |  | $ | 3,291 |
Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges | (255) |  | 63 |  | (192) |  |  |  | 634 |  | (155) |  | 479 |
Unrecognized net pension and other postretirement benefit gain (loss) | 1,232 |  | (356) |  | 876 |  |  |  | (5,272) |  | 1,061 |  | (4,211) |
Reclassification of net pension and other postretirement benefit loss | 2,973 |  | (772) |  | 2,201 |  |  |  | 3,425 |  | (811) |  | 2,614 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (10,062) |  | (19) |  | (10,081) |  |  |  | 41,671 |  | 930 |  | 42,601 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (6,112) |  | $ | (1,084) |  | $ | (7,196) |  |  |  | $ | 44,817 |  | $ | (43) |  | $ | 44,774 |

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KENNAMETAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

The amount of income tax allocated to each component of other comprehensive (loss) income for the six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

|  | 2021 |  |  |  |  | 2020 |
(in thousands) | Pre-tax | Tax impact | Net of tax |  |  | Pre-tax | Tax impact | Net of tax
Unrealized gain on derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 5,962 |  | $ | (1,461) |  | $ | 4,501 |
Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges | (511) |  | 126 |  | (385) |  |  |  | 1,245 |  | (305) |  | 940 |
Unrecognized net pension and other postretirement benefit gain (loss) | 3,831 |  | (1,050) |  | 2,781 |  |  |  | (9,654) |  | 2,133 |  | (7,521) |
Reclassification of net pension and other postretirement benefit loss | 5,974 |  | (1,558) |  | 4,416 |  |  |  | 6,836 |  | (1,657) |  | 5,179 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (26,519) |  | (38) |  | (26,557) |  |  |  | 73,777 |  | 770 |  | 74,547 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (17,225) |  | $ | (2,520) |  | $ | (19,745) |  |  |  | $ | 78,166 |  | $ | (520) |  | $ | 77,646 |

17. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
A summary of the carrying amount of goodwill attributable to each segment, as well as the changes in such carrying amounts, is as follows:

(in thousands) | Metal Cutting |  | Infrastructure |  | Total
Gross goodwill | $ | 455,276 |  |  | $ | 633,211 |  |  | $ | 1,088,487 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (177,661) |  |  | (633,211) |  |  | (810,872) |
Balance as of June 30, 2021 | $ | 277,615 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 277,615 |
Activity for the six months ended December 31, 2021: |  |  |  |  |
Change in gross goodwill due to translation | (4,296) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,296) |
Gross goodwill | 450,980 |  |  | 633,211 |  |  | 1,084,191 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (177,661) |  |  | (633,211) |  |  | (810,872) |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 273,319 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 273,319 |

The components of our other intangible assets were as follows:

| Estimated Useful Life (in years) |  | December 31, 2021 | June 30, 2021
(in thousands) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization
Technology-based and other | 4 to 20 |  | $ | 33,180 |  |  | $ | (24,360) |  |  |  | $ | 33,632 |  |  | $ | (24,413) |
Customer-related | 10 to 21 |  | 182,559 |  |  | (102,425) |  |  |  | 183,338 |  |  | (98,901) |
Unpatented technology | 10 to 30 |  | 32,013 |  |  | (21,851) |  |  |  | 31,957 |  |  | (20,575) |
Trademarks | 5 to 20 |  | 13,163 |  |  | (10,527) |  |  |  | 13,268 |  |  | (10,083) |
Trademarks | Indefinite |  | 11,257 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,818 |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | $ | 272,172 |  |  | $ | (159,163) |  |  |  | $ | 274,013 |  |  | $ | (153,972) |

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KENNAMETAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

18. SEGMENT DATA
We operate in two reportable segments consisting of Metal Cutting and Infrastructure. Our reportable operating segments have been determined in accordance with our internal management structure, which is organized based on operating activities, the manner in which we organize segments for allocating resources, making operating decisions and assessing performance and the availability of separate financial results. We do not allocate certain corporate expenses related to executive retirement plans, our Board of Directors, strategic initiatives, and certain other costs and report them in Corporate. Our reportable operating segments do not represent the aggregation of two or more operating segments.
METAL CUTTING The Metal Cutting segment develops and manufactures high performance tooling and metal cutting products and services and offers an assortment of standard and custom metal cutting solutions to diverse end markets, including aerospace, general engineering, energy and transportation. The products include milling, hole making, turning, threading and toolmaking systems used in the manufacture of airframes, aero engines, trucks and automobiles, ships and various types of industrial equipment. We leverage advanced manufacturing capabilities in combination with varying levels of customization to solve our customers’ toughest challenges and deliver improved productivity for a wide range of applications. Metal Cutting markets its products under the Kennametal®, WIDIA®, WIDIA Hanita® and WIDIA GTD® brands through its direct sales force, a network of independent and national distributors, integrated supplier channels and via the Internet. Application engineers and technicians are critical to the sales process and directly assist our customers with specified product design, selection, application and support.
INFRASTRUCTURE Our Infrastructure segment produces engineered tungsten carbide and ceramic components, earth-cutting tools, and advanced metallurgical powders, primarily for the energy, earthworks and general engineering end markets. These wear-resistant products include compacts, nozzles, frac seats and custom components used in oil and gas and petrochemical industries; rod blanks and abrasive water jet nozzles for general industries; earth cutting tools and systems used in underground mining, trenching and foundation drilling and road milling; tungsten carbide powders for the oil and gas, aerospace and process industries; and ceramics used by the packaging industry for metallization of films and papers. We combine deep metallurgical and engineering expertise with advanced manufacturing capabilities to deliver solutions that drive improved productivity for our customers. Infrastructure markets its products primarily under the Kennametal® brand and sells through a direct sales force as well as through distributors.
Our sales and operating income (loss) by segment are as follows:

| Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Metal Cutting | $ | 298,581 |  |  | $ | 282,917 |  |  | $ | 597,011 |  |  | $ | 530,793 |
Infrastructure | 188,092 |  |  | 157,590 |  |  | 373,171 |  |  | 310,019 |
Total sales | $ | 486,673 |  |  | $ | 440,507 |  |  | $ | 970,182 |  |  | $ | 840,812 |
Operating income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Metal Cutting | $ | 27,895 |  |  | $ | 13,693 |  |  | $ | 57,059 |  |  | $ | (9,933) |
Infrastructure | 19,971 |  |  | 6,265 |  |  | 46,007 |  |  | 13,533 |
Corporate | (361) |  |  | (924) |  |  | (955) |  |  | (1,743) |
Total operating income | 47,505 |  |  | 19,034 |  |  | 102,111 |  |  | 1,857 |
Interest expense | 6,460 |  |  | 8,317 |  |  | 12,781 |  |  | 18,896 |
Other income, net | (3,142) |  |  | (3,857) |  |  | (6,601) |  |  | (7,875) |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | $ | 44,187 |  |  | $ | 14,574 |  |  | $ | 95,931 |  |  | $ | (9,164) |

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KENNAMETAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

The following table presents Kennametal's revenue disaggregated by geography:

| Three Months Ended
| December 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
(in thousands) | Metal Cutting |  | Infrastructure |  | Total Kennametal |  | Metal Cutting |  | Infrastructure |  | Total Kennametal
Americas | 40% |  | 57% |  | 47% |  | 38% |  | 56% |  | 44%
EMEA | 38 |  | 17 |  | 30 |  | 38 |  | 18 |  | 31
Asia Pacific | 22 |  | 26 |  | 23 |  | 24 |  | 26 |  | 25

| Six Months Ended
| December 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
(in thousands) | Metal Cutting |  | Infrastructure |  | Total Kennametal |  | Metal Cutting |  | Infrastructure |  | Total Kennametal
Americas | 40% |  | 57% |  | 47% |  | 38% |  | 55% |  | 44%
EMEA | 38 |  | 19 |  | 30 |  | 38 |  | 20 |  | 31
Asia Pacific | 22 |  | 24 |  | 23 |  | 24 |  | 25 |  | 25

The following tables presents Kennametal's revenue disaggregated by end market:

| Three Months Ended December 31, 2021
(in thousands) | Metal Cutting |  | Infrastructure |  | Total Kennametal
General engineering | 57% |  | 36% |  | 48%
Transportation | 26 |  | — |  | 16
Aerospace | 9 |  | — |  | 6
Energy | 8 |  | 28 |  | 16
Earthworks | — |  | 36 |  | 14

| Three Months Ended December 31, 2020
(in thousands) | Metal Cutting |  | Infrastructure |  | Total Kennametal
General engineering | 53% |  | 36% |  | 47%
Transportation | 31 |  | — |  | 20
Aerospace | 8 |  | — |  | 5
Energy | 8 |  | 25 |  | 14
Earthworks | — |  | 39 |  | 14

| Six Months Ended December 31, 2021
(in thousands) | Metal Cutting |  | Infrastructure |  | Total Kennametal
General engineering | 56% |  | 35% |  | 48%
Transportation | 27 |  | — |  | 17
Aerospace | 9 |  | — |  | 5
Energy | 8 |  | 29 |  | 16
Earthworks | — |  | 36 |  | 14

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KENNAMETAL INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

| Six Months Ended December 31, 2020
(in thousands) | Metal Cutting |  | Infrastructure |  | Total Kennametal
General engineering | 54% |  | 35% |  | 47%
Transportation | 30 |  | — |  | 19
Aerospace | 8 |  | — |  | 5
Energy | 8 |  | 25 |  | 14
Earthworks | — |  | 40 |  | 15

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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (MD&A)

OVERVIEW
Kennametal Inc. was founded based on a tungsten carbide technology breakthrough in 1938. The Company was incorporated in Pennsylvania in 1943 as a manufacturer of tungsten carbide metal cutting tooling and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 1967. With more than 80 years of materials expertise, the Company is a global industrial technology leader, helping customers across the aerospace, earthworks, energy, general engineering and transportation industries manufacture with precision and efficiency. This expertise includes the development and application of tungsten carbides, ceramics, super-hard materials and solutions used in metal cutting and extreme wear applications to keep customers up and running longer against conditions such as corrosion and high temperatures.
Our standard and custom product offerings span metal cutting and wear applications including turning, milling, hole making, tooling systems and services, as well as specialized wear components and metallurgical powders. End users of our metal cutting products include manufacturers engaged in a diverse array of industries including: the manufacturers of transportation vehicles and components, machine tools and light and heavy machinery; airframe and aerospace components; and energy-related components for the oil and gas industry, as well as power generation. Our wear and metallurgical powders are used by producers and suppliers in equipment-intensive operations such as road construction, mining, quarrying, oil and gas exploration, refining, production and supply.
Throughout the MD&A, we refer to measures used by management to evaluate performance. We also refer to a number of financial measures that are not defined under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP), including organic sales growth, constant currency regional sales growth (decline) and constant currency end market sales growth (decline). We provide the definitions of these non-GAAP financial measures at the end of the MD&A section as well as details on the use and derivation of these financial measures.
Our sales of $486.7 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2021 increased 10 percent year-over-year, reflecting 11 percent organic sales growth, partially offset by an unfavorable business days effect of 1 percent.
Operating income was $47.5 million compared to $19.0 million in the prior year quarter. The year-over-year change of $28.5 million was due primarily to organic sales growth, $1.7 million of net benefit from the reversal of restructuring and related charges compared to charges of $4.2 million in the prior year quarter, favorable pricing, favorable product mix and approximately $4 million of incremental simplification/modernization benefits, partially offset by higher raw material costs of approximately $12 million and approximately $10 million due to the restoration of salaries and other cost-control measures that were taken in the prior year quarter. Operating margin was 9.8 percent compared to 4.3 percent in the prior year quarter. The Metal Cutting and Infrastructure segments had operating margins of 9.3 percent and 10.6 percent, respectively, for the quarter ended December 31, 2021.
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic bringing significant uncertainty in our end markets and operations. Since then, national, regional and local governments have taken steps at various times since the pandemic began to limit the spread of the virus through stay-at-home, social distancing, and various other orders and guidelines. Although some jurisdictions have relaxed these measures, particularly as more and more people are vaccinated, others have not or have reinstated them as COVID-19 cases surge and variants emerge. The imposition of these measures has created significant operating constraints on our business. Throughout the pandemic, based on the guidance provided by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and other relevant authorities, we have deployed safety protocols and processes to keep our employees safe while continuing to serve our customers. To date, we have not experienced a material disruption in our supply chain. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may continue to affect our business, operating results or financial condition in the future will depend on a number of factors, including the duration and spread of the pandemic, the emergence of more contagious or virulent strains of the virus, travel restrictions, business and workforce disruptions associated with the pandemic, including the availability of critical materials and resources, the success of preventative measures to contain or mitigate the spread of the virus and emerging variants, and the effectiveness of the distribution and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines.
We recorded a net benefit of $1.7 million from the reversal of pre-tax restructuring and related charges in the quarter. Total restructuring and related charges since inception of $81.8 million were recorded through December 31, 2021 for the FY21 Restructuring Actions. The expected pre-tax charges for this program are approximately $85 million. Inception to date, we have achieved annualized savings of approximately $68 million.
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (CONTINUED)

Current quarter earnings per diluted share (EPS) of $0.37 was favorably affected by the net benefit from the reversal of restructuring and related charges of $0.02 per share and the gain on the New Castle divestiture of $0.01 per share, partially offset by differences in annual projected tax rates of $0.01 per share. The earnings per diluted share (EPS) of $0.23 in the prior year quarter was unfavorably affected by restructuring and related charges of $0.04 per share, offset by differences in annual projected tax rates of $0.11 per share.
We generated net cash flows from operating activities of $57.8 million during the six months ended December 31, 2021 compared to $67.4 million during the prior year quarter. Capital expenditures were $37.7 million and $68.6 million during the six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, with the decrease primarily related to lower capital spending on our simplification/modernization initiative.
RESULTS OF CONTINUING OPERATIONS
SALES
Sales for the three months ended December 31, 2021 were $486.7 million, an increase of $46.2 million, or 10 percent, from $440.5 million in the prior year quarter. The increase in sales was driven by organic growth of 11 percent, partially offset by an unfavorable business days effect of 1 percent.
Sales for the six months ended December 31, 2021 were $970.2 million, an increase of $129.4 million, or 15 percent, from $840.8 million in the prior year period. The increase in sales was driven by organic growth of 15 percent and a favorable currency exchange effect of 1 percent, partially offset by an unfavorable business days effect of 1 percent.

| Three Months Ended December 31, 2021 | Six Months Ended December 31, 2021
(in percentages) | As Reported | Constant Currency | As Reported | Constant Currency
End market sales growth (decline): |  |  |  |
Aerospace | 24% | 24% | 22% | 21%
Energy | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23
General engineering | 14 | 14 | 19 | 18
Earthworks | 12 | 11 | 10 | 7
Transportation | (11) | (10) | 2 | 1
Regional sales growth: |  |  |  |
Americas | 16% | 16% | 21% | 20%
Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) | 7 | 9 | 14 | 13
Asia Pacific | 4 | 3 | 8 | 5

GROSS PROFIT
Gross profit for the three months ended December 31, 2021 was $153.0 million, an increase of $31.4 million from $121.5 million in the prior year quarter. The increase was primarily due to organic sales growth, favorable pricing, favorable product mix, and incremental simplification/modernization benefits of approximately $4 million, partially offset by higher raw material costs of approximately $12 million and the restoration of salaries and other cost control measures that were taken in the prior year quarter. Gross profit margin for the three months ended December 31, 2021 was 31.4 percent, as compared to 27.6 percent in the prior year quarter.
Gross profit for the six months ended December 31, 2021 was $313.7 million, an increase of $87.1 million from $226.6 million in the prior year period. The increase was primarily due to organic sales growth, favorable pricing, favorable product mix, and incremental simplification/modernization benefits of approximately $7 million, partially offset by higher raw material costs of approximately $14 million and the restoration of salaries and other cost control measures that were taken in the prior year period. Gross profit margin for the six months ended December 31, 2021 was 32.3 percent, as compared to 27.0 percent in the prior year period.
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (CONTINUED)

OPERATING EXPENSE
Operating expense for the three months ended December 31, 2021 was $106.7 million compared to $97.8 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020. Operating expense for the six months ended December 31, 2021 was $209.3 million compared to $191.1 million for the six months ended December 31, 2020. Both increases were primarily due to the restoration of previously reduced salaries and other cost-control measures that were taken in the prior year.
We invested further in technology and innovation during the current quarter to continue delivering high quality products to our customers. Research and development expenses included in operating expense totaled $10.5 million and $9.3 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $20.7 million and $18.1 million for the six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
RESTRUCTURING AND RELATED CHARGES AND ASSET IMPAIRMENT CHARGES
FY21 Restructuring Actions
In the September quarter of fiscal 2020, we announced the initiation of restructuring actions in Germany associated with our simplification/modernization initiative to reduce structural costs. Subsequently, we also announced the acceleration of our other structural cost reduction plans including the closure of the Johnson City, Tennessee facility. Expected pre-tax charges for the FY21 Restructuring Actions are approximately $85 million. Total restructuring and related charges since inception of $81.8 million were recorded for this program through December 31, 2021, consisting of: $74.1 million in Metal Cutting and $7.7 million in Infrastructure. The remaining charges related to the FY21 Restructuring Actions are expected to be within the Metal Cutting segment.
Restructuring and Related Charges Recorded
We recorded restructuring and related benefits from the reversal of charges of $1.7 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021, which consisted of benefits of $1.7 million in Metal Cutting and an immaterial amount in Infrastructure. Of this amount, restructuring benefits were $3.5 million and restructuring-related charges were $1.8 million (included in cost of goods sold), for the three months ended December 31, 2021. For the three months ended December 31, 2020, we recorded restructuring and related charges of $4.2 million which consisted of charges of $3.5 million in Metal Cutting and $0.7 million in Infrastructure. Of this amount, restructuring charges totaled $1.8 million of which $0.4 million was included in cost of goods sold for the three months ended December 31, 2020. Restructuring-related charges of $2.4 million were recorded in cost of goods sold for the three months ended December 31, 2020.
We recorded restructuring and related benefits from the reversal of charges of $0.4 million for the six months ended December 31, 2021, which consisted of benefits of $0.4 million in Metal Cutting and an immaterial amount in Infrastructure. Of this amount, restructuring benefits were $3.3 million, and restructuring-related charges were $2.8 million (included in cost of goods sold) for the six months ended December 31, 2021. For the six months ended December 31, 2020, we recorded restructuring and related charges of $32.9 million which consisted of charges of $29.5 million in Metal Cutting and $3.3 million in Infrastructure. Of this amount, restructuring charges were $27.4 million, of which $0.4 million was included in cost of goods sold. Restructuring-related charges of $5.5 million were recorded in cost of goods sold for the six months ended December 31, 2020.
GAIN ON DIVESTITURE
During the year ended June 30, 2020, we completed the sale of certain assets of the non-core specialty alloys and metals business within the Infrastructure segment located in New Castle, Pennsylvania to Advanced Metallurgical Group N.V. for an aggregate price of $24.0 million.
The net book value of these assets at closing was $29.5 million, and the pre-tax loss on divestiture recognized during the year ended June 30, 2020 was $6.5 million. Transaction proceeds were primarily used for capital expenditures related to our simplification/modernization efforts. During the quarter ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a gain of $1.0 million on the New Castle divestiture due to proceeds held in escrow until November 2021.
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (CONTINUED)

INTEREST EXPENSE
Interest expense for the three months ended December 31, 2021 decreased to $6.5 million compared to $8.3 million for the three months ended December 30, 2020. Interest expense for the six months ended December 31, 2021 decreased to $12.8 million compared to $18.9 million for the six months ended December 31, 2020. Both decreases were primarily related to the amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement in the prior year and the refinancing of long-term debt at a lower interest rate during fiscal 2021.
OTHER INCOME, NET
Other income for the three months ended December 31, 2021 decreased to $3.1 million from $3.9 million during the three months ended December 31, 2020. Other income for the six months ended December 31, 2021 decreased to $6.6 million from $7.9 million during the six months ended December 31, 2020.
PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES
The effective income tax rates for the three months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were 25.9 percent (provision on income) and 39.0 percent (benefit on income), respectively. The year-over-year change is primarily due to the effects of changes in projected pre-tax income in the prior period, higher projected pre-tax income in the current year and geographical mix.
The effective income tax rates for the six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were 26.5 percent (provision on income) and 93.3 percent (benefit on a loss), respectively. The year-over-year change is primarily due to the effects of higher projected pre-tax income in the current period and geographical mix.
As of December 31, 2021, we have $25.5 million of U.S. net deferred tax assets, of which $57.0 million is related to net operating loss, tax credit, and other carryforwards that can be used to offset future U.S. taxable income. Certain of these carryforwards will expire if they are not used within a specified timeframe. At this time, we consider it more likely than not that we will have sufficient U.S. taxable income in the future that will allow us to realize these net deferred tax assets. However, it is possible that some or all of these tax attributes could ultimately expire unused, especially if our end markets do not continue to recover from the COVID-19 global pandemic. Therefore, if we are unable to generate sufficient U.S. taxable income from our operations, a valuation allowance to reduce the U.S. net deferred tax assets may be required, which would materially increase income tax expense in the period in which the valuation allowance is recorded.
BUSINESS SEGMENT REVIEW
We operate in two reportable segments consisting of Metal Cutting and Infrastructure. Our reportable operating segments have been determined in accordance with our internal management structure, which is organized based on operating activities, the manner in which we organize segments for allocating resources, making operating decisions and assessing performance and the availability of separate financial results. We do not allocate certain corporate expenses related to executive retirement plans, our Board of Directors, strategic initiatives, and certain other costs and report them in Corporate. Our reportable operating segments do not represent the aggregation of two or more operating segments.
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (CONTINUED)

Our sales and operating income (loss) by segment are as follows:

| Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Metal Cutting | $ | 298,581 |  |  | $ | 282,917 |  |  | $ | 597,011 |  |  | $ | 530,793 |
Infrastructure | 188,092 |  |  | 157,590 |  |  | 373,171 |  |  | 310,019 |
Total sales | $ | 486,673 |  |  | $ | 440,507 |  |  | $ | 970,182 |  |  | $ | 840,812 |
Operating income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Metal Cutting | $ | 27,895 |  |  | $ | 13,693 |  |  | $ | 57,059 |  |  | $ | (9,933) |
Infrastructure | 19,971 |  |  | 6,265 |  |  | 46,007 |  |  | 13,533 |
Corporate | (361) |  |  | (924) |  |  | (955) |  |  | (1,743) |
Total operating income | 47,505 |  |  | 19,034 |  |  | 102,111 |  |  | 1,857 |
Interest expense | 6,460 |  |  | 8,317 |  |  | 12,781 |  |  | 18,896 |
Other income, net | (3,142) |  |  | (3,857) |  |  | (6,601) |  |  | (7,875) |
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 44,187 |  |  | $ | 14,574 |  |  | $ | 95,931 |  |  | $ | (9,164) |

METAL CUTTING

| Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except operating margin) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Sales | $ | 298,581 |  |  | $ | 282,917 |  |  | $ | 597,011 |  |  | $ | 530,793 |
Operating income (loss) | 27,895 |  |  | 13,693 |  |  | 57,059 |  |  | (9,933) |
Operating margin | 9.3 | % |  | 4.8 | % |  | 9.6 | % |  | (1.9) | %

| Three Months Ended December 31, 2021 |  | Six Months Ended December 31, 2021
(in percentages)
Organic sales growth | 7% |  | 12%
Foreign currency exchange effect(1) | — |  | 1
Business days effect(2) | (1) |  | (1)
Sales growth | 6% |  | 12%

| Three Months Ended December 31, 2021 |  | Six Months Ended December 31, 2021
(in percentages) | As Reported |  | Constant Currency |  | As Reported |  | Constant Currency
End market sales growth (decline): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aerospace | 24% |  | 24% |  | 22% |  | 21%
General engineering | 12 |  | 13 |  | 18 |  | 17
Energy | 7 |  | 7 |  | 5 |  | 4
Transportation | (11) |  | (10) |  | 2 |  | 1
Regional sales growth (decline): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas | 11% |  | 11% |  | 17% |  | 16%
EMEA | 5 |  | 8 |  | 13 |  | 14
Asia Pacific | (3) |  | (4) |  | 4 |  | 1

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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (CONTINUED)

For the three months ended December 31, 2021, Metal Cutting sales increased 6 percent from the prior year quarter. Aerospace end market sales increased in all regions as airplane manufacturing continues to recover. Sales in our general engineering end market increased in all regions, as manufacturing activity continues to recover from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Energy sales increased in Americas as oil and gas drilling improved, partially offset by a decline in Asia Pacific driven by lower activity in China wind power. Transportation end market sales decreased in all regions due to the ongoing semiconductor related supply chain challenges. On a regional basis, the sales increases in the Americas was driven by an increase in the aerospace, energy, and general engineering end markets, partially offset by a decline in the transportation end market. The sales increase in EMEA was driven by increases in the aerospace and general engineering end markets, partially offset by a decrease in the energy and transportation end markets. The sales decrease in Asia Pacific was primarily driven by declines in the energy and transportation end markets, partially offset by increases in sales in the general engineering and aerospace end markets.
For the three months ended December 31, 2021, Metal Cutting operating income was $27.9 million compared to $13.7 million in the prior year quarter. The year-over-year change was due primarily to organic sales growth, $2 million of net benefit from the reversal of restructuring and related charges compared to charges of $4 million in the prior year quarter, favorable pricing, approximately $4 million of incremental simplification/modernization benefits and favorable product mix, partially offset by approximately $8 million due to the restoration of salaries and other cost-control measures that were taken in the prior year quarter.
For the six months ended December 31, 2021, Metal Cutting sales increased 12 percent from the prior year period. Aerospace end market sales increased in all regions as airplane manufacturing continues to recover. Energy sales increased in Americas as oil and gas drilling improved, partially offset by declines in Asia Pacific driven by lower wind power activity in China. Sales in our general engineering end market increased in all regions, as manufacturing activity continues to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic. Transportation end market sales increased in the Americas due to improved automotive manufacturing levels, partially offset by declines in EMEA and Asia Pacific due to supply chain challenges. On a regional basis, the sales increase in the Americas was driven by increases in all end markets. The sales increase in EMEA was primarily driven by increases in the aerospace, energy and general engineering end markets, partially offset by a decline in the transportation end market. The sales increase in Asia Pacific was primarily driven by increases in the aerospace, and general engineering end markets, partially offset by a decline in the energy and transportation end markets.
For the six months ended December 31, 2021, Metal Cutting operating income was $57.1 million compared to an operating loss of $9.9 million in the prior year period. The year-over-year change was due primarily to organic sales growth, $0.4 million of net benefit from the reversal of restructuring and related charges compared to charges of $29.5 million in the prior year period, favorable pricing, approximately $4 million of incremental simplification/modernization benefits and favorable product mix, partially offset by approximately $19 million due to the restoration of salaries and other cost-control measures that were taken in the prior year period.
INFRASTRUCTURE

| Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Sales | $ | 188,092 |  |  | $ | 157,590 |  |  | $ | 373,171 |  |  | $ | 310,019 |
Operating income | 19,971 |  |  | 6,265 |  |  | 46,007 |  |  | 13,533 |
Operating margin | 10.6 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | 12.3 | % |  | 4.4 | %

| Three Months Ended December 31, 2021 |  | Six Months Ended December 31, 2021
(in percentages)
Organic sales growth | 18% |  | 18%
Foreign currency exchange effect(1) | 1 |  | 2
Sales growth | 19% |  | 20%

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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (CONTINUED)

| Three Months Ended December 31, 2021 |  | Six Months Ended December 31, 2021
(in percentages) | As Reported |  | Constant Currency |  | As Reported |  | Constant Currency
End market sales growth: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Energy | 33% |  | 33% |  | 36% |  | 35%
General engineering | 17 |  | 17 |  | 21 |  | 20
Earthworks | 12 |  | 11 |  | 10 |  | 7
Regional sales growth: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas | 22% |  | 22% |  | 25% |  | 25%
EMEA | 15 |  | 15 |  | 15 |  | 11
Asia Pacific | 17 |  | 14 |  | 15 |  | 10

For the three months ended December 31, 2021, Infrastructure sales increased by 19 percent from the prior year quarter. The U.S. oil and gas market drove a year-over-year increase in the energy market as U.S. land rig counts continued to increase. Sales in our earthworks end market increased primarily due to growth in the construction end markets and higher underground mine output. In general engineering, the increase in sales was across all regions reflecting continued strength of the global manufacturing economy. On a regional basis, the sales increases in the Americas, EMEA and Asia Pacific were all driven by increases in all end markets.
For the three months ended December 31, 2021, Infrastructure operating income was $20.0 million compared to $6.3 million in the prior year quarter. The year-over-year change was due primarily to organic sales growth, favorable pricing and favorable product mix, partially offset by higher raw material costs of approximately $11 million and approximately $2 million due to the restoration of salaries and other cost-control measures that were taken in the prior year quarter.
For the six months ended December 31, 2021, Infrastructure sales increased by 20 percent from the prior year period. The U.S. oil and gas market drove a year-over-year increase in the energy market. Sales in our earthworks end market increased primarily due to growth in the mining end market. In general engineering, the increase in sales was across all regions. On a regional basis, the sales increases in the Americas, EMEA and Asia Pacific were all driven by increases in all end markets.
For the six months ended December 31, 2021, Infrastructure operating income was $46.0 million compared to $13.5 million in the prior year period. The year-over-year change was due primarily to organic sales growth, favorable pricing and favorable product mix, partially offset by higher raw material costs of approximately $14 million and approximately $5 million due to the restoration of salaries and other cost-control measures that were taken in the prior year period.
CORPORATE

| Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Six Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Corporate expense | $ | (361) |  |  | $ | (924) |  |  | $ | (955) |  |  | $ | (1,743) |

For the three months ended December 31, 2021, Corporate expense decreased by $0.6 million from the prior year quarter. For the six months ended December 31, 2021 Corporate expense decreased by $0.8 million from the prior year period.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Cash flow from operations is the primary source of funding for our capital expenditures. For the six months ended December 31, 2021, cash flow provided by operating activities was $57.8 million.
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (CONTINUED)

During the three months ended September 30, 2020, we entered into the First Amendment (the Amendment) to the Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of June 21, 2018, (as amended by the Amendment, the Credit Agreement). The Credit Agreement is a five-year, multi-currency, revolving credit facility that is used to augment our cash from operations and as an additional source of funds. The Credit Agreement provides for revolving credit loans of up to $700.0 million for working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes. The Credit Agreement allows for borrowings in U.S. dollars, euros, Canadian dollars, pounds sterling and Japanese yen. Interest payable under the Credit Agreement is based upon the type of borrowing under the facility and may be (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin, (2) the greater of the prime rate or the Federal Funds effective rate plus an applicable margin, or (3) fixed as negotiated by us. The Credit Agreement matures in June 2023.
The Credit Agreement requires us to comply with various restrictive and affirmative covenants, including two financial covenants: (1) a maximum leverage ratio where debt, net of domestic cash in excess of $25 million and sixty percent of the unrestricted cash held outside of the United States, must be less than or equal to 3.5 times trailing twelve months EBITDA (temporarily increased by the Amendment to 4.25 times trailing twelve months EBITDA during the period from September 30, 2020 through and including December 31, 2021), adjusted for certain non-cash expenses and which may be further adjusted, at our discretion, to include up to $120 million of cash restructuring charges through December 31, 2021; and (2) a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio of EBITDA to interest of 3.5 times (as the aforementioned terms are defined in the Credit Agreement). Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by our significant domestic subsidiaries.
As of December 31, 2021, we were in compliance with all the covenants of the Credit Agreement. For the six months ended December 31, 2021, average daily borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement were approximately $9.4 million. We had $9.0 million of borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement and $691.0 million of additional availability as of December 31, 2021. There were no borrowings outstanding as of June 30, 2021.
We consider the majority of the unremitted earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries to be permanently reinvested. With regard to these unremitted earnings, we have not, nor do we anticipate the need to, repatriate funds to the U.S. to satisfy domestic liquidity needs arising in the ordinary course of business, including liquidity needs associated with our domestic debt service requirements. With regard to the small portion of unremitted earnings that are not indefinitely reinvested, we maintain a deferred tax liability for foreign withholding and U.S. state income taxes.
In 2012, we received an assessment from the Italian tax authority that denied certain tax deductions primarily related to our 2008 tax return. Attempts at negotiating a reasonable settlement with the tax authority were unsuccessful; and as a result, we decided to litigate the matter. While the outcome of the litigation is still pending, the tax authority served notice in the September quarter of fiscal 2020 requiring payment in the amount of €36 million. Accordingly, we requested and were granted a stay and are not currently required to make a payment in connection with this assessment. We continue to believe that the assessment is baseless and accordingly, no income tax liability has been recorded in connection with this assessment in any period. However, if the Italian tax authority were to be successful in litigation, settlement of the amount alleged by the Italian tax authority would result in an increase to income tax expense by as much as €36.3 million, or $41.1 million, including penalties and interest of €21.6 million, or $24.4 million. A trial date has not yet been set by the Italian court.
At December 31, 2021, cash and cash equivalents were $101.8 million, Total Kennametal Shareholders' equity was $1,316.0 million and total debt was $605.0 million. Our current senior credit ratings are at investment grade levels. We believe that our current financial position, liquidity and credit ratings provide us access to the capital markets. We believe that we have sufficient resources available to meet cash requirements for the next 12 months. We continue to closely monitor our liquidity position and the condition of the capital markets, as well as the counterparty risk of our credit providers. There have been no material changes in our contractual obligations and commitments since June 30, 2021 other than the temporary provisions provided under the Amendment to the Credit Agreement (as outlined above) that expired subsequent to December 31, 2021.
Cash Flow Provided by Operating Activities
During the six months ended December 31, 2021, cash flow provided by operating activities was $57.8 million, compared to $67.4 million for the prior year period. Cash flow provided by operating activities for the current year period consisted of net income and non-cash items amounting to an inflow of $144.5 million and changes in certain assets and liabilities netting to an outflow of $86.7 million. Contributing to the changes in certain assets and liabilities were an increase in inventories of $67.0 million and a decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $36.6 million. Partially offsetting these cash outflows was a decrease in accounts receivable of $23.0 million.
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (CONTINUED)

During the six months ended December 31, 2020, cash flow provided by operating activities consisted of net income and non-cash items amounting to an inflow of $80.0 million and changes in certain assets and liabilities netting to an outflow of $12.7 million. Contributing to the changes in certain assets and liabilities were a decrease in accrued income taxes of $24.5 million, an increase in accounts receivable of $22.5 million and a decrease in accrued pension and postretirement benefits of $13.4 million. Partially offsetting these cash outflows was a decrease in inventories of $46.7 million.
Cash Flow Used for Investing Activities
Cash flow used for investing activities was $36.1 million for the six months ended December 31, 2021, compared to $67.6 million for the prior year period. During the current year period, cash flow used for investing activities primarily included capital expenditures, net of $37.1 million, which consisted primarily of expenditures related to our simplification/modernization initiatives and equipment upgrades, partially offset by the $1.0 million in proceeds from the New Castle divestiture.
For the six months ended December 31, 2020, cash flow used for investing activities included capital expenditures, net of $67.7 million, which consisted primarily of expenditures related to our simplification/modernization initiatives and equipment upgrades.
Cash Flow Used for Financing Activities
Cash flow used for financing activities was $72.5 million for the six months ended December 31, 2021 compared to $512.0 million in the prior year period. During the current year period, cash flow used for financing activities included $35.5 million in common shares repurchased, $33.5 million of cash dividends paid to Kennametal Shareholders, $6.8 million of the effect of employee benefit and stock plans and dividend reinvestment, and $5.1 million decrease in notes payable, partially offset by $9 million from the borrowings under the Credit Agreement.
For the six months ended December 31, 2020, cash flow used for financing activities included $475.5 million of a net decrease in the revolving and other lines of credit and $33.3 million of cash dividends paid to Kennametal Shareholders.
FINANCIAL CONDITION
Working capital was $573.2 million at December 31, 2021, an increase of $5.8 million from $567.4 million at June 30, 2021. The increase in working capital was primarily driven by an increase in inventories of $56.7 million and a decrease in other current liabilities of $31.8 million, partially offset by a decrease in cash and cash equivalents of $52.2 million and a decrease in accounts receivable of $30.4 million. Currency exchange rate effects decreased working capital by a total of approximately $13.6 million, the impact of which is included in the aforementioned changes.
Property, plant and equipment, net decreased $32.4 million from $1,055.1 million at June 30, 2021 to $1,022.8 million at December 31, 2021, primarily due to depreciation expense of $58.2 million and unfavorable currency effects of $10.9 million, partially offset by net capital additions of $37.1 million.
At December 31, 2021, other assets were $603.9 million, a decrease of $1.9 million from $605.8 million at June 30, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to amortization of intangibles of $6.5 million, a decrease in goodwill of $4.3 million due to currency exchange effects, and a decrease in the operating lease right-of-use asset of $4.7 million, partially offset by an increase in other assets of $15.8 million.
Kennametal Shareholders' equity was $1,316.0 million at December 31, 2021, a decrease of $13.6 million from $1,329.6 million at June 30, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to the repurchase of capital stock of $35.5 million primarily under the share repurchase program that was initiated during fiscal 2022, cash dividends paid to Kennametal Shareholders of $33.5 million, and other comprehensive loss of $18.8 million, partially offset by net income attributable to Kennametal of $67.6 million.
DISCUSSION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
There have been no changes to our critical accounting policies since June 30, 2021.
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (CONTINUED)

RECONCILIATION OF FINANCIAL MEASURES NOT DEFINED BY U.S. GAAP
In accordance with SEC rules, below are the definitions of the non-GAAP financial measures we use in this report and the reconciliation of these measures to the most closely related GAAP financial measures. We believe that these measures provide useful perspective on underlying business trends and results and provide a supplemental measure of year-over-year results. The non-GAAP financial measures described below are used by management in making operating decisions, allocating financial resources and for business strategy purposes. We believe these measures may be useful to investors as they provide supplemental information about business performance and provide investors a view of our business results through the eyes of management. These non-GAAP financial measures are not intended to be considered by the user in place of the related GAAP financial measure, but rather as supplemental information to our business results. These non-GAAP financial measures may not be the same as similar measures used by other companies due to possible differences in method and in the items or events being adjusted.
Organic sales growth Organic sales growth is a non-GAAP financial measure of sales growth (which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure) excluding the effects of acquisitions, divestitures, business days and foreign currency exchange from year-over-year comparisons. We believe this measure provides investors with a supplemental understanding of underlying sales trends by providing sales growth on a consistent basis. Also, we report organic sales growth at the consolidated and segment levels.
Constant currency end market sales growth (decline) Constant currency end market sales growth (decline) is a non-GAAP financial measure of sales growth (decline) (which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure) by end market excluding the effects of acquisitions, divestitures and foreign currency exchange from year-over-year comparisons. We note that, unlike organic sales growth (decline), constant currency end market sales growth (decline) does not exclude the effect of business days. We believe this measure provides investors with a supplemental understanding of underlying end market trends by providing end market sales growth (decline) on a consistent basis. Also, we report constant currency end market sales growth (decline) at the consolidated and segment levels.
Constant currency regional sales growth (decline) Constant currency regional sales growth (decline) is a non-GAAP financial measure of sales growth (decline) (which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure) by region excluding the effects of acquisitions, divestitures and foreign currency exchange from year-over-year comparisons. We note that, unlike organic sales growth (decline), constant currency regional sales growth (decline) does not exclude the effect of business days. We believe this measure provides investors with a supplemental understanding of underlying regional trends by providing regional sales growth (decline) on a consistent basis. Also, we report constant currency regional sales growth (decline) at the consolidated and segment levels.
Reconciliations of organic sales growth to sales growth are as follows:

Three Months Ended December 31, 2021 |  | Metal Cutting |  |  | Infrastructure |  | Total
Organic sales growth |  | 7% |  |  | 18% |  | 11%
Foreign currency exchange effect(1) |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | —
Business days effect(2) |  | (1) |  |  | — |  | (1)
Sales growth |  | 6% |  |  | 19% |  | 10%

Six Months Ended December 31, 2021 |  | Metal Cutting |  |  | Infrastructure |  | Total
Organic sales growth |  | 12% |  |  | 18% |  | 15%
Foreign currency exchange effect(1) |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  | 1
Business days effect(2) |  | (1) |  |  | — |  | (1)
Sales growth |  | 12% |  |  | 20% |  | 15%

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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (CONTINUED)

Reconciliations of constant currency end market sales growth (decline) to end market sales growth (decline)(3) are as follows:

Metal Cutting |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended December 31, 2021 |  | General engineering |  | Transportation |  | Aerospace |  | Energy
Constant currency end market sales growth (decline) |  | 13% |  | (10)% |  | 24% |  | 7%
Foreign currency exchange effect(1) |  | (1) |  | (1) |  | — |  | —
End market sales growth (decline)(3) |  | 12% |  | (11)% |  | 24% |  | 7%

Infrastructure |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended December 31, 2021 |  | Energy |  | Earthworks |  | General engineering
Constant currency end market sales growth |  | 33% |  | 11% |  | 17%
Foreign currency exchange effect(1) |  | — |  | 1 |  | —
End market sales growth(3) |  | 33% |  | 12% |  | 17%

Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended December 31, 2021 |  | General engineering |  | Transportation |  | Aerospace |  | Energy |  | Earthworks
Constant currency end market sales growth (decline) |  | 14% |  | (10)% |  | 24% |  | 24% |  | 11%
Foreign currency exchange effect(1) |  | — |  | (1) |  | — |  | — |  | 1
End market sales growth (decline)(3) |  | 14% |  | (11)% |  | 24% |  | 24% |  | 12%

Metal Cutting |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Six Months Ended December 31, 2021 |  | General engineering |  | Transportation |  | Aerospace |  | Energy
Constant currency end market sales growth |  | 17% |  | 1% |  | 21% |  | 4%
Foreign currency exchange effect(1) |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1
End market sales growth(3) |  | 18% |  | 2% |  | 22% |  | 5%

Infrastructure |  |  |  |  |  |
Six Months Ended December 31, 2021 |  | Energy |  | Earthworks |  | General engineering
Constant currency end market sales growth |  | 35% |  | 7% |  | 20%
Foreign currency exchange effect(1) |  | 1 |  | 3 |  | 1
End market sales growth(3) |  | 36% |  | 10% |  | 21%

Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Six Months Ended December 31, 2021 |  | General engineering |  | Transportation |  | Aerospace |  | Energy |  | Earthworks
Constant currency end market sales growth |  | 18% |  | 1% |  | 21% |  | 23% |  | 7%
Foreign currency exchange effect(1) |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 3
End market sales growth (3) |  | 19% |  | 2% |  | 22% |  | 24% |  | 10%

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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (CONTINUED)

Reconciliations of constant currency regional sales growth (decline) to reported regional sales growth (decline)(4) are as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, 2021 |  | Six Months Ended December 31, 2021
|  | Americas |  | EMEA |  | Asia Pacific |  | Americas |  | EMEA |  | Asia Pacific
Metal Cutting |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Constant currency regional sales growth (decline) |  | 11% |  | 8% |  | (4)% |  | 16% |  | 14% |  | 1%
Foreign currency exchange effect(1) |  | — |  | (3) |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | (1) |  | 3
Regional sales growth (decline)(4) |  | 11% |  | 5% |  | (3)% |  | 17% |  | 13% |  | 4%
Infrastructure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Constant currency regional sales growth |  | 22% |  | 15% |  | 14% |  | 25% |  | 11% |  | 10%
Foreign currency exchange effect(1) |  | — |  | — |  | 3 |  | — |  | 4 |  | 5
Regional sales growth(4) |  | 22% |  | 15% |  | 17% |  | 25% |  | 15% |  | 15%
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Constant currency regional sales growth |  | 16% |  | 9% |  | 3% |  | 20% |  | 13% |  | 5%
Foreign currency exchange effect(1) |  | — |  | (2) |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 3
Regional sales growth(4) |  | 16% |  | 7% |  | 4% |  | 21% |  | 14% |  | 8%

(1) Foreign currency exchange effect is calculated by dividing the difference between current period sales and current period sales at prior period foreign exchange rates by prior period sales.
(2) Business days effect is calculated by dividing the year-over-year change in weighted average working days (based on mix of sales by country) by prior period weighted average working days.
(3) Aggregate sales for all end markets sum to the sales amount presented on Kennametal's financial statements.
(4) Aggregate sales for all regions sum to the sales amount presented on Kennametal's financial statements.
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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

There have been no material changes to our market risk exposures since June 30, 2021.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company's management evaluated, with the participation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)). The Company's disclosure controls were designed to provide a reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission. It should be noted that the design of any system of controls is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, regardless of how remote. However, the controls have been designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving the controls' stated goals. Based on that evaluation, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance at December 31, 2021 that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
There were no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company's most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we are party to legal claims and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business, which may relate to our operations or assets, including real, tangible or intellectual property. Although certain of these types of actions are currently pending, we do not believe that any individual proceeding is material or that our pending legal proceedings in the aggregate are material to Kennametal. See "Note 12. Environmental Matters" for a discussion of our exposure to certain environmental liabilities.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Approximate Dollar Value of of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2)
October 1 through October 31, 2021 | 15,878 |  |  | $ | 35.28 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 187,200,000 |
November 1 through November 30, 2021 | 262,915 |  |  | 39.13 |  |  | 260,000 |  |  | 177,000,000 |
December 1 through December 31, 2021 | 341,183 |  |  | 36.42 |  |  | 340,000 |  |  | 164,600,000 |
Total | 619,976 |  |  | $ | 37.54 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  |

(1)During the current period, 1,182 shares were purchased on the open market on behalf of Kennametal to fund the Company’s dividend reinvestment program. Also, during the current period employees delivered 18,794 shares of restricted stock to Kennametal, upon vesting, to satisfy tax withholding requirements.
(2)On July 27, 2021, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program authorizing the Company to purchase up to $200 million of the Company's common stock over a three-year period outside of the Company's dividend reinvestment program.
UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
None.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

31 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications |  |
31.1 |  | Certification executed by Christopher Rossi, President and Chief Executive Officer of Kennametal Inc. |  | Filed herewith.
31.2 |  | Certification executed by Damon J. Audia, Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Kennametal Inc. |  | Filed herewith.
32 |  | Section 1350 Certifications |  |
32.1 |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, executed by Christopher Rossi, President and Chief Executive Officer of Kennametal Inc., and Damon J. Audia, Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Kennametal Inc. |  | Filed herewith.
101 |  | XBRL |  |
101.INS (3) |  | XBRL Instance Document |  | Filed herewith.
101.SCH (4) |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  | Filed herewith.
101.CAL (4) |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  | Filed herewith.
101.DEF (4) |  | XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase |  | Filed herewith.
101.LAB (4) |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  | Filed herewith.
101.PRE (4) |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  | Filed herewith.

(3)The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
(4)Attached as Exhibit 101 to this report are the following documents formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2021 and June 30, 2021, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 and (v) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the three and six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| KENNAMETAL INC.
Date: | February 9, 2022 | By: |  | /s/ Patrick S. Watson
| Patrick S. Watson Vice President Finance and Corporate Controller

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