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Note 7 - Stock-based Compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Notes to Financial Statements |
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Text Block] | Note 7 — Stock-Based Compensation As of December 31, 2019, the Company had three stock-based employee compensation plans, the Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan (“Incentive Plan”), the Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (“Inducement Plan”) and the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). The Incentive Plan was amended and restated on April 19, 2019 and approved by the Company’s stockholders on May 29, 2019. The Inducement Plan was adopted by the Board of Directors on April 24, 2019. The ESPP was amended and restated in March 2014 and approved by the Company’s stockholders in May 2014. Stock-based compensation expense of $17,719 ( $17,164 of expense related to the Incentive Plan, $323 of expense related to the Inducement Plan, $232 of expense related to the ESPP) was recognized during 2019, while $9,396 ( $9,223 of expense related to the Incentive Plan, $173 of expense related to the ESPP) was recognized during 2018, and $12,621 ( $12,421 of expense related to the Incentive Plan, $200 of expense related to the ESPP) was recognized during 2017. The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with FASB authoritative guidance regarding share-based payments. Total stock-based compensation was allocated as follows:
|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Research and development |  | $ | 13,977 |  |  | $ | 6,867 |  |  | $ | 9,602 |
General and administrative |  |  | 3,742 |  |  |  | 2,529 |  |  |  | 3,019 |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | 17,719 |  |  | $ | 9,396 |  |  | $ | 12,621 |
Stock Incentive Plan The Company grants stock option awards and restricted stock unit awards to its employees, directors, and consultants under the Incentive Plan. Under the Incentive Plan, stock option awards are granted with an exercise price equal to the market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant. Commencing March 1, 2011, stock option awards and restricted stock units granted to employees generally vest 25% each year until fully vested after four years. In August 2013, December 2014 and December 2019, the Company issued 1,032, 1,250 and 315 performance-based stock options, respectively. These awards vest upon successful completion of specific development milestones. As of December 31, 2019, 75% of the August 2013 grants have vested based upon achievement of three milestones. As of December 31, 2019, 30% of the December 2014 grants have vested. As of December 31, 2019, none of the December 2019 grants have vested and no compensation expense has been recognized. During 2019, the Company recognized $4,998 of stock compensation expense related to two milestones within the December 2014 grants for which achievement became probable. Stock option awards granted to non-employee directors of the Company generally vest over one year. All stock option awards have contractual terms of 10 years. The vesting exercise provisions of all awards granted under the Incentive Plan are subject to acceleration in the event of certain stockholder-approved transactions, or upon the occurrence of a change in control as defined in the Incentive Plan. Related activity under the Incentive Plan is as follows:
|  | Awards Available |  | Options Outstanding |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Balance at December 31, 2016 |  |  | 2,273 |  |  |  | 12,095 |  |  | $ | 6.55 |
Plan amendment |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Restricted stock awards granted |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Restricted stock awards cancelled |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock option awards granted |  |  | (3,915 | ) |  |  | 3,915 |  |  |  | 5.33 |
Stock option awards exercised |  |  | - |  |  |  | (438 | ) |  |  | 3.50 |
Stock option awards cancelled |  |  | 1,120 |  |  |  | (1,120 | ) |  |  | 9.72 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 468 |  |  |  | 14,452 |  |  |  | 6.06 |
Plan amendment |  |  | 4,400 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Restricted stock awards granted |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock option awards granted |  |  | (4,272 | ) |  |  | 4,272 |  |  |  | 7.15 |
Stock option awards exercised |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,011 | ) |  |  | 2.92 |
Stock option awards cancelled |  |  | 222 |  |  |  | (222 | ) |  |  | 7.44 |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 805 |  |  |  | 17,491 |  |  |  | 6.49 |
Plan amendment |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Restricted stock awards granted |  |  | (27 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock option awards granted |  |  | (4,511 | ) |  |  | 4,511 |  |  |  | 3.91 |
Stock option awards exercised |  |  | - |  |  |  | (251 | ) |  |  | 3.75 |
Stock option awards cancelled |  |  | 701 |  |  |  | (701 | ) |  |  | 6.82 |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  |  | 968 |  |  |  | 21,050 |  |  | $ | 5.96 |
For stock option awards granted under the Incentive Plan during 2019, 2018, and 2017, the fair value was estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model and the assumptions noted in the table below. The weighted average grant date fair value of these awards granted during 2019, 2018, and 2017 was $2.63, $4.92 and $3.63, respectively. The fair value of the stock option awards is amortized to expense over the vesting periods using a straight-line expense attribution method. The following explanations describe the assumptions used by the Company to value the stock option awards granted during 2019, 2018, and 2017. The expected life is based on the average of the assumption that all outstanding stock option awards will be exercised at full vesting and the assumption that all outstanding stock option awards will be exercised at the midpoint of the current date (if already vested) or at full vesting (if not yet vested) and the full contractual term. The expected volatility represents the volatility over the most recent period corresponding with the expected life. The Company has assumed no expected dividend yield, as dividends have never been paid to stockholders and will not be for the foreseeable future. The weighted average risk-free interest rate is the implied yield currently available on zero -coupon government issues with a remaining term equal to the expected term. Inducement Equity Incentive Plan The Company has the ability to grant stock option awards to newly-hired employees as inducements material to each employee entering employment with the Company. Stock option awards granted to newly hired employees generally vest 25% each year until fully vested after four years. Each stock option has a term of 10 years and is subject to the terms and conditions of the Inducement Equity Incentive Plan. The vesting and exercise provisions of all awards granted under the Inducement Equity Incentive Plan are subject to acceleration in the event of certain stockholder-approved transactions, or upon the occurrence of a change in control as defined in the Inducement Equity Incentive Plan. During 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the issuance of 1,379 options to newly hired employees. The options were granted with an exercise price equal to the Company’s market price on the respective dates of grant. The fair value was estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model and the assumptions noted in the table below. The weighted average grant date fair value of these stock option awards was $2.41. The weighted-average exercise price of the inducement grants issued during 2019 was $3.58. As of December 31, 2019, 1,329 of those options are outstanding. The following table summarizes the key assumptions used by the Company to value the stock option awards granted during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The expected life is based on the average of the assumption that all outstanding stock option awards will be exercised at full vesting and the assumption that all outstanding stock option awards will be exercised at the midpoint of the current date (if already vested) or at full vesting (if not yet vested) and the full contractual term. The expected volatility represents the historical volatility on the Company’s publicly traded common stock. The Company has assumed no expected dividend yield, as dividends have never been paid to stock or option holders and will not be paid for the foreseeable future. The weighted average risk-free interest rate is the implied yield currently available on zero -coupon government issues with a remaining term equal to the expected term. Weighted Average Assumptions for Stock Option Awards Granted to Employees and Directors under the Plans
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Expected Life |  |  | 5.5 |  |  |  | 5.5 |  |  |  | 5.5 |
Expected Volatility |  |  | 81 | % |  |  | 82 | % |  |  | 82 | %
Expected Dividend Yield |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | %
Risk-Free Interest Rate |  |  | 1.8 | % |  |  | 2.7 | % |  |  | 2.0 | %
The total intrinsic value of stock option awards exercised under the Incentive Plan was $1,127 during 2019, $4,504 during 2018 and $1,964 during 2017. The intrinsic value represents the total proceeds (fair market value at the date of exercise, less the exercise price, times the number of stock option awards exercised) received by all individuals who exercised stock option awards during the period. No stock option awards were exercised under the Inducement Plan in 2019. The following table summarizes, at December 31, 2019, by price range: ( 1 ) for stock option awards outstanding under the Incentive Plan, the number of stock option awards outstanding, their weighted average remaining life and their weighted average exercise price; and ( 2 ) for stock option awards exercisable under the Plan, the number of stock option awards exercisable and their weighted average exercise price:
|  | Outstanding |  | Exercisable
Range |  | Number |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Number |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
$ | 0 | to | 3 |  | 1,929 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | $ | 2.02 |  |  |  | 1,159 |  |  | $ | 1.64 |
| 3 | to | 6 |  | 11,724 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  |  | 4.17 |  |  |  | 5,085 |  |  |  | 4.55 |
| 6 | to | 9 |  | 4,941 |  |  | 7.7 |  |  |  | 7.14 |  |  |  | 1,830 |  |  |  | 6.98 |
| 9 | to | 12 |  | 3,086 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  |  | 10.78 |  |  |  | 2,013 |  |  |  | 10.91 |
| 12 | to | 15 |  | 604 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |  | 12.29 |  |  |  | 509 |  |  |  | 12.31 |
| 15 | to | 18 |  | 95 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  |  | 15.39 |  |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | 15.39 |
$ | 0 | to | 18 |  | 22,379 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | $ | 5.82 |  |  |  | 10,691 |  |  | $ | 6.31 |
The weighted average remaining contractual life of stock option awards exercisable under the plans at December 31, 2019 was 4.9 years. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock option awards outstanding and exercisable under the plans at December 31, 2019 was $3,926. The aggregate intrinsic value represents the value (the period’s closing market price, less the exercise price, times the number of in-the-money stock option awards) that would have been received by all stock option award holders under the plans had they exercised their stock option awards at the end of the year. The total fair value of the stock option awards vested under the plans was $12,499 during 2019, $8,952 during 2018 and $9,310 during 2017. As of December 31, 2019, the number of stock option awards vested and expected to vest under the plans is 20,324. The weighted average exercise price of these stock option awards is $5.83 and their weighted average remaining contractual life is 6.9 years. The following table summarizes the changes in the number and weighted-average grant-date fair value of non-vested stock option awards during 2019:
|  | Non-Vested Stock Option Awards |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Balance December 31, 2018 |  |  | 9,295 |  |  | $ | 4.78 |
Stock option awards granted |  |  | 5,891 |  |  |  | 2.58 |
Stock option awards vested |  |  | (2,794 | ) |  |  | 4.48 |
Stock option awards forfeited |  |  | (704 | ) |  |  | 4.38 |
Balance December 31, 2019 |  |  | 11,688 |  |  | $ | 3.77 |
As of December 31, 2019, there was approximately $26,552 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested employee stock option awards granted by the Company. That cost is expected to be recognized as follows: $9,746 in 2020, $7,950 in 2021, $6,743 in 2022 and $2,113 in 2023. Employee Stock Purchase Plan The Company has reserved a total of 1,475 shares of common stock to be purchased under the ESPP, of which 119 shares remain available for purchase at December 31, 2019. Eligible employees may authorize up to 15% of their salary to purchase common stock at the lower of 85% of the beginning or 85% of the ending price during six -month purchase intervals. No more than 3 shares may be purchased by any one employee at the six -month purchase dates and no employee may purchase stock having a fair market value at the commencement date of $25 or more in any one calendar year. There were 115, 92 and 95 shares of common stock purchased under the ESPP in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, at a weighted average price per share of $3.51, $3.83 and $3.61, respectively. Expense of $232, $173 and $200 related to the ESPP was recognized during 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Compensation expense for shares purchased under the ESPP related to the purchase discount and the “look-back” option were determined using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted average grant date fair values of shares granted under the ESPP during 2019, 2018, and 2017, were $2.01, $1.89 and $2.18, respectively.

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