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Stock-based Compensation | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Share-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation As of September 30, 2022, the Company had three stock-based employee compensation plans: the Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan (“Incentive Plan”), the Amended and Restated Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (“Inducement Plan”) and the Amended and Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). The Incentive Plan was most recently amended and restated on April 18, 2022 and approved by the Company’s stockholders on June 7, 2022. The Inducement Plan was most recently amended and restated by the Board of Directors on August 26, 2022. The ESPP was most recently amended and restated on April 1, 2021 and approved by the Company’s stockholders on May 25, 2021. Stock-based compensation expense of $29,421 ($23,687 of expense related to the Incentive Plan, $4,604 of expense related to the Inducement Plan, and $1,130 of expense related to the ESPP) was recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, while $26,140 ($19,973 of expense related to the Incentive Plan, $5,025 of expense related to the Inducement Plan and $1,142 of expense related to the ESPP) was recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. There was approximately $100,171 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested stock option and restricted stock unit awards granted by the Company as of September 30, 2022. As of September 30, 2022, the Company expected to recognize that expense as follows: $10,707 during the remainder of 2022, $35,987 in 2023, $31,537 in 2024, $19,524 in 2025 and $2,416 in 2026. In addition, the Company has outstanding performance-based stock options and restricted stock unit awards for which no compensation expense is recognized until “performance” has occurred and the award vests. Stock Incentive Plan The Company grants stock option awards, restricted stock and restricted stock units to its employees, directors, and consultants under the Incentive Plan. Under the Incentive Plan, stock option awards are granted with an exercise price equal to the market price of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant. Commencing March 1, 2011, stock option awards and restricted stock units granted to employees generally vest 25% each year until fully vested after four years. In December 2014, the Company issued 1,250 performance-based stock options. These awards vest upon successful completion of specific development milestones. As of September 30, 2022, 85% of these grants have vested. In January 2022, the Company issued 221 performance-based restricted stock unit awards. Contingent upon successful achievement of specific commercial or operational objectives in 2022, the awards become eligible for vesting at 50% on the first anniversary of the grant date and 25% on each of the second and third anniversaries of the grant date, until fully vested after three years. Stock option awards and restricted stock unit awards granted to non-employee directors of the Company generally vest over one year. Stock option awards granted to new non-employee directors when they first join the Company’s Board of Directors generally vest, subject to the terms of the Incentive Plan, in 36 equal monthly installments over a three-year period measured from the grant date. All stock option awards have contractual terms of 10 years. Restricted stock unit awards granted to new non-employee directors when they first join the Company's Board of Directors generally vest, subject to the terms of the Incentive Plan, in three equal annual installments beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date. The vesting and exercise provisions of all awards granted under the Incentive Plan are subject to acceleration in the event of certain stockholder-approved transactions, or upon the occurrence of a change in control as defined in the Incentive Plan. Related activity under the Incentive Plan is as follows:
| Awards Available |  | Options Outstanding |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Balance December 31, 2021 | 3,651 |  |  | 28,685 |  |  | $ | 7.90 |
Plan amendment | 8,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restricted stock unit awards granted | (681) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restricted stock unit awards cancelled | 218 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock option awards granted | (813) |  |  | 813 |  |  | 11.10 |
Stock option awards exercised | — |  |  | (1,334) |  |  | 5.65 |
Stock option awards cancelled | 787 |  |  | (787) |  |  | 10.02 |
Balance September 30, 2022 | 11,162 |  |  | 27,377 |  |  | $ | 8.04 |
For stock option awards granted under the Incentive Plan during the first nine months of 2022 and 2021, the fair value was estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model and the assumptions noted in the table following the next subsection. The weighted average grant date fair value of these awards granted during the first nine months of 2022 and 2021 was $7.78 and $8.11, respectively. The fair value of the stock option awards is amortized to expense over the vesting periods using a straight-line expense attribution method. For restricted stock units granted under the Incentive Plan, the fair value of the awards was determined based on the market value of the Company’s shares on the grant date. The weighted average grant date fair value of these awards granted during the first nine months of 2022 and 2021 was $13.18 and $10.17, respectively. The fair value of the restricted stock unit awards is amortized to expense over the vesting periods using a straight-line expense attribution method. Inducement Equity Incentive Plan The Company has the ability to grant stock option and restricted stock unit awards to newly-hired employees as inducements material to each employee entering employment with the Company. Awards granted to newly hired employees generally vest 25% each year until fully vested after four years and are subject to the terms and conditions of the Inducement Plan. Each stock option has a term of 10 years. The vesting and exercise provisions of all awards granted under the Inducement Plan are subject to acceleration in the event of certain stockholder-approved transactions, or upon the occurrence of a change in control as defined in the Inducement Plan. Related activity under the Inducement Plan is as follows:
| Awards Available |  | Options Outstanding |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Balance December 31, 2021 | 900 |  |  | 4,408 |  |  | $ | 6.20 |
Plan amendment | 1,926 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restricted stock unit awards granted | (424) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restricted stock unit awards cancelled | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock option awards granted | (1,381) |  |  | 1,381 |  |  | 13.84 |
Stock option awards exercised | — |  |  | (196) |  |  | 3.77 |
Stock option awards cancelled | 323 |  |  | (323) |  |  | 7.02 |
Balance September 30, 2022 | 1,346 |  |  | 5,270 |  |  | $ | 8.28 |
For stock option awards granted under the Inducement Plan during the first nine months of 2022 and 2021, the fair value was estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model and the assumptions noted in the table below. The weighted average grant date fair value of these awards granted during the first nine months of 2022 and 2021 was $9.72 and $9.74, respectively. The fair value of the stock option awards is amortized to expense over the vesting periods using a straight-line expense attribution method. For restricted stock units granted under the Inducement Plan, the fair value of the awards was determined based on the market value of the Company’s shares on the grant date. The weighted average grant date fair value of these awards granted during the first nine months of 2022 was $13.38. The fair value of the restricted stock unit awards is amortized to expense over the vesting periods using a straight-line expense attribution method. No restricted stock unit awards were granted under the Inducement Plan during the first nine months of 2021. The following table summarizes the key assumptions used by the Company to value the stock option awards granted under all plans during the first nine months of 2022 and 2021, respectively. The expected life is based on the average of the assumption that all outstanding stock option awards will be exercised at full vesting and the assumption that all outstanding stock option awards will be exercised at the midpoint of the current date (if already vested) or at full vesting (if not yet vested) and the full contractual term. The expected volatility represents the historical volatility on the Company’s publicly traded common stock. The Company has assumed no expected dividend yield, as dividends have never been paid to stock or option holders and will not be paid for the foreseeable future. The weighted average risk-free interest rate is the implied yield currently available on zero-coupon government issues with a remaining term equal to the expected term. Weighted Average Assumptions for Stock Option Awards Granted to Employees and Directors under the Plans
| 2022 |  | 2021
Expected Life in Years | 5.5 |  | 5.5
Expected Volatility | 84.1 | % |  | 84.2 | %
Expected Dividend Yield | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | %
Risk-Free Interest Rate | 2.9 | % |  | 0.8 | %
Employee Stock Purchase Plan The Company has reserved a total of 7,975 shares of common stock to be purchased under the ESPP, of which 5,792 shares remain available for purchase as of September 30, 2022. Eligible employees may authorize up to 15% of their salary to purchase common stock at the lower of 85% of the beginning or 85% of the ending price during six-month purchase intervals. No more than 3 shares may be purchased by any one employee at the six-month purchase dates, and no employee may purchase stock having a fair market value at the commencement date of $25 or more in any one calendar year. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and 2021, the Company issued 260 and 316 shares under the ESPP, respectively. Compensation expense for shares purchased under the ESPP related to the purchase discount and the “look-back” option were determined using a Black-Scholes option pricing model.

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