10-Q 1 pzza-20180930x10q.htm 10-Q

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

OR

☐Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission File Number: 0-21660

PAPA JOHN’S INTERNATIONAL, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 61-1203323
(State or other jurisdiction of |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification
incorporation or organization) |  | number)

2002 Papa John’s Boulevard

Louisville, Kentucky 40299-2367

(Address of principal executive offices)

(502) 261-7272

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days: Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ |  | Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company ☐
|  | Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

At October 30, 2018, there were outstanding 31,541,761 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share.

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INDEX

|  | Page No.
PART I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets — September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations — Three and Nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 24, 2017 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income — Three and Nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 24, 2017 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — Nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 24, 2017 | 6
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 7
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 29
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 41
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 43
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 44
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 44
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 44
Item 6. | Exhibits | 46

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Papa John’s International, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited)

|  | September 30, |  | December 31,
(In thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 24,880 |  | $ | 22,345
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 53,157 |  |  | 64,644
Notes receivable, net |  |  | 6,466 |  |  | 4,333
Income tax receivable |  |  | 11,051 |  |  | 3,903
Inventories |  |  | 29,311 |  |  | 30,620
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 20,106 |  |  | 28,522
Other current assets |  |  | 7,400 |  |  | 9,494
Assets held for sale |  |  | — |  |  | 6,133
Total current assets |  |  | 152,371 |  |  | 169,994
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 224,510 |  |  | 234,331
Notes receivable, less current portion, net |  |  | 16,097 |  |  | 15,568
Goodwill |  |  | 84,830 |  |  | 86,892
Deferred income taxes, net |  |  | 700 |  |  | 585
Other assets |  |  | 72,654 |  |  | 48,183
Total assets |  | $ | 551,162 |  | $ | 555,553
Liabilities and stockholders’ (deficit) |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 32,355 |  | $ | 32,006
Income and other taxes payable |  |  | 8,964 |  |  | 10,561
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 100,081 |  |  | 70,293
Deferred revenue current |  |  | 2,389 |  |  | —
Current portion of long-term debt |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000
Total current liabilities |  |  | 163,789 |  |  | 132,860
Deferred revenue |  |  | 14,946 |  |  | 2,652
Long-term debt, less current portion, net |  |  | 555,755 |  |  | 446,565
Deferred income taxes, net |  |  | 7,812 |  |  | 12,546
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 77,604 |  |  | 60,146
Total liabilities |  |  | 819,906 |  |  | 654,769
Redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | 5,979 |  |  | 6,738
Stockholders’ (deficit): |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock ($0.01 par value per share; no shares issued) |  |  | — |  |  | —
Common stock ($0.01 par value per share; issued 44,299 at September 30, 2018 and 44,221 |  |  |  |  |  |
at December 31, 2017) |  |  | 443 |  |  | 442
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 190,135 |  |  | 184,785
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 3,605 |  |  | (2,117)
Retained earnings |  |  | 267,580 |  |  | 292,251
Treasury stock (12,933 shares at September 30, 2018 and 10,290 shares at |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2017, at cost) |  |  | (751,895) |  |  | (597,072)
Total stockholders’ (deficit), net of noncontrolling interests |  |  | (290,132) |  |  | (121,711)
Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries |  |  | 15,409 |  |  | 15,757
Total stockholders’ (deficit) |  |  | (274,723) |  |  | (105,954)
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and stockholders’ (deficit) |  | $ | 551,162 |  | $ | 555,553

See accompanying notes.

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Papa John’s International, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 24, |  | September 30, |  | September 24,
(In thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic Company-owned restaurant sales |  | $ | 158,285 |  | $ | 196,267 |  | $ | 529,906 |  | $ | 605,919
North America franchise royalties and fees |  |  | 12,806 |  |  | 25,567 |  |  | 61,524 |  |  | 79,762
North America commissary |  |  | 146,240 |  |  | 164,028 |  |  | 461,408 |  |  | 495,427
International |  |  | 25,653 |  |  | 28,771 |  |  | 84,836 |  |  | 81,638
Other revenues |  |  | 21,023 |  |  | 17,076 |  |  | 61,661 |  |  | 53,007
Total revenues |  |  | 364,007 |  |  | 431,709 |  |  | 1,199,335 |  |  | 1,315,753
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating costs (excluding depreciation and amortization shown separately below): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic Company-owned restaurant expenses |  |  | 135,836 |  |  | 161,867 |  |  | 440,936 |  |  | 489,719
North America commissary |  |  | 137,928 |  |  | 155,572 |  |  | 432,909 |  |  | 465,001
International expenses |  |  | 15,184 |  |  | 17,910 |  |  | 52,462 |  |  | 50,973
Other expenses |  |  | 22,002 |  |  | 15,906 |  |  | 63,658 |  |  | 50,935
General and administrative expenses |  |  | 55,462 |  |  | 35,758 |  |  | 133,903 |  |  | 112,420
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 11,585 |  |  | 11,181 |  |  | 34,855 |  |  | 32,292
Total costs and expenses |  |  | 377,997 |  |  | 398,194 |  |  | 1,158,723 |  |  | 1,201,340
Refranchising loss, net |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,918) |  |  | —
Operating (loss) income |  |  | (13,990) |  |  | 33,515 |  |  | 38,694 |  |  | 114,413
Net Interest expense |  |  | (5,963) |  |  | (2,566) |  |  | (16,580) |  |  | (6,135)
(Loss) Income before income taxes |  |  | (19,953) |  |  | 30,949 |  |  | 22,114 |  |  | 108,278
Income tax (benefit) expense |  |  | (7,359) |  |  | 8,280 |  |  | 4,663 |  |  | 30,728
Net (loss) income before attribution to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (12,594) |  |  | 22,669 |  |  | 17,451 |  |  | 77,550
Income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (439) |  |  | (852) |  |  | (1,956) |  |  | (3,767)
Net (loss) income attributable to the Company |  | $ | (13,033) |  | $ | 21,817 |  | $ | 15,495 |  | $ | 73,783
Calculation of (loss) income for (loss) earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to the Company |  | $ | (13,033) |  | $ | 21,817 |  | $ | 15,495 |  | $ | 73,783
Change in noncontrolling interest redemption value |  |  | — |  |  | 237 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,419
Net income attributable to participating securities |  |  | — |  |  | (89) |  |  | (147) |  |  | (305)
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | (13,033) |  | $ | 21,965 |  | $ | 15,348 |  | $ | 74,897
Basic (loss) earnings per common share |  | $ | (0.41) |  | $ | 0.61 |  | $ | 0.48 |  | $ | 2.05
Diluted (loss) earnings per common share |  | $ | (0.41) |  | $ | 0.60 |  | $ | 0.47 |  | $ | 2.02
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 31,573 |  |  | 36,146 |  |  | 32,265 |  |  | 36,563
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 31,573 |  |  | 36,581 |  |  | 32,489 |  |  | 37,047
Dividends declared per common share |  | $ | 0.225 |  | $ | 0.225 |  | $ | 0.675 |  | $ | 0.625

See accompanying notes.

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Papa John’s International, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 24, |  | September 30, |  | September 24,
(In thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net (loss) income before attribution to noncontrolling interests |  | $ | (12,594) |  | $ | 22,669 |  | $ | 17,451 |  | $ | 77,550
Other comprehensive (loss) income, before tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments (1) |  |  | (154) |  |  | 2,894 |  |  | (3,466) |  |  | 4,315
Interest rate swaps (2) |  |  | 1,960 |  |  | 641 |  |  | 11,512 |  |  | (1,684)
Other comprehensive income, before tax |  |  | 1,806 |  |  | 3,535 |  |  | 8,046 |  |  | 2,631
Income tax effect: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments (1) |  |  | 35 |  |  | (1,071) |  |  | 780 |  |  | (1,597)
Interest rate swaps (3) |  |  | (477) |  |  | (237) |  |  | (2,649) |  |  | 623
Income tax effect (4) |  |  | (442) |  |  | (1,308) |  |  | (1,869) |  |  | (974)
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  | 1,364 |  |  | 2,227 |  |  | 6,177 |  |  | 1,657
Comprehensive (loss) income before attribution to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (11,230) |  |  | 24,896 |  |  | 23,628 |  |  | 79,207
Less: comprehensive loss (income), redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | 378 |  |  | (352) |  |  | (26) |  |  | (1,891)
Less: comprehensive income, nonredeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | (817) |  |  | (500) |  |  | (1,930) |  |  | (1,876)
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to the Company |  | $ | (11,669) |  | $ | 24,044 |  | $ | 21,672 |  | $ | 75,440

| (1) |  | On June 15, 2018, the Company refranchised 34 Company-owned restaurants and a quality control center located in China. In conjunction with the transaction, approximately $1,300 of accumulated other comprehensive income and $300 associated deferred tax related to foreign currency translation were reversed. See “Note 7” of “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for additional information.

| (2) |  | Amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net interest expense included $19 and $216 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and $54 and $378 for the three and nine months ended September 24, 2017, respectively.

| (3) |  | The income tax effects of amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were $4 and $50 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and $20 and $140 for the three and nine months ended September 24, 2017, respectively.

| (4) |  | As of January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2018-02, “Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income,” and reclassified stranded tax effects of approximately $450 to retained earnings in the first quarter of 2018. See “Note 2” of “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for additional information.

See accompanying notes.

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Papa John’s International, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 24,
(In thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income before attribution to noncontrolling interests |  | $ | 17,451 |  | $ | 77,550
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for uncollectible accounts and notes receivable |  |  | 4,047 |  |  | (353)
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 34,855 |  |  | 32,292
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (227) |  |  | 1,283
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 7,073 |  |  | 8,094
Loss on refranchising |  |  | 1,918 |  |  | —
Other |  |  | 6,952 |  |  | 3,004
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 7,410 |  |  | (5,131)
Income tax receivable |  |  | (7,373) |  |  | 1,795
Inventories |  |  | 986 |  |  | (3,234)
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 7,663 |  |  | 9,262
Other current assets |  |  | 5,016 |  |  | (1,297)
Other assets and liabilities |  |  | (4,899) |  |  | (4,092)
Accounts payable |  |  | 769 |  |  | (2,480)
Income and other taxes payable |  |  | (1,597) |  |  | 1,779
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 18,772 |  |  | (3,229)
Deferred revenue |  |  | (4) |  |  | (326)
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 98,812 |  |  | 114,917
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment |  |  | (30,593) |  |  | (43,195)
Loans issued |  |  | (3,511) |  |  | (2,376)
Repayments of loans issued |  |  | 3,872 |  |  | 3,151
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  |  | — |  |  | (21)
Proceeds from divestitures of restaurants |  |  | 7,707 |  |  | —
Other |  |  | 160 |  |  | 25
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (22,365) |  |  | (42,416)
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of term loan |  |  | — |  |  | 400,000
Repayments of term loan |  |  | (15,000) |  |  | —
Net proceeds (repayments) of revolving credit facility |  |  | 123,600 |  |  | (300,575)
Debt issuance costs |  |  | — |  |  | (3,181)
Cash dividends paid |  |  | (21,861) |  |  | (22,886)
Tax payments for equity award issuances |  |  | (1,474) |  |  | (2,411)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  |  | 2,592 |  |  | 5,974
Acquisition of Company common stock |  |  | (158,049) |  |  | (121,705)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders |  |  | (3,928) |  |  | (4,606)
Other |  |  | 276 |  |  | 580
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (73,844) |  |  | (48,810)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (68) |  |  | 289
Change in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 2,535 |  |  | 23,980
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 22,345 |  |  | 15,563
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 24,880 |  | $ | 39,543
See accompanying notes. |  |  |  |  |  |

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Papa John’s International, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

September 30, 2018

1.Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete annual financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 30, 2018. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for Papa John’s International, Inc. (referred to as the “Company”, “Papa John’s” or in the first-person notations of “we”, “us” and “our”) for the year ended December 31, 2017.

2.Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant items that are subject to such estimates and assumptions include allowance for doubtful accounts and notes receivable, intangible assets, contract assets and contract liabilities including the online customer loyalty program obligation, insurance reserves and tax reserves. Although management bases its estimates on historical experience and assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, actual results could significantly differ from these estimates.

Noncontrolling Interests

At the beginning of 2018, Papa John’s had five joint venture arrangements in which there were noncontrolling interests held by third parties. In the first quarter of 2018, one joint venture was divested, and a second joint venture was divested in the third quarter of 2018.

As of September 30, 2018, there were 183 restaurants that comprise these joint ventures as compared to 222 restaurants at September 24, 2017. See Note 7 for more information on these related divestitures.

We are required to report the consolidated net (loss) income at amounts attributable to the Company and the noncontrolling interests. Additionally, disclosures are required to clearly identify and distinguish between the interests of the Company and the interests of the noncontrolling owners, including a disclosure on the face of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations attributable to the noncontrolling interest holders.

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The income before income taxes attributable to these joint ventures for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 24, 2017 was as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 24, |  | September 30, |  | September 24,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Papa John’s International, Inc. |  | $ | 1,512 |  | $ | 1,469 |  | $ | 4,384 |  | $ | 6,172
Noncontrolling interests |  |  | 439 |  |  | 852 |  |  | 1,956 |  |  | 3,767
Total income before income taxes |  | $ | 1,951 |  | $ | 2,321 |  | $ | 6,340 |  | $ | 9,939

The following summarizes the redemption feature, location and related accounting within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for these joint venture arrangements:

Type of Joint Venture Arrangement |  | Location within the Balance Sheets |  | Recorded Value
Joint venture with no redemption feature |  | Permanent equity |  | Carrying value
Option to require the Company to purchase the noncontrolling interest - not currently redeemable |  | Temporary equity |  | Carrying value

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is measured based on consideration specified in contracts with customers and excludes waivers or incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties, primarily sales tax. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer. Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction, that are collected by the Company from a customer, are excluded from revenue. Delivery costs, including freight associated with our domestic commissary and other sales are accounted for as fulfillment costs and are included in operating costs.

As further described in Accounting Standards Adopted and Note 3, the Company adopted ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“Topic 606”), in the first quarter of 2018. Prior year revenue recognition follows ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition.

The following describes principal activities, separated by major product or service, from which the Company generates its revenues:

Company-owned Restaurant Sales

The domestic and international Company-owned restaurants principally generate revenue from retail sales of high-quality pizza, side items including breadsticks, cheesesticks, chicken poppers and wings, dessert items and canned or bottled beverages. Revenues from Company-owned restaurants are recognized when the products are delivered to or carried out by customers.

Our domestic customer loyalty program, Papa Rewards, is a spend-based program that rewards customers with points for each online purchase. Papa Rewards points are accumulated and redeemed online for free products. The accrued liability in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and corresponding reduction of Company-owned restaurant sales in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations is for the estimated reward redemptions at domestic Company-owned restaurants based upon historical redemption patterns. Currently, the liability related to Papa Rewards is calculated using the estimated selling price of the products for which rewards are expected to be redeemed. Revenue is recognized when the customer redeems points for products. Prior to the adoption of Topic 606, the liability related to Papa Rewards was estimated using the incremental cost accrual model which was based on the expected cost to satisfy the award and the corresponding expense was recorded in general and administrative expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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Commissary Sales

Commissary sales are comprised of food and supplies sold to franchised restaurants and are recognized as revenue upon shipment or delivery of the related products to the franchisees. Payments are generally due within 30 days.

Franchise Royalties and Fees

Franchise royalties which are based on a percentage of franchise restaurant sales are recognized as sales occur. Any royalty reductions, including waivers or those offered as part of a new store development incentive or as incentive for other behaviors including acceleration of restaurant remodels or equipment upgrades, are recognized at the same time as the related royalty as they are not separately distinguishable from the full royalty rate. Franchise royalties are billed on a monthly basis.

The majority of initial franchise license fees and area development exclusivity fees are from international locations. Initial franchise license fees are billed at the store opening date. Area development exclusivity fees are billed upon execution of the development agreements which grant the right to develop franchised restaurants in future periods in specific geographic areas. Area development exclusivity fees are included in deferred revenue in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and allocated on a pro rata basis to all stores opened under that specific development agreement. Franchise license renewal fees for both domestic and international locations, which generally occur every 10 years, are billed before the renewal date. The pre-opening services provided to franchisees do not contain separate and distinct performance obligations from the franchise right; thus, the fees collected will be amortized on a straight-line basis beginning at the store opening date through the term of the franchise agreement, which is typically 10 years. Fees received for future license renewal periods are amortized over the life of the renewal period. For periods prior to adoption of Topic 606, revenue was recognized when we performed our obligations related to such fees, primarily the store opening date for initial franchise fees and area development fees, or the date the renewal option was effective for license renewal fees.

The Company offers various incentive programs for franchisees including royalty incentives, new restaurant opening incentives (i.e. development incentives) and other support initiatives. Royalties, franchise fees and commissary sales are reduced to reflect any incentives earned or granted under these programs that are in the form of discounts. Other development incentives for opening restaurants are offered in the form of Company equipment through a lease agreement at substantially no cost to the franchisee. This equipment is amortized by us over the term of the lease agreement, which is generally three to five years, and is recognized in general and administrative expenses in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The equipment lease agreement has separate and distinguishable obligations from the franchise right and is accounted for under ASC Topic 840, Leases.

Other Revenues

Fees for information services, including software maintenance fees, help desk fees and online ordering fees are recognized as revenue as such services are provided and are included in other revenue.

Revenues for printing, promotional items, and direct mail marketing services are recognized upon shipment of the related products to franchisees and other customers. Direct mail advertising discounts are also periodically offered by our Preferred Marketing Solutions subsidiary. Other revenues are reduced to reflect these advertising discounts.

Rental income, primarily derived from properties leased by the Company and subleased to franchisees in the United Kingdom, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the respective operating lease terms, in accordance with ASC Topic 840, Leases.

Franchise Marketing Fund revenues represent contributions collected by various international and domestic marketing funds (“Co-op” or “Co-operative”) where we have determined that we have control over the activities of the fund. Contributions are based on a percentage of monthly restaurant sales. The adoption of Topic 606 revised the principal versus agent determination of these arrangements. When we are determined to be the principal in these arrangements, advertising fund contributions and expenditures are reported on a gross basis in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Our obligation related to these funds is to develop and conduct advertising activities in a specific country,

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region, or market, including the placement of electronic and print materials. Marketing fund contributions are billed monthly.

For periods prior to the adoption of Topic 606, the revenues and expenses of certain international advertising funds and the Co-op Funds in which we possess majority voting rights, were included in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations on a net basis as we previously concluded we were the agent in regard to the funds based upon principal/agent determinations in industry-specific guidance in GAAP that was in effect during those time periods.

Deferred Income Tax Accounts and Tax Reserves

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and several foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining Papa John’s provision for income taxes and the related assets and liabilities. The provision for income taxes includes income taxes paid, currently payable or receivable and those deferred. We use an estimated annual effective rate based on expected annual income to determine our quarterly provision for income taxes. Discrete items are recorded in the quarter in which they occur.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences reverse. Deferred tax assets are also recognized for the estimated future effects of tax attribute carryforwards (e.g., net operating losses, capital losses, and foreign tax credits). The effect on deferred taxes of changes in tax rates is recognized in the period in which the new tax rate is enacted. Valuation allowances are established when necessary on a jurisdictional basis to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts we expect to realize.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) was enacted, significantly decreasing the U.S. federal income tax rate for corporations effective January 1, 2018. On that same date, the Securities and Exchange Commission staff also issued Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) 118, which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act. SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the Tax Act enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740, “Income Taxes.” A s a result, we remeasured our deferred tax assets, liabilities and related valuation allowances in 2017. This remeasurement yielded a benefit of approximately $7.0 million due to the lower income tax rate in 2017. During the third quarter of 2018, the Company updated the provisional amounts previously recorded based on its completed 2017 federal income tax return. This resulted in an additional tax benefit of $2.4 million. Given the substantial changes associated with the Tax Act, the estimated financial impacts for 2017 are provisional and subject to further interpretation and clarification of the Tax Act during the remainder of 2018. Our net deferred income tax liability was approximately $7.1 million at September 30, 2018.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” (“ASU 2018-02”), that allows for an entity to reclassify disproportionate income tax effects in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) caused by the Tax Act to retained earnings. See “Accounting Standards Adopted” section below for additional details.

Tax authorities periodically audit the Company. We record reserves and related interest and penalties for identified exposures as income tax expense. We evaluate these issues on a quarterly basis to adjust for events, such as statute of limitations expirations, court or state rulings or audit settlements, which may impact our ultimate payment for such exposures.

Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures

The Company is required to determine the fair value of financial assets and liabilities based on the price that would be received to sell the asset or paid to transfer the liability to a market participant. Fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity specific measurement. The fair value of certain assets and liabilities approximates carrying value because of the short-term nature of the accounts, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable. The carrying value of our notes receivable, net of allowances, also approximates fair value. The fair value of the amount outstanding under our term debt and revolving credit facility approximates their carrying values due to the variable market-based interest rate (Level 2).

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Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are required to be classified and disclosed in one of the following categories:

| · |  | Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

| · |  | Level 2: Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data.

| · |  | Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.

Our financial assets that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Carrying |  | Fair Value Measurements |
|  | Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |
September 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies (a) |  | $ | 31,495 |  | $ | 31,495 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swaps (b) |  |  | 12,163 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,163 |  |  | — |
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies (a) |  | $ | 28,645 |  | $ | 28,645 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swaps (b) |  |  | 651 |  |  | — |  |  | 651 |  |  | — |

| (a) |  | Represents life insurance policies held in our non-qualified deferred compensation plan.

| (b) |  | The fair value of our interest rate swaps is based on the sum of all future net present value cash flows. The future cash flows are derived based on the terms of our interest rate swaps, as well as considering published discount factors, and projected London Interbank Offered Rates (“LIBOR”).

Our assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 include assets and liabilities held for sale. The fair value was determined using a market-based approach with unobservable inputs (Level 3) less any estimated selling costs.

There were no transfers among levels within the fair value hierarchy during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Variable Interest Entity

Papa John’s domestic restaurants, both Company-owned and franchised, participate in Papa John’s Marketing Fund, Inc. (“PJMF”), a nonstock corporation designed to operate at break-even for the purpose of designing and administering advertising and promotional programs for all participating domestic restaurants. PJMF is a variable interest entity as it does not have sufficient equity to fund its operations without ongoing financial support and contributions from its members. Based on the ownership and governance structure and operating procedures of PJMF, we have determined that we do not have the power to direct the most significant activities of PJMF and therefore are not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, consolidation of PJMF is not appropriate.

Accounting Standards Adopted

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“ASU 2014-09”), which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under GAAP, including industry-specific requirements, and provides companies with a single revenue recognition framework for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. In March and April 2016, the FASB issued additional amendments to Topic 606. This update and subsequently issued amendments require companies to recognize revenue at amounts that reflect the consideration to which the companies expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services at the time of transfer. Topic 606 requires that we assess contracts to determine each separate and distinct performance obligation. If a contract has

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multiple performance obligations, we allocate the transaction price using our best estimate of the standalone selling price to each distinct good or service in the contract.

The Company adopted Topic 606 as of January 1, 2018. See Note 3 for additional information.

Certain Tax effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, which allows for an entity to reclassify disproportionate income tax in AOCI caused by the Tax Act to retained earnings. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted, including interim periods within those years. The Company adopted ASU 2018-02 in the first quarter of 2018 by electing to reclassify the income tax effects from AOCI to retained earnings. The impact of the adoption was not material to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Standards to be Adopted in Future Periods

Leases

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” (“ASU 2016-02”), which amends leasing guidance by requiring companies to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all operating and capital leases (financing) with lease terms greater than twelve months. The lease liability will be equal to the present value of lease payments. The lease asset will be based on the lease liability, subject to adjustment, such as for initial direct costs. For income statement purposes, leases will continue to be classified as operating or capital (financing) with lease expense in both cases calculated substantially the same as under the prior leasing guidance. In July 2018, the FASB issued the following amendments to clarify the implementation guidance: ASU 2018-10, “Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases,” and ASU 2018-11, “Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements.” The amendment allows for a modified retrospective adoption approach and new required lease disclosures for all leases existing or entered into after either the beginning of the year of adoption or the earliest comparative period in the consolidated financial statements. ASU 2016-02 is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. The Company has not yet determined the full impact of the adoption on its consolidated financial statements but expects the adoption will result in a significant increase in the non-current assets and liabilities reported on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Goodwill

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other,” (“ASU 2017-04”), which simplifies the accounting for goodwill. ASU 2017-04 eliminates the second step of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. The goodwill impairment is the difference between the carrying value and fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount. ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. We plan to early adopt this guidance in the fourth quarter of 2018; we do not anticipate the impact will be material to our consolidated financial statements.

Financial Instruments – Credit Losses

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which requires measurement and recognition of expected versus incurred losses for financial assets held. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Reclassification

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 11 for additional information.

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3. Adoption of ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”

The Company adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective transition method effective January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented in accordance with Topic 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historical accounting under Topic 605, Revenue Recognition.

The cumulative effect adjustment of $21.5 million was recorded as a reduction to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018 to reflect the impact of adopting Topic 606. The impact of applying Topic 606 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was an increase in revenues of $1.5 million and $5.7 million respectively and a decrease in pre-tax income of $1.2 million and $3.1 million, respectively.

The adoption of Topic 606 did not impact the recognition and reporting of our three largest sources of revenue: sales from Company-owned restaurants, commissary sales, or continuing royalties or other revenues from franchisees that are based on a percentage of the franchise sales. The items impacted by the adoption include the presentation and amount of our loyalty program costs, the timing of franchise and development fees revenue recognition, and the presentation of various domestic and international advertising funds as further described below.

Cumulative adjustment from adoption

As previously noted, an after-tax reduction of $21.5 million was recorded to retained earnings in the first quarter of 2018 to reflect the cumulative impact of adopting Topic 606. This consists of $10.8 million related to franchise fees, $8.0 million related to the customer loyalty program and $2.7 million related to marketing funds.

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The following chart presents the specific line items impacted by the cumulative adjustment.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Adjusted
|  | As Reported |  |  |  |  |  | Balance Sheet
|  | December 31, |  |  | Total |  |  | at January 1,
(In thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2017 |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | 2018
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 22,345 |  | $ | 4,279 |  | $ | 26,624
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 64,644 |  |  | 493 |  |  | 65,137
Notes receivable, net |  |  | 4,333 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,333
Income tax receivable |  |  | 3,903 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,903
Inventories |  |  | 30,620 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,620
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 28,522 |  |  | (4,959) |  |  | 23,563
Other current assets |  |  | 9,494 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,494
Assets held for sale |  |  | 6,133 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,133
Total current assets |  |  | 169,994 |  |  | (187) |  |  | 169,807
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 234,331 |  |  | — |  |  | 234,331
Notes receivable, less current portion, net |  |  | 15,568 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,568
Goodwill |  |  | 86,892 |  |  | — |  |  | 86,892
Deferred income taxes, net |  |  | 585 |  |  | — |  |  | 585
Other assets |  |  | 48,183 |  |  | (907) |  |  | 47,276
Total assets |  | $ | 555,553 |  | $ | (1,094) |  | $ | 554,459
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 32,006 |  | $ | (2,161) |  | $ | 29,845
Income and other taxes payable |  |  | 10,561 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,561
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 70,293 |  |  | 15,860 |  |  | 86,153
Deferred revenue current |  |  | — |  |  | 2,400 |  |  | 2,400
Current portion of long-term debt |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,000
Total current liabilities |  |  | 132,860 |  |  | 16,099 |  |  | 148,959
Deferred revenue |  |  | 2,652 |  |  | 10,798 |  |  | 13,450
Long-term debt, less current portion, net |  |  | 446,565 |  |  | — |  |  | 446,565
Deferred income taxes, net |  |  | 12,546 |  |  | (6,464) |  |  | 6,082
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 60,146 |  |  | — |  |  | 60,146
Total liabilities |  |  | 654,769 |  |  | 20,433 |  |  | 675,202
Redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | 6,738 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,738
Stockholders’ equity (deficit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock ($0.01 par value per share; no shares issued) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Common stock ($0.01 par value per share; issued 44,221 at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 442 |  |  | — |  |  | 442
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 184,785 |  |  | — |  |  | 184,785
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (2,117) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,117)
Retained earnings |  |  | 292,251 |  |  | (21,527) |  |  | 270,724
Treasury stock (10,290 shares at December 31, 2017, at cost) |  |  | (597,072) |  |  | — |  |  | (597,072)
Total stockholders’ (deficit), net of noncontrolling interests |  |  | (121,711) |  |  | (21,527) |  |  | (143,238)
Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries |  |  | 15,757 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,757
Total stockholders’ (deficit) |  |  | (105,954) |  |  | (21,527) |  |  | (127,481)
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and stockholders’ (deficit) |  | $ | 555,553 |  | $ | (1,094) |  | $ | 554,459

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The impact of adoption for the third quarter of 2018 is as follows:

|  | As Reported |  |  |  |  |  | Balance Sheet
|  | September 30, |  |  | Total |  |  | Without Adoption
(In thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2018 |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | of Topic 606
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 24,880 |  | $ | (4,420) |  | $ | 20,460
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 53,157 |  |  | (396) |  |  | 52,761
Notes receivable, net |  |  | 6,466 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,466
Income tax receivable |  |  | 11,051 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,051
Inventories |  |  | 29,311 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,311
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 20,106 |  |  | 5,435 |  |  | 25,541
Other current assets |  |  | 7,400 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,400
Assets held for sale |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total current assets |  |  | 152,371 |  |  | 619 |  |  | 152,990
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 224,510 |  |  | — |  |  | 224,510
Notes receivable, less current portion, net |  |  | 16,097 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,097
Goodwill |  |  | 84,830 |  |  | — |  |  | 84,830
Deferred income taxes, net |  |  | 700 |  |  | — |  |  | 700
Other assets |  |  | 72,654 |  |  | 907 |  |  | 73,561
Total assets |  | $ | 551,162 |  | $ | 1,526 |  | $ | 552,688
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 32,355 |  | $ | 799 |  | $ | 33,154
Income and other taxes payable |  |  | 8,964 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,964
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 100,081 |  |  | (16,743) |  |  | 83,338
Deferred revenue current |  |  | 2,389 |  |  | (2,389) |  |  | —
Current portion of long-term debt |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,000
Total current liabilities |  |  | 163,789 |  |  | (18,333) |  |  | 145,456
Deferred revenue |  |  | 14,946 |  |  | (11,159) |  |  | 3,787
Long-term debt, less current portion, net |  |  | 555,755 |  |  | — |  |  | 555,755
Deferred income taxes, net |  |  | 7,812 |  |  | 6,958 |  |  | 14,770
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 77,604 |  |  | — |  |  | 77,604
Total liabilities |  |  | 819,906 |  |  | (22,534) |  |  | 797,372
Redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | 5,979 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,979
Stockholders’ (deficit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock ($0.01 par value per share; no shares issued) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Common stock ($0.01 par value per share; issued 44,299 at September 30, 2018) |  |  | 443 |  |  | — |  |  | 443
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 190,135 |  |  | — |  |  | 190,135
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 3,605 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,605
Retained earnings |  |  | 267,580 |  |  | 24,018 |  |  | 291,598
Treasury stock (12,933 shares at September 30, 2018, at cost) |  |  | (751,895) |  |  | — |  |  | (751,895)
Total stockholders’ (deficit), net of noncontrolling interests |  |  | (290,132) |  |  | 24,018 |  |  | (266,114)
Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries |  |  | 15,409 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 15,451
Total stockholders’ (deficit) |  |  | (274,723) |  |  | 24,060 |  |  | (250,663)
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and stockholders’ (deficit) |  | $ | 551,162 |  | $ | 1,526 |  | $ | 552,688

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|  | As Reported |  |  |  |  |
|  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  | Statement of Operations
|  | September 30, |  | Total |  | Without Adoption of
(In thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2018 |  | Adjustments |  | Topic 606
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic Company-owned restaurant sales |  | $ | 158,285 |  | $ | 1,185 |  | $ | 159,470
North America franchise royalties and fees |  |  | 12,806 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 12,897
North America commissary |  |  | 146,240 |  |  | — |  |  | 146,240
International |  |  | 25,653 |  |  | (112) |  |  | 25,541
Other revenues |  |  | 21,023 |  |  | (2,650) |  |  | 18,373
Total revenues |  |  | 364,007 |  |  | (1,486) |  |  | 362,521
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating costs (excluding depreciation and amortization shown separately below): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic Company-owned restaurant expenses |  |  | 135,836 |  |  | (126) |  |  | 135,710
North America commissary |  |  | 137,928 |  |  | — |  |  | 137,928
International expenses |  |  | 15,184 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,184
Other expenses |  |  | 22,002 |  |  | (2,282) |  |  | 19,720
General and administrative expenses |  |  | 55,462 |  |  | (317) |  |  | 55,145
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 11,585 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,585
Total costs and expenses |  |  | 377,997 |  |  | (2,725) |  |  | 375,272
Refranchising loss, net |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Operating (loss) income |  |  | (13,990) |  |  | 1,239 |  |  | (12,751)
Net Interest expense |  |  | (5,963) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,963)
(Loss) Income before income taxes |  |  | (19,953) |  |  | 1,239 |  |  | (18,714)
Income tax (benefit) expense |  |  | (7,359) |  |  | 277 |  |  | (7,082)
Net (loss) income before attribution to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (12,594) |  |  | 962 |  |  | (11,632)
Income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (439) |  |  | — |  |  | (439)
Net (loss) income attributable to the Company |  | $ | (13,033) |  | $ | 962 |  | $ | (12,071)
Calculation of (loss) income for (loss) earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to the Company |  | $ | (13,033) |  | $ | 962 |  | $ | (12,071)
Net income attributable to participating securities |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | (13,033) |  | $ | 962 |  | $ | (12,071)
Basic (loss) earnings per common share |  | $ | (0.41) |  | $ | 0.03 |  | $ | (0.38)
Diluted (loss) earnings per common share |  | $ | (0.41) |  | $ | 0.03 |  | $ | (0.38)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 31,573 |  |  | 31,573 |  |  | 31,573
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 31,573 |  |  | 31,573 |  |  | 31,573

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|  | As Reported |  |  |  |  |
|  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |  | Statement of Operations
|  | September 30, |  | Total |  | Without Adoption of
(In thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2018 |  | Adjustments |  | Topic 606
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic Company-owned restaurant sales |  | $ | 529,906 |  | $ | 2,261 |  | $ | 532,167
North America franchise royalties and fees |  |  | 61,524 |  |  | 211 |  |  | 61,735
North America commissary |  |  | 461,408 |  |  | — |  |  | 461,408
International |  |  | 84,836 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 85,048
Other revenues |  |  | 61,661 |  |  | (8,420) |  |  | 53,241
Total revenues |  |  | 1,199,335 |  |  | (5,736) |  |  | 1,193,599
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating costs (excluding depreciation and amortization shown separately below): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic Company-owned restaurant expenses |  |  | 440,936 |  |  | (464) |  |  | 440,472
North America commissary |  |  | 432,909 |  |  | — |  |  | 432,909
International expenses |  |  | 52,462 |  |  | — |  |  | 52,462
Other expenses |  |  | 63,658 |  |  | (8,592) |  |  | 55,066
General and administrative expenses |  |  | 133,903 |  |  | 221 |  |  | 134,124
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 34,855 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,855
Total costs and expenses |  |  | 1,158,723 |  |  | (8,835) |  |  | 1,149,888
Refranchising loss, net |  |  | (1,918) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,918)
Operating (loss) income |  |  | 38,694 |  |  | 3,099 |  |  | 41,793
Net Interest (benefit) expense |  |  | (16,580) |  |  | — |  |  | (16,580)
Income before income taxes |  |  | 22,114 |  |  | 3,099 |  |  | 25,213
Income tax (benefit) expense |  |  | 4,663 |  |  | 695 |  |  | 5,358
Net (loss) income before attribution to noncontrolling interests |  |  | 17,451 |  |  | 2,404 |  |  | 19,855
Income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (1,956) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,956)
Net (loss) income attributable to the Company |  | $ | 15,495 |  | $ | 2,404 |  | $ | 17,899
Calculation of income for earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to the Company |  | $ | 15,495 |  | $ | 2,404 |  | $ | 17,899
Net income attributable to participating securities |  |  | (147) |  |  | — |  |  | (147)
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 15,348 |  | $ | 2,404 |  | $ | 17,752
Basic (loss) earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.48 |  | $ | 0.07 |  | $ | 0.55
Diluted (loss) earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.47 |  | $ | 0.07 |  | $ | 0.55
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 32,265 |  |  | 32,265 |  |  | 32,265
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 32,489 |  |  | 32,489 |  |  | 32,489

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations

The following table (in thousands) includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied at the end of the reporting period.

|  |  | Performance Obligations by Period
|  | Less than 1 Year |  | 1-2 Years |  | 2-3 Years |  | 3-4 Years |  | 4-5 Years |  | Thereafter |  | Total
Franchise Fees |  | $ | 2,389 |  | $ | 2,181 |  | $ | 1,952 |  | $ | 1,748 |  | $ | 1,465 |  | $ | 3,813 |  | $ | 13,548

An additional $3.8 million of area development fees related to unopened stores and unearned royalties are included in deferred revenue. Timing of revenue recognition is dependent upon the timing of store openings and franchisees’ revenues.

As of September 30, 2018, the amount allocated to the Papa Rewards loyalty program is $17.0 million and is reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as part of the contract liability included in accrued expenses and other

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current liabilities. This will be recognized as revenue as the points are redeemed, which is expected to occur within the next year.

The Company applies the practical expedient in ASU paragraph 606-10-50-14 and does not disclose information about remaining performance obligations that have original expected durations of one year or less.

4. Revenue Recognition

Disaggregation of Revenue

In the following table (in thousands), revenue is disaggregated by major product line. The table also includes a reconciliation of the disaggregated revenue with the reportable segments.

|  | Reportable Segments
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Major Products/Services Lines |  | Domestic Company-owned restaurants |  | North America commissaries |  | North America franchising |  | International |  | All others |  | Total
Company-owned restaurant sales | $ | 158,285 | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | $ | 158,285
Commissary sales |  | - |  | 192,263 |  | - |  | 16,512 |  | - |  | 208,775
Franchise royalties and fees |  | - |  | - |  | 13,270 |  | 9,140 |  | - |  | 22,410
Other revenues |  | - |  | - |  | - |  | 5,211 |  | 22,832 |  | 28,043
Eliminations |  | - |  | (46,023) |  | (464) |  | (70) |  | (6,949) |  | (53,506)
Total | $ | 158,285 | $ | 146,240 | $ | 12,806 | $ | 30,793 | $ | 15,883 | $ | 364,007
|  | Reportable Segments
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Major Products/Services Lines |  | Domestic Company-owned restaurants |  | North America commissaries |  | North America franchising |  | International |  | All others |  | Total
Company-owned restaurant sales | $ | 529,906 | $ | - | $ | - | $ | 6,237 | $ | - | $ | 536,143
Commissary sales |  | - |  | 614,797 |  | - |  | 51,490 |  | - |  | 666,287
Franchise royalties and fees |  | - |  | - |  | 64,023 |  | 27,110 |  | - |  | 91,133
Other revenues |  | - |  | - |  | - |  | 16,353 |  | 68,121 |  | 84,474
Eliminations |  | - |  | (153,389) |  | (2,499) |  | (213) |  | (22,601) |  | (178,702)
Total | $ | 529,906 | $ | 461,408 | $ | 61,524 | $ | 100,977 | $ | 45,520 | $ | 1,199,335

The revenue summarized above is described in Note 2 under the heading “Significant Accounting Policies – Revenue Recognition.”

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Contract Balances

The contract liabilities primarily relate to franchise fees which we classify as “Deferred revenue” and customer loyalty program obligations which are classified with “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities.” During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized $3.5 million and $10.5 million in revenue, respectively, related to deferred revenue and customer loyalty program.

The contract liability balances are included in the following (in thousands):

|  |  | September 30, 2018 |  |  | January 1, 2018 |  |  | Change
Deferred revenue |  | $ | 17,335 |  | $ | 15,850 |  | $ | 1,485
Customer loyalty program |  |  | 16,985 |  |  | 14,724 |  |  | 2,261
Total contract liabilities |  | $ | 34,320 |  | $ | 30,574 |  | $ | 3,746

The contract assets consist primarily of assets related to the future value of the royalties we will receive over the next ten years from the purchaser/franchisee of the stores located in China and Minnesota that the Company divested in 2018. See Note 7 for additional information. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, contract assets were $1.8 million and $400,000, respectively.

5. Stockholders’ Equity / (Deficit)

Shares Authorized and Outstanding

The Company has authorized 5.0 million shares of preferred stock and 100.0 million shares of common stock. The Company’s outstanding shares of common stock, net of repurchased common stock, were 31.4 million shares at September 30, 2018 and 33.9 million shares at December 31, 2017. There were no shares of preferred stock issued or outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

Share Repurchase Program

Our Board of Directors has authorized the repurchase of up to $2.075 billion of common stock under a share repurchase program that began on December 9, 1999 and expires on February 27, 2019, with remaining authorization available as of September 30, 2018 of $269.7 million. Funding for the share repurchase program has been provided through our credit facility, operating cash flow, stock option exercises and cash and cash equivalents. In connection with the execution of our amended Credit Agreement (see Note 8 for additional information) in October 2018, the Company cannot repurchase any additional shares when our Leverage Ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, is higher than 3.75 to 1.0.

On March 1, 2018, the Company announced a $100 million accelerated share repurchase agreement (“ASR Agreement”) with Bank of America, N.A. The ASR Agreement was completed May 14, 2018, delivering approximately 1.7 million shares.

Cash Dividend

The Company paid dividends of approximately $21.9 million ($0.675 per common share) during the nine months of 2018. Subsequent to the third quarter on November 1, 2018, our Board of Directors declared a fourth quarter dividend of $0.225 per common share (approximately $7.1 million based on current shareholders of record). The dividend will be paid on November 23, 2018 to shareholders of record as of the close of business on November 12, 2018. In connection with the execution of our amended Credit Agreement in October 2018, no increase in dividends per share may occur when our Leverage Ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, is higher than 3.75 to 1.0.

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Stockholder Rights Plan

On July 22, 2018, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the adoption of a limited duration stockholder rights plan (the “Rights Plan”) with an expiration date of July 22, 2019 and an ownership trigger threshold of 15% (with a threshold of 31% applied to John H. Schnatter, together with his affiliates and family members). In connection with the Rights Plan, the Board of Directors authorized and declared a dividend to stockholders of record at the close of business on August 2, 2018 of one preferred share purchase right (a “Right”) for each outstanding share of Papa John’s common stock. Upon certain triggering events, each Right would entitle the holder to purchase from the Company one one-thousandth (subject to adjustment) of one share of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share of the Company (“Preferred Stock”) at an exercise price of $250.00 (the “Exercise Price”) per one one-thousandth of a share of Preferred Stock. In addition, if a person or group acquires beneficial ownership of 15% or more of the Company’s common stock (or in the case of Mr. Schnatter, 31% or more) without prior board approval, each holder of a Right (other than the acquiring person or group whose Rights will become void) will have the right to purchase, upon payment of the Exercise Price and in accordance with the terms of the Rights Plan, a number of shares of the Company’s common stock having a market value of twice the Exercise Price. The complete terms of the Rights are set forth in a Rights Agreement (the “Rights Agreement”), dated as of July 22, 2018, between the Company and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as rights agent. The Rights expire on July 22, 2019 or upon an earlier redemption or exchange as provided in the Rights Agreement.

6.Earnings (Loss) Per Share

We compute earnings (loss) per share using the two-class method. The two-class method requires an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for common shareholders and participating security holders according to dividends declared and participating rights in undistributed earnings. We consider time-based restricted stock awards to be participating securities because holders of such shares have non-forfeitable dividend rights. Under the two-class method, undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities are subtracted from net (loss) income attributable to the Company in determining net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders.

The calculations of basic and diluted (loss) earnings per common share are as follows (in thousands, except per-share data):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 24, |  | September 30, |  | September 24,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Basic (loss) earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to the Company |  | $ | (13,033) |  | $ | 21,817 |  | $ | 15,495 |  | $ | 73,783
Change in noncontrolling interest redemption value |  |  | — |  |  | 237 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,419
Net income attributable to participating securities |  |  | — |  |  | (89) |  |  | (147) |  |  | (305)
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | (13,033) |  | $ | 21,965 |  | $ | 15,348 |  | $ | 74,897
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 31,573 |  |  | 36,146 |  |  | 32,265 |  |  | 36,563
Basic (loss) earnings per common share |  | $ | (0.41) |  | $ | 0.61 |  | $ | 0.48 |  | $ | 2.05
Diluted (loss) earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | (13,033) |  | $ | 21,965 |  | $ | 15,348 |  | $ | 74,897
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 31,573 |  |  | 36,146 |  |  | 32,265 |  |  | 36,563
Dilutive effect of outstanding equity awards (a) |  |  | — |  |  | 435 |  |  | 224 |  |  | 484
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 31,573 |  |  | 36,581 |  |  | 32,489 |  |  | 37,047
Diluted (loss) earnings per common share |  | $ | (0.41) |  | $ | 0.60 |  | $ | 0.47 |  | $ | 2.02

(a) Excludes 1,209 options for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and 328 and 261 options for the three and nine months ended September 24, 2017, respectively, as the effect of including such awards would have been antidilutive.

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7.Divestitures

In the first quarter of 2018, the Company refranchised 31 restaurants owned through a joint venture in the Denver, Colorado market. The Company held a 60% ownership share in the restaurants being refranchised. The noncontrolling interest portion of the joint venture arrangement was previously recorded at redemption value within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Total consideration for the asset sale of the restaurants was $4.8 million, consisting of cash proceeds of $3.7 million, including cash paid for various working capital items, and notes financed by Papa John’s for $1.1 million.

In connection with the divestiture, we wrote off $700,000 of goodwill. This goodwill was allocated based on the relative fair value of the sales proceeds versus the total fair value of the Company-owned restaurants’ reporting unit.

As a result of assigning our interest in obligations under property leases as a condition of the refranchising of the Denver market, we are contingently liable for payment of the 31 leases. These leases have varying terms, the latest of which expires in 2024. As of September 30, 2018, the estimated maximum amount of undiscounted payments the Company could be required to make in the event of nonpayment by the primary lessees was $3.2 million. The fair value of the guarantee is not material.

On June 15, 2018, the Company refranchised 34 Company-owned restaurants and a quality control center located in Beijing and Tianjin, China. The assets and liabilities associated with the China operations were previously classified as Held for Sale in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2017. We recorded a pre-tax loss of approximately $1.9 million associated with the sale of the restaurants and reversed $1.3 million of accumulated other comprehensive income related to foreign currency translation as part of the disposal. The $1.9 million pre-tax loss is recorded in refranchising losses, net on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. In addition, we also had $2.4 million of additional tax expense associated with the China refranchise in the second quarter of 2018. This additional tax expense is primarily attributable to the required recapture of operating losses previously taken by the Company.

On July 2, 2018, the Company completed the refranchising of 31 stores owned through a joint venture in the Minneapolis, Minnesota market. The Company held a 70% ownership share in the restaurants being refranchised. The assets associated with the joint venture were previously classified as Held for Sale in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of July 1, 2018. Total consideration for the asset sale of the restaurants was $3.75 million. As part of the sales of these restaurants, we recorded a $1.2 million contract asset related to the future value of the royalties we will receive over the next ten years from the purchaser/franchisee. The contract asset which is recorded in other assets in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2018, will be amortized over the ten-year franchise agreement as a reduction in the royalty income of $120,000 annually.

As a result of assigning our interest in obligations under property leases as a condition of the refranchising of the Minnesota market, we are contingently liable for payment of the 31 leases. These leases have varying terms, the latest of which expires in 2025. As of September 30, 2018, the estimated maximum amount of undiscounted payments the Company could be required to make in the event of nonpayment by the primary lessees was $6.3 million. The fair value of the guarantee is not material.

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8.Debt

Long-term debt, net consists of the following (in thousands):

|  |  |  | September 30, |  |  | December 31,
|  |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017
Outstanding debt |  |  | $ | 578,600 |  | $ | 470,000
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  |  | (2,845) |  |  | (3,435)
Current portion of long-term debt |  |  |  | (20,000) |  |  | (20,000)
Total long-term debt, less current portion, net |  |  | $ | 555,755 |  | $ | 446,565

On August 30, 2017, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) which provided for an unsecured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $600.0 million (the “Revolving Facility”) and an unsecured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $400.0 million (the “Term Loan Facility”) and together with the Revolving Facility, the “Facilities”. The Facilities mature on August 30, 2022. The loans under the Facilities, after giving effect to the Amendment described below, accrue interest at a per annum rate equal to, at the Company’s election, either a LIBOR rate plus a margin ranging from 125 to 250 basis points or a base rate (generally determined by a prime rate, federal funds rate or a LIBOR rate plus 1.00%) plus a margin ranging from 25 to 150 basis points. In each case, the actual margin is determined according to a ratio of the Company’s total indebtedness to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) for the then most recently ended four-quarter period (the “Leverage Ratio”). Quarterly amortization payments are required to be made on the Term Loan Facility in the amount of $5.0 million which began in the fourth quarter of 2017. Loans outstanding under the Credit Agreement may be prepaid at any time without premium or penalty, subject to customary breakage costs in the case of borrowings for which a LIBOR rate election is in effect. Up to $35.0 million of the Revolving Facility may be advanced in certain agreed foreign currencies, including Euros, Pounds Sterling, Canadian Dollars, Japanese Yen, and Mexican Pesos. The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants requiring the maintenance of the Leverage Ratio and a specified fixed charge coverage ratio.

On October 9, 2018, we entered into an amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Amendment”), which amendments and modifications to the Credit Agreement are effective through the remainder of the term of the Facilities and include, without limitation, the following:

| · |  | reduction of the maximum amount available under the Revolving Facility to $400.0 million; there was no change in available Term Loan Facility borrowings;

| · |  | amendment to the definition of EBITDA to exclude certain costs recorded as Special charges (up to certain pre-defined limits) as detailed in Note 9 “Commitments and Contingencies”;

| · |  | modification of the financial covenants in the Credit Agreement by increasing the permitted Leverage Ratio to 5.25 to 1.0 beginning in the third quarter of 2018, decreasing over time to 4.00 to 1.0 by 2022; and decreasing the permitted specified fixed charge coverage ratio to 2.00 to 1.0 beginning in the third quarter of 2018 and increasing over time to 2.50 to 1.0 in 2021 and thereafter. We were in compliance with these financial covenants at September 30, 2018;

| · |  | modifications to the negative covenant restricting the ability to make dividends and distributions to provide if the Leverage Ratio is above 3.75 to 1.0, the Company (x) cannot repurchase any of its shares of common stock and (y) cannot increase the cash dividend above the lesser of $0.225 per share per quarter or $35 million per fiscal year;

| · |  | increase in the interest rate payable on outstanding loans for the Facilities based on the Leverage Ratio as follows:

| o |  | removal of interest rate pricing tiers if the Leverage Ratio of the Company is less than 1.50 to 1.00;

| o |  | if the Leverage Ratio of the Company is greater than 3.50 to 1.00 but less than 4.50 to 1.00, the Company will pay an additional 0.25% per annum interest rate margin on the outstanding loans under the Facilities and an additional 0.05% per annum commitment fee on the unused portion of the Revolving Facility;

| o |  | if the Leverage Ratio of the Company is greater than 4.50 to 1.00, the Company will pay an additional 0.50% per annum interest rate margin on the outstanding loans under the Facilities and an additional 0.10% per annum commitment fee on the unused portion of the Revolving Facility; and

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| · |  | requirement that the Company and certain direct and indirect domestic subsidiaries of the Company grant a security interest in substantially all of the capital stock and equity interests of their respective domestic and first tier material foreign subsidiaries to secure the obligations owing under the Facilities.

Under the Credit Agreement, we have the option to increase the Revolving Facility or the Term Loan Facility in an aggregate amount of up to $300.0 million, subject to the Leverage Ratio of the Company not exceeding 4.00 to 1.00.

Our outstanding debt of $578.6 million at September 30, 2018 under the Facilities was composed of $380.0 million outstanding under the Term Loan Facility and $198.6 million outstanding under the Revolving Facility. Including outstanding letters of credit, the Company’s remaining availability under the Facilities at September 30, 2018 was approximately $166.4 million.

As of September 30, 2018, the Company had approximately $2.8 million in unamortized debt issuance costs, which are being amortized into interest expense over the term of the Facilities. Upon execution of the Amendment, subsequent to September 30, 2018, we wrote off approximately $560,000 of these unamortized debt issuance costs in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. The Company also incurred additional amendment fees of approximately $1.9 million, which will be amortized into interest expense over the remaining term of the Facilities.

We attempt to minimize interest risk exposure by fixing our rate through the utilization of interest rate swaps, which are derivative financial instruments. Our swaps are entered into with financial institutions that participate in the Facilities. By using a derivative instrument to hedge exposures to changes in interest rates, we expose ourselves to credit risk. Credit risk is due to the possible failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract.

We use interest rate swaps to hedge against the effects of potential interest rate increases on borrowings under our Facilities. As of September 30, 2018, we have the following interest rate swap agreements:

Effective Dates |  | Floating Rate Debt |  | Fixed Rates |
April 30, 2018 through April 30, 2023 |  | $ | 55 | million |  | 2.33 | %
April 30, 2018 through April 30, 2023 |  | $ | 35 | million |  | 2.36 | %
April 30, 2018 through April 30, 2023 |  | $ | 35 | million |  | 2.34 | %
January 30, 2018 through August 30, 2022 |  | $ | 100 | million |  | 1.99 | %
January 30, 2018 through August 30, 2022 |  | $ | 75 | million |  | 1.99 | %
January 30, 2018 through August 30, 2022 |  | $ | 75 | million |  | 2.00 | %
January 30, 2018 through August 30, 2022 |  | $ | 25 | million |  | 1.99 | %

The gain or loss on the swaps is recognized in other comprehensive (loss) income and reclassified into earnings as adjustments to interest expense in the same period or periods during which the swaps affect earnings. Gains or losses on the swaps representing hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in current earnings.

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The following table provides information on the location and amounts of our swaps in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements (in thousands):

|  | Interest Rate Swap Derivatives
|  | Fair Value |  | Fair Value
|  | September 30, |  | December 31,
Balance Sheet Location |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Other current and long-term assets |  | $ | 12,163 |  | $ | 651

There were no derivatives that were not designated as hedging instruments.

The effect of derivative instruments on the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements is as follows (in thousands):

|  |  |  | Location of Gain |  | Amount of Gain |  |
Derivatives - |  | Amount of Gain or |  | or (Loss) |  | or (Loss) |  | Total Interest Expense
Cash Flow |  | (Loss) Recognized |  | Reclassified from |  | Reclassified from |  | on Consolidated
Hedging |  | in AOCI/AOCL |  | AOCI/AOCL into |  | AOCI/AOCL into |  | Statements of
Relationships |  | on Derivative |  | Income |  | Income |  | Income
Interest rate swaps for the three months ended: |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2018 |  | $ | 1,483 |  |  | Interest expense |  | $ | (19) |  | $ | (6,190)
September 24, 2017 |  | $ | 404 |  |  | Interest expense |  | $ | (54) |  | $ | (2,702)
Interest rate swaps for the nine months ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2018 |  | $ | 8,863 |  |  | Interest expense |  | $ | (216) |  | $ | (17,321)
September 24, 2017 |  | $ | (1,061) |  |  | Interest expense |  | $ | (378) |  | $ | (6,542)

The weighted average interest rates on our debt, including the impact of the interest rate swap agreements, were 3.9% and 3.7% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to 2.7% and 2.4% for the three and nine months ended September 24, 2017. Interest paid, including payments made or received under the swaps, was $6.0 million and $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and September 24, 2017, respectively, and $16.6 million and $5.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 24, 2017, respectively. As of September 30, 2018, the portion of the aggregate $12.2 million interest rate swap asset that would be reclassified into earnings during the next twelve months as interest income approximates $3.0 million.

9.Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

The Company is involved in a number of lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings consisting of intellectual property, employment, consumer, commercial and other matters arising in the ordinary course of business. In accordance with ASC 450, “Contingencies” the Company makes accruals and or disclosures, with respect to these matters, where appropriate.

Ameranth, Inc. vs Papa John’s International, Inc. In August 2011, Ameranth, Inc. (“Ameranth”) filed various patent infringement actions against a number of defendants, including the Company, in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California (the “California Court”), which were consolidated by the California Court in October 2012 (the “Consolidated Case”). The Consolidated Case was stayed until January 2018 when Ameranth decided to proceed on only one patent, after the Company received a favorable decision by the Patent and Trademark Office on certain other patents. A Markman hearing was held in December 2017, which did not dispose of Ameranth’s claims, and the California Court set a jury trial date of for the claims against the Company. However, on September 25, 2018, the California Court granted the defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment and found that the Ameranth patent at issue was invalid. As a result, the California Court vacated all pending trial dates. However, Ameranth has subsequently filed an appeal. The Company believes this case lacks merit and that it has strong defenses to all of the infringement claims. The Company intends to defend the suit vigorously. However, the Company is unable to predict the

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likelihood of success of Ameranth’s appeal. The Company has not recorded a liability related to this lawsuit as of September 30, 2018, as it does not believe a loss is probable or reasonably estimable.

Durling et al v. Papa John’s International, Inc., is a conditionally certified collective action filed in May 2016 in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (“the New York Court”), alleging that corporate restaurant delivery drivers were not properly reimbursed for vehicle mileage and expenses in accordance with the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA"). In July 2018, the New York Court granted a motion to certify a conditional corporate collective class and the opt-in notice process has begun. The Company continues to deny any liability or wrongdoing in this matter and intends to vigorously defend this action. The Company has not recorded any liability related to this lawsuit as of September 30, 2018 as it does not believe a loss is probable or reasonably estimable.

Other Matters

We have experienced negative publicity and consumer sentiment as a result of statements and actions by the Company’s founder and former spokesperson John H. Schnatter in July 2018, which have materially and negatively impacted our sales. Mr. Schnatter resigned as Chairman of the Board on July 11, 2018 and a Special Committee of the Board of Directors consisting of all of the independent directors (the “Special Committee”) was formed on July 15, 2018 to evaluate and take action with respect to all of the Company’s relationships and arrangements with Mr. Schnatter. Following its formation, the Special Committee terminated Mr. Schnatter’s Founder Agreement, which defined his role in the Company, among other things, as advertising and brand spokesperson for the Company. The Special Committee is also, among other things, overseeing the previously announced external audit and investigation of all the Company’s existing processes, policies and systems related to diversity and inclusion, supplier and vendor engagement and Papa John’s culture. On July 17, 2018, the Company announced that the Special Committee appointed Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP to oversee the cultural audit and investigation. This audit and investigation is ongoing. In addition, on July 27, 2018, the Company announced that the Board’s Lead Independent Director, Olivia F. Kirtley, had been unanimously appointed by the Board of Directors to serve as Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors.

In the third quarter of 2018, the Company incurred significant costs (defined as “Special charges”) of approximately $24.8 million before tax as a result of the above-mentioned recent events. The costs for the third quarter include franchise royalty reductions of approximately $9.9 million for all North America franchisees and reimaging costs at nearly all domestic restaurants and replacement or write off of certain branded assets totaling $3.6 million. These costs also include legal and professional fees, which amounted to $11.3 million, for various related matters as well as legal and advisory costs related to the previously announced external culture audit and other activities currently overseen by the Special Committee. The franchise royalty reductions reduce the amount of North America franchise royalties and fees revenues within our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. All other costs associated with these events are included in General and administrative expenses within the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company could continue to experience a decline in sales resulting from the aforementioned negative consumer sentiment. The Company also expects to continue to incur significant Special charges, including certain committed franchisee support, for the remainder of 2018, which could continue into 2019 as a result of the recent events. These include the following:

| · |  | financial assistance to domestic franchisees, such as short-term royalty reductions,

| · |  | contributions to the national marketing fund in the fourth quarter to increase marketing and promotional activities,

| · |  | costs associated with the continuation of the third-party audit of the culture at the Company commissioned by the Special Committee as well as costs associated with implementing new policies and procedures to address any findings of the audit, and

| · |  | additional legal and advisory costs, including costs associated with the implementation of plans and activities of the Special Committee.

On July 26, 2018, John H. Schnatter filed a complaint in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware seeking to inspect certain books and records of the Company. While the Company believes that the request for inspection is not for a proper purpose under Delaware law and includes certain categories of documents relating to the Special Committee to

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which Mr. Schnatter is not entitled, the Company will comply with any decision of the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware.

On August 30, 2018, Mr. Schnatter filed a lawsuit in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against the Company, its chief executive officer, and the members of the Special Committee, claiming breaches of fiduciary duty. On September 21, 2018, Mr. Schnatter amended his complaint to drop the chief executive officer as a defendant. Mr. Schnatter seeks a number of injunctions forbidding the Special Committee from taking various actions and seeks to invalidate the Company’s stockholder rights plan.

On August 30, 2018, a class action lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court, Southern District of New York, on behalf of a class of investors who purchased or acquired stock in Papa John's through a period up to and including July 19, 2018. The complaint alleges violations of Sections l0(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company believes that it has valid and meritorious defenses to these suits and intends to vigorously defend against them. The Company has not recorded any liability related to these lawsuits as of September 30, 2018 as it does not believe a loss is probable or estimable.

10.Segment Information

We have five reportable segments: domestic Company-owned restaurants, North America commissaries, North America franchising, international operations and “all other” units. The domestic Company-owned restaurant segment consists of the operations of all domestic (“domestic” is defined as contiguous United States) Company-owned restaurants and derives its revenues principally from retail sales of pizza and side items, including breadsticks, cheesesticks, chicken poppers and wings, dessert items and canned or bottled beverages. The North America commissary segment consists of the operations of our regional dough production and product distribution centers and derives its revenues principally from the sale and distribution of food and paper products to domestic Company-owned and franchised restaurants in the United States and Canada. The North America franchising segment consists of our franchise sales and support activities and derives its revenues from sales of franchise and development rights and collection of royalties from our franchisees located in the United States and Canada. The international segment principally consists of distribution sales to franchised Papa John’s restaurants located in the United Kingdom and Mexico and our franchise sales and support activities, which derive revenues from sales of franchise and development rights and the collection of royalties from our international franchisees. International franchisees are defined as all franchise operations outside of the United States and Canada. All other business units that do not meet the quantitative thresholds for determining reportable segments, which are not operating segments, we refer to as our “all other” segment, which consists of operations that derive revenues from the sale, principally to Company-owned and franchised restaurants, of printing and promotional items, franchise contributions to marketing funds and information systems and related services used in restaurant operations, including our point-of-sale system, online and other technology-based ordering platforms.

Generally, we evaluate performance and allocate resources based on profit or loss from operations before income taxes and intercompany eliminations. Certain administrative and capital costs are allocated to segments based upon predetermined rates or actual estimated resource usage. We account for intercompany sales and transfers as if the sales or transfers were to third parties and eliminate the activity in consolidation.

Our reportable segments are business units that provide different products or services. Separate management of each segment is required because each business unit is subject to different operational issues and strategies. No single external customer accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated revenues.

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Our segment information is as follows:

|  |  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  |  | September 30, |  | September 24, |  | September 30, |  | September 24,
(In thousands) |  |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic Company-owned restaurants |  |  | $ | 158,285 |  | $ | 196,267 |  | $ | 529,906 |  | $ | 605,919
North America commissaries |  |  |  | 146,240 |  |  | 164,028 |  |  | 461,408 |  |  | 495,427
North America franchising |  |  |  | 12,806 |  |  | 25,567 |  |  | 61,524 |  |  | 79,762
International |  |  |  | 30,793 |  |  | 31,792 |  |  | 100,977 |  |  | 90,540
All others |  |  |  | 15,883 |  |  | 14,055 |  |  | 45,520 |  |  | 44,105
Total revenues |  |  | $ | 364,007 |  | $ | 431,709 |  | $ | 1,199,335 |  | $ | 1,315,753
Intersegment revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America commissaries |  |  | $ | 46,023 |  | $ | 60,364 |  | $ | 153,389 |  | $ | 181,302
North America franchising |  |  |  | 464 |  |  | 709 |  |  | 2,499 |  |  | 2,224
International |  |  |  | 70 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 213 |  |  | 202
All others |  |  |  | 6,949 |  |  | 3,716 |  |  | 22,601 |  |  | 12,826
Total intersegment revenues |  |  | $ | 53,506 |  | $ | 64,860 |  | $ | 178,702 |  | $ | 196,554
Income (loss) before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic Company-owned restaurants |  |  | $ | (183) |  | $ | 8,449 |  | $ | 15,350 |  | $ | 39,486
North America commissaries (1) |  |  |  | 6,195 |  |  | 10,087 |  |  | 23,535 |  |  | 34,418
North America franchising (2) |  |  |  | 9,394 |  |  | 22,858 |  |  | 53,133 |  |  | 71,732
International |  |  |  | 4,519 |  |  | 3,909 |  |  | 10,334 |  |  | 11,518
All others (1) (3) |  |  |  | (2,501) |  |  | 784 |  |  | (5,139) |  |  | 2,149
Unallocated corporate expenses (1) (2) (3) |  |  |  | (37,046) |  |  | (15,111) |  |  | (74,500) |  |  | (50,578)
Elimination of intersegment (profits) losses |  |  |  | (331) |  |  | (27) |  |  | (599) |  |  | (447)
Total (loss) income before income taxes |  |  | $ | (19,953) |  | $ | 30,949 |  | $ | 22,114 |  | $ | 108,278
Property and equipment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic Company-owned restaurants |  |  | $ | 231,817 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America commissaries |  |  |  | 139,317 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International |  |  |  | 17,019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
All others |  |  |  | 68,767 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unallocated corporate assets |  |  |  | 195,964 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  |  | (428,374) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net property and equipment |  |  | $ | 224,510 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| (1) |  | The Company refined its overhead allocation process in 2018 resulting in transfers of expenses from Unallocated corporate expenses of $3.4 million to other segments, primarily North America commissaries of $1.9 million and All others of $900,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018. The nine months ended September 30, 2018 included transfers of expenses from Unallocated corporate expenses of $10.6 million to other segments, primarily North America commissaries of $6.1 million and All others of $2.7 million. These allocations were eliminated in consolidation.

| (2) |  | Includes Special charges of $9.9 million in North America franchising and $14.9 million in Unallocated corporate expenses for both the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018. See Note 9 for additional information.

| (3) |  | Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.

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Note 11. Reclassifications of Prior Year Balances

As shown in the table below we have reclassified certain prior year amounts within the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 24, 2017 in order to conform with current year presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on previously reported total consolidated revenues, total costs and expenses and net income.

Papa John's International, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income
Summary of Income Statement Presentation Reclassifications
|  | Three Months Ended September 24, 2017
(In thousands, except per share amounts) | As reported |  | Reclassifications |  | Adjusted
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America commissary and other sales (1) | $ | 178,083 |  | $ | (14,055) |  | $ | 164,028
International (2) |  | 31,792 |  |  | (3,021) |  |  | 28,771
Other revenues (1) (2) |  | - |  |  | 17,076 |  |  | 17,076
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America commissary and other expenses (1) | $ | 168,031 |  | $ | (12,459) |  | $ | 155,572
International expenses (2) |  | 19,785 |  |  | (1,875) |  |  | 17,910
Other expenses (1) (2) (3) |  | - |  |  | 15,906 |  |  | 15,906
General and administrative expenses (3) |  | 37,330 |  |  | (1,572) |  |  | 35,758
|  | Nine Months Ended September 24, 2017
(In thousands, except per share amounts) | As reported |  | Reclassifications |  | Adjusted
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America commissary and other sales (1) | $ | 539,532 |  | $ | (44,105) |  | $ | 495,427
International (2) |  | 90,540 |  |  | (8,902) |  |  | 81,638
Other revenues (1) (2) |  | - |  |  | 53,007 |  |  | 53,007
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America commissary and other expenses (1) | $ | 504,732 |  | $ | (39,731) |  | $ | 465,001
International expenses (2) |  | 57,257 |  |  | (6,284) |  |  | 50,973
Other expenses (1) (2) (3) |  | - |  |  | 50,935 |  |  | 50,935
General and administrative expenses (3) |  | 117,340 |  |  | (4,920) |  |  | 112,420

| (1) |  | Includes reclassification of previous amounts reported in North America commissary and other sales and expenses including print and promotional items, information systems and related services used in restaurant operations, including our point of sale system, online and other technology-based ordering platforms.

| (2) |  | Includes reclassification of previous amounts reported in International related to advertising expenses and rental income and expenses for United Kingdom head leases which are subleased to United Kingdom franchisees.

| (3) |  | Includes reclassification of various technology related expenditures for fee-based services discussed in (1) above and advertising expenses to be consistent with 2018 presentation.

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Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

Papa John’s International, Inc. (referred to as the “Company,” “Papa John’s” or in the first-person notations of “we,” “us” and “our”) began operations in 1984. As of September 30, 2018, there were 5,247 Papa John’s restaurants (647 Company-owned and 4,600 franchised) operating in all 50 states and 46 international countries and territories. Our revenues are principally derived from retail sales of pizza and other food and beverage products to the general public by Company-owned restaurants, franchise royalties, sales of franchise and development rights, sales to franchisees of food and paper products, printing and promotional items, and information systems and related services used in their operations.

Recent Developments and Trends

Background on Recent Negative Publicity

We have experienced negative publicity and consumer sentiment as a result of statements and actions by the Company’s founder and former spokesperson John H. Schnatter in July 2018, which have materially and negatively impacted our sales. Mr. Schnatter resigned as Chairman of the Board on July 11, 2018 and a Special Committee of the Board of Directors consisting of all of the independent directors (the “Special Committee”) was formed on July 15, 2018 to evaluate and take action with respect to all of the Company’s relationships and arrangements with Mr. Schnatter. Following its formation, the Special Committee terminated Mr. Schnatter’s Founder Agreement, which defined his role in the Company, among other things, as advertising and brand spokesperson for the Company. The Special Committee is also, among other things, overseeing the previously announced external audit and investigation of all the Company’s existing processes, policies and systems related to diversity and inclusion, supplier and vendor engagement and Papa John’s culture. On July 17, 2018, the Company announced that the Special Committee appointed Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP to oversee the cultural audit and investigation. This audit and investigation is ongoing. In addition, on July 27, 2018, the Company announced that the Board’s Lead Independent Director, Olivia F. Kirtley, had been unanimously appointed by the Board of Directors to serve as Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors. The Company is also implementing various brand ing and marketing initiatives, including but not limited to, a new advertising and marketing campaign featuring the images and voices of Company employees and franchisees.

The negative publicity surrounding the Company’s brand has continued to impact the North America system-wide sales and the Company cannot predict how long and the extent to which the negative publicity will continue. The Company also incurred significant costs (defined as “Special charges”) of approximately $24.8 million before tax as a result of the above-mentioned recent events in the third quarter of 2018. The costs for the third quarter include franchise royalty reductions of approximately $9.9 million for all North America franchisees and reimaging costs at nearly all domestic restaurants and replacement or write off of certain branded assets totaling $3.6 million. These costs also include legal and professional fees, which amounted to $11.3 million, for various related matters as well as legal and advisory costs related to the previously announced external culture audit and other activities currently overseen by the Special Committee. The franchise royalty reductions reduce the amount of North America franchise royalties and fees revenues within our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. All other costs associated with these events are included in General and administrative expenses within the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company expects to continue to incur significant Special charges for the remainder of 2018, which could continue into 2019, as a result of the aforementioned events. The Special charges are now expected to approximate $50 million to $60 million in 2018, including the recently announced contribution to the national marketing fund in the fourth quarter. The Special charges expected for the fourth quarter of 2018, which are expected to approximate $25 million to $35 million, include the following:

| · |  | financial assistance to domestic franchisees, such as short-term royalty reductions,

| · |  | contributions to the national marketing fund in the fourth quarter to increase marketing and promotional activities,

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| · |  | costs associated with the third-party audit of the culture at the Company commissioned by the Special Committee as well as costs associated with implementing new policies and procedures to address any findings of the audit, and

| · |  | additional legal and advisory costs, including costs associated with the implementation of plans and activities of the Special Committee.

Presentation of Financial Results

The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are based on the preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires management to select accounting policies for critical accounting areas and make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. Significant changes in assumptions and/or conditions in our critical accounting policies could materially impact our operating results. See “Notes 1, 2 and 3” of “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for a discussion of the basis of presentation and the significant accounting policies.

Restaurant Progression

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017 |  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
North America Company-owned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of period |  |  | 678 |  |  | 705 |  |  | 708 |  |  | 702
Opened |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 4
Closed |  |  | (1) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (2)
Acquired from franchisees |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1
Sold to franchisees |  |  | (31) |  |  | — |  |  | (62) |  |  | —
End of period |  |  | 647 |  |  | 705 |  |  | 647 |  |  | 705
International Company-owned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of period |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 42
Closed |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (5)
Sold to franchisees |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (34) |  |  |
End of period |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 37
North America franchised: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of period |  |  | 2,729 |  |  | 2,723 |  |  | 2,733 |  |  | 2,739
Opened |  |  | 16 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 73
Closed |  |  | (67) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (146) |  |  | (75)
Acquired form Company |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |  |  | —
Sold to Company |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1)
End of period |  |  | 2,709 |  |  | 2,736 |  |  | 2,709 |  |  | 2,736
International franchised: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of period |  |  | 1,840 |  |  | 1,621 |  |  | 1,723 |  |  | 1,614
Opened |  |  | 79 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 139
Closed |  |  | (28) |  |  | (50) |  |  | (59) |  |  | (130)
Acquired from Company |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  |
End of period |  |  | 1,891 |  |  | 1,623 |  |  | 1,891 |  |  | 1,623
Total restaurants - end of period |  |  | 5,247 |  |  | 5,101 |  |  | 5,247 |  |  | 5,101

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Item Impacting Comparability; Non-GAAP Measures

The following table reconciles our GAAP financial results to the adjusted (non-GAAP) financial results, excluding the Special items detailed below. We present these non-GAAP measures because we believe the Special items impact the comparability of our results of operations. For additional information about the Special items, see “Notes 7 and 9” of “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.”

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 24, |  | September 30, |  | September 24,
(In thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
GAAP (Loss) Income before income taxes |  | $ | (19,953) |  | $ | 30,949 |  | $ | 22,114 |  | $ | 108,278
Special items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Special charges (1) |  |  | 24,833 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,833 |  |  | —
Refranchising losses, net (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,918 |  |  | —
Adjusted income before income taxes |  | $ | 4,880 |  | $ | 30,949 |  | $ | 48,865 |  | $ | 108,278
GAAP Net (loss) income |  | $ | (13,033) |  | $ | 21,817 |  | $ | 15,495 |  | $ | 73,783
Special items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Special charges (3) |  |  | 19,270 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,270 |  |  | —
Refranchising losses, net (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,488 |  |  | —
Tax impact of China refranchising |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,435 |  |  | —
Adjusted net income |  | $ | 6,237 |  | $ | 21,817 |  | $ | 38,688 |  | $ | 73,783
GAAP Diluted (Loss) Earnings per share |  | $ | (0.41) |  | $ | 0.60 |  | $ | 0.47 |  | $ | 2.02
Special items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Special charges |  |  | 0.61 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.59 |  |  | —
Refranchising losses, net |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.05 |  |  | —
Tax impact of China refranchising |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.07 |  |  | —
Adjusted diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 0.20 |  | $ | 0.60 |  | $ | 1.18 |  | $ | 2.02
(1) 'Special charges' is defined as the costs and expenses in response to recent events including: (i) re-imaging costs at nearly all domestic restaurants and costs to replace or write-off certain branded assets of approximately $3.6 million, (ii) financial assistance to domestic franchisees, such as short-term royalty reductions, in an effort to mitigate closings of approximately $9.9 million, and (iii) costs associated with a third-party audit of the culture at Papa John's commissioned by the Special Committee of the Board of Directors as well as costs associated with implementing new policies and procedures to address any findings as a result of the audit, and additional legal and advisory costs, including costs associated with the activities of the Special Committee totaling approximately $11.3 million.
(2) The refranchising losses of $1.9 million before tax and $1.5 million net of tax for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 are primarily due to the China refranchise of the 34 company-owned restaurants and the quality control center in China that occurred during the second quarter of 2018. We also had $2.4 million of additional tax expense associated with the China refranchise. This additional tax expense is primarily attributable to the required recapture of operating losses previously taken by Papa John’s International.
(3) Tax effect was calculated using the company's marginal rate of 22.4%.

The non-GAAP adjusted results shown above should not be construed as a substitute for or a better indicator of the Company’s performance than the Company’s GAAP results. Management believes presenting the financial information excluding these Special items is important for purposes of comparison to prior year results. In addition, management uses these metrics to evaluate the Company’s underlying operating performance and to analyze trends.

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Results of Operations

Revenue Recognition and Statement of Operations Presentation

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“ASU 2014-09”), which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under GAAP, including industry-specific requirements, and provides companies with a single revenue recognition framework for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. In March and April 2016, the FASB issued the following amendments to clarify the implementation guidance: ASU 2016-08, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)” and ASU 2016-10, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing”. This update and subsequently issued amendments (collectively “Topic 606”) requires companies to recognize revenue at amounts that reflect the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services at the time of transfer. The standard requires that we assess contracts to determine each separate and distinct performance obligation. If a contract has multiple performance obligations, we allocate the transaction price using our best estimate of the standalone selling price to each distinct good or service in the contract.

We adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective transition method effective January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historical accounting under Topic 605, Revenue Recognition.

The cumulative effect adjustment of $21.5 million was recorded as a reduction to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018 to reflect the impact of adopting Topic 606. The impact of applying Topic 606 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 included the following (dollars in thousands, except for per share amounts):

| Three Months |  | Nine Months
| Ended |  | Ended
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 30, 2018
Total revenue impact (a) | $ | 1,486 |  | $ | 5,736
Pre-tax income impact (b) |  | (1,239) |  |  | (3,099)
Diluted EPS |  | (0.03) |  |  | (0.07)

| (a) |  | The increase in total revenues of $1.5 million and $5.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 is primarily due to the requirement to present revenues and expenses related to marketing funds we control on a “gross” basis. This increase was partially offset by lower Company-owned restaurant revenues attributable to the revised method of accounting for the loyalty program. The marketing fund gross up is reported in the new financial statement line items, Other revenues and Other expenses, as discussed further below.

| (b) |  | The $1.2 million and $3.1 million decreases in pre-tax income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are primarily due to the revised method of accounting for the loyalty program, marketing fund co-ops we control and franchise fees.

While not required as part of the adoption of Topic 606, our statement of operations includes newly created Other revenues and Other expenses line items. Other revenues and Other expenses include the Topic 606 “gross up” of respective revenues and expenses derived from certain domestic and international marketing fund co-ops we control, as previously discussed. Additionally, Other revenues and Other expenses include various reclassifications from North America Commissary and Other, International and general and administrative expenses to better reflect and aggregate various domestic and international services provided by the Company for the benefit of franchisees. Related 2017 amounts have also been reclassified to conform to the new 2018 presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on total revenues or total costs and expenses reported.

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Review of Consolidated Operating Results

Revenues. Domestic Company-owned restaurant sales decreased $38.0 million, or 19.4%, and $76.0 million, or 12.5%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. These decreases were primarily due to reductions of 13.2% and 8.7% in comparable sales and reductions of revenues of $15.0 million and $27.2 million for the refranchising of 62 company-owned restaurants for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. “Comparable sales” represents the change in year-over-year sales for the same base of restaurants for the same fiscal periods.

North America franchise royalties and fees decreased $12.8 million, or 49.9%, and $18.2 million, or 22.9%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, primarily due to short-term royalty reductions granted to the entire North America system as part of the franchise assistance program of approximately $9.9 million, which is included in the Special charges. Royalties were further reduced by comparable sales decreases of 8.6% and 6.4% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. North America franchise restaurant sales decreased 6.7% to $508.2 million and 5.4% to $1.6 billion for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. North America franchise restaurant sales are not included in Company revenues; however, our North America franchise royalties are derived from these sales.

North America commissary sales decreased $17.8 million, or 10.8%, and $34.0 million, or 6.9%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The decreases were primarily due to lower sales volumes attributable to lower restaurant sales. The decrease for the nine-months ended September 30, 2018 was partially offset by higher commodity pricing.

International revenues decreased $3.1 million, or 10.8%, and increased $3.2 million, or 3.9%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The decrease for the quarter was primarily due to reduced revenues from the refranchising of the China company-owned stores and quality control center of approximately $4.1 million in June 2018. For the quarter, this decrease was partially offset by higher royalties due to an increase in equivalent units. For the nine-month period, the increase in royalties, due to an increase in equivalent units, and the favorable impact of foreign currency exchange more than offset the unfavorable impact of the China refranchising. The impact of foreign currency exchange rates was unfavorable by approximately $200,000 for the third quarter and favorable by approximately $3.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 which was primarily attributable to foreign exchange rates in the United Kingdom (“UK”). “Equivalent units” represents the number of restaurants open at the beginning of a given period, adjusted for restaurants opened, closed, acquired or sold during the period on a weighted average basis.

International franchise restaurant sales increased 12.0% to $211.1 million and 15.2% to $627.8 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, excluding the impact of foreign currency. The increases for the three and nine-month periods were primarily due to an increase in equivalent units. International franchise restaurant sales are not included in Company revenues; however, our international royalty revenue is derived from these sales.

Other revenues increased $3.9 million, or 23.1%, and $8.7 million, or 16.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The increases were primarily due to the required 2018 reporting of franchise marketing fund revenues and expenses on a gross basis for the various funds we control in accordance with Topic 606 guidelines. These amounts were previously reported on a net basis. As we did not restate the 2017 amounts in accordance with our adoption of Topic 606 guidelines using the modified retrospective approach, comparability between 2018 and 2017 amounts is reduced. See “Note 3” of “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for more details. This increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was partially offset by lower revenues for Preferred Marketing Solutions, our print and promotions subsidiary.

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Costs and expenses. The operating margin for domestic Company-owned restaurants was 14.2% and 16.8% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to 17.5% and 19.2% in the corresponding 2017 periods, and consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):

| Three months ended |  | Nine months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  |  | September 24, 2017 |  |  | September 30, 2018 |  | September 24, 2017
Restaurant sales | $ | 158,285 |  |  |  |  | $ | 196,267 |  |  |  |  | $ | 529,906 |  |  |  |  | $ | 605,919 |  |
Cost of sales |  | 34,705 |  |  | 21.9% |  |  | 45,781 |  | 23.3% |  |  |  | 117,288 |  |  | 22.1% |  |  | 138,895 |  | 22.9%
Other operating expenses |  | 101,131 |  |  | 63.9% |  |  | 116,086 |  | 59.1% |  |  |  | 323,648 |  |  | 61.1% |  |  | 350,824 |  | 57.9%
Total expenses | $ | 135,836 |  |  | 85.8% |  | $ | 161,867 |  | 82.5% |  |  | $ | 440,936 |  |  | 83.2% |  | $ | 489,719 |  | 80.8%
Margin | $ | 22,449 |  |  | 14.2% |  | $ | 34,400 |  | 17.5% |  |  | $ | 88,970 |  |  | 16.8% |  | $ | 116,200 |  | 19.2%

Domestic Company-owned restaurants margin decreased $12.0 million and $27.2 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The margin decreases for the third quarter and nine-month period were primarily attributable to lower comparable sales of 13.2% and 8.7%, respectively, and higher non-owned automobile costs. The nine-month period also included higher commodities. Additionally, the adoption of Topic 606 reduced restaurant operating margin due to the revised method of accounting for the customer loyalty program.

North America commissary margins were 5.7% and 6.2% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to 5.2% and 6.1% for the three and nine months ended September 24, 2017 and consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):

| Three months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  |  | September 24, 2017
North America commissary sales | $ | 146,240 |  |  |  | $ | 164,028 |  |
North America commissary expenses |  | 137,928 |  |  |  |  | 155,572 |  |
Margin | $ | 8,312 |  | 5.7% |  | $ | 8,456 |  | 5.2%
| Nine months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  |  | September 24, 2017
North America commissary sales | $ | 461,408 |  |  |  | $ | 495,427 |  |
North America commissary expenses |  | 432,909 |  |  |  |  | 465,001 |  |
Margin | $ | 28,499 |  | 6.2% |  | $ | 30,426 |  | 6.1%

For the three months ended September 30, 2018, the North America commissary margin of $8.3 million remained relatively flat as lower operating costs helped offset the impact of lower sales volumes. This improved the operating margin 0.5% as a percentage of sales for the three months ended. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the commissary operating margin was lower by $1.9 million compared to the corresponding period in 2017 primarily due to lower sales volumes and the Company’s commitment to maintain a lower overall profit margin as additional support to franchisees.

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The international operating margins were 40.8% and 38.2% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to 37.7% and 37.6% for the corresponding 2017 periods and consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):

| Three months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  |  | September 24, 2017
| Revenues |  | Expenses |  | Margin $ |  | Margin % |  |  | Revenues |  | Expenses |  | Margin $ |  | Margin %
Franchise royalties and fees | $ | 9,141 |  | $ | - |  | $ | 9,141 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,756 |  | $ | - |  | $ | 8,756 |  |
Restaurant, commissary and other |  | 16,512 |  |  | 15,184 |  |  | 1,328 |  | 8.0% |  |  |  | 20,015 |  |  | 17,910 |  |  | 2,105 |  | 10.5%
Total international | $ | 25,653 |  | $ | 15,184 |  | $ | 10,469 |  | 40.8% |  |  | $ | 28,771 |  | $ | 17,910 |  | $ | 10,861 |  | 37.7%
|  | Nine months ended
|  | September 30, 2018 |  |  | September 24, 2017
| Revenues |  | Expenses |  | Margin $ |  | Margin % |  |  | Revenues |  | Expenses |  | Margin $ |  | Margin %
Franchise royalties and fees | $ | 27,110 |  | $ | - |  | $ | 27,110 |  |  |  |  | $ | 24,887 |  | $ | - |  | $ | 24,887 |  |
Restaurant, commissary and other |  | 57,726 |  |  | 52,462 |  |  | 5,264 |  | 9.1% |  |  |  | 56,751 |  |  | 50,973 |  |  | 5,778 |  | 10.2%
Total international | $ | 84,836 |  | $ | 52,462 |  | $ | 32,374 |  | 38.2% |  |  | $ | 81,638 |  | $ | 50,973 |  | $ | 30,665 |  | 37.6%

The international margin decreased approximately $400,000 and increased $1.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The decrease for the quarter was primarily due to lower income from the United Kingdom quality control center on lower margins, partially offset by higher royalties from increased equivalent units. As a percentage of international revenues, the operating margin increased 3.1% primarily due to the divestiture of our China operations in the second quarter of 2018. The increase of $1.7 million for the nine-month period was primarily attributable to higher royalties on increased franchise restaurant sales, primarily due to an increase in equivalent units.

As previously discussed, other revenues and other expenses are new financial statement line items in 2018. The margin from Other operations decreased $2.1 million and $4.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, primarily due to higher costs related to various technology initiatives and increased advertising spend in the United Kingdom.

The Other revenues and expenses consisted of the following for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| Three months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  |  | September 24, 2017
Other revenues | $ | 21,023 |  |  |  | $ | 17,076 |  |
Other expenses |  | 22,002 |  |  |  |  | 15,906 |  |
Margin (loss) | $ | (979) |  | (4.7%) |  | $ | 1,170 |  | 6.9%
| Nine months ended
| September 30, 2018 |  |  | September 24, 2017
Other revenues | $ | 61,661 |  |  |  | $ | 53,007 |  |
Other expenses |  | 63,658 |  |  |  |  | 50,935 |  |
Margin (loss) | $ | (1,997) |  | (3.2%) |  | $ | 2,072 |  | 3.9%

Operating margin (loss) is not a measurement defined by GAAP and should not be considered in isolation, or as an alternative to evaluation of the Company’s financial performance. In addition to an evaluation of GAAP consolidated (loss) income before income taxes, we believe the presentation of operating margin (loss) is beneficial as it represents an

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additional measure used by the Company to further evaluate operating efficiency and performance of the various business units. Additionally, operating margin (loss) discussion may be helpful for comparison within the industry. The operating margin (loss) results detailed herein can be calculated by business unit based on the specific revenue and operating expense line items on the face of the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operation. Consolidated (loss) income before income taxes reported includes general and administrative expenses, depreciation and amortization, refranchising losses and net interest expense that have been excluded from this operating margin (loss) calculation.

General and administrative (“G&A”) expenses were $55.5 million, or 15.2% of revenues, and $133.9 million, or 11.2% of revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to $35.8 million, or 8.3% of revenues, and $112.4 million, or 8.5% of revenues, for the corresponding 2017 periods, respectively. The increases of $19.7 million and $21.4 million for the three and nine-month periods, respectively, were primarily due to costs associated with the Special charges of $14.9 million. The remainder of the increase is due to higher technology initiative costs and increases in professional and legal fees for matters not associated with the Special charges. The increase for the quarter also includes the cost for the annual operators’ conference due to the shift in the timing from the second quarter of 2017. See “Recent Developments and Trends” and “Note 9” of “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for more Special charges details.

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization was $11.6 million, or 3.2% of revenues, and $34.9 million, or 2.9% of revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to $11.2 million, or 2.6% of revenues, and $32.3 million, or 2.5% of revenues for the corresponding periods in 2017, respectively. These increases are primarily due to additional depreciation on technology related investments. The nine-month period also includes higher depreciation associated with our Georgia quality control center, which opened in July of 2017.

Refranchising losses, net. Refranchising losses of $1.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were primarily related to the refranchising of China. For additional information on the refranchising loss, net, see “Note 7” of “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.”

Interest expense. Interest expense increased approximately $3.4 million and $10.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, primarily due to an increase in average outstanding debt balance, which is primarily due to share repurchases, as well as higher interest rates.

(Loss) Income before income taxes. For the reasons discussed above, (loss) income before income taxes decreased approximately $50.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017, and decreased approximately $86.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017.

Income tax expense. The effective income tax (benefit) expense for the three and nine-month comparable periods are as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended
| Sept. 30, 2018 |  | Sept. 24, 2017 |  | Sept. 30, 2018 |  | Sept. 24, 2017
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | (19,953) |  | $ | 30,949 |  | $ | 22,114 |  | $ | 108,278
Income tax (benefit) expense |  | (7,359) |  |  | 8,280 |  |  | 4,663 |  |  | 30,728
Effective tax (benefit) expense |  | (36.9%) |  |  | 26.8% |  |  | 21.1% |  |  | 28.4%

The decreases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are primarily due to the decrease in income as well as the decrease in federal statutory rate from 35% to 21% in the first quarter of 2018. The third quarter also includes an additional benefit of $2.4 million related to the remeasurement of net deferred tax liabilities as a part of the Company’s 2017 filed federal income tax return. The nine-month period also includes additional income tax from the China refranchising, as previously discussed. See “Note 7” of “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for additional information.

Diluted (loss) earnings per share. Diluted loss per share was $0.41 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to diluted earnings per share of $0.60 for the third quarter of 2017. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, diluted earnings per share was $0.47 compared to $2.02 for the nine months ended September 24, 2017. Adjusted

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diluted earnings per share decreased 66.7% to $0.20 and 41.6% to $1.18 for the three and nine months ended, respectively in comparison to the prior year.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Debt

On August 30, 2017, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) which provided for an unsecured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $600.0 million (the “Revolving Facility”) and an unsecured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $400.0 million (the “Term Loan Facility”) and together with the Revolving Facility, the “Facilities”. The Facilities mature on August 30, 2022. The loans under the Facilities, after giving effect to the Amendment described below, accrue interest at a per annum rate equal to, at the Company’s election, either a LIBOR rate plus a margin ranging from 125 to 250 basis points or a base rate (generally determined by a prime rate, federal funds rate or a LIBOR rate plus 1.00%) plus a margin ranging from 25 to 150 basis points. In each case, the actual margin is determined according to a ratio of the Company’s total indebtedness to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) for the then most recently ended four-quarter period (the “Leverage Ratio”). Quarterly amortization payments are required to be made on the Term Loan Facility in the amount of $5.0 million which began in the fourth quarter of 2017. Loans outstanding under the Credit Agreement may be prepaid at any time without premium or penalty, subject to customary breakage costs in the case of borrowings for which a LIBOR rate election is in effect. Up to $35.0 million of the Revolving Facility may be advanced in certain agreed foreign currencies, including Euros, Pounds Sterling, Canadian Dollars, Japanese Yen, and Mexican Pesos. The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants requiring the maintenance of the Leverage Ratio and a specified fixed charge coverage ratio.

On October 9, 2018, we entered into an amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Amendment”), which amendments and modifications to the Credit Agreement are effective through the remainder of the term of the Facilities and include, without limitation, the following:

| · |  | reduction of the maximum amount available under the Revolving Facility to $400.0 million; there was no change in available Term Loan Facility borrowings;

| · |  | amendment to the definition of EBITDA to exclude certain costs recorded as Special charges (up to certain pre-defined limits) as detailed in Note 9 “Commitments and Contingencies”;

| · |  | modification of the financial covenants in the Credit Agreement by increasing the permitted Leverage Ratio to 5.25 to 1.0 beginning in the third quarter of 2018, decreasing over time to 4.00 to 1.0 by 2022; and decreasing the permitted specified fixed charge coverage ratio to 2.00 to 1.0 beginning in the third quarter of 2018 and increasing over time to 2.50 to 1.0 in 2021 and thereafter. We were in compliance with these financial covenants at September 30, 2018;

| · |  | modifications to the negative covenant restricting the ability to make dividends and distributions to provide if the Leverage Ratio is above 3.75 to 1.0, the Company (x) cannot repurchase any of its shares of common stock and (y) cannot increase the cash dividend above the lesser of $0.225 per share per quarter or $35 million per fiscal year;

| · |  | increase in the interest rate payable on outstanding loans for the Facilities based on the Leverage Ratio as follows:

| o |  | removal of interest rate pricing tiers if the Leverage Ratio of the Company is less than 1.50 to 1.00;

| o |  | if the Leverage Ratio of the Company is greater than 3.50 to 1.00 but less than 4.50 to 1.00, the Company will pay an additional 0.25% per annum interest rate margin on the outstanding loans under the Facilities and an additional 0.05% per annum commitment fee on the unused portion of the Revolving Facility;

| o |  | if the Leverage Ratio of the Company is greater than 4.50 to 1.00, the Company will pay an additional 0.50% per annum interest rate margin on the outstanding loans under the Facilities and an additional 0.10% per annum commitment fee on the unused portion of the Revolving Facility; and

| · |  | requirement that the Company and certain direct and indirect domestic subsidiaries of the Company grant a security interest in substantially all of the capital stock and equity interests of their respective domestic and first tier material foreign subsidiaries to secure the obligations owing under the Facilities.

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Under the Credit Agreement, we have the option to increase the Revolving Facility or the Term Loan Facility in an aggregate amount of up to $300.0 million, subject to the Leverage Ratio of the Company not exceeding 4.00 to 1.0.

Our outstanding debt of $578.6 million at September 30, 2018 under the Facilities was composed of $380.0 million outstanding under the Term Loan Facility and $198.6 million outstanding under the Revolving Facility. Including outstanding letters of credit, the Company’s remaining availability under the Facilities at September 30, 2018 was approximately $166.4 million.

As of September 30, 2018, the Company had approximately $2.8 million in unamortized debt issuance costs, which are being amortized into interest expense over the term of the Facilities. Upon execution of the Amendment, subsequent to September 30, 2018, we wrote off approximately $560,000 of these unamortized debt issuance costs in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. The Company also incurred additional amendment fees of approximately $1.9 million, which will be amortized into interest expense over the remaining term of the Facilities.

We use interest rate swaps to hedge against the effects of potential interest rate increases on borrowings under our Facilities. As of September 30, 2018, we have the following interest rate swap agreements:

Effective Dates |  | Floating Rate Debt |  | Fixed Rates |
April 30, 2018 through April 30, 2023 |  | $ | 55 million |  | 2.33 | %
April 30, 2018 through April 30, 2023 |  | $ | 35 million |  | 2.36 | %
April 30, 2018 through April 30, 2023 |  | $ | 35 million |  | 2.34 | %
January 30, 2018 through August 30, 2022 |  | $ | 100 million |  | 1.99 | %
January 30, 2018 through August 30, 2022 |  | $ | 75 million |  | 1.99 | %
January 30, 2018 through August 30, 2022 |  | $ | 75 million |  | 2.00 | %
January 30, 2018 through August 30, 2022 |  | $ | 25 million |  | 1.99 | %

Our Credit Agreement contains affirmative and negative covenants, as detailed above, including the following financial covenants, as amended in October 2018:

|  |  |  | Actual Ratio for the
|  |  |  | Quarter Ended
|  | Permitted Ratio |  | September 30, 2018
Leverage Ratio |  | Not to exceed 5.25 to 1.0 |  | 3.8 to 1.0
Interest Coverage Ratio |  | Not less than 2.0 to 1.0 |  | 3.3 to 1.0

As stated above, our leverage ratio is defined as outstanding debt divided by consolidated EBITDA for the most recent four fiscal quarters. Our interest coverage ratio is defined as the sum of consolidated EBITDA and consolidated rental expense for the most recent four fiscal quarters divided by the sum of consolidated interest expense and consolidated rental expense for the most recent four fiscal quarters. We were in compliance with all financial covenants as of September 30, 2018.

Cash Flows

Cash flow provided by operating activities was $98.8 million in the nine months ending September 30, 2018 compared to $114.9 million in the corresponding period in 2017. The decrease of approximately $16.1 million was primarily due to lower net income, somewhat offset by favorable changes in working capital items. See “Recent Developments and Trends” and “Note 9” of “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for more details related to the Special charges.

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Our free cash flow, a non-GAAP financial measure, was as follows in the third quarter of 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):

|  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 24,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 98,812 |  | $ | 114,917
Purchases of property and equipment |  |  | (30,593) |  |  | (43,195)
Free cash flow (a) |  | $ | 68,219 |  | $ | 71,722

| (a) |  | Free cash flow, a non-GAAP measure, is defined as net cash provided by operating activities (from the consolidated statements of cash flows) less the purchases of property and equipment. We view free cash flow as an important liquidity measure because it is one factor that management uses in determining the amount of cash available for discretionary investment. However, it does not represent residual cash flows available for discretionary expenditures. Free cash flow is not a term defined by GAAP, and as a result, our measure of free cash flow might not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Free cash flow should not be construed as a substitute for or a better indicator of our liquidity or performance than the Company’s GAAP measures.

Cash flow used in investing activities was $22.4 million in the nine months ending September 30, 2018 compared to $42.4 million for the same period in 2017, or a decrease of $20.0 million. The decrease in cash flow used in investing activities was primarily lower capital spend as 2017 included construction costs for our commissary in Georgia, which opened in July of 2017. We also received $7.7 million in proceeds from the refranchising of our joint ventures in Denver and Minnesota which were completed in the first and third quarters of 2018, respectively.

We also require capital for share repurchases and the payment of cash dividends, which are funded by cash flow from operations and borrowings from our Credit Agreement. In the nine months ending September 30, 2018, we had net proceeds of $108.6 million from the issuance of long-term debt and used $158.0 million for share repurchases. In the nine months ending September 24, 2017, we had net proceeds of approximately $100.0 million from issuance of additional debt under the Credit Agreement and used $121.7 million for share repurchases.

Our Board of Directors has authorized the repurchase of up to $2.075 billion of common stock under a share repurchase program that began on December 9, 1999 and expires on February 27, 2019, with remaining authorization available as of September 30, 2018 of $269.7 million. Funding for the share repurchase program has been provided through our credit facilities, operating cash flow, stock option exercises and cash and cash equivalents. In connection with the execution of our amended Credit Agreement in October 2018, the Company cannot repurchase any additional shares when our Leverage Ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, is higher than 3.75 to 1.0.

On March 1, 2018, the Company announced a $100 million accelerated share repurchase agreement (“ASR Agreement”) with Bank of America, N.A. The ASR Agreement was completed May 14, 2018, delivering approximately 1.7 million shares. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company has purchased $158.0 million of stock, including the ASR Agreement, delivering approximately 2.7 million shares. The Company does not expect to repurchase any additional shares in 2018.

The Company paid dividends of approximately $21.9 million ($0.675 per common share) during the nine months of 2018. Subsequent to the third quarter on November 1, 2018, our Board of Directors declared a fourth quarter dividend of $0.225 per common share (approximately $7.1 million based on current shareholders of record). The dividend will be paid on November 23, 2018 to shareholders of record as of the close of business on November 12, 2018. In connection with the execution of our amended Credit Facility in October 2018, no increase in dividends per share may occur when the Leverage Ratio, as defined, is higher than 3.75 to 1.0.

Forward-Looking Statements

Certain matters discussed in this report, including information within Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. Generally, the use of words such as “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “will,” “forecast,” “plan,”

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“project,” or similar words identify forward-looking statements that we intend to be included within the safe harbor protections provided by the federal securities laws. Such forward-looking statements may relate to projections or guidance concerning business performance, revenue, earnings, cash flow, contingent liabilities, resolution of litigation, commodity costs, profit margins, unit growth, unit level performance, capital expenditures, ability of the Company to mitigate negative consumer sentiment through advertising, marketing and promotional activity, corporate governance, future costs related to the Company’s response to negative consumer sentiment, management reorganizations, compliance with debt covenants, shareholder and other stakeholder engagement, strategic decisions and actions, the ongoing cultural audit and investigation, share repurchases, dividends, effective tax rates, the impact of the Tax Cuts and Job Act and the adoption of new accounting standards, and other financial and operational measures. Such statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions, which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. Therefore, actual outcomes and results may differ materially from those matters expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements. The risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are involved in our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

| · |  | negative publicity and consumer sentiment as a result of statements and actions by the Company’s founder and former spokesperson, which may continue to cause sales to decline and/or change consumers’ acceptance of and enthusiasm for our brand;

| · |  | the results of the previously announced external audit and investigation the Special Committee is overseeing regarding the Company’s existing processes, policies and systems related to diversity and inclusion, supplier and vendor engagement and the Company’s culture;

| · |  | costs the Company expects to continue to incur as a result of the recent negative publicity and negative consumer sentiment, including costs related to the audit and investigation, costs associated with the operations of the Special Committee, any costs associated with related litigation, legal fees, and increased costs for branding initiatives and launching a new advertising and marketing campaign and promotions to mitigate negative consumer sentiment and negative sales trends;

| · |  | costs the Company expects to continue to incur relating to franchisee financial assistance to mitigate store closings;

| · |  | the ability of the Company to mitigate the negative consumer sentiment through advertising, marketing and promotional activities;

| · |  | the Company’s ability to regain lost customers;

| · |  | aggressive changes in pricing or other marketing or promotional strategies by competitors, which may adversely affect sales and profitability; and new product and concept developments by food industry competitors;

| · |  | changes in consumer preferences or consumer buying habits, including the growing popularity of delivery aggregators, as well as changes in general economic conditions or other factors that may affect consumer confidence and discretionary spending;

| · |  | the adverse impact on the Company or our results caused by product recalls, food quality or safety issues, incidences of foodborne illness, food contamination and other general public health concerns about our Company-owned or franchised restaurants or others in the restaurant industry;

| · |  | the effectiveness of our initiatives to improve our brand proposition and operating results, including marketing, advertising and public relations initiatives, technology investments and changes in unit-level operations;

| · |  | the risk that any new advertising or marketing campaign may not be effective in increasing sales;

| · |  | the ability of the Company and its franchisees to meet planned growth targets and operate new and existing restaurants profitably, including difficulties finding qualified franchisees, store level employees or suitable sites;

| · |  | increases in food costs or sustained higher other operating costs. This could include increased employee compensation, benefits, insurance, tax rates, new regulatory requirements or increasing compliance costs;

| · |  | increases in insurance claims and related costs for programs funded by the Company up to certain retention limits, including medical, owned and non-owned vehicles, workers’ compensation, general liability and property;

| · |  | disruption of our supply chain or commissary operations which could be caused by our sole source of supply of cheese or limited source of suppliers for other key ingredients or more generally due to weather, natural disasters including drought, disease, or geopolitical or other disruptions beyond our control;

| · |  | increased risks associated with our international operations, including economic and political conditions, instability or uncertainty in our international markets, especially emerging markets, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, difficulty in meeting planned sales targets and new store growth;

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| · |  | the impact of current or future claims and litigation and our ability to comply with current, proposed or future legislation that could impact our business including compliance with the European Union General Data Protection Regulation;

| · |  | maintaining compliance with amended debt covenants under our credit agreement if restaurant sales and operating results continue to decline;

| · |  | the Company's ability to continue to pay dividends to shareholders based upon profitability, cash flows and capital adequacy if restaurant sales and operating results continue to decline;

| · |  | failure to effectively execute succession planning;

| · |  | disruption of critical business or information technology systems, or those of our suppliers, and risks associated with systems failures and data privacy and security breaches, including theft of confidential company, employee and customer information, including payment cards;

| · |  | changes in Federal or state income, general and other tax laws, rules and regulations, including changes from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and any related Treasury regulations, rules or interpretations if and when issued; and

| · |  | changes in generally accepted accounting principles including new standards for revenue recognition and leasing.

For a discussion of these and other risks that may cause actual results to differ from expectations, refer to “Part I. Item 1A. – Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, as updated by “Part II. Item 1A. – Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as subsequent filings. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of future events, new information or otherwise, except as required by law.

Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Interest Rate Risk

On August 30, 2017, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) which provided for an unsecured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $600.0 million (the “Revolving Facility”) and an unsecured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $400.0 million (the “Term Loan Facility”) and together with the Revolving Facility, the “Facilities”. The Facilities mature on August 30, 2022. The loans under the Facilities, after giving effect to the Amendment described below, accrue interest at a per annum rate equal to, at the Company’s election, either a LIBOR rate plus a margin ranging from 125 to 250 basis points or a base rate (generally determined by a prime rate, federal funds rate or a LIBOR rate plus 1.00%) plus a margin ranging from 25 to 150 basis points. In each case, the actual margin is determined according to a ratio of the Company’s total indebtedness to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) for the then most recently ended four-quarter period (the “Leverage Ratio”). Quarterly amortization payments are required to be made on the Term Loan Facility in the amount of $5.0 million which began in the fourth quarter of 2017. Loans outstanding under the Credit Agreement may be prepaid at any time without premium or penalty, subject to customary breakage costs in the case of borrowings for which a LIBOR rate election is in effect. Up to $35.0 million of the Revolving Facility may be advanced in certain agreed foreign currencies, including Euros, Pounds Sterling, Canadian Dollars, Japanese Yen, and Mexican Pesos. The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants requiring the maintenance of the Leverage Ratio and a specified fixed charge coverage ratio.

On October 9, 2018, we entered into an amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Amendment”), which amendments and modifications to the Credit Agreement are effective through the remainder of the term of the Facilities and include, without limitation, the following:

| · |  | reduction of the maximum amount available under the Revolving Facility to $400.0 million; there was no change in available Term Loan Facility borrowings;

| · |  | amendment to the definition of EBITDA to exclude certain costs recorded as Special charges (up to certain pre-defined limits) as detailed in Note 9 “Commitments and Contingencies”;

| · |  | modification of the financial covenants in the Credit Agreement by increasing the permitted Leverage Ratio to 5.25 to 1.0 beginning in the third quarter of 2018, decreasing over time to 4.00 to 1.0 by 2022; and decreasing the permitted specified fixed charge coverage ratio to 2.00 to 1.0 beginning in the third quarter of 2018 and

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increasing over time to 2.50 to 1.0 in 2021 and thereafter. We were in compliance with these financial covenants at September 30, 2018;

| · |  | modifications to the negative covenant restricting the ability to make dividends and distributions to provide if the Leverage Ratio is above 3.75 to 1.0, the Company (x) cannot repurchase any of its shares of common stock and (y) cannot increase the cash dividend above the lesser of $0.225 per share per quarter or $35 million per fiscal year;

| · |  | increase in the interest rate payable on outstanding loans for the Facilities based on the Leverage Ratio as follows:

| o |  | removal of interest rate pricing tiers if the Leverage Ratio of the Company is less than 1.50 to 1.00;

| o |  | if the Leverage Ratio of the Company is greater than 3.50 to 1.00 but less than 4.50 to 1.00, the Company will pay an additional 0.25% per annum interest rate margin on the outstanding loans under the Facilities and an additional 0.05% per annum commitment fee on the unused portion of the Revolving Facility;

| o |  | if the Leverage Ratio of the Company is greater than 4.50 to 1.00, the Company will pay an additional 0.50% per annum interest rate margin on the outstanding loans under the Facilities and an additional 0.10% per annum commitment fee on the unused portion of the Revolving Facility; and

| · |  | requirement that the Company and certain direct and indirect domestic subsidiaries of the Company grant a security interest in substantially all of the capital stock and equity interests of their respective domestic and first tier material foreign subsidiaries to secure the obligations owing under the Facilities.

Under the Credit Agreement, we have the option to increase the Revolving Facility or the Term Loan Facility in an aggregate amount of up to $300.0 million, subject to the Leverage Ratio of the Company not exceeding 4.00 to 1.00.

Our outstanding debt of $578.6 million at September 30, 2018 under the Facilities was composed of $380.0 million outstanding under the Term Loan Facility and $198.6 million outstanding under the Revolving Facility. Including outstanding letters of credit, the Company’s remaining availability under the Facilities at September 30, 2018 was approximately $166.4 million.

As of September 30, 2018, the Company had approximately $2.8 million in unamortized debt issuance costs, which are being amortized into interest expense over the term of the Facilities. Upon execution of the Amendment, subsequent to September 30, 2018, we wrote off approximately $560,000 of these unamortized debt issuance costs in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. The Company also incurred additional amendment fees of approximately $1.9 million, which will be amortized into interest expense over the remaining term of the Facilities.

We attempt to minimize interest risk exposure by fixing our rate through the utilization of interest rate swaps, which are derivative financial instruments. Our swaps are entered into with financial institutions that participate in the Facilities. By using a derivative instrument to hedge exposures to changes in interest rates, we expose ourselves to credit risk. Credit risk is due to the possible failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract.

We use interest rate swaps to hedge against the effects of potential interest rate increases on borrowings under our Facilities. As of September 30, 2018, we have the following interest rate swap agreements:

Effective Dates |  | Floating Rate Debt |  | Fixed Rates |
April 30, 2018 through April 30, 2023 |  | $ | 55 million |  | 2.33 | %
April 30, 2018 through April 30, 2023 |  | $ | 35 million |  | 2.36 | %
April 30, 2018 through April 30, 2023 |  | $ | 35 million |  | 2.34 | %
January 30, 2018 through August 30, 2022 |  | $ | 100 million |  | 1.99 | %
January 30, 2018 through August 30, 2022 |  | $ | 75 million |  | 1.99 | %
January 30, 2018 through August 30, 2022 |  | $ | 75 million |  | 2.00 | %
January 30, 2018 through August 30, 2022 |  | $ | 25 million |  | 1.99 | %

The weighted average interest rates on our debt, including the impact of the interest rate swap agreements, were 3.9% and 3.7% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. An increase in the present interest rate of 100 basis points on the line of credit balance outstanding as of September 30, 2018 would increase annual interest expense by $1.8 million.

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Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations from our operations outside of the United States, which can adversely impact our revenues, net (loss) income and cash flows. Our international operations principally consist of distribution sales to franchised Papa John’s restaurants located in the United Kingdom and Mexico and our franchise sales and support activities, which derive revenues from sales of franchise and development rights and the collection of royalties from our international franchisees. For each of the periods presented, between 6% and 8% of our revenues were derived from these operations.

We have not historically hedged our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations had an unfavorable impact of approximately $200,000 and a favorable impact of $3.7 million on our International revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and a $300,000 and $5.9 million unfavorable impact for the three months and nine months ended September 24, 2017. Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations had no significant impact on (loss) income before income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 24, 2017.

The outcome of the June 2016 referendum in the United Kingdom was a vote for the United Kingdom to cease to be a member of the European Union (known as “Brexit”). This resulted in a lower valuation, on a historical basis, of the British Pound in comparison to the US Dollar. The future impact of Brexit on our franchise operations included in the European Union could also include but may not be limited to additional currency volatility and future trade, tariff, and regulatory changes. As of September 30, 2018, 30.6% of our total international restaurants are in countries within the European Union.

Commodity Price Risk

In the ordinary course of business, the food and paper products we purchase, including cheese (our largest individual food cost item), are subject to seasonal fluctuations, weather, availability, demand and other factors that are beyond our control. We have pricing agreements with some of our vendors, including forward pricing agreements for a portion of our cheese purchases for our domestic Company-owned restaurants, which are accounted for as normal purchases; however, we still remain exposed to on-going commodity volatility.

The following table presents the actual average block price for cheese by quarter through the third quarter of 2018 and the projected average block price for cheese by quarter through 2018 (based on the October 30, 2018 Chicago Mercantile Exchange cheese futures market prices):

|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | Projected |  | Actual
|  | Block Price |  | Block Price
Quarter 1 |  | $ | 1.522 |  | $ | 1.613
Quarter 2 |  |  | 1.607 |  |  | 1.566
Quarter 3 |  |  | 1.590 |  |  | 1.642
Quarter 4 |  |  | 1.561 |  |  | 1.639
Full Year |  | $ | 1.570 | * | $ | 1.615

*The full year estimate is based on futures prices and does not include the impact of forward pricing agreements we have for a portion of our cheese purchases for our domestic Company-owned restaurants. Additionally, the price charged to restaurants can vary somewhat by quarter from the actual block price based upon our monthly pricing mechanism.

Item 4.Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, the Company has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)). Based upon this evaluation, the chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

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During the most recently completed fiscal quarter, there was no change made in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. We implemented internal controls to ensure we adequately evaluated our contracts and properly assessed the impact of the new accounting standards related to revenue recognition on our financial statements to facilitate their adoption on January 1, 2018. There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting that materially affected the Company’s internal control over financial reporting due to the adoption of the new standards.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The Company is involved in a number of lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings consisting of intellectual property, employment, consumer, commercial and other matters arising in the ordinary course of business. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification 450, “Contingencies”, the Company has made accruals with respect to these matters, where appropriate, which are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. We review these provisions at least quarterly and adjust these provisions to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular case. The legal proceedings described in “Note 9” of “Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, as supplemented by the risk factors disclosed in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended July 1, 2018.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Our Board of Directors has authorized the repurchase of up to $2.075 billion of common stock under a share repurchase program that began on December 9, 1999 and expires on February 27, 2019. Through September 30, 2018, a total of 115.2 million shares with an aggregate cost of $1.8 billion and an average price of $15.66 per share have been repurchased under this program. As of September 30, 2018, approximately $269.7 million remained available for repurchase of common stock under this authorization. In connection with the execution of our amended Credit Agreement in October 2018, the Company cannot repurchase any additional shares when our Leverage Ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, is higher than 3.75 to 1.0.

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The following table summarizes our repurchases by fiscal period during the third quarter of 2018 (in thousands, except per-share amounts):

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total Number |  | Maximum Dollar
|  |  | Total |  | Average |  | of Shares Purchased |  | Value of Shares
|  |  | Number |  | Price |  | as Part of Publicly |  | that May Yet Be
|  |  | of Shares |  | Paid per |  | Announced Plans |  | Purchased Under the
Fiscal Period |  |  | Purchased |  | Share |  | or Programs |  | Plans or Programs
7/2/2018 - 7/29/2018 |  |  | 111 |  | $ | 49.66 |  | 115,163 |  | $ | 273,801
7/30/2018 - 8/26/2018 |  |  | 96 |  | $ | 42.66 |  | 115,259 |  | $ | 269,715
8/27/2018 - 9/30/2018 |  |  | — |  | $ | — |  | 115,259 |  | $ | 269,715

The Company utilizes a written trading plan under Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act from time to time to facilitate the repurchase of shares of our common stock under this share repurchase program. The Company does not expect to repurchase any more shares in 2018 after the current trading plan expired in early August.

During the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2018, the Company acquired approximately 3,000 shares of its common stock from employees to satisfy minimum tax withholding obligations that arose upon (i) vesting of restricted stock granted pursuant to approved plans and (ii) distribution of shares of common stock issued pursuant to deferred compensation obligations.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit |  |
Number |  | Description
3.1 |  | Certificate of Designation of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock of Papa John’s International, Inc. Exhibit 3.1 to our report on Form 8-K as filed on July 23, 2018 is incorporated herein by reference.
4.1 |  | Rights Agreement dated as of July 22, 2018, by and between Papa John’s International, Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as rights agent. Exhibit 4.1 to our report on Form 8-K as filed on July 23, 2018 is incorporated herein by reference.
4.2 |  | Form of Rights Certificate. Exhibit 4.2 to our report on Form 8-K as filed on July 23, 2018 is incorporated herein by reference.
10.1 |  | Amendment No. 3 to Credit Agreement, dated October 9, 2018, by and among Papa John’s International, Inc. as borrower, the Guarantors party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the other lending institutions that are parties thereto, as Lenders.
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e), As Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e), As Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101 |  | Financial statements from the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Papa John’s International, Inc. for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, filed on November 6, 2018, formatted in XBRL: (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (v) the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | PAPA JOHN’S INTERNATIONAL, INC.
|  | (Registrant)
Date: November 6, 2018 |  | /s/ Joseph H. Smith, IV
|  | Joseph H. Smith, IV
|  | Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

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