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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549
FORM 10-Q

☒ | Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019
or

☐ | Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission File Number: 1-9819
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Virginia |  | 52-1549373
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
4991 Lake Brook Drive, | Suite 100 |  |  |
| Glen Allen, | Virginia |  | 23060-9245
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)
|  |  | (804) | 217-5800 |
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: |  |
Title of each class |  | Trading symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.01 par value |  | DX |  | New York Stock Exchange
8.50% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | DXPRA |  | New York Stock Exchange
7.625% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | DXPRB |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
On July 31, 2019, the registrant had 24,655,264 shares outstanding of common stock, $0.01 par value, which is the registrant’s only class of common stock.

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
FORM 10-Q
INDEX

|  |  | Page
PART I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
| Item 1. | Financial Statements |
|  | Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2019 (unaudited) and December 31, 2018 | 1
|  | Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 (unaudited) and June 30, 2018 (unaudited) | 2
|  | Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018 (unaudited) | 3
|  | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2019 (unaudited) and June 30, 2018 (unaudited) | 5
|  | Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements | 6
| Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 24
| Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 54
| Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 60
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION |
| Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 60
| Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 60
| Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 60
| Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 61
| Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 61
| Item 5. | Other Information | 61
| Item 6. | Exhibits | 61
SIGNATURES | 62

i

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(amounts in thousands except share data)

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
ASSETS | (unaudited) |  |
Mortgage-backed securities (including pledged of $5,132,400 and $3,511,604 respectively) | $ | 5,713,788 |  |  | $ | 3,749,464 |
Mortgage loans held for investment, net | 10,306 |  |  | 11,527 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 49,956 |  |  | 34,598 |
Restricted cash | 61,394 |  |  | 54,106 |
Derivative assets | 342 |  |  | 6,563 |
Receivable for securities sold | 1,242 |  |  | — |
Accrued interest receivable | 25,292 |  |  | 21,019 |
Other assets, net | 6,565 |  |  | 8,812 |
Total assets | $ | 5,868,885 |  |  | $ | 3,886,089 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | $ | 4,815,452 |  |  | $ | 3,267,984 |
Payable for unsettled securities | 425,897 |  |  | 58,915 |
Non-recourse collateralized financing | 3,078 |  |  | 3,458 |
Derivative liabilities | 207 |  |  | 1,218 |
Accrued interest payable | 15,907 |  |  | 10,308 |
Accrued dividends payable | 7,164 |  |  | 13,810 |
Other liabilities | 2,542 |  |  | 3,243 |
Total liabilities | 5,270,247 |  |  | 3,358,936 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $.01 per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 6,514,130 and 5,954,594 shares issued and outstanding, respectively ($162,853 and $148,865 aggregate liquidation preference, respectively) | $ | 156,071 |  |  | $ | 142,883 |
Common stock, par value $.01 per share, 90,000,000 shares authorized; 24,646,964 and 20,939,073 shares issued and outstanding, respectively | 246 |  |  | 209 |
Additional paid-in capital | 882,633 |  |  | 818,861 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 161,815 |  |  | (35,779 | )
Accumulated deficit | (602,127 | ) |  | (399,021 | )
Total shareholders’ equity | 598,638 |  |  | 527,153 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 5,868,885 |  |  | $ | 3,886,089 |

See notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.
1

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(unaudited)
(amounts in thousands except per share data)

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Interest income | $ | 43,748 |  |  | $ | 25,922 |  |  | $ | 83,706 |  |  | $ | 51,112 |
Interest expense | 30,813 |  |  | 14,175 |  |  | 57,089 |  |  | 25,770 |
Net interest income | 12,935 |  |  | 11,747 |  |  | 26,617 |  |  | 25,342 |
(Loss) gain on derivative instruments, net | (117,535 | ) |  | 20,667 |  |  | (179,233 | ) |  | 59,021 |
Loss on sale of investments, net | (10,360 | ) |  | (12,444 | ) |  | (10,360 | ) |  | (16,219 | )
Fair value adjustments, net | (16 | ) |  | 27 |  |  | (29 | ) |  | 56 |
Other operating income (expense), net | 256 |  |  | (339 | ) |  | 25 |  |  | (592 | )
General and administrative expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits | (1,747 | ) |  | (1,751 | ) |  | (3,645 | ) |  | (3,713 | )
Other general and administrative | (2,518 | ) |  | (2,255 | ) |  | (4,574 | ) |  | (3,936 | )
Net (loss) income | (118,985 | ) |  | 15,652 |  |  | (171,199 | ) |  | 59,959 |
Preferred stock dividends | (3,206 | ) |  | (2,942 | ) |  | (6,265 | ) |  | (5,882 | )
Net (loss) income to common shareholders | $ | (122,191 | ) |  | $ | 12,710 |  |  | $ | (177,464 | ) |  | $ | 54,077 |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale investments, net | $ | 100,767 |  |  | $ | (22,156 | ) |  | $ | 187,399 |  |  | $ | (71,345 | )
Reclassification adjustment for loss on sale of investments, net | 10,360 |  |  | 12,444 |  |  | 10,360 |  |  | 16,219 |
Reclassification adjustment for de-designated cash flow hedges | — |  |  | (48 | ) |  | (165 | ) |  | (96 | )
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 111,127 |  |  | (9,760 | ) |  | 197,594 |  |  | (55,222 | )
Comprehensive (loss) income to common shareholders | $ | (11,064 | ) |  | $ | 2,950 |  |  | $ | 20,130 |  |  | $ | (1,145 | )
Net (loss) income per common share-basic and diluted | $ | (4.98 | ) |  | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | (7.49 | ) |  | $ | 2.89 |
Weighted average common shares-basic and diluted | 24,541 |  |  | 18,765 |  |  | 23,681 |  |  | 18,695 |

See notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.
2

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(unaudited)
($ in thousands)

| For the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
| Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2018 | 5,954,594 |  | $ | 142,883 |  |  | 20,939,073 |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 818,861 |  |  | $ | (35,779 | ) |  | $ | (399,021 | ) |  | $ | 527,153 |
Stock issuance | 213,468 |  | 5,015 |  |  | 3,109,047 |  | 31 |  |  | 53,841 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 58,887 |
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization | — |  | — |  |  | 50,821 |  | 1 |  |  | 297 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 298 |
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation | — |  | — |  |  | (16,231 | ) | — |  |  | (296 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (296 | )
Stock issuance costs | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | (212 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (212 | )
Net loss | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (52,214 | ) |  | (52,214 | )
Dividends on preferred stock | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,059 | ) |  | (3,059 | )
Dividends on common stock | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,350 | ) |  | (12,350 | )
Other comprehensive income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 86,467 |  |  | — |  |  | 86,467 |
Balance as of March 31, 2019 | 6,168,062 |  | $ | 147,898 |  |  | 24,082,710 |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 872,491 |  |  | $ | 50,688 |  |  | $ | (466,644 | ) |  | $ | 604,674 |
Stock issuance | 346,068 |  | 8,173 |  |  | 547,071 |  | 5 |  |  | 9,874 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,052 |
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization | — |  | — |  |  | 17,183 |  | — |  |  | 296 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 296 |
Stock issuance costs | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | (28 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28 | )
Net loss | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (118,985 | ) |  | (118,985 | )
Dividends on preferred stock | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,206 | ) |  | (3,206 | )
Dividends on common stock | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13,292 | ) |  | (13,292 | )
Other comprehensive income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 111,127 |  |  | — |  |  | 111,127 |
Balance as of June 30, 2019 | 6,514,130 |  | $ | 156,071 |  |  | 24,646,964 |  | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | 882,633 |  |  | $ | 161,815 |  |  | $ | (602,127 | ) |  | $ | 598,638 |
| For the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
| Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2017 | 5,888,680 |  | $ | 141,294 |  |  | 18,610,516 |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 776,245 |  |  | $ | (8,697 | ) |  | $ | (351,970 | ) |  | $ | 557,058 |
Stock issuance | 20,319 |  | 494 |  |  | 15,133 |  | — |  |  | 294 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 788 |
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization | — |  | — |  |  | 58,745 |  | 1 |  |  | 334 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 335 |
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation | — |  | — |  |  | (19,045 | ) | — |  |  | (364 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (364 | )
Stock issuance costs | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | (19 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19 | )
Net income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44,307 |  |  | 44,307 |
Dividends on preferred stock | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,940 | ) |  | (2,940 | )
Dividends on common stock | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,079 | ) |  | (10,079 | )
Other comprehensive loss | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (45,462 | ) |  | — |  |  | (45,462 | )

3

Balance as of March 31, 2018 | 5,908,999 |  | $ | 141,788 |  |  | 18,665,349 |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 776,490 |  |  | $ | (54,159 | ) |  | $ | (320,682 | ) |  | $ | 543,624 |
Stock issuance | — |  | — |  |  | 291,076 |  | 3 |  |  | 5,617 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,620 |
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization | — |  | — |  |  | 12,308 |  | — |  |  | 294 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 294 |
Stock issuance costs | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | (11 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11 | )
Net income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,652 |  |  | 15,652 |
Dividends on preferred stock | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,942 | ) |  | (2,942 | )
Dividends on common stock | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,243 | ) |  | (10,243 | )
Other comprehensive loss | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,760 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9,760 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2018 | 5,908,999 |  | $ | 141,788 |  |  | 18,968,733 |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 782,390 |  |  | $ | (63,919 | ) |  | $ | (318,215 | ) |  | $ | 542,234 |

See notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.
4

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(unaudited)
($ in thousands)

| Six Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Operating activities: |  |  |
Net (loss) income | $ | (171,199 | ) |  | $ | 59,959 |
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
(Increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable | (4,273 | ) |  | 493 |
Increase in accrued interest payable | 5,599 |  |  | 1,735 |
Loss (gain) on derivative instruments, net | 179,233 |  |  | (59,021 | )
Loss on sale of investments, net | 10,360 |  |  | 16,219 |
Fair value adjustments, net | 29 |  |  | (56 | )
Amortization of investment premiums, net | 63,239 |  |  | 74,136 |
Other amortization and depreciation, net | 707 |  |  | 625 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 593 |  |  | 629 |
Change in other assets and liabilities, net | 642 |  |  | (1,744 | )
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by operating activities | 84,930 |  |  | 92,975 |
Investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of investments | (2,100,712 | ) |  | (567,704 | )
Principal payments received on investments | 195,061 |  |  | 95,452 |
Proceeds from sales of investments | 432,552 |  |  | 525,973 |
Principal payments received on mortgage loans held for investment, net | 1,199 |  |  | 2,101 |
Net (payments) receipts on derivatives, including terminations | (174,023 | ) |  | 54,050 |
Other investing activities | (1,348 | ) |  | (68 | )
Net cash and cash equivalents (used in) provided by investing activities | (1,647,271 | ) |  | 109,804 |
Financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings under repurchase agreements | 60,627,601 |  |  | 54,577,482 |
Repayments of repurchase agreement borrowings | (59,080,133 | ) |  | (54,628,400 | )
Principal payments on non-recourse collateralized financing | (386 | ) |  | (1,144 | )
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock | 13,188 |  |  | 494 |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock | 63,751 |  |  | 5,914 |
Cash paid for stock issuance costs | (185 | ) |  | — |
Payments related to tax withholding for stock-based compensation | (296 | ) |  | (364 | )
Dividends paid | (38,553 | ) |  | (26,003 | )
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by (used in) financing activities | 1,584,987 |  |  | (72,021 | )
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 22,646 |  |  | 130,758 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period | 88,704 |  |  | 87,200 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 111,350 |  |  | $ | 217,958 |
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Activity: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 51,650 |  |  | $ | 24,114 |

See notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.
5

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)
NOTE 1 – ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Organization
Dynex Capital, Inc. (“Company”) was incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia on December 18, 1987 and commenced operations in February 1988. The Company primarily earns income from investing on a leveraged basis in debt securities, the majority of which are specified pools of Agency and non-Agency mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) consisting of residential MBS (“RMBS”), commercial MBS (“CMBS”) and CMBS interest-only (“IO”) securities that are issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government sponsored agencies (“Agency MBS”) and MBS issued by others (“non-Agency MBS”). The Company also invests in other types of mortgage-related securities, such as to-be-announced securities (“TBAs” or “TBA securities”).
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of Dynex Capital, Inc. and its subsidiaries (together, “Dynex” or, as appropriate, the “Company”) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10, Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all significant adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements have been included. Operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim periods or for the entire year ending December 31, 2019. The unaudited consolidated financial statements included herein should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “2018 Form 10-K”) filed with the SEC.
All references to common shares, per common share amounts, and restricted stock have been adjusted to reflect the effect of the Company’s 1-for-3 reverse stock split effected on June 20, 2019 for all periods presented. Please refer to Note 6 for additional information.
Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the accounts of its majority owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIE”) for which it is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The Company consolidates a VIE if the Company is determined to be the VIE’s primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party that has both: (i) the power to control the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s financial performance and (ii) the right to receive benefits or absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company reconsiders its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE on an ongoing basis, based on changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE.
The Company consolidates a securitization trust, which has residential mortgage loans included in “mortgage loans held for investment, net” on its consolidated balance sheet, of which a portion is pledged as collateral for one remaining bond recorded as “non-recourse collateralized financing” on its consolidated balance sheet. The Company owns the subordinate class in the trust and has been deemed the primary beneficiary.
Though the Company invests in Agency and non-Agency MBS which are generally considered to be interests in VIEs, the Company does not consolidate these entities because it does not meet the criteria necessary to be deemed a primary beneficiary. Please refer to Note 2 for financial information regarding the Company’s investments in these debt securities.
6

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant estimates used by management include, but are not limited to, amortization of premiums and discounts, fair value measurements of its investments, and other-than-temporary impairments. These items are discussed further below within this note to the consolidated financial statements.
Income Taxes
The Company has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and the corresponding provisions of state law. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet certain tests including investing in primarily real estate-related assets and the required distribution of at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income to stockholders after consideration of its net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward and not including taxable income retained in its taxable subsidiaries. As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the amount of its income or capital gains that is distributed as dividends to shareholders.
The Company assesses its tax positions for all open tax years and determines whether the Company has any material unrecognized liabilities in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 740. The Company records these liabilities, if any, to the extent they are deemed more likely than not to have been incurred.
Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share
The Company calculates basic net income per common share by dividing net income to common shareholders for the period by weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for that period. The Company did not have any potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 or June 30, 2018.
Holders of unvested shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding restricted common stock are eligible to receive non-forfeitable dividends. As such, these unvested shares are considered participating securities as per ASC Topic 260-10 and therefore are included in the computation of basic net income per common share using the two-class method. Upon vesting, restrictions on transfer expire on each share of restricted stock, and each such share of restricted stock represents one unrestricted share of common stock.
Because the Company’s 8.50% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) and 7.625% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) are redeemable at the Company’s option for cash only and may convert into shares of common stock only upon a change of control of the Company, the effect of those shares and their related dividends is excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per common share.
On June 20, 2019, the Company effected a 1-for-3 reverse stock split of its common stock whereby every three common shares issued and outstanding as of the close of market on that date were converted into one common share. The Company’s weighted average common shares outstanding and net income (loss) per common share amounts presented on its consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) have been restated to reflect the effect of the reverse stock split for all periods presented. Please refer to Note 6 for additional information about the Company’s reverse stock split.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash consists of cash the Company has pledged to cover initial and variation margin with its financing and derivative counterparties.
7

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2019 that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2019:

|  | June 30, 2019
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 49,956 |
Restricted cash |  | 61,394 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown on consolidated statement of cash flows |  | $ | 111,350 |

Investments in Debt Securities
The Company’s investments in debt securities are designated as available-for-sale (“AFS”) and are recorded at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Changes in unrealized gain (loss) on the Company’s debt securities are reported in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) until the investment is sold, matures, or is determined to be other than temporarily impaired. Although the Company generally intends to hold its AFS securities until maturity, it may sell any of these securities as part of the overall management of its business. Upon the sale of an AFS security, any unrealized gain or loss is reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) into net income as a realized “gain (loss) on sale of investments, net” using the specific identification method.
The fair value of the Company’s debt securities pledged as collateral against repurchase agreements is disclosed parenthetically on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Interest Income, Premium Amortization, and Discount Accretion. Interest income on debt securities is accrued based on the outstanding principal balance (or notional balance in the case of interest-only, or “IO”, securities) and their contractual terms. Premiums or discounts associated with the purchase of Agency MBS as well as any non-Agency MBS rated ‘AA’ and higher are amortized or accreted into interest income over the projected life of such securities using the effective yield method, and adjustments to premium amortization and discount accretion are made for actual cash payments. The Company may also adjust premium amortization and discount accretion for changes in projected future cash payments. The Company’s projections of future cash payments are based on input and analysis received from external sources and internal models and include assumptions about the amount and timing of loan prepayment rates, fluctuations in interest rates, credit losses, and other factors. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company reviews and makes any necessary adjustments to its cash flow projections and updates the yield recognized on these assets. The Company does not estimate future prepayments on its fixed-rate Agency RMBS.
The Company holds certain non-Agency MBS that had credit ratings of less than ‘AA’ at the time of purchase or were not rated by any of the nationally recognized credit rating agencies. A portion of these non-Agency MBS were purchased at discounts to their par value, which management does not believe to be substantial. The discount is accreted into income over the security’s expected life based on management’s estimate of the security’s projected cash flows. Future changes in the timing of projected cash flows or differences arising between projected cash flows and actual cash flows received may result in a prospective change in the effective yield on those securities.
Determination of MBS Fair Value. The Company estimates the fair value of the majority of its MBS based upon prices obtained from third-party pricing services and broker quotes. The remainder of the Company’s MBS are valued by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models that utilize information such as the security’s coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, estimated future interest rates, expected losses, and credit enhancements as well as certain other relevant information. Refer to Note 5 for further discussion of MBS fair value measurements.
Other-than-Temporary Impairment. An MBS is considered impaired when its fair value is less than its amortized cost. The Company evaluates all of its impaired MBS for other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”) on at least a quarterly basis. An impairment is considered other-than-temporary if: (1) the Company intends to sell the MBS; (2) it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the MBS before its fair value recovers; or (3) the Company does not expect to recover the full amortized cost basis of the MBS. If either of the first two conditions is met, the entire amount of the impairment is
8

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)
recognized in earnings. If the impairment is solely due to the inability to fully recover the amortized cost basis, the security is further analyzed to quantify any credit loss, which is the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected on the MBS and its amortized cost. The credit loss, if any, is then recognized in earnings, while the balance of impairment related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income.
Following the recognition of an OTTI through earnings, a new cost basis is established for the security. Any subsequent recoveries in fair value may be accreted back into the amortized cost basis of the MBS on a prospective basis through interest income. Please see Note 2 for additional information related to the Company’s evaluation for OTTI.
Repurchase Agreements
The Company’s repurchase agreements, which are used to finance its purchases of debt securities, are accounted for as secured borrowings under which the Company pledges its securities as collateral to secure a loan, which is equal in value to a specified percentage of the estimated fair value of the pledged collateral. The Company retains beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral. At the maturity of a repurchase agreement, the Company is required to repay the loan and concurrently receives back its pledged collateral from the lender or, with the consent of the lender, the Company may renew the agreement at the then prevailing financing rate. A repurchase agreement lender may require the Company to pledge additional collateral in the event of a decline in the fair value of the collateral pledged. Repurchase agreement financing is recourse to the Company and the assets pledged. Most of the Company’s repurchase agreements are based on the September 1996 version of the Bond Market Association Master Repurchase Agreement, which generally provides that the lender, as buyer, is responsible for obtaining collateral valuations from a generally recognized source agreed to by both the Company and the lender, or, in an instance when such source is not available, the value determination is made by the lender.
Derivative Instruments
The Company’s derivative instruments generally include interest rate swaps, futures, and forward contracts for the purchase or sale of non-specified Agency RMBS, commonly referred to as “TBA securities” or “TBA contracts”. Derivative instruments are accounted for at the fair value of their unit of account. Derivative instruments in a gain position are reported as derivative assets and derivative instruments in a loss position are reported as derivative liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. All periodic interest benefits/costs and changes in fair value of derivative instruments, including gains and losses realized upon termination, maturity, or settlement are recorded in “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” on the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income. Cash receipts and payments related to derivative instruments are classified in the investing activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows in accordance with the underlying nature or purpose of the derivative transactions.
The Company’s interest rate swap agreements are privately negotiated in the over-the-counter (“OTC”) market. As of June 30, 2019, all of these agreements are centrally cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”). The Company’s CME cleared swaps require that the Company post initial margin as determined by the CME, and in addition, variation margin is exchanged, typically in cash, for changes in the fair value of the CME cleared swaps. The exchange of variation margin for CME cleared swaps is legally considered to be the settlement of the derivative itself as opposed to a pledge of collateral. Accordingly, the Company accounts for the daily exchange of variation margin associated with its CME cleared interest rate swaps as a direct increase or decrease to the carrying value of the related derivative asset or liability. The carrying value of derivative instruments on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 is the unsettled fair value of the instruments subject to bilateral agreements and not centrally cleared through the CME as of that date.
A TBA security is a forward contract (“TBA contract”) for the purchase (“long position”) or sale (“short position”) of a non-specified Agency MBS at a predetermined price with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of collateral, but the particular Agency securities to be delivered are not identified until shortly before the settlement date. The Company accounts for long and short positions in TBAs as derivative instruments because the Company cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS, or the individual TBA transaction will not settle in the shortest time period possible.
Please refer to Note 4 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments as well as Note 5 for information on how the fair value of these instruments are calculated.
9

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)
Share-Based Compensation
Pursuant to the Company’s 2018 Stock and Incentive Plan (“2018 Plan”), the Company may grant share-based compensation to eligible employees, non-employee directors or consultants or advisors to the Company, including restricted stock awards, stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance units, restricted stock units, and performance cash awards. The Company’s restricted stock currently issued and outstanding may be settled only in shares of its common stock, and therefore are treated as equity awards with their fair value measured at the grant date and recognized as compensation cost over the requisite service period with a corresponding credit to shareholders’ equity. The requisite service period is the period during which a participant is required to provide service in exchange for an award, which is equivalent to the vesting period specified in the terms of the time-based restricted stock award. None of the Company’s restricted stock awards have performance-based conditions. The Company does not currently have any share-based compensation issued or outstanding other than restricted stock issued to its employees, officers, and directors.
Contingencies
In the normal course of business, there may be various lawsuits, claims, and other contingencies pending against the Company. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates whether to establish provisions for estimated losses from those matters. The Company recognizes a liability for a contingent loss when: (a) the underlying causal event has occurred prior to the balance sheet date; (b) it is probable that a loss has been incurred; and (c) there is a reasonable basis for estimating that loss. A liability is not recognized for a contingent loss when it is only possible or remotely possible that a loss has been incurred, however, possible contingent losses shall be disclosed. If the contingent loss (or an additional loss in excess of any accrual) is at least a reasonable possibility and material, then the Company discloses a reasonable estimate of the possible loss or range of loss, if such reasonable estimate can be made. If the Company cannot make a reasonable estimate of the possible material loss, or range of loss, then that fact is disclosed.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, which replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. For assets measured at amortized cost, the amendments in this ASU eliminate the probable initial recognition threshold in current GAAP and broaden the information that an entity must consider in developing its expected credit loss estimate to include the use of forecasted information. For assets classified as available-for-sale with changes in fair value recorded in other comprehensive income, measurement of credit losses will be similar to current GAAP. However, the amendments in this ASU require that credit losses be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down, which is referred to in current GAAP as an other-than-temporary impairment. An entity will be able to record reversals of credit losses, if credit loss estimates decline, in net income for the current period. The amendments in this ASU will not permit an entity to use the length of time a debt security has been in an unrealized loss position to avoid recording a credit loss and removes the requirements to consider historical and implied volatility of the fair value of a security as well as recoveries or declines in fair value after the balance sheet date. The amendments in this ASU will affect an entity by varying degrees depending on a number of factors, including but not limited to, the credit quality of the assets held by the entity, their duration, and how the entity applies current GAAP. These amendments will become effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity will apply the amendments in this ASU through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. Though the Company has not fully completed evaluating the impact this ASU will have on its financial condition and results of operations, the Company does not expect it will have a material impact given that the majority of its investments are Agency MBS.
In May 2019, FASB issued ASU No. 2019-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) Targeted Transition Relief, which provides entities that have certain instruments within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses— Measured at Amortized Cost, with an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option in Subtopic 825-10, Financial Instruments—Overall, applied on an instrument-by-instrument basis for eligible instruments except for held-to-maturity debt securities, upon adoption of Topic 326. An entity that elects the fair value option should subsequently apply the guidance in Subtopics 820-10, Fair Value Measurement—Overall, and 825-10. For entities that have not yet adopted the amendments in
10

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)
ASU NO. 2016-13, the effective date and transition methodology for the amendments in ASU No. 2019-05 are the same as in ASU 2016-13. For entities that have adopted the amendments in ASU No. 2016-13, the amendments in ASU No. 2019-05 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted in any interim period as long as an entity has adopted the amendments in ASU No. 2016-13. The amendments in ASU No. 2019-05 should be applied on a modified-retrospective basis by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings balance in the statement of financial position as of the date that an entity adopts the amendments in ASU No. 2016-13. The Company has mortgage loans held for investment which are measured at amortized cost which are eligible for the option to irrevocably elect the fair value option. Though the Company is evaluating its options, it does not expect adoption of ASU No. 2019-05 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
NOTE 2 – INVESTMENTS IN DEBT SECURITIES
The majority of the Company’s debt securities are pledged as collateral for the Company’s repurchase agreements. The following tables present the Company’s debt securities by investment type (including securities pending settlement) as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2019
| Par |  | Net Premium (Discount) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gain |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | WAC (1)
RMBS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency | $ | 3,095,408 |  |  | $ | 82,035 |  |  | $ | 3,177,443 |  |  | $ | 58,044 |  |  | $ | (2,184 | ) |  | $ | 3,233,303 |  |  | 3.97 | %
Non-Agency | 744 |  |  | — |  |  | 744 |  |  | 32 |  |  | (19 | ) |  | 757 |  |  | 6.75 | %
| 3,096,152 |  |  | 82,035 |  |  | 3,178,187 |  |  | 58,076 |  |  | (2,203 | ) |  | 3,234,060 |  |  |
CMBS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency | 1,875,117 |  |  | 15,793 |  |  | 1,890,910 |  |  | 91,994 |  |  | (269 | ) |  | 1,982,635 |  |  | 2.84 | %
Non-Agency | 1,422 |  |  | (977 | ) |  | 445 |  |  | 692 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,137 |  |  | 5.50 | %
| 1,876,539 |  |  | 14,816 |  |  | 1,891,355 |  |  | 92,686 |  |  | (269 | ) |  | 1,983,772 |  |  |
CMBS IO (2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency | — |  |  | 267,703 |  |  | 267,703 |  |  | 8,332 |  |  | (108 | ) |  | 275,927 |  |  | 0.66 | %
Non-Agency | — |  |  | 214,728 |  |  | 214,728 |  |  | 5,472 |  |  | (171 | ) |  | 220,029 |  |  | 0.63 | %
| — |  |  | 482,431 |  |  | 482,431 |  |  | 13,804 |  |  | (279 | ) |  | 495,956 |  |  |
Total AFS securities: | $ | 4,972,691 |  |  | $ | 579,282 |  |  | $ | 5,551,973 |  |  | $ | 164,566 |  |  | $ | (2,751 | ) |  | $ | 5,713,788 |  |  |

(1) | The weighted average coupon (“WAC”) is the gross interest rate of the security weighted by the outstanding principal balance (or by notional balance in the case of an IO security).

(2) | The notional balance for Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO was $12,861,382 and $10,014,205 respectively, as of June 30, 2019.

11

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)

| December 31, 2018
| Par |  | Net Premium (Discount) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gain |  | Gross Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | WAC (1)
RMBS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency | $ | 2,118,639 |  |  | $ | 56,744 |  |  | $ | 2,175,383 |  |  | $ | 8,902 |  |  | $ | (26,264 | ) |  | $ | 2,158,021 |  |  | 3.95 | %
Non-Agency | 856 |  |  | — |  |  | 856 |  |  | 24 |  |  | (22 | ) |  | 858 |  |  | 6.75 | %
| 2,119,495 |  |  | 56,744 |  |  | 2,176,239 |  |  | 8,926 |  |  | (26,286 | ) |  | 2,158,879 |  |  |
CMBS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency | 1,071,906 |  |  | 8,518 |  |  | 1,080,424 |  |  | 6,141 |  |  | (29,550 | ) |  | 1,057,015 |  |  | 3.22 | %
Non-Agency | 3,040 |  |  | (2,037 | ) |  | 1,003 |  |  | 413 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,416 |  |  | 6.47 | %
| 1,074,946 |  |  | 6,481 |  |  | 1,081,427 |  |  | 6,554 |  |  | (29,550 | ) |  | 1,058,431 |  |  |
CMBS IO (2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency | — |  |  | 287,062 |  |  | 287,062 |  |  | 4,281 |  |  | (239 | ) |  | 291,104 |  |  | 0.55 | %
Non-Agency | — |  |  | 240,681 |  |  | 240,681 |  |  | 1,675 |  |  | (1,306 | ) |  | 241,050 |  |  | 0.57 | %
| — |  |  | 527,743 |  |  | 527,743 |  |  | 5,956 |  |  | (1,545 | ) |  | 532,154 |  |  |
Total AFS securities: | $ | 3,194,441 |  |  | $ | 590,968 |  |  | $ | 3,785,409 |  |  | $ | 21,436 |  |  | $ | (57,381 | ) |  | $ | 3,749,464 |  |  |  |

(1) | The WAC is the gross interest rate of the security weighted by the outstanding principal balance (or by notional balance in the case of an IO security).

(2) | The notional balance for the Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO was $13,048,666 and $10,275,494, respectively, as of December 31, 2018.

Actual maturities of MBS are affected by the contractual lives of the underlying mortgage collateral, periodic payments of principal, prepayments of principal, and the payment priority structure of the security; therefore, actual maturities are generally shorter than the securities' stated contractual maturities. The following table categorizes the Company’s debt securities according to their stated maturity as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Less than 1 year | $ | 152,858 |  |  | $ | 157,963 |  |  | $ | 39,868 |  |  | $ | 39,808 |
>1 and <5 years | 285,275 |  |  | 289,174 |  |  | 151,041 |  |  | 152,917 |
>5 and <10 years | 879,723 |  |  | 914,413 |  |  | 828,543 |  |  | 806,015 |
> 10 years | 4,234,117 |  |  | 4,352,238 |  |  | 2,765,957 |  |  | 2,750,724 |
| $ | 5,551,973 |  |  | $ | 5,713,788 |  |  | $ | 3,785,409 |  |  | $ | 3,749,464 |

The following table presents information regarding the sales that generated the “loss on sale of investments, net” on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the periods indicated:
12

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| Proceeds Received |  | Realized Gain (Loss) |  | Proceeds Received |  | Realized Gain (Loss) |  | Proceeds Received |  | Realized Gain (Loss) |  | Proceeds Received |  | Realized Gain (Loss)
Agency RMBS | $ | 205,493 |  |  | $ | (3,953 | ) |  | $ | 217,837 |  |  | $ | (7,785 | ) |  | $ | 205,493 |  |  | $ | (3,953 | ) |  | $ | 217,837 |  |  | $ | (7,785 | )
Agency CMBS | 213,198 |  |  | (6,493 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 213,198 |  |  | (6,493 | ) |  | 108,758 |  |  | (2,052 | )
Agency CMBS IO | 13,861 |  |  | 86 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,861 |  |  | 86 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-Agency CMBS IO | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,695 |  |  | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,695 |  |  | 51 |
U.S. Treasuries | — |  |  | — |  |  | 144,461 |  |  | (4,710 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 190,960 |  |  | (6,433 | )
| $ | 432,552 |  |  | $ | (10,360 | ) |  | $ | 370,993 |  |  | $ | (12,444 | ) |  | $ | 432,552 |  |  | $ | (10,360 | ) |  | $ | 526,250 |  |  | $ | (16,219 | )

The following table presents certain information for the AFS securities in an unrealized loss position as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | # of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | # of Securities
Continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency MBS | $ | 148,736 |  |  | $ | (378 | ) |  | 14 |  | $ | 581,440 |  |  | $ | (1,793 | ) |  | 28
Non-Agency MBS | 14,490 |  |  | (140 | ) |  | 4 |  | 70,876 |  |  | (581 | ) |  | 22
Continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency MBS | $ | 294,704 |  |  | $ | (2,184 | ) |  | 9 |  | $ | 1,543,892 |  |  | $ | (54,260 | ) |  | 88
Non-Agency MBS | 7,117 |  |  | (51 | ) |  | 8 |  | 46,154 |  |  | (747 | ) |  | 19

Because the principal related to Agency MBS is guaranteed by the government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac which have AAA ratings due to the Treasury’s commitment of capital under the Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company does not consider any of the unrealized losses on its Agency MBS to be credit related. Although the unrealized losses are not credit related, the Company assesses its ability and intent to hold any Agency MBS with an unrealized loss until the recovery in its value in accordance with GAAP. This assessment is based on the amount of the unrealized loss and significance of the related investment as well as the Company’s leverage and liquidity position. Based on this analysis, the Company has determined that the unrealized losses on its Agency MBS as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were temporary.
The Company reviews any non-Agency MBS in an unrealized loss position to evaluate whether any decline in fair value represents an OTTI. The evaluation includes a review of the credit ratings of the non-Agency MBS, the credit characteristics of the mortgage loans collateralizing these securities, and the estimated future cash flows including projected collateral losses. The Company also assesses its ability and intent to hold any non-Agency MBS with an unrealized loss until the recovery in its value in accordance with GAAP. The Company performed this evaluation for its non-Agency MBS in an unrealized loss position and has determined that there have not been any adverse changes in the timing or amount of estimated future cash flows that necessitate a recognition of OTTI amounts as of June 30, 2019 or December 31, 2018.
13

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)
NOTE 3 – REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS
The Company’s repurchase agreements outstanding as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are summarized in the following tables:

|  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Collateral Type |  | Balance |  | Weighted Average Rate |  | Fair Value of Collateral Pledged |  | Balance |  | Weighted Average Rate |  | Fair Value of Collateral Pledged
Agency RMBS |  | $ | 2,938,383 |  |  | 2.65 | % |  | $ | 3,073,151 |  |  | $ | 1,887,878 |  |  | 2.66 | % |  | $ | 1,998,922 |
Agency CMBS |  | 1,448,977 |  |  | 2.66 | % |  | 1,569,019 |  |  | 919,833 |  |  | 2.51 | % |  | 986,861 |
Agency CMBS IO |  | 241,552 |  |  | 2.97 | % |  | 270,668 |  |  | 253,258 |  |  | 2.96 | % |  | 285,247 |
Non-Agency CMBS IO |  | 186,540 |  |  | 3.30 | % |  | 219,562 |  |  | 207,015 |  |  | 3.38 | % |  | 240,574 |
Total repurchase agreements |  | $ | 4,815,452 |  |  | 2.69 | % |  | $ | 5,132,400 |  |  | $ | 3,267,984 |  |  | 2.69 | % |  | $ | 3,511,604 |

The Company also had $425,897 and $58,915 payable to counterparties as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, which consisted of securities pending settlement as of those respective dates.
The following table provides information on the remaining term to maturity and original term to maturity for the Company’s repurchase agreements as of the dates indicated:

|  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Remaining Term to Maturity |  | Balance |  | WAVG Original Term to Maturity |  | Balance |  | WAVG Original Term to Maturity
Less than 30 days |  | $ | 4,175,623 |  |  | 56 |  |  | $ | 2,319,911 |  |  | 56 |
30 to 90 days |  | 537,763 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 948,073 |  |  | 89 |
91 to 180 days |  | 102,066 |  |  | 183 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 4,815,452 |  |  | 62 |  |  | $ | 3,267,984 |  |  | 66 |

As of June 30, 2019, the counterparty with whom the Company had the most equity at risk was Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. and its affiliates. The Company had $430,319 outstanding and $48,019 of its equity at risk as of that date at a combined weighted average borrowing rate of 2.92%, of which $188,490 of the amount outstanding was under the Company’s committed repurchase facility with Wells Fargo. During the three months ended June 30, 2019, this facility was amended to, among other things, extend its maturity date to June 11, 2021 and reduce the aggregate maximum borrowing capacity to $250,000. The weighted average borrowing rate for this facility was 3.27% as of June 30, 2019.
As of June 30, 2019, the Company had repurchase agreement amounts outstanding with 20 of its 36 available repurchase agreement counterparties. The Company’s counterparties, as set forth in the master repurchase agreement with the counterparty, require the Company to comply with various customary operating and financial covenants, including, but not limited to, minimum net worth and earnings, maximum declines in net worth in a given period, and maximum leverage requirements as well as maintaining the Company’s REIT status. In addition, some of the agreements contain cross default features, whereby default under an agreement with one lender simultaneously causes default under agreements with other lenders. To the extent that the Company fails to comply with the covenants contained in these financing agreements or is otherwise found to be in default under the terms of such agreements, the counterparty has the right to accelerate amounts due under the master repurchase agreement. The Company was in full compliance with all covenants in master repurchase agreements under which there were amounts outstanding as of June 30, 2019.
The Company's repurchase agreements are subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements, which provide for the right of offset in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the
14

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)
transactions. The Company reports its repurchase agreements to these arrangements on a gross basis. The following tables present information regarding the Company's repurchase agreements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

| Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities |  | Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet |  | Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet |  | Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1) |  | Net Amount
Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral |  | Cash Posted as Collateral
June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | $ | 4,815,452 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,815,452 |  |  | $ | (4,815,452 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | $ | 3,267,984 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,267,984 |  |  | $ | (3,267,984 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

(1) | Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of debt securities up to and not exceeding the net amount of the repurchase agreement liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented.

Please see Note 4 for information related to the Company’s derivatives which are also subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements.
NOTE 4 – DERIVATIVES
The Company is a party to certain types of financial instruments that are accounted for as derivative instruments. Please refer to Note 1 for information related to the Company’s accounting policy for its derivative instruments.
Types and Uses of Derivatives Instruments
Interest Rate Derivatives. Changing interest rates impact the fair value of the Company’s investments as well as the interest rates on the Company’s repurchase agreement borrowings used to finance its investments. The Company primarily uses interest rate swaps as economic hedges to mitigate declines in book value and to protect some portion of the Company's earnings from rising interest rates. The Company may also periodically utilizes other types of interest rate derivatives, such as interest rate swaptions and Eurodollar and U.S. Treasury futures as economic hedges.
TBA Transactions. The Company also holds long positions in TBA securities by executing a series of transactions which effectively delay the settlement of a forward purchase of a non-specified Agency RMBS by entering into an offsetting TBA short position, net settling the paired-off positions in cash, and simultaneously entering into an identical TBA long position with a later settlement date. These long positions in TBA securities (“dollar roll positions”) are viewed by management as economically equivalent to investing in and financing non-specified fixed-rate Agency RMBS. TBA securities purchased for a forward settlement month are generally priced at a discount relative to TBA securities sold for settlement in the current month. This discount, often referred to as “drop income” represents the economic equivalent of net interest income (interest income less implied financing cost) on the underlying Agency security from trade date to settlement date.
Periodically, the Company may also hold short positions in TBA securities for the purpose of economically hedging a portion of the impact of changing interest rates on the fair value of the Company’s fixed-rate Agency RMBS. The Company did not hold any short positions in TBA securities as of June 30, 2019 or December 31, 2018.
The table below summarizes information about the fair value by type of derivative instrument on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of the dates indicated:
15

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)

Type of Derivative Instrument |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Purpose |  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Interest rate swaps (1) |  | Derivative assets |  | Economic hedging |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 324 |
TBA securities |  | Derivative assets |  | Trading |  | 342 |  |  | 6,239 |
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 342 |  |  | $ | 6,563 |
Eurodollar futures |  | Derivative liabilities |  | Economic hedging |  | $ | (102 | ) |  | $ | — |
TBA securities |  | Derivative liabilities |  | Trading |  | (105 | ) |  | — |
U.S. Treasury futures |  | Derivative liabilities |  | Economic hedging |  | — |  |  | (1,218 | )
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | (207 | ) |  | $ | (1,218 | )

(1) | Amounts shown as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are net of $(50,907) paid and $8,424 received, respectively, in variation margin which is recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets within “restricted cash”. As of June 30, 2019, all of the Company’s interest rate swap agreements are centrally cleared through the CME. Please refer to Note 1 for information regarding the exchange of variation margin being legally considered as settlement of the derivative as opposed to a pledge of collateral. The amount shown as of December 31, 2018 is the unsettled fair value of the instruments subject to bilateral agreements and not centrally cleared through the CME as of that date.

The table below provides detail of the Company’s “(loss) gain on derivative instruments, net” by type of derivative for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
|  | June 30, |  | June 30,
Type of Derivative Instrument |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | (124,213 | ) |  | 20,571 |  |  | $ | (195,978 | ) |  | 68,814 |
Eurodollar futures |  | (102 | ) |  | 170 |  |  | (102 | ) |  | 2,075 |
U.S. Treasury futures |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (109 | ) |  | — |
Options on U.S. Treasury futures |  | — |  |  | 891 |  |  | — |  |  | 891 |
TBA dollar roll positions |  | 6,780 |  |  | (965 | ) |  | 16,956 |  |  | (13,052 | )
TBA economic hedges |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 293 |
(Loss) gain on derivative instruments, net |  | $ | (117,535 | ) |  | $ | 20,667 |  |  | $ | (179,233 | ) |  | $ | 59,021 |

16

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)
Interest Rate Swaps
The following tables present information about the Company’s interest rate swaps as of the dates indicated:

|  | June 30, 2019
|  |  |  | Weighted-Average:
Years to Maturity: |  | Notional Amount (1) |  | Pay Rate (2) |  | Life Remaining (in Years)
< 3 years |  | $ | 1,150,000 |  |  | 1.76 | % |  | 1.3
>3 and < 6 years |  | 910,000 |  |  | 2.15 | % |  | 3.5
>6 and < 10 years |  | 1,320,000 |  |  | 2.14 | % |  | 9.5
>10 years |  | 120,000 |  |  | 2.84 | % |  | 28.2
Total |  | $ | 3,500,000 |  |  | 2.04 | % |  | 5.9
|  | December 31, 2018
|  |  |  | Weighted-Average:
Years to Maturity: |  | Notional Amount (1) |  | Pay Rate (2) |  | Life Remaining (in Years)
< 3 years |  | $ | 1,560,000 |  |  | 1.96 | % |  | 1.4
>3 and < 6 years |  | 1,230,000 |  |  | 2.23 | % |  | 4.4
>6 and < 10 years |  | 1,505,000 |  |  | 2.80 | % |  | 8.3
>10 years |  | 220,000 |  |  | 2.81 | % |  | 21.9
Total |  | $ | 4,515,000 |  |  | 2.35 | % |  | 5.5

(1) | The notional amounts include $0 and $775,000 of forward starting pay-fixed interest rate swaps as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

(2) | Excluding forward starting pay-fixed interest rate swaps, the weighted average pay rate was 2.04% and 2.29% as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

TBA Securities
The following table summarizes information about the Company's TBA securities as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Implied market value (1) | $ | 374,688 |  |  | $ | 888,469 |
Implied cost basis (2) | 374,451 |  |  | 882,230 |
Net carrying value (3) | $ | 237 |  |  | $ | 6,239 |

(1) | Implied market value represents the estimated fair value of the underlying Agency MBS as if settled as of the date indicated.

(2) | Implied cost basis represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS as if settled as of the date indicated.

(3) | Net carrying value is the amount included on the consolidated balance sheets within “derivative assets (liabilities)” and represents the difference between the implied market value and the implied cost basis of the TBA security as of the date indicated.

17

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)
Volume of Activity
The tables below summarize changes in the Company’s derivative instruments for the periods indicated:

Type of Derivative Instrument |  | Notional Amount as of December 31, 2018 |  | Additions |  | Settlements, Terminations, or Pair-Offs |  | Notional Amount as of June 30, 2019
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | 4,515,000 |  |  | $ | 2,955,000 |  |  | $ | (3,970,000 | ) |  | $ | 3,500,000 |
Eurodollar futures |  | — |  |  | 3,000,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,000,000 |
TBA dollar roll positions |  | 860,000 |  |  | 4,830,000 |  |  | (5,320,000 | ) |  | 370,000 |
U.S. Treasury futures |  | 50,000 |  |  | — |  |  | (50,000 | ) |  | — |

Offsetting
The Company's derivatives are subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements, which provide for the right of offset in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. The Company reports its derivative assets and liabilities subject to these arrangements on a gross basis. The following tables present information regarding those derivative assets and liabilities subject to such arrangements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

| Offsetting of Assets
| Gross Amount of Recognized Assets |  | Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet |  | Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet |  | Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1) |  | Net Amount
Financial Instruments Received as Collateral |  | Cash Received as Collateral
June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TBA securities | 342 |  |  | — |  |  | 342 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 342 |
Derivative assets | $ | 342 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 342 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 342 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | 324 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 324 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 324 |
TBA securities | 6,239 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,239 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,719 | ) |  | 4,520 |
Derivative assets | $ | 6,563 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,563 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,719 | ) |  | $ | 4,844 |

18

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)

| Offsetting of Liabilities
| Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities |  | Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet |  | Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet |  | Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1) |  | Net Amount
Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral |  | Cash Posted as Collateral
June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TBA securities | 105 |  |  | — |  |  | 105 |  |  | — |  |  | (47 | ) |  | 58 |
Eurodollar Futures | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |
Derivative liabilities | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (47 | ) |  | $ | 160 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury futures | 1,218 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,218 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,218 | ) |  | — |
Derivative liabilities | $ | 1,218 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,218 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,218 | ) |  | $ | — |

(1) | Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total cash posted as collateral, which is recorded as "restricted cash", and the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically.

Please see Note 3 for information related to the Company’s repurchase agreements which are also subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements.
NOTE 5 – FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 clarifies that fair value should be based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability and also requires an entity to consider all aspects of nonperformance risk, including the entity’s own credit standing, when measuring fair value of a liability. ASC Topic 820 established a valuation hierarchy of three levels as follows:

• | Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the measurement date.

• | Level 2 – Inputs include quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in inactive markets for identical or similar assets or liabilities; or inputs either directly observable or indirectly observable through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.

• | Level 3 – Unobservable inputs are supported by little or no market activity. The unobservable inputs represent management’s best estimate of how market participants would price the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.

The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis by their valuation hierarchy levels as of the dates indicated:
19

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets carried at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MBS | $ | 5,713,788 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,711,894 |  |  | $ | 1,894 |  |  | $ | 3,749,464 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,747,190 |  |  | $ | 2,274 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 324 |  |  | — |  |  | 324 |  |  | — |
TBA securities | 342 |  |  | — |  |  | 342 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,239 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,239 |  |  | — |
Total assets carried at fair value | $ | 5,714,130 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,712,236 |  |  | $ | 1,894 |  |  | $ | 3,756,027 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,753,753 |  |  | $ | 2,274 |
Liabilities carried at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Eurodollar futures | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
TBA securities | 105 |  |  | — |  |  | 105 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
U.S. Treasury futures | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,218 |  |  | 1,218 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total liabilities carried at fair value | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,218 |  |  | $ | 1,218 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

The fair value of interest rate swaps is measured using the income approach with the primary input being the forward interest rate swap curve, which is considered an observable input, and thus their fair values are considered Level 2 measurements. As of June 30, 2019, all of the Company’s interest rate swap agreements are centrally cleared through the CME. Please refer to Note 1 for information regarding the exchange of variation margin being legally considered as settlement of the derivative as opposed to a pledge of collateral. The amount shown as of December 31, 2018 for interest rate swaps is the unsettled fair value of the instruments subject to bilateral agreements and not centrally cleared through the CME as of that date. U.S. Treasury and Eurodollar futures are valued based on closing exchange prices on these contracts and are classified accordingly as Level 1 measurements. The fair value of TBA securities is estimated using methods similar those used to fair value the Company’s Level 2 MBS.
The fair value measurements for a majority of the Company's MBS are considered Level 2 because these securities are substantially similar to securities that either are actively traded or have been recently traded in their respective markets. The Company determines the fair value of its Level 2 securities based on prices received from the Company's primary pricing service as well as other pricing services and brokers. The Company evaluates the third-party prices it receives to assess their reasonableness. Although the Company does not adjust third-party prices, they may be excluded from use in the determination of a security's fair value if they are significantly different from other observable market data. In valuing a security, the primary pricing service uses either a market approach, which uses observable prices and other relevant information that is generated by market transactions of identical or similar securities, or an income approach, which uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single, discounted present value amount. The Company also reviews the assumptions and inputs utilized in the valuation techniques of its primary pricing service. Examples of these observable inputs and assumptions include market interest rates, credit spreads, and projected prepayment speeds, among other things.
The Company owns certain non-Agency MBS for which there are not sufficiently recent trades of substantially similar securities, and their fair value measurements are thus considered Level 3. The Company determines the fair value of its Level 3 securities by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models using significant inputs which are determined by the Company when market observable inputs are not available. Information utilized in those pricing models include the security’s credit rating, coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, estimated future interest rates, expected credit losses, and credit enhancement as well as certain other relevant information. Significant changes in any of these inputs in isolation may result in a significantly different fair value measurement. Level 3 assets are generally most sensitive to the default rate and severity assumptions.
20

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)
The activity of the Company’s non-Agency MBS measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs is presented in the following table for the periods indicated:

| Six Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Balance as of beginning of period | $ | 2,274 |  |  | $ | 7,243 |
Unrealized gain included in OCI | 289 |  |  | (582 | )
Principal payments | (1,730 | ) |  | (692 | )
Accretion | 1,061 |  |  | 604 |
Balance as of end of period | $ | 1,894 |  |  | $ | 6,573 |

The Company reviews the classification of its financial instruments within the fair value hierarchy on a quarterly basis, and management may conclude that its financial instruments should be reclassified to a different level in the future if a change in type of inputs occurs.
The following table presents a summary of the carrying value and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities | $ | 5,713,788 |  |  | $ | 5,713,788 |  |  | $ | 3,749,464 |  |  | $ | 3,749,464 |
Mortgage loans held for investment, net (1) | 10,306 |  |  | 7,465 |  |  | 11,527 |  |  | 8,566 |
Derivative assets | 342 |  |  | 342 |  |  | 6,563 |  |  | 6,563 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements (2) | $ | 4,815,452 |  |  | $ | 4,815,452 |  |  | $ | 3,267,984 |  |  | $ | 3,267,984 |
Non-recourse collateralized financing (1) | 3,078 |  |  | 3,114 |  |  | 3,458 |  |  | 3,475 |
Derivative liabilities | 207 |  |  | 207 |  |  | 1,218 |  |  | 1,218 |

(1) | The Company determines the fair value of its mortgage loans held for investment, net and its non-recourse collateralized financing using internally developed cash flow models with inputs similar to those used to estimate the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 non-Agency MBS.

(2) | The carrying value of repurchase agreements generally approximates fair value due to their short-term maturities.

NOTE 6 – SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Preferred Stock. The Company's articles of incorporation authorize the issuance of up to 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, of which the Company’s Board of Directors has designated 8,000,000 shares of 8.50% Series A Preferred Stock and 7,000,000 shares of 7.625% Series B Preferred Stock, (the Series A Preferred Stock and the Series B Preferred Stock collectively, the “Preferred Stock”). The Company had 2,300,000 shares of its Series A Preferred Stock and 4,214,130 shares of its Series B Preferred Stock issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2019 compared to 2,300,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock and 3,654,594 shares of Series B Preferred Stock as of December 31, 2018.
The Preferred Stock has no maturity and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless redeemed or otherwise repurchased or converted into common stock pursuant to the terms of the Preferred Stock. The Company's Preferred Stock may be redeemed in whole, or in part, at any time and from time to time at the Company's option at a cash redemption price of $25.00 per share plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. Because the Preferred Stock is redeemable only at the option of the issuer, it is classified as equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The Series A Preferred Stock pays a cumulative cash dividend equivalent to 8.50% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share each year and the Series B Preferred Stock pays a cumulative cash dividend equivalent to 7.625% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share each year. The Company paid its regular
21

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)
quarterly dividends of $0.053125 and $0.4765625 on its Series A and Series B Preferred Stock, respectively, for the second quarter on July 15, 2019 to shareholders of record as of July 1, 2019.
Common Stock. On June 20, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors effected a 1-for-3 reverse stock split of its common stock whereby every three common shares issued and outstanding as of the close of market on that date were converted into one common share. As a result, the number of common shares outstanding was reduced by 49,210,493, including fractional shares redeemed for cash in lieu of shares. All references to common shares, per common share amounts, and restricted stock have been restated to reflect the effect of the reverse stock split for all periods presented. In addition, the number of authorized shares of the Company’s common stock was also reduced from 200 million to 90 million. The par value of each share of common stock remained unchanged.
The following table summarizes information regarding monthly dividend declarations on the Company’s common stock for the first six months of 2019:

|  | Six Months Ended
|  | June 30, 2019
Declaration Date |  | Amount Declared (1) |  | Record Date |  | Payment Date
January 7, 2019 |  | $ | 0.18 |  |  | January 18, 2019 |  | January 31, 2019
January 28, 2019 |  | 0.18 |  |  | February 14, 2019 |  | February 28, 2019
March 12, 2019 |  | 0.18 |  |  | March 22, 2019 |  | April 1, 2019
April 10, 2019 |  | 0.18 |  |  | April 22, 2019 |  | May 1, 2019
May 16, 2019 |  | 0.18 |  |  | May 28, 2019 |  | June 7, 2019
June 6, 2019 |  | 0.18 |  |  | June 26, 2019 |  | July 3, 2019

1) | Amounts declared have been adjusted to reflect the effect of the 1-for-3 reverse stock split.

Stock and Incentive Plans. The Company’s 2018 Stock and Incentive Plan, which replaced the Company’s 2009 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “2009 Plan”), reserves for issuance up to 1,000,000 common shares for eligible employees, non-employee directors, consultants, and advisors to the Company to be granted in the form of stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, performance units, and performance cash awards. Total stock-based compensation expense recognized by the Company for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was $296 and $593, respectively compared to $294 and $629 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively. The following table presents a rollforward of the restricted stock activity for the periods indicated:

| Six Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| Shares (1) |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share (1) |  | Shares (1) |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share (1)
Restricted stock outstanding as of beginning of period (2) | 113,904 |  |  | $ | 19.19 |  |  | 117,701 |  |  | $ | 21.02 |
Restricted stock granted | 67,997 |  |  | 18.09 |  |  | 71,051 |  |  | 18.95 |
Restricted stock vested (2) | (62,688 | ) |  | 19.20 |  |  | (74,849 | ) |  | 21.85 |
Restricted stock outstanding as of end of period (2) | 119,213 |  |  | $ | 18.56 |  |  | 113,904 |  |  | $ | 19.19 |

(1) | Amounts have been adjusted to reflect the effect of the 1-for-3 reverse stock split.

(2) | Amounts include awards previously granted under the 2009 Plan which will remain outstanding in accordance with their terms. The Company is no longer granting new equity awards under the 2009 Plan.

As of June 30, 2019, the grant date fair value of the Company’s remaining nonvested restricted stock is $1,870 which will be amortized into compensation expense over a weighted average period of 1.9 years.
22

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
(amounts in thousands except share data)
NOTE 7 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
On July 8, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a monthly cash dividend of $0.18 per common share payable on August 1, 2019 to shareholders of record on July 22, 2019.
23

ITEM 2. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our unaudited financial statements and the accompanying notes included in Part 1, Item 1. “Financial Statements” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our audited financial statements and the accompanying notes included in Part II, Item 8 in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. References herein to “Dynex,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” include Dynex Capital, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires. In addition to current and historical information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements relate to our future business, financial condition or results of operations. For a description of certain factors that may have a significant impact on our future business, financial condition or results of operations, see “Forward-Looking Statements” at the end of this discussion and analysis.
For more information about our business including our operating policies, investment philosophy and strategy, financing and hedging strategies, and other important information, please refer to Part I, Item 1 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW
Company Overview
We are an internally managed mortgage real estate investment trust, or mortgage REIT, which primarily invests in residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) on a leveraged basis. We finance our investments principally with borrowings under repurchase agreements. Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to our shareholders over the long term that are reflective of a leveraged, high quality fixed income portfolio with a focus on capital preservation. We seek to provide returns to our shareholders primarily through the payment of regular dividends and also potentially through capital appreciation of our investments.
Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “DX”. We have two series of preferred stock outstanding, our 8.50% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the "Series A Preferred Stock") which is traded on the NYSE under the symbol "DXPRA", and our 7.625% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the "Series B Preferred Stock") which is traded on the NYSE under the symbol "DXPRB".
Our investments consist primarily of Agency MBS including residential MBS (“RMBS”), commercial MBS (“CMBS”) and CMBS interest-only (“IO”) securities and non-Agency CMBS IO. Agency RMBS and CMBS have a guaranty of principal payment by an agency of the U.S. government or a U.S. government-sponsored entity (“GSE”) such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. To a lesser extent, we also have investments in non-Agency RMBS and CMBS issued by non-governmental enterprises, which do not have a guaranty of principal payment.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac’s Single Security Initiative became effective for all newly issued securities June 3, 2019. All securities issued by the GSE’s after that date have been pursuant to the Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities (“UMBS”) platform established by the GSE’s. Fannie Mae’s previously issued securities are automatically considered UMBS while Freddie Mac’s previously issued securities may be exchanged for new UMBS securities with substantially the same terms except the payment delay on the UMBS now follows that of existing Fannie Mae securities which is slightly longer than the previously issued Freddie Mac securities. Previously issued Freddie Mac securities will remain outstanding under the same terms if not exchanged. The Company has exchanged Freddie Mac securities with a par value of approximately $11.3 million as of July 31, 2019 and has not experienced any adverse consequences from a liquidity or pricing perspective. The Company continues to evaluate whether to exchange its remaining outstanding Freddie Mac securities.
RMBS. Substantially all of our investments in RMBS as of June 30, 2019 were Agency issued securities collateralized primarily by fixed-rate single-family mortgage loans. The remainder of our RMBS portfolio is collateralized by adjustable-rate
24

mortgage loans (“ARMs”), which have interest rates that generally adjust at least annually to an increment over a specified interest rate index, primarily one-year LIBOR.
We may also purchase to-be-announced securities (“TBAs” or “TBA securities”) as a means of investing in non-specified fixed-rate Agency RMBS. A TBA security is a forward contract (“TBA contract”) for the purchase (“long position”) or sale (“short position”) of a fixed-rate Agency MBS at a predetermined price with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of collateral, but the particular Agency securities to be delivered are not identified until shortly before the settlement date. Our TBA purchases are financed by executing a series of transactions which effectively delay the settlement of a forward purchase of a non-specified Agency RMBS by entering into an offsetting TBA short position, net settling the paired-off positions in cash, and simultaneously entering into an identical TBA long position with a later settlement date. These net long TBA positions are referred to as “dollar roll positions”, and we view them as economically equivalent to investing in and financing Agency RMBS using short-term repurchase agreements. TBAs purchased for a forward settlement month are generally priced at a discount relative to TBAs sold for settlement in the current month. This discount, often referred to as “drop income”, represents the economic equivalent of net interest income (interest income less implied financing cost) on the underlying Agency security from trade date to settlement date. We account for TBAs as derivative instruments because we cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS, or the individual TBA transaction will not settle in the shortest period possible.
CMBS. Substantially all of our CMBS investments as of June 30, 2019 were fixed-rate Agency-issued securities backed by multifamily housing loans. Loans underlying CMBS are generally fixed-rate, mature in eight to eighteen years, have amortization terms of up to 30 years, and are geographically dispersed. These loans typically have some form of prepayment protection provisions (such as prepayment lock-out) or prepayment compensation provisions (such as yield maintenance or prepayment penalty). Yield maintenance and prepayment penalty requirements are intended to create an economic disincentive for the loans to prepay. From time to time we have invested in non-Agency CMBS backed by loans on multifamily housing, office buildings, retail, hospitality, and health care properties.
CMBS IO. CMBS IO are interest-only securities issued as part of a CMBS securitization and represent the right to receive a portion of the monthly interest payments (but not principal cash flows) on the unpaid principal balance of the underlying pool of commercial mortgage loans. We invest in both Agency-issued and non-Agency issued CMBS IO. The loans collateralizing CMBS IO pools are very similar in composition to the pools of loans that collateralize CMBS as discussed above. Since CMBS IO securities have no principal associated with them, the interest payments received are based on the unpaid principal balance of the underlying pool of mortgage loans, which is often referred to as the notional amount. Most loans in these securities have some form of prepayment protection from early repayment including absolute loan prepayment lock-outs, loan prepayment penalties, or yield maintenance requirements similar to those typical for CMBS described above. There are no prepayment protections, however, if the loan defaults and is partially or wholly repaid earlier because of loss mitigation actions taken by the underlying loan servicer, and therefore yields on CMBS IO investments are dependent upon the underlying loan performance. Because Agency-issued MBS generally contain higher credit quality loans, Agency CMBS IO are expected to have a lower risk of default than non-Agency CMBS IO. Our CMBS IO investments are investment grade-rated with the majority rated ‘AAA’ by at least one of the nationally recognized statistical rating organizations.
Financing. We use leverage to enhance the returns on our invested capital by pledging our investments as collateral for borrowings primarily through the use of uncommitted repurchase agreements with major financial institutions and broker-dealers. Repurchase agreements generally have original terms to maturity of overnight to six months, though in some instances we may enter into longer-dated maturities depending on market conditions. We pay interest on our repurchase agreement borrowings at a rate usually based on a spread to a short-term interest rate such as LIBOR and fixed for the term of the borrowing. Borrowings under these repurchase agreements are renewable at the discretion of our lenders and do not contain guaranteed roll-over terms.
Hedging. We use derivative instruments, primarily interest rate swaps, to economically hedge our exposure to adverse changes in interest rates resulting from our ownership of primarily fixed-rate investments financed with short-term repurchase agreements. Changes in interest rates can impact net interest income, the market value of our investments, and book value per common share. We frequently adjust our hedging portfolio based on our expectation of future interest rates, including the absolute level of rates and the slope of the yield curve versus market expectations.
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Factors that Affect Our Results of Operations and Financial Condition
Our financial performance is largely driven by the performance of our investment portfolio and related financing and hedging activity. In assessing our financial performance, management primarily focuses on net interest income, net interest spread, comprehensive income, book value per common share, core net operating income to common shareholders (a non-GAAP measure) and total economic return (measured as dividends declared plus changes in book value). Our financial performance is also impacted by a number of factors including, but not limited to, the absolute level of interest rates, the relative slope of interest rate curves, changes in interest rates and market expectations of future interest rates, actual and estimated future prepayment rates on our investments, supply of and competition for investments, the influence of economic conditions on the credit performance of our investments, and market required yields as reflected by market spreads. These factors are influenced by market forces beyond our control such as macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions, market volatility, U.S. Federal Reserve policy, U.S. fiscal and regulatory policy, and foreign central bank and government policy.
Our business model may also be impacted by the availability and cost of financing and the state of the overall credit markets. Reductions or limitations in the availability of financing for our investments could significantly impact our business or force us to sell assets, potentially at losses. Repurchase agreement lending markets have been stable for the last several years, but lending by larger U.S. domiciled banks has declined in recent years due to increased regulation and changes to regulatory capital requirements. As a result, we currently borrow from a number of smaller independent broker dealers that are generally less regulated and from U.S. domiciled broker dealer subsidiaries of foreign financial institutions. It is uncertain how smaller independent broker dealers will react during periods of extreme market stress in short-term funding markets. Other factors that could also impact our business include changes in regulatory requirements, including requirements to qualify for registration under the 1940 Act, and REIT requirements.
In our view, regulatory impacts on financial institutions, many of which are our trading and financing counterparties, pose a potential threat to the overall liquidity in the capital markets. In 2017, the Federal Reserve began curtailing its reinvestment of principal payments received on its Agency RMBS portfolio. Prices in Agency RMBS generally have not been significantly impacted by the reduction, however prices may be more significantly impacted as the amount of curtailment increases each successive quarter. Market liquidity of our investments and the financing markets could be negatively impacted if the Federal Reserve's Federal Open Market Committee (or "FOMC") suddenly changes market expectations of the target Federal Funds Rate or takes other actions which have the effect of tightening monetary policy that are not anticipated by the market. And finally, there remains uncertainty as to the ultimate impact or outcome of certain regulations under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the "Dodd-Frank Act"), and restrictions on market-making activities of large U.S. financial institutions could result in reduced liquidity in times of market stress.
From time to time, we also consider expanding our capital base as well as merger, acquisition or divestiture opportunities. We analyze and evaluate potential business opportunities that we identify or are presented to us, including possible merger, acquisition, or divestiture transactions, that might be a strategic fit for our investment strategy or asset allocation or otherwise maximize value for our shareholders. Pursuing such an opportunity or transaction could require us to issue additional equity or debt securities.
Investing in mortgage-related securities (including on a leveraged basis) subjects us to many risks including interest rate risk, prepayment and reinvestment risk, credit risk, spread risk, and liquidity risk. Please refer to Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" of our 2018 Form 10-K as well as Part I, Item 2, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Item 3, "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk" of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a detailed discussion of these factors and others that have the potential to impact our results of operations and financial condition.
Market Conditions and Recent Activity
Interest rates continued to rally in the second quarter as markets further coalesced around our view of a lower rate environment, given slowing global economic growth and the increasing amounts of negative yielding debt in developed markets. In a marked change from last quarter, markets have priced in multiple reductions in the U.S. Federal Funds Target Rate (the “Federal Funds Rate”), and the U.S. Federal Reserve has guided from a patient pause to an easing stance and a lower “neutral” Federal Funds Rate. Interest rate markets today suggest that the U.S. Treasury curve should return to a steeper shape by mid-2020.
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As interest rates rallied during the quarter, we reduced our interest rate swap position a net $1.5 billion and lowered our weighted average interest rate swap rate to 2.04%. We believe interest rates will remain relatively low for an extended period, and we expect the 10-year U.S. Treasury yield will spend substantial amounts of time between 2-3% and may range in the near-term between 1.5%-2.5%.
The charts below show the highest and lowest U.S. Treasury and swap rates during the three months ended June 30, 2019 as well as the rates as of June 30, 2019 and March 31, 2019:
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Highlights of Second Quarter 2019 Results
On June 20, 2019, we effected a 1-for-3 reverse stock split of our common stock whereby every three common shares issued and outstanding as of the close of market on that date were converted into one common share. Our Board of Directors implemented the reverse stock split in an effort to make the Company’s common stock a more attractive and cost-effective investment to a broader range of institutional and other investors, which the Board believes, in turn, enhances the liquidity of the common stock for current shareholders. Many brokerage houses and institutional investors have internal policies and practices that either prohibit them from investing in low-priced stocks or tend to discourage individual brokers from recommending low-priced stocks to their customers. In addition, because brokers’ commissions on low-priced stocks generally represent a higher percentage of the stock price than commissions on higher-priced stocks, increasing the average price per share of the Company’s common stock results in individual shareholders paying a lower percentage of their total share value for brokers’ commissions. All references to common shares and per common share amounts presented within the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q have been adjusted to reflect the effect of the reverse stock split for all periods presented.
Comprehensive loss to common shareholders for the second quarter of 2019 was $(11.1) million versus comprehensive income to common shareholders for the first quarter of 2019 of $31.2 million. Net loss to common shareholders for the second quarter of 2019 was $(122.2) million compared to a net loss to common shareholders of $(55.3) million in the first quarter of 2019. Despite a larger investment portfolio, net interest income decreased $0.7 million during the second quarter of 2019 versus $13.7 million for the prior quarter due primarily to additional premium amortization on fixed rate Agency RMBS resulting from an increase in prepayment speeds while favorable prepayment compensation on CMBS IO declined. Net loss on derivative instruments consisted primarily of a net loss on interest rate swaps of $(127.8) million as a result of further declines in swap rates for a third consecutive quarter. Partially offsetting the loss in fair value of derivatives, the Company recorded other comprehensive income of $111.1 million, which resulted from the increase in fair value of MBS due to further declines in longer-term interest rates during the second quarter of 2019.
As shown in the table below, the downward trend in net interest spread for the majority of our investments continues as a result of higher funding costs and a flattening (and now inverted) yield curve:

|  | Agency MBS (1) |  | CMBS IO (2)
Quarter Ended |  | Yield |  | Cost (3) |  | Net Interest Spread |  | Yield |  | Cost (3) |  | Net Interest Spread
June 30, 2019 |  | 3.36 | % |  | 2.62 | % |  | 0.74 | % |  | 3.78 | % |  | 3.17 | % |  | 0.61 | %
March 31, 2019 |  | 3.42 | % |  | 2.62 | % |  | 0.80 | % |  | 4.04 | % |  | 3.20 | % |  | 0.84 | %
December 31, 2018 |  | 3.28 | % |  | 2.41 | % |  | 0.87 | % |  | 3.89 | % |  | 2.99 | % |  | 0.90 | %
September 30, 2018 |  | 3.12 | % |  | 2.13 | % |  | 0.99 | % |  | 3.98 | % |  | 2.76 | % |  | 1.22 | %
June 30, 2018 |  | 2.94 | % |  | 1.93 | % |  | 1.01 | % |  | 3.78 | % |  | 2.59 | % |  | 1.19 | %

(1) | Includes Agency RMBS and CMBS.

(2) | Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities

(3) | Excludes net periodic interest benefit/cost of interest rate swaps used to economically hedge the interest rate risk of using repurchase agreement borrowings to finance our investments.

Core net operating income to common shareholders, a non-GAAP measure, decreased to $10.6 million for the second quarter of 2019 versus $12.1 million for the first quarter of 2019 due primarily to a decline in adjusted net interest income of $1.6 million compared to the first quarter. The decline in adjusted net interest income was due to elevated financing costs versus LIBOR which lowered the net periodic interest benefit from interest rate swaps. In addition, adjusted net interest income declined due to the increase in premium amortization mentioned above and lower TBA drop income as dollar roll positions were negatively impacted by higher prices for mortgage-backed securities and higher prepayment expectations. Please refer to "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for additional important information about non-GAAP measures.
Book value per common share decreased to $17.68 as of June 30, 2019 from $18.71 as of March 31, 2019. This decrease of $1.03 per common share and the second quarter dividend of $0.54 per common share resulted in a quarterly total economic loss on book value per common share of $(0.49) per common share, or (2.6)%. The decline in book value was driven primarily
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by declines in the fair value of our interest rate hedges partially offset by increases in the fair value of our MBS due to declining longer-term interest rates. Partially offsetting the favorable impact on fair value of our MBS from longer-term interest rates, Agency RMBS, and to a lesser extent Agency CMBS, experienced spread widening amid market concerns over prepayments.
Management Outlook
Our top down investment approach seeks to assess the probability of events and to identify the most dominant factors that may ultimately influence the future path of economic activity, interest rates, and global asset prices. We continue to believe that we are in a lower return environment characterized by interest rates that will spend more time in a narrower range than in recent history. Fundamentally, we believe that increasing global debt, demographic trends, the impact of technological advances on productivity and employment, human conflict and climate change will impose a drag on global growth and inflation. Government policy responses, including activities of central banks, have been and will continue to be important factors in shifting the trajectory of economic activity while injecting uncertainty in the near term. In our view, over the longer-term we believe the 10-year U.S Treasury yield will spend substantial amounts of time between 2% to 3% in the future which may in the near term shift down to a range of 1.5%-2.5%.
In the near term, two factors we identified last quarter still persist as challenges to returns including an inverted yield curve on the short-end which will likely keep short-term funding costs elevated until the Federal Reserve actually reduces the Federal Funds Rate and we recognize the benefit in our financing costs. In addition, prepayment speeds are expected to be elevated due to seasonal factors and the drop in mortgage rates for the foreseeable future. Given these near-term headwinds, the Company expects its Board of Directors to reduce the dividend to $0.15 a month beginning with the dividend to be declared in August. Markets have priced in multiple cuts in the Federal Funds Rate and forward rates today suggest the Federal Funds rate will be about 100 basis points lower by the end of 2020. This potential decline in financing costs will ultimately benefit us in net interest margin, with timing being a key factor.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to the Company's operating results presented in accordance with GAAP, the information presented within Item 2, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains the following non-GAAP financial measures: core net operating income to common shareholders (including per common share), adjusted interest expense, adjusted net interest income, and the related metrics adjusted cost of funds and adjusted net interest spread. Because these measures are used in the Company's internal analysis of financial and operating performance, management believes that they provide greater transparency to our investors of management's view of our economic performance. Management also believes the presentation of these measures, when analyzed in conjunction with the Company's GAAP operating results, allows investors to more effectively evaluate and compare the performance of the Company to that of its peers, although the Company's presentation of its non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to other similarly-titled measures of other companies. Reconciliations of core net operating income to common shareholders, adjusted interest expense, and adjusted net interest income to the related GAAP financial measures are provided below and within “Results of Operations”.
Management views core net operating income to common shareholders as an estimate of the Company’s financial performance excluding changes in fair value of its investments and derivatives. In addition to the non-GAAP reconciliation set forth below, which derives core net operating income to common shareholders from GAAP net income to common shareholders as the nearest GAAP equivalent measure, core net operating income to common shareholders can also be determined by adjusting net interest income to include interest rate swap periodic interest benefit/cost, drop income on TBA dollar roll positions, general and administrative expenses, and preferred dividends. Management includes drop income, which is included in "gain (loss) on derivatives instruments, net" on the Company's consolidated statements of comprehensive income, in core net operating income and in adjusted net interest income because TBA dollar roll positions are viewed by management as economically equivalent to holding and financing Agency RMBS using short-term repurchase agreements. Management also includes periodic interest benefit/cost from its interest rate swaps, which are also included in "gain (loss) on derivatives instruments, net", in adjusted net interest expense, and in adjusted net interest income because interest rate swaps are used by the Company to economically hedge the impact of changing interest rates on its borrowing costs from repurchase agreements, and including periodic interest benefit/cost from interest rate swaps is a helpful indicator of the Company’s total cost of financing in addition to GAAP interest expense. However, these non-GAAP measures do not provide a full perspective on our results of operations, and therefore, their usefulness is limited. For example, these non-GAAP measures do not include gains or losses from available-for-sale investments, changes
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in fair value of and costs of terminating interest rate swaps, as well as realized and unrealized gains or losses from any instrument used by management to economically hedge the impact of changing interest rates on its portfolio and book value per common share, such as Eurodollar or U.S. Treasury futures. As a result, these non-GAAP measures should be considered as a supplement to, and not as a substitute for, the Company's GAAP results as reported on its consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

| Three Months Ended
($ in thousands, except per share amounts) | June 30, 2019 |  | March 31, 2019
GAAP net loss to common shareholders | $ | (122,191 | ) |  | $ | (55,273 | )
Less: |  |  |
Change in fair value of derivative instruments, net (1) | 122,370 |  |  | 67,557 |
Loss on sale of investments, net | 10,360 |  |  | — |
De-designated cash flow hedge accretion (2) | — |  |  | (165 | )
Fair value adjustments, net | 16 |  |  | 13 |
Core net operating income to common shareholders | $ | 10,555 |  |  | $ | 12,132 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding | 24,541,059 |  |  | 22,811,570 |
Core net operating income per common share | $ | 0.43 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |

(1) | Amount represents net realized and unrealized gains and losses on derivatives and excludes net periodic interest benefits related to these instruments.

(2) | Amount recorded as a portion of "interest expense" in accordance with GAAP related to the accretion of the balance remaining in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a result of the Company's discontinuation of cash flow hedge accounting effective June 30, 2013.

| Three Months Ended
| June 30, 2019 |  | March 31, 2019
($ in thousands) | Amount |  | Rate |  | Amount |  | Rate
Net interest income | $ | 12,935 |  |  | 0.76 | % |  | $ | 13,681 |  |  | 0.84 | %
Add: TBA drop income (1) | 1,282 |  |  | (0.04 | )% |  | 1,963 |  |  | (0.03 | )%
Add: net periodic interest benefit (2) | 3,553 |  |  | 0.31 | % |  | 3,897 |  |  | 0.40 | %
Less: de-designated cash flow hedge accretion (3) | — |  |  | — | % |  | (165 | ) |  | (0.02 | )%
Adjusted net interest income | $ | 17,770 |  |  | 1.03 | % |  | $ | 19,376 |  |  | 1.19 | %

(1) | TBA drop income is calculated by multiplying the notional amount of the TBA dollar roll positions by the difference in price between two TBA securities with the same terms but different settlement dates. The impact of TBA drop income on adjusted net interest spread includes the implied average funding cost of TBA dollar roll transactions during the periods indicated.

(2) | Amount represents net periodic interest benefit of effective interest rate swaps outstanding during the period and excludes realized and unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair value of derivatives.

(3) | Amount recorded as a portion of "interest expense" in accordance with GAAP related to the accretion of the balance remaining in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a result of the Company's discontinuation of cash flow hedge accounting effective June 30, 2013.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based in large part upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base these estimates and judgments
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on historical experience and assumptions believed to be reasonable under current facts and circumstances. Actual results, however, may differ from the estimated amounts we have recorded.
Critical accounting policies are defined as those that require management's most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, and which may result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. Our critical accounting policies are discussed in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our 2018 Form 10-K under “Critical Accounting Policies”. There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.
FINANCIAL CONDITION
Investment Portfolio
Our investment portfolio is comprised mostly of Agency fixed-rate investments which have more a more favorable risk-return profile and higher liquidity in the current macroeconomic environment versus other types of MBS. Approximately 59% of our investments were 30-year Agency RMBS including TBA dollar roll positions as of June 30, 2019 compared to approximately 65% as of December 31, 2018. Approximately 33% of our investments were Agency CMBS as of June 30, 2019 compared to approximately 23% as of December 31, 2018. Though CMBS generally have more spread risk than RMBS, these CMBS are less costly to hedge because they have more predictable prepayment profiles relative to RMBS.
The following table provides a summary of the amortized cost and fair value of our investment portfolio (including TBA dollar roll positions and securities pending settlement) used for investment purposes as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
($ in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Agency RMBS, fixed-rate | $ | 3,150,337 |  |  | $ | 3,205,640 |  |  | $ | 2,142,717 |  |  | $ | 2,124,810 |
TBAs, fixed-rate (1) | 374,451 |  |  | 374,688 |  |  | 882,230 |  |  | 888,469 |
Agency RMBS, adjustable rate | 27,106 |  |  | 27,664 |  |  | 32,666 |  |  | 33,211 |
Agency CMBS, fixed-rate | 1,890,910 |  |  | 1,982,635 |  |  | 1,080,424 |  |  | 1,057,015 |
CMBS IO (2) | 482,431 |  |  | 495,956 |  |  | 527,743 |  |  | 532,154 |
Non-Agency other (3) | 1,189 |  |  | 1,894 |  |  | 1,859 |  |  | 2,274 |
Mortgage loans held for investment, net (4) | 10,306 |  |  | 7,465 |  |  | 11,527 |  |  | 8,566 |
Total investment portfolio including TBA dollar roll positions | $ | 5,936,730 |  |  | $ | 6,095,942 |  |  | $ | 4,679,166 |  |  | $ | 4,646,499 |

(1) | Consists of long positions in TBAs used for investment purposes at their implied cost basis and implied market value, respectively, as if settled which are accounted for as “derivative assets (liabilities)” on our consolidated balance sheet.

(2) | Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

(3) | Includes non-Agency CMBS and RMBS.

(4) | Recorded on consolidated balance sheet at amortized cost.

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The following table details the activity related to our MBS portfolio including TBA dollar roll positions during the six months ended June 30, 2019:

| Agency Fixed-Rate |  | CMBS IO (3) |  | Agency Adjustable Rate RMBS |  | Non-Agency Other (4) |  | Total
($ in thousands) | 30-Year RMBS (1) (2) |  | CMBS |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2018 | $ | 3,013,279 |  |  | $ | 1,057,015 |  |  | $ | 532,154 |  |  | $ | 33,211 |  |  | $ | 2,274 |  |  | $ | 4,637,933 |
Purchases | 854,368 |  |  | 1,079,137 |  |  | 26,411 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,959,916 |
Principal payments | (139,910 | ) |  | (47,973 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,366 | ) |  | (1,730 | ) |  | (194,979 | )
Sales | (209,446 | ) |  | (219,691 | ) |  | (13,775 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (442,912 | )
(Amortization) accretion | (5,171 | ) |  | (987 | ) |  | (57,948 | ) |  | (193 | ) |  | 1,061 |  |  | (63,238 | )
Change in fair value | 67,208 |  |  | 115,134 |  |  | 9,114 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 289 |  |  | 191,757 |
Balance as of June 30, 2019 | $ | 3,580,328 |  |  | $ | 1,982,635 |  |  | $ | 495,956 |  |  | $ | 27,664 |  |  | $ | 1,894 |  |  | $ | 6,088,477 |

(1) | Includes securities pending settlement as of dates indicated.

(2) | Includes long positions in TBAs used for investment purposes at their implied market value as if settled which are accounted for as “derivative assets (liabilities)” on our consolidated balance sheet.

(3) | Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

(4) | Includes non-Agency CMBS and RMBS.

RMBS. The following table provides information on our Agency RMBS investments including securities pending settlement and TBA dollar roll positions as of the dates indicated:
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|  | June 30, 2019
|  | Par |  | Amortized Cost/ Implied Cost Basis (1)(3) |  | Fair Value (2)(3) |  | Weighted Average
Coupon |  |  |  |  | Original Loan Balance (4) |  | Loan Age (in months) (4) |  | 3 Month CPR (4)(5) |  | Estimated Duration (6)
|  | ($ in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
30-year fixed-rate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
3.0% |  | $ | 213,194 |  |  | $ | 214,671 |  |  | $ | 216,537 |  |  | $ | 234,698 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 8.3 | % |  | 3.93 |
3.5% |  | 511,703 |  |  | 521,488 |  |  | 528,583 |  |  | 181,439 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 2.7 | % |  | 2.37 |
4.0% |  | 1,659,795 |  |  | 1,702,100 |  |  | 1,737,797 |  |  | 257,983 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 10.1 | % |  | 1.61 |
4.5% |  | 684,300 |  |  | 712,077 |  |  | 722,723 |  |  | 257,397 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 12.8 | % |  | 0.64 |
TBA 3.0% |  | 245,000 |  |  | 246,990 |  |  | 246,885 |  |  | n/a |  |  | n/a |  |  | n/a |  |  | 3.37 |
TBA 3.5% |  | 125,000 |  |  | 127,461 |  |  | 127,803 |  |  | n/a |  |  | n/a |  |  | n/a |  |  | 1.76 |
Total 30-year fixed-rate |  | $ | 3,438,992 |  |  | $ | 3,524,787 |  |  | $ | 3,580,328 |  |  | 243,472 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 9.4 | % |  | 1.80 |
Adjustable-rate (7): |  | $ | 26,415 |  |  | $ | 27,106 |  |  | $ | 27,664 |  |  | $ | 207,816 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 24.1 | % |  | 0.82 |
Total Agency RMBS (including TBA dollar roll positions) |  | $ | 3,465,407 |  |  | $ | 3,551,893 |  |  | $ | 3,607,992 |  |  | $ | 243,168 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 9.5 | % |  | 1.79 |
|  | December 31, 2018
|  | Par |  | Amortized Cost/ Implied Cost Basis (1)(3) |  | Fair Value (2)(3) |  | Weighted Average
Coupon |  |  |  |  | Original Loan Balance (4) |  | Loan Age (in months) (4) |  | 3 Month CPR (4)(5) |  | Estimated Duration (6)
|  | ($ in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
30-year fixed-rate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
3.0% |  | $ | 223,573 |  |  | $ | 225,148 |  |  | $ | 218,286 |  |  | $ | 233,855 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 5.7 | % |  | 5.66 |
4.0% |  | 1,651,854 |  |  | 1,699,012 |  |  | 1,687,390 |  |  | 272,159 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | 4.06 |
4.5% |  | 211,429 |  |  | 218,557 |  |  | 219,134 |  |  | 291,874 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5.3 | % |  | 2.48 |
TBA 4.0% |  | 110,000 |  |  | 111,175 |  |  | 112,101 |  |  | n/a |  |  | n/a |  |  | n/a |  |  | 3.54 |
TBA 4.5% |  | 750,000 |  |  | 771,055 |  |  | 776,368 |  |  | n/a |  |  | n/a |  |  | n/a |  |  | 2.61 |
Total 30-year fixed-rate |  | $ | 2,946,856 |  |  | $ | 3,024,947 |  |  | $ | 3,013,279 |  |  | $ | 270,053 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 5.3 | % |  | 3.67 |
Adjustable-rate (7): |  | $ | 31,782 |  |  | $ | 32,666 |  |  | $ | 33,211 |  |  | $ | 210,597 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 25.6 | % |  | 0.52 |
Total Agency RMBS (including TBA dollar roll positions) |  | $ | 2,978,638 |  |  | $ | 3,057,613 |  |  | $ | 3,046,490 |  |  | $ | 269,161 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 5.6 | % |  | 3.63 |

(1) | Implied cost basis of TBA dollar roll positions represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS as if settled.

(2) | Fair value of TBA dollar roll positions is the implied market value of the underlying Agency security as of the end of the period if settled.

(3) | The net carrying value of TBA dollar roll positions, which is the difference between their implied market value and implied cost basis, was $0.2 million as of June 30, 2019 and $6.2 million as of December 31, 2018 and is included on the consolidated balance sheet within “derivative assets”.

(4) | TBA dollar roll positions are excluded from this calculation as they do not have a defined weighted-average loan balance or age until mortgages have been assigned to the pool.

(5) | Constant prepayment rate (“CPR”) represents the 3-month CPR of Agency RMBS held as of date indicated. Securities with no prepayment history are excluded from this calculation.

(6) | Duration measures the sensitivity of a security's price to the change in interest rates and represents the percent change in price of a security for a 100-basis point increase in interest rates. We calculate duration using third-party financial models and empirical data. Different models and methodologies can produce different estimates of duration for the same securities.

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(7) | Weighted average coupon based on amortized cost was 4.7% as of June 30, 2019 and 4.3% as of December 31, 2018.

CMBS. The majority of our CMBS are Agency CMBS for which our credit exposure is limited to the unamortized premium remaining on those securities as the return of principal is guaranteed by the GSEs. The following table presents information about our CMBS investments by year of origination as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
($ in thousands) | Par Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Months to Estimated Maturity (1) |  | WAC (2) |  | Par Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Months to Estimated Maturity (1) |  | WAC (2)
Year of Origination: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior to 2009 | $ | 16,929 |  |  | $ | 16,471 |  |  | 30 |  | 5.56 | % |  | $ | 20,302 |  |  | $ | 18,868 |  |  | 33 |  | 5.72 | %
2009 to 2012 | 31,557 |  |  | 32,800 |  |  | 38 |  | 4.95 | % |  | 74,935 |  |  | 76,567 |  |  | 23 |  | 4.98 | %
2013 to 2014 | 13,389 |  |  | 13,638 |  |  | 67 |  | 3.61 | % |  | 13,516 |  |  | 13,790 |  |  | 73 |  | 3.61 | %
2015 | 209,838 |  |  | 211,805 |  |  | 90 |  | 2.85 | % |  | 210,679 |  |  | 212,755 |  |  | 97 |  | 2.85 | %
2016 | 20,107 |  |  | 19,931 |  |  | 116 |  | 2.62 | % |  | 238,559 |  |  | 240,033 |  |  | 98 |  | 2.43 | %
2017 | 341,937 |  |  | 343,599 |  |  | 105 |  | 3.07 | % |  | 280,530 |  |  | 283,567 |  |  | 106 |  | 3.06 | %
2018 | 330,578 |  |  | 330,415 |  |  | 134 |  | 3.68 | % |  | 236,425 |  |  | 235,847 |  |  | 142 |  | 3.76 | %
2019 (3) | 615,479 |  |  | 623,003 |  |  | 135 |  | 3.44 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
| $ | 1,579,814 |  |  | $ | 1,591,662 |  |  | 118 |  | 3.37 | % |  | $ | 1,074,946 |  |  | $ | 1,081,427 |  |  | 102 |  | 3.22 | %

(1) | Months to estimated maturity is an average weighted by the amortized cost of the investment.

(2) | The weighted average coupon (“WAC”) is the gross interest rate of the security weighted by the outstanding principal balance.

(3) | Excludes securities pending settlement with a par value of $296.7 million and amortized cost of $299.7 million as of June 30, 2019.

CMBS IO. Income earned from CMBS IO is based on interest payments received on the underlying commercial mortgage loan pools. Our return on these investments may be negatively impacted by any change in scheduled cash flows such as modifications of the mortgage loans or involuntary prepayments including defaults, foreclosures, and liquidations on or of the underlying mortgage loans prior to its contractual maturity date. In order to manage our exposure to credit performance, we generally invest in senior tranches of these securities and where we have evaluated the credit profile of the underlying loan pool and can monitor credit performance. In addition, to address changes in market fundamentals and the composition of mortgage loans collateralizing an investment, we consider the year of origination of the loans underlying CMBS IO in our selection of investments.
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As of June 30, 2019, our CMBS IO investments comprised approximately 8% of our total portfolio, of which approximately 56% are Agency-issued, relatively unchanged since December 31, 2018. The following table presents our CMBS IO investments as of June 30, 2019 by year of origination:

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
($ in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Remaining WAL (1) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Remaining WAL (1)
Year of Origination: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2010-2012 | $ | 47,664 |  |  | $ | 48,977 |  |  | 22 |  |  | $ | 59,593 |  |  | $ | 60,763 |  |  | 17 |
2013 | 62,763 |  |  | 64,249 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 72,649 |  |  | 73,073 |  |  | 22 |
2014 | 119,394 |  |  | 122,167 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 134,114 |  |  | 134,808 |  |  | 30 |
2015 | 126,590 |  |  | 131,139 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 143,163 |  |  | 144,673 |  |  | 35 |
2016 | 52,257 |  |  | 53,785 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 67,625 |  |  | 68,015 |  |  | 41 |
2017 | 45,315 |  |  | 46,754 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 46,125 |  |  | 46,336 |  |  | 48 |
2018 | 4,336 |  |  | 4,474 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 4,474 |  |  | 4,486 |  |  | 73 |
2019 | 24,112 |  |  | 24,411 |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| $ | 482,431 |  |  | $ | 495,956 |  |  | 31 |  |  | $ | 527,743 |  |  | $ | 532,154 |  |  | 32 |

(1) Remaining weighted average life (“WAL”) represents an estimate of the number of months of interest earnings remaining for the investments by year of origination.
Repurchase Agreements
The majority of our repurchase agreement borrowings are collateralized with Agency MBS which have historically had lower liquidity risk than non-Agency MBS. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, all non-Agency MBS pledged as collateral for repurchase agreements were CMBS IO, of which approximately 81% are rated AAA. Please refer to Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as “Results of Operations” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” contained within this Item 2 for additional information relating to our repurchase agreement borrowings.
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Derivative Assets and Liabilities
We regularly monitor and adjust our hedging portfolio in response to many factors including, but not limited to, changes in our investment portfolio, shifts in the yield curve, and our expectations with respect to the future path of interest rates and interest rate volatility. Please refer to “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in Part I, Item 3 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information.
As of June 30, 2019, we primarily used interest rate swaps and Eurodollar futures to hedge a portion of our earnings and book value exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. Our Eurodollar futures had an aggregate notional balance of $3.0 billion at a weighted average rate of 1.56%. The Eurodollar futures aggregate notional balance represents the total notional balance of 3-month contracts with maturities between 2020 and 2021.
During the six months ended June 30, 2019, we terminated interest rate swaps with a notional balance of $3.8 billion with a weighted average net pay-fixed rate of 2.69%, realizing a loss of $(148.7) million. Additionally during the six months ended June 30, 2019, we added interest rate swaps with a combined notional balance of $3.0 billion at a weighted average net pay-fixed rate of 2.35% in order to reposition our hedge position for protection from rising interest rates. We had interest rate swaps with a notional balance of $0.2 billion and a weighted average pay-fixed rate of 2.14% mature in the first half of 2019.
The following graphs present the effective notional balance outstanding and weighted average rate for our interest rate swaps outstanding through 2025 (1) as of the periods indicated:
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(1) Additional interest rate swaps outstanding from 2026-2047 had an average balance of $307.6 million at a weighted average pay-fixed rate of 2.23% as of June 30, 2019 and an average balance of $238.0 million at a weighted average pay-fixed rate of 2.86% as of December 31, 2018.
Shareholders’ Equity
The increase in our shareholders’ equity during the six months ended June 30, 2019 was driven primarily by an increase in the fair value of our MBS due to declining longer-term interest rates during the first six months of 2019. This increase in fair value was recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income, which increased $197.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019.
In addition, during the first six months of 2019 we issued $76.9 million in common and preferred stock, net of expenses.
During the second quarter of 2019, we issued approximately 547.3 thousand shares under our common at-the-market (“ATM”) program for $9.9 million in net proceeds and approximately 346.1 thousand shares under our preferred ATM program for $8.2 million in net proceeds (with the agents under the preferred stock ATM program receiving an aggregate $124.5 thousand in fees). We have used the cash proceeds in combination with repurchase agreement borrowings to purchase additional interest earning assets for our investment portfolio.
As discussed in “Executive Overview”, our Board of Directors effected a 1-for-3 reverse stock split of our common stock whereby every three common shares issued and outstanding as of the close of market on June 20, 2019 were converted into one common share.The following table summarizes the effect of the reverse stock split on the Company’s number of common shares and par value of common stock and additional paid-in capital (“APIC”) and reconciles the balance as of June 30, 2019 to December 31, 2018:
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| For the Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2019
| Common Stock |  | APIC
| Shares |  | Aggregate Par Value |
Balance as of December 31, 2018 | 62,817,218 |  |  | $ | 628 |  |  | $ | 818,442 |
Stock issuance | 10,884,920 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 63,647 |
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization | 204,012 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 591 |
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation | (48,693 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (295 | )
Stock issuance costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | (240 | )
1-for-3 reverse stock split (1) | (49,210,493 | ) |  | (492 | ) |  | 488 |
Balance as of June 30, 2019 | 24,646,964 |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | 882,633 |

1) | Includes fractional shares redeemed for cash.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The discussions below provide information on certain items on our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. These discussions include both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures which management utilizes in its internal analysis of financial and operating performance. Please read the section “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” at the end of “Executive Overview” in Item 2 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional important information about these measures.
Net Interest Income for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 Compared to the Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Net interest income for the three months ended June 30, 2019 increased $1.2 million compared to the three months ended June 30, 2018. Interest income increased $17.8 million due to a larger and higher yielding portfolio, but was mostly offset by an increase of $16.6 million in interest expense resulting from a large average balance of borrowings at higher financing rates. Interest expense as a percentage of average balance of borrowings outpaced interest income as a percentage of interest earning assets, resulting in a decline of 31 basis points in net interest spread for the second quarter of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The following table presents certain information about our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and their performance for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018:
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| Three Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
($ in thousands) | Interest Income/Expense |  | Average Balance (1)(2) |  | Effective Yield/ Cost of Funds (3)(4) |  | Interest Income/Expense |  | Average Balance (1)(2) |  | Effective Yield/ Cost of Funds (3)(4)
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency RMBS-fixed rate | $ | 25,207 |  |  | $ | 2,920,923 |  |  | 3.45 | % |  | $ | 9,190 |  |  | $ | 1,135,365 |  |  | 3.24 | %
Agency CMBS-fixed rate | 11,665 |  |  | 1,463,427 |  |  | 3.15 | % |  | 7,267 |  |  | 1,011,945 |  |  | 2.80 | %
Agency RMBS-adjustable rate | 249 |  |  | 28,593 |  |  | 3.71 | % |  | 1,332 |  |  | 254,850 |  |  | 2.14 | %
CMBS IO (5) | 4,886 |  |  | 492,314 |  |  | 3.78 | % |  | 6,298 |  |  | 632,376 |  |  | 3.78 | %
Non-Agency other (6) | 999 |  |  | 1,489 |  |  | 89.48 | % |  | 446 |  |  | 5,022 |  |  | 30.67 | %
U.S. Treasuries | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 1,001 |  |  | 156,420 |  |  | 2.57 | %
Other investments (7) | 742 |  |  | 10,599 |  |  | 4.82 | % |  | 388 |  |  | 14,576 |  |  | 3.99 | %
Total: | $ | 43,748 |  |  | $ | 4,917,345 |  |  | 3.43 | % |  | $ | 25,922 |  |  | $ | 3,210,554 |  |  | 3.13 | %
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | $ | 30,788 |  |  | $ | 4,562,992 |  |  | 2.67 | % |  | $ | 14,181 |  |  | $ | 2,716,097 |  |  | 2.07 | %
Non-recourse collateralized financing | 25 |  |  | 3,168 |  |  | 2.98 | % |  | 42 |  |  | 5,002 |  |  | 2.73 | %
De-designated cash flow hedge accretion (8) | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | — | % |  | (48 | ) |  | n/a |  |  | (0.01 | )%
Total: | $ | 30,813 |  |  | $ | 4,566,160 |  |  | 2.67 | % |  | $ | 14,175 |  |  | $ | 2,721,099 |  |  | 2.06 | %
Net interest income/net interest spread | $ | 12,935 |  |  |  |  |  | 0.76 | % |  | $ | 11,747 |  |  |  |  | 1.07 | %

(1) | Average balance for assets is calculated as a simple average of the daily amortized cost and excludes unrealized gains and losses as well as securities pending settlement if applicable.

(2) | Average balance for liabilities is calculated as a simple average of the daily borrowings outstanding during the period.

(3) | Effective yield is calculated by dividing the sum of gross interest income and scheduled premium amortization/discount accretion (both of which are annualized for any reporting period less than 12 months) and prepayment compensation and premium amortization/discount accretion adjustments (collectively, "prepayment adjustments"), which are not annualized, by the average balance of asset type outstanding during the reporting period.

(4) | Cost of funds is calculated by dividing annualized interest expense by the total average balance of borrowings outstanding during the period with an assumption of 360 days in a year.

(5) | Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

(6) | Includes privately-issued RMBS and CMBS.

(7) | Interest income for other investments consists of $131 thousand from mortgage loans held for investment, net and $611 thousand from cash and cash equivalents for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $143 thousand and $245 thousand for the three months ended June 30, 2018, respectively. Average balances and yields shown for other investments includes amortized cost of mortgage loans held for investment and excludes cash.

(8) | Amount recorded as a portion of "interest expense" in accordance with GAAP related to the accretion of the balance remaining in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a result of the Company's discontinuation of cash flow hedge accounting effective June 30, 2013.

Rate/Volume Analysis. The following table presents the estimated impact on our net interest income due to changes in rate (effective yield/cost of funds) and changes in volume (average balance) of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the periods indicated:
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| Three Months
| June 30, 2019 Compared to June 30, 2018
| Increase (Decrease) Due to Change In |  | Total Change in Interest Income/Expense
($ in thousands) | Rate |  | Volume |  | Prepayment Adjustments (1) |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency RMBS-fixed rate | $ | 1,564 |  |  | $ | 14,453 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,017 |
Agency CMBS-fixed rate | 1,358 |  |  | 3,182 |  |  | (143 | ) |  | 4,397 |
Agency RMBS-adjustable rate | 116 |  |  | (1,218 | ) |  | 20 |  |  | (1,082 | )
CMBS IO (2) | 6 |  |  | (1,301 | ) |  | (117 | ) |  | (1,412 | )
Non-Agency other (3) | 38 |  |  | (291 | ) |  | 806 |  |  | 553 |
Treasuries | — |  |  | (1,001 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,001 | )
Other investments (4) | 22 |  |  | 326 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 354 |
Total increase in interest income | $ | 3,104 |  |  | $ | 14,150 |  |  | $ | 572 |  |  | $ | 17,826 |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | $ | 6,964 |  |  | $ | 9,643 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,607 |
Non-recourse collateralized financing, net of other (5) | 44 |  |  | (13 | ) |  | — |  |  | 31 |
Total increase in interest expense | 7,008 |  |  | 9,630 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,638 |
Total net change in net interest income | $ | (3,904 | ) |  | $ | 4,520 |  |  | $ | 572 |  |  | $ | 1,188 |

(1) | Prepayment adjustments represent effective interest amortization adjustments related to changes in actual and projected prepayment speeds for adjustable-rate RMBS and prepayment compensation, net of amortization adjustments for CMBS and CMBS IO and are not annualized in the calculation of effective yield.

(2) | Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

(3) | Includes privately-issued RMBS and CMBS.

(4) | Increase of $366 thousand in other interest income from cash and cash equivalents is included as a change in volume.

(5) | Change in de-designated cash flow hedge accretion of $(48) thousand is included as a change in rate.

As shown in the table above, interest income increased for the second quarter of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 primarily from the addition of higher yielding fixed-rate Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS. This increase in interest income was almost entirely offset by the increase in interest expense due to a larger average outstanding balance of repurchase agreements borrowed at higher financing rates.
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Adjusted Net Interest Income for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 Compared to the Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Management includes drop income from TBA dollar roll transactions and net periodic interest benefit of interest rate swaps in a non-GAAP financial measure “adjusted net interest income” when evaluating the economic performance of its investments and financings. The following table reconciles adjusted net interest income to GAAP net interest income for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
($ in thousands) | Amount |  | Rate |  | Amount |  | Rate
Net interest income | $ | 12,935 |  |  | 0.76 | % |  | $ | 11,747 |  |  | 1.07 | %
Add: TBA drop income (1) | 1,282 |  |  | (0.04 | )% |  | 3,619 |  |  | 0.10 | %
Add: net periodic interest benefit (2) | 3,553 |  |  | 0.31 | % |  | 2,333 |  |  | 0.35 | %
De-designated cash flow hedge accretion (3) | — |  |  | — | % |  | (48 | ) |  | (0.01 | )%
Adjusted net interest income | $ | 17,770 |  |  | 1.03 | % |  | $ | 17,651 |  |  | 1.51 | %

(1) | TBA drop income is calculated by multiplying the notional amount of the TBA dollar roll positions by the difference in price between two TBA securities with the same terms but different settlement dates. The impact of TBA drop income on adjusted net interest spread includes the implied average funding cost of TBA dollar roll transactions during the periods indicated.

(2) | Amount represents net periodic interest benefit of effective interest rate swaps outstanding during the period and excludes realized and unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair value of derivatives.

(3) | Amount recorded as a portion of "interest expense" in accordance with GAAP related to the accretion of the balance remaining in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a result of the Company's discontinuation of cash flow hedge accounting effective June 30, 2013.

Adjusted net interest income remained relatively stable for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The increase in net interest income and net periodic interest benefit from interest rate swaps for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was mostly offset by a decline of $1.3 million in TBA drop income because we have reduced our volume of TBA dollar roll transactions during 2019 as higher expected prepayment speeds have impacted the pricing of TBA contracts.
Adjusted net interest spread declined 48 basis points for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the same quarter in 2018. The net yield on our TBA dollar roll positions declined to 0.75% for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 1.93% for the same period in 2018, negatively impacting our overall adjusted net interest spread by 4 basis points compared to a favorable impact of 10 basis points for the same period in 2018.
The following table summarizes information related to our drop income from TBA dollar roll transactions for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
| June 30, |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Total Change |  | Due to Change In
($ in thousands) | Amount |  | Average Yield/Cost |  | Amount |  | Average Yield/Cost |  |  | Rate |  | Volume
TBA implied interest income (1) | $ | 5,692 |  |  | 3.34 | % |  | $ | 6,771 |  |  | 3.61 | % |  | $ | (1,079 | ) |  | $ | (448 | ) |  | $ | (631 | )
TBA implied interest expense (2) | 4,410 |  |  | 2.59 | % |  | 3,152 |  |  | 1.68 | % |  | 1,258 |  |  | 1,552 |  |  | (294 | )
TBA drop income/net yield (3) | $ | 1,282 |  |  | 0.75 | % |  | $ | 3,619 |  |  | 1.93 | % |  | $ | (2,337 | ) |  | $ | (2,000 | ) |  | $ | (337 | )
Average dollar roll position | $ | 672,973 |  |  |  |  | $ | 742,111 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) | Average yield for TBA dollar roll positions is extrapolated by adding average cost (see footnote 2) to the net yield (see footnote 3). Implied interest income is calculated by multiplying the average yield by the average TBA dollar roll position outstanding during the period.

(2) | Average funding cost for TBA dollar roll positions is determined using the “price drop” between the near settling TBA contract and the price for the same contract with a later settlement date and market-based assumptions regarding the “cheapest-to-deliver” collateral that can satisfy the TBA contract, such as the security’s coupon, maturity, and projected prepayment rate

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anticipated for the collateral. TBA implied interest expense is calculated by multiplying the average funding cost by the average TBA dollar roll position outstanding during the period.

(3) | TBA net yield is calculated by dividing drop income by the average TBA dollar roll position outstanding during the period.

Net Interest Income for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 Compared to the Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Net interest income for the six months ended June 30, 2019 increased $1.3 million compared to the six months ended June 30, 2018. Interest income increased $32.6 million due to a larger and higher yielding portfolio, but was mostly offset by an increase of $31.3 million in interest expense resulting from a large average balance of borrowings at higher financing rates. Interest expense as a percentage of average balance of borrowings outpaced interest income as a percentage of interest earning assets, resulting in a decline of 41 basis points in net interest spread for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The following table presents certain information about our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and their performance for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018:

| Six Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
($ in thousands) | Interest Income/Expense |  | Average Balance (1)(2) |  | Effective Yield/ Cost of Funds (3)(4) |  | Interest Income/Expense |  | Average Balance (1)(2) |  | Effective Yield/ Cost of Funds (3)(4)
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency RMBS-fixed rate | $ | 48,618 |  |  | $ | 2,763,980 |  |  | 3.52 | % |  | $ | 16,292 |  |  | $ | 1,019,891 |  |  | 3.19 | %
Agency CMBS-fixed rate | 20,797 |  |  | 1,332,700 |  |  | 3.10 | % |  | 14,895 |  |  | 1,046,882 |  |  | 2.81 | %
Agency RMBS-adjustable rate | 472 |  |  | 30,037 |  |  | 3.40 | % |  | 2,921 |  |  | 268,733 |  |  | 2.15 | %
CMBS IO (5) | 11,282 |  |  | 505,020 |  |  | 4.10 | % |  | 13,240 |  |  | 650,799 |  |  | 3.90 | %
Non-Agency other (6) | 1,176 |  |  | 1,655 |  |  | 86.39 | % |  | 1,069 |  |  | 11,792 |  |  | 16.39 | %
U.S. Treasuries | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 1,967 |  |  | 162,431 |  |  | 2.44 | %
Other investments (7) | 1,361 |  |  | 10,916 |  |  | 4.90 | % |  | 728 |  |  | 15,007 |  |  | 4.04 | %
Total: | $ | 83,706 |  |  | $ | 4,644,308 |  |  | 3.49 | % |  | $ | 51,112 |  |  | $ | 3,175,535 |  |  | 3.14 | %
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | $ | 57,202 |  |  | $ | 4,248,909 |  |  | 2.68 | % |  | $ | 25,795 |  |  | $ | 2,681,100 |  |  | 1.91 | %
Non-recourse collateralized financing | 52 |  |  | 3,281 |  |  | 3.15 | % |  | 71 |  |  | 5,193 |  |  | 2.53 | %
De-designated cash flow hedge accretion (8) | (165 | ) |  | n/a |  |  | (0.01 | )% |  | (96 | ) |  | n/a |  |  | (0.01 | )%
Total: | $ | 57,089 |  |  | $ | 4,252,190 |  |  | 2.67 | % |  | $ | 25,770 |  |  | $ | 2,686,293 |  |  | 1.91 | %
Net interest income/net interest spread | $ | 26,617 |  |  |  |  |  | 0.82 | % |  | $ | 25,342 |  |  |  |  | 1.23 | %

(1) | Average balance for assets is calculated as a simple average of the daily amortized cost and excludes unrealized gains and losses as well as securities pending settlement if applicable.

(2) | Average balance for liabilities is calculated as a simple average of the daily borrowings outstanding during the period.

(3) | Effective yield is calculated by dividing the sum of gross interest income and scheduled premium amortization/discount accretion (both of which are annualized for any reporting period less than 12 months) and prepayment compensation and premium amortization/discount accretion adjustments (collectively, "prepayment adjustments"), which are not annualized, by the average balance of asset type outstanding during the reporting period.

(4) | Cost of funds is calculated by dividing annualized interest expense by the total average balance of borrowings outstanding during the period with an assumption of 360 days in a year.

(5) | Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

(6) | Includes privately-issued RMBS and CMBS.

(7) | Interest income for other investments consists of $275 thousand from mortgage loans held for investment, net and $1,087 thousand from cash and cash equivalents for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $305 thousand and $423

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thousand for the six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively. Average balances and yields shown for other investments includes amortized cost of mortgage loans held for investment and excludes cash.

(8) | Amount recorded as a portion of "interest expense" in accordance with GAAP related to the accretion of the balance remaining in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a result of the Company's discontinuation of cash flow hedge accounting effective June 30, 2013.

Rate/Volume Analysis. The following table presents the estimated impact on our net interest income due to changes in rate (effective yield/cost of funds) and changes in volume (average balance) of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the periods indicated:

| Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2019 Compared to June 30, 2018
| Increase (Decrease) Due to Change In |  | Total Change in Interest Income/Expense
($ in thousands) | Rate |  | Volume |  | Prepayment Adjustments (1) |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency RMBS-fixed rate | $ | 4,465 |  |  | $ | 27,861 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,326 |
Agency CMBS-fixed rate | 2,088 |  |  | 4,008 |  |  | (194 | ) |  | 5,902 |
Agency RMBS-adjustable rate | 230 |  |  | (2,544 | ) |  | (135 | ) |  | (2,449 | )
CMBS IO (2) | 4 |  |  | (2,716 | ) |  | 754 |  |  | (1,958 | )
Non-Agency other (3) | 162 |  |  | (771 | ) |  | 716 |  |  | 107 |
Treasuries | — |  |  | (1,967 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,967 | )
Other investments (4) | 47 |  |  | 581 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 633 |
Total increase in interest income | $ | 6,996 |  |  | $ | 24,452 |  |  | $ | 1,146 |  |  | $ | 32,594 |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements | $ | 16,322 |  |  | $ | 15,085 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31,407 |
Non-recourse collateralized financing, net of other (5) | (59 | ) |  | (24 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (88 | )
Total increase (decrease) in interest expense | 16,263 |  |  | 15,061 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 31,319 |
Total net change in net interest income | $ | (9,267 | ) |  | $ | 9,391 |  |  | $ | 1,151 |  |  | $ | 1,275 |

(1) | Prepayment adjustments represent effective interest amortization adjustments related to changes in actual and projected prepayment speeds for adjustable-rate RMBS and prepayment compensation, net of amortization adjustments for CMBS and CMBS IO and are not annualized in the calculation of effective yield.

(2) | Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

(3) | Includes privately-issued RMBS and CMBS.

(4) | Increase of $664 thousand in other interest income from cash and cash equivalents is included as a change in volume.

(5) | Change in de-designated cash flow hedge accretion of $69 thousand is included as a change in rate.

As shown in the table above, interest income increased for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 primarily from the addition of higher yielding fixed-rate Agency RMBS as well as Agency CMBS. This increase in interest income was almost entirely offset by the increase in interest expense due to a larger average outstanding balance of repurchase agreements borrowed at higher financing rates.
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Adjusted Net Interest Income for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 Compared to the Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Management includes drop income from TBA dollar roll transactions and net periodic interest benefit (cost) of interest rate swaps in a non-GAAP financial measure “adjusted net interest income” when evaluating the economic performance of its investments and financings. The following table reconciles adjusted net interest income to GAAP net interest income for the periods indicated:

| Six Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
($ in thousands) | Amount |  | Rate |  | Amount |  | Rate
Net interest income | $ | 26,617 |  |  | 0.82 | % |  | $ | 25,342 |  |  | 1.23 | %
Add: TBA drop income (1) | 3,245 |  |  | (0.03 | )% |  | 7,352 |  |  | 0.09 | %
Add: net periodic interest benefit (2) | 7,450 |  |  | 0.35 | % |  | 2,113 |  |  | 0.16 | %
De-designated cash flow hedge accretion (3) | (165 | ) |  | (0.01 | )% |  | (96 | ) |  | (0.01 | )%
Adjusted net interest income | $ | 37,147 |  |  | 1.13 | % |  | $ | 34,711 |  |  | 1.47 | %

(1) | TBA drop income is calculated by multiplying the notional amount of the TBA dollar roll positions by the difference in price between two TBA securities with the same terms but different settlement dates. The impact of TBA drop income on adjusted net interest spread includes the implied average funding cost of TBA dollar roll transactions during the periods indicated.

(2) | Amount represents net periodic interest benefit of effective interest rate swaps outstanding during the period and excludes realized and unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair value of derivatives.

(3) | Amount recorded as a portion of "interest expense" in accordance with GAAP related to the accretion of the balance remaining in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a result of the Company's discontinuation of cash flow hedge accounting effective June 30, 2013.

Adjusted net interest income increased $2.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 primarily because we received a net periodic interest benefit from interest rate swaps of $7.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to a net benefit of $2.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 as discussed below in “(Loss) Gain on Derivative Instruments, Net”. This benefit was partially offset by a decline of $(4.1) million in TBA drop income because we reduced our volume of TBA dollar roll transactions during the first six months of 2019 as higher expected prepayment speeds impacted the pricing of TBA contracts. As shown in the table below, net spreads on TBA dollar roll positions declined to 0.92% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 1.82% for the same period in 2018, negatively impacting our overall adjusted net interest spread for the six months ended June 30, 2019 by 3 basis points. Adjusted net interest spread declined 34 basis points for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 due primarily to financing costs out-pacing effective yields on our assets.
The following table summarizes information related to our drop income from TBA dollar roll transactions for the periods indicated:

| Six Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
| June 30, |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Total Change |  | Due to Change In
($ in thousands) | Amount |  | Average Yield/Cost |  | Amount |  | Average Yield/Cost |  |  | Rate |  | Volume
TBA implied interest income (1) | $ | 12,485 |  |  | 3.55 | % |  | $ | 13,821 |  |  | 3.42 | % |  | $ | (1,336 | ) |  | $ | 472 |  |  | $ | (1,791 | )
TBA implied interest expense (2) | 9,240 |  |  | 2.63 | % |  | 6,469 |  |  | 1.60 | % |  | 2,771 |  |  | (3,625 | ) |  | 837 |
TBA drop income/net yield (3) | $ | 3,245 |  |  | 0.92 | % |  | $ | 7,352 |  |  | 1.82 | % |  | $ | (4,107 | ) |  | $ | (3,153 | ) |  | $ | (954 | )
Average dollar roll position | $ | 699,751 |  |  |  |  | $ | 804,122 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) | Average yield for TBA dollar roll positions is extrapolated by adding average cost (see footnote 2) to the net yield (see footnote 3). Implied interest income is calculated by multiplying the average yield by the average TBA dollar roll position outstanding during the period.

(2) | Average funding cost for TBA dollar roll positions is determined using the “price drop” between the near settling TBA contract and the price for the same contract with a later settlement date and market-based assumptions regarding the “cheapest-to-

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deliver” collateral that can satisfy the TBA contract, such as the security’s coupon, maturity, and projected prepayment rate anticipated for the collateral. TBA implied interest expense is calculated by multiplying the average funding cost by the average TBA dollar roll position outstanding during the period.

(3) | TBA net yield is calculated by dividing drop income by the average TBA dollar roll position outstanding during the period.

Loss on Sale of Investments, Net
We sell our investments in the ordinary course of business as we manage our risk, capital and liquidity profiles, and as we reallocate capital to various investments. The following tables provide information related to our loss on sale of investments, net for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
($ in thousands) | Amortized cost basis sold |  | Loss on sale of investments, net |  | Amortized cost basis sold |  | Loss on sale of investments, net
Agency RMBS | $ | 209,446 |  |  | $ | (3,953 | ) |  | $ | 225,622 |  |  | $ | (7,785 | )
Agency CMBS | 219,691 |  |  | (6,493 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Agency CMBS IO | 13,775 |  |  | 86 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-Agency CMBS IO | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,644 |  |  | 51 |
U.S. Treasuries | — |  |  | — |  |  | 149,171 |  |  | (4,710 | )
| $ | 442,912 |  |  | $ | (10,360 | ) |  | $ | 383,437 |  |  | $ | (12,444 | )
| Six Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
($ in thousands) | Amortized cost basis sold |  | Loss on sale of investments, net |  | Amortized cost basis sold |  | Loss on sale of investments, net
Agency RMBS | $ | 209,446 |  |  | $ | (3,953 | ) |  | $ | 225,622 |  |  | $ | (7,785 | )
Agency CMBS | 219,691 |  |  | (6,493 | ) |  | 110,810 |  |  | (2,052 | )
Agency CMBS IO | 13,775 |  |  | 86 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-Agency CMBS IO | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,644 |  |  | 51 |
U.S. Treasuries | — |  |  | — |  |  | 197,393 |  |  | (6,433 | )
| $ | 442,912 |  |  | $ | (10,360 | ) |  | $ | 542,469 |  |  | $ | (16,219 | )

(Loss) Gain on Derivative Instruments, Net
Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments and net periodic interest benefits/costs are impacted by changing market interest rates and adjustments that we may make to our hedging positions in any given period. Because of the changes made to our derivatives portfolio from one reporting period to the next, results of any given reporting period are generally not comparable to results of another.
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The following table provides information on our financial instruments accounted for as derivative instruments for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
($ in thousands) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Interest rate derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net periodic interest benefit (cost) | $ | 3,553 |  |  | $ | 2,333 |  |  | $ | 7,450 |  |  | $ | 2,113 |
Change in fair value (1) | (127,766 | ) |  | 18,239 |  |  | (203,428 | ) |  | 66,702 |
Total interest rate swap (losses) gains, net | (124,213 | ) |  | 20,572 |  |  | (195,978 | ) |  | 68,815 |
U.S. Treasury and Eurodollar futures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value (1) | (102 | ) |  | 170 |  |  | (211 | ) |  | 2,075 |
TBA short positions (economic hedges): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 293 |
Total interest rate derivative (losses) gains, net | (124,315 | ) |  | 20,742 |  |  | (196,189 | ) |  | 71,183 |
TBA dollar roll positions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value (2) | 5,498 |  |  | (4,585 | ) |  | 13,711 |  |  | (20,405 | )
TBA drop income (3) | 1,282 |  |  | 3,619 |  |  | 3,245 |  |  | 7,352 |
Total TBA dollar roll gains (losses), net | 6,780 |  |  | (966 | ) |  | 16,956 |  |  | (13,053 | )
Options on U.S. Treasury futures | — |  |  | 891 |  |  | — |  |  | 891 |
Total (loss) gain on derivative instruments, net | $ | (117,535 | ) |  | $ | 20,667 |  |  | $ | (179,233 | ) |  | $ | 59,021 |

(1) | Changes in fair value for interest rate swaps, U.S. Treasury, and Eurodollar futures include unrealized gains (losses) from current and forward starting derivative instruments and realized gains (losses) from terminated derivative instruments.

(2) | Changes in fair value for TBA positions include unrealized gains (losses) from open TBA contracts and realized gains (losses) on paired off or terminated positions.

(3) | TBA drop income represents a portion of the change in fair value and is calculated by multiplying the notional amount of the TBA dollar roll positions by the difference in price between two TBA securities with the same terms but different settlement dates.

For the three months ended June 30, 2019, the changes in fair value for the Company’s interest rate derivatives reflects the sharp decline in interest rates during the period. The change in fair value of $(127.8) million included net realized losses of $(142.0) million on terminated interest rate swaps. The increase in fair value of TBA dollar roll positions of $6.8 million was driven primarily by the decrease in longer-term interest rates during the second quarter of 2019 and is comprised of a net realized gain of $11.2 million and a net unrealized loss of $(5.7) million.
Gain on derivative instruments, net for the three months ended June 30, 2018 included $(1.0) million of realized losses on TBA dollar roll positions and $0.9 million of realized gains resulting from $650.0 million of Eurodollar futures with a rate of 1.79% that matured during the second quarter of 2018. The decline in fair value of TBA dollar roll positions of $(4.6) million was driven primarily by the increase in interest rates during the second quarter.
For the six months ended June 30, 2019, the changes in fair value for interest rate derivatives reflects the sharp decline in interest rates during the period. the change in fair value of $(203.4) million included realized losses of $(148.7) million on terminated interest rate swaps with a notional balance of $3.8 billion, $19.7 million of realized gains on TBA dollar roll positions, and net realized losses of $(1.3) million on terminated U.S. Treasury futures. The associated realized losses and gains was a
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result of repositioning the Company to mitigate higher long-term rates and favorable hedging for both our financing and duration positions.
Gain on derivative instruments, net for the six months ended June 30, 2018 included $(0.5) million of realized losses on terminated interest rate swaps with a notional balance of $100.0 million, $13.6 million of realized losses on TBA dollar roll positions, and $1.8 million of realized gains resulting from $1.3 billion of Eurodollar futures with a rate of 1.73% that matured during the first half of 2018. The decline in fair value of TBAs of $(20.4) million was driven primarily by the increase in interest rates during the first half of 2018.
Our net periodic interest benefit from interest rate swaps increased to $3.6 million and $7.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, compared to $2.3 million and $2.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, due to having a higher average notional balance of effective interest rate swaps outstanding during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the prior periods. In addition, the average net receive rate was 16 basis points higher during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2018. The table below shows our interest rate swap hedge position as a percentage of our average repurchase agreement borrowings and net TBAs outstanding for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
($ in thousands) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Average repurchase agreement borrowings outstanding | $ | 4,562,992 |  |  | $ | 2,716,097 |  |  | $ | 4,248,909 |  |  | $ | 2,681,100 |
Average net TBAs outstanding - at cost (1) | 672,973 |  |  | 722,005 |  |  | 699,751 |  |  | 792,419 |
Average borrowings and net TBAs outstanding | 5,235,965 |  |  | 3,438,102 |  |  | 4,948,660 |  |  | 3,473,519 |
Average notional amount of interest rate swaps outstanding (excluding forward starting swaps) | 4,765,220 |  |  | 2,707,967 |  |  | 4,461,685 |  |  | 2,997,652 |
Ratio of average interest rate swaps to average borrowings and net TBAs outstanding (1) | 0.9 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 0.9 |
Average interest rate swap net pay-fixed rate (excluding forward starting swaps) (2) | 2.33 | % |  | 1.83 | % |  | 2.35 | % |  | 1.73 | %
Average interest rate swap net receive-floating rate (2) | 2.60 | % |  | 2.15 | % |  | 2.67 | % |  | 1.87 | %
Average interest rate swap net receive rate | (0.27 | )% |  | (0.32 | )% |  | (0.32 | )% |  | (0.14 | )%

(1) | Because the Company executes TBA dollar roll transactions, which economically represent the purchase and financing of fixed-rate Agency RMBS, the average TBAs outstanding are included in the ratio calculation.

(2) | Net rates include receive-fixed (pay-floating) interest rate swaps for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.

General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses increased $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2018 due primarily to higher consulting expenses. General and administrative expenses increased $0.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2018 due primarily to higher legal, audit, and consulting expenses.
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The majority of other comprehensive income of $111.1 million and $197.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, was mostly comprised of net unrealized gains in Agency RMBS and CMBS due to declining longer-term interest rates. Other comprehensive loss of $(9.8) million and $(55.2) million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, was mostly comprised of net unrealized losses in Agency RMBS and CMBS due to increasing longer-term
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interest rates. The following table provides detail on the changes in fair value by type of available-for-sale investment which are recorded as unrealized gains (losses) in other comprehensive income on our consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
($ in thousands) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Fixed-rate Agency RMBS | $ | 35,386 |  |  | $ | (6,724 | ) |  | $ | 73,210 |  |  | $ | (24,500 | )
Adjustable-rate Agency RMBS | 64 |  |  | 6,703 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 4,585 |
Agency CMBS | 70,822 |  |  | (11,943 | ) |  | 115,133 |  |  | (33,305 | )
CMBS IO (1) | 4,833 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 9,114 |  |  | (2,957 | )
Non-Agency other (2) | 22 |  |  | (272 | ) |  | 290 |  |  | (636 | )
U.S. Treasuries | — |  |  | 2,498 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,687 |
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale investments | 111,127 |  |  | (9,712 | ) |  | 197,759 |  |  | (55,126 | )
Reclassification adjustment for de-designated cash flow hedges | — |  |  | (48 | ) |  | (165 | ) |  | (96 | )
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 111,127 |  |  | $ | (9,760 | ) |  | $ | 197,594 |  |  | $ | (55,222 | )

(1) | Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

(2) | Includes non-Agency CMBS and RMBS.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our primary sources of liquidity include borrowings under repurchase arrangements and monthly principal and interest payments we receive on our investments. Additional sources may also include proceeds from the sale of investments, equity offerings, and payments received from counterparties from interest rate swap agreements and other derivative instruments. We use our liquidity to purchase investments and to pay our operating expenses and dividends on our common and preferred stock. We also use our liquidity to post initial and variation margins on our repurchase agreements and derivative transactions, including TBA contracts, when required under the terms of the related agreements. We may also use liquidity to repurchase shares of our common stock periodically.
Our liquidity fluctuates based on our investment activities, our financing and capital raising activities, and changes in the fair value of our investments and derivative instruments. We seek to maintain sufficient liquidity to support our operations and to meet our anticipated liquidity demands, including potential margin calls from lenders (as discussed further below). Our most liquid assets include unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and unencumbered Agency RMBS, CMBS, and CMBS IO. As of June 30, 2019, our most liquid assets were $198.2 million compared to $210.8 million as of December 31, 2018.
We perform sensitivity analysis on our liquidity based on changes in the fair value of our investments due to, among other things, changes in the absolute level of interest rates and the shape of the yield curve, credit spreads, lender haircuts, and prepayment speeds as well as changes in the fair value of our derivative instruments due to changes in the absolute level of interest rates and the shape of the yield curve. In performing this analysis, we will also consider the current state of the fixed income markets and the repurchase agreement markets in order to determine if market forces such as supply-demand imbalances or structural changes to these markets could change the liquidity of MBS or the availability of financing. The objective of our analysis is to assess the adequacy of our liquidity to withstand potential adverse events. We may change our leverage targets based on market conditions and our perceptions of the liquidity of our investments.
We closely monitor our debt-to-invested equity ratio (which is the ratio of debt financing to invested equity for any investment) as part of our liquidity management process as well as our overall enterprise level debt-to-equity ratio. We also monitor the ratio of our available liquidity to outstanding repurchase agreement borrowings, which fluctuates due to changes in the fair value of collateral we have pledged to our lenders. We also include our TBA dollar roll positions (at cost if settled) in evaluating the Company’s leverage because it is possible under certain market conditions that it may be uneconomical for us to roll our TBA dollar roll positions into future months, which may result in us having to take physical delivery of the underlying securities and use cash or other financing sources to fund our total purchase commitment. Including our TBA dollar roll positions at cost (if
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settled), which was $374.5 million as of June 30, 2019, our leverage was 9.4 times shareholders’ equity compared to 8.0 times shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2018.
The following table presents information regarding the balances of our repurchase agreement borrowings and our TBA dollar roll positions for the periods indicated:

| Repurchase Agreements |  | TBA Dollar Roll Positions (1)
($ in thousands) | Balance Outstanding As of Quarter End |  | Average Balance Outstanding For the Quarter Ended |  | Maximum Balance Outstanding During the Quarter Ended |  | Balance Outstanding As of Quarter End |  | Average Balance Outstanding For the Quarter Ended
June 30, 2019 | $ | 4,815,452 |  |  | $ | 4,562,992 |  |  | $ | 4,815,452 |  |  | $ | 374,451 |  |  | $ | 579,353 |
March 31, 2019 | 4,252,893 |  |  | 3,931,335 |  |  | 4,266,684 |  |  | 727,212 |  |  | 722,264 |
December 31, 2018 | 3,267,984 |  |  | 2,992,513 |  |  | 3,269,307 |  |  | 882,230 |  |  | 814,478 |
September 30, 2018 | 2,690,858 |  |  | 2,564,863 |  |  | 2,701,797 |  |  | 780,865 |  |  | 982,665 |
June 30, 2018 | 2,514,984 |  |  | 2,716,097 |  |  | 2,844,225 |  |  | 782,408 |  |  | 722,005 |

(1) | Balance outstanding as of quarter end and average balance outstanding for the quarter ended includes TBA dollar roll positions as reported at cost (as if settled). Does not include short TBA positions used to hedge interest rate risk exposure from fixed-rate Agency RMBS in applicable periods.

During the three months ended June 30, 2019, the Company’s committed repurchase facility with Wells Fargo was amended to, among other things, extend its maturity date to June 11, 2021 and reduce the aggregate maximum borrowing capacity from $400,000 to $250,000.
Depending on our liquidity levels, investment opportunities, the condition of the credit markets, and other factors, we may from time to time consider the issuance of debt, equity, or other securities. We have generally had access to the debt and equity capital markets on reasonable terms. In times of market stress, we may need to sell investments in order to provide additional liquidity for our business. While we will attempt to avoid dilutive or otherwise costly issuances, depending on market conditions and in order to manage our liquidity, we could be forced to issue equity or debt securities which may be dilutive to our capital base or our profitability.
Repurchase Agreements
Our repurchase agreement borrowings are principally uncommitted and have short-term maturities. As such, we attempt to maintain unused capacity under our existing repurchase agreement credit lines with multiple counterparties which helps protect us in the event of a counterparty's failure to renew existing repurchase agreements. As of June 30, 2019, we had repurchase agreement borrowings outstanding with 20 of our 36 available repurchase agreement counterparties at a weighted average borrowing rate of 2.69% compared to 2.69% as of December 31, 2018. Our repurchase agreement borrowings generally carry a rate of interest based on a spread to an index such as LIBOR.
For our repurchase agreement borrowings, we are required to post and maintain margin to the lender (i.e., collateral in excess of the repurchase agreement financing) in order to support the amount of the financing. This excess collateral is often referred to as a “haircut” (and which we also refer to as equity at risk) and is intended to provide the lender some protection against fluctuations in fair value of the collateral and/or the failure by us to repay the borrowing at maturity. The fair value of the MBS pledged as collateral to our repurchase agreement counterparties fluctuates depending on market conditions. If the fair value of the collateral falls below the haircut required by the lender, the lender has the right to demand additional margin, or collateral, to increase the haircut back to the initial amount. These demands are typically referred to as “margin calls”. Declines in the value of investments occur for any number of reasons including but not limited to changes in interest rates, changes in ratings on an investment, changes in actual or perceived liquidity of the investment, or changes in overall market risk perceptions. Additionally, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac announce principal payments on Agency MBS in advance of their actual remittance of principal payments, and repurchase agreement lenders generally make margin calls for an amount equal to the product of their advance rate on the repurchase agreement and the announced principal payments on the Agency RMBS. A margin call made by a lender reduces our liquidity until we receive the principal payments from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
If we fail to meet any margin call, our lenders also have the right to terminate the repurchase agreement and sell any collateral pledged. Therefore, we attempt to maintain cash and other liquid securities in sufficient amounts to manage our exposure
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to margin calls by lenders. The lender also has the right to change the required haircut at maturity of the repurchase agreement (if the term is renewed) which would require us to post additional collateral to the lender. The following table presents the weighted average minimum haircut contractually required by our counterparties for MBS pledged as collateral for our repurchase agreement borrowings as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2019 |  | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2018
Agency CMBS and RMBS | 4.7 | % |  | 4.8 | % |  | 4.9 | % |  | 4.8 | % |  | 4.9 | %
CMBS IO | 13.2 | % |  | 13.4 | % |  | 13.4 | % |  | 13.3 | % |  | 13.3 | %

The counterparties with whom we have the greatest amounts of equity at risk may vary significantly during any given period due to the short-term and generally uncommitted nature of the repurchase agreement borrowings. Equity at risk represents the potential loss to the Company if the counterparty is unable or unwilling to return collateral securing the repurchase agreement borrowing at its maturity. Please refer to Note 3 for information regarding counterparties with whom we have the greatest amount of equity at risk as of June 30, 2019.
The following table discloses our repurchase agreement amounts outstanding and the value of the related collateral pledged by geographic region of our counterparties as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
($ in thousands) | Amount Outstanding |  | Market Value of Collateral Pledged |  | Amount Outstanding |  | Market Value of Collateral Pledged
North America | $ | 3,444,707 |  |  | $ | 3,688,572 |  |  | $ | 2,190,361 |  |  | $ | 2,365,132 |
Asia | 696,614 |  |  | 736,161 |  |  | 594,435 |  |  | 633,078 |
Europe | 674,131 |  |  | 707,667 |  |  | 483,188 |  |  | 513,394 |
| $ | 4,815,452 |  |  | $ | 5,132,400 |  |  | $ | 3,267,984 |  |  | $ | 3,511,604 |

Certain of our repurchase agreement counterparties require us to comply with various operating and financial covenants. The financial covenants include, among other things, requirements that we maintain minimum shareholders' equity (usually a set minimum, or a percentage of the highest amount of shareholders' equity since the date of the agreement), limits on maximum decline in shareholders' equity (expressed as a percentage decline in any given period), and limits on maximum leverage (as a multiple of shareholders' equity). Operating requirements include, among other things, requirements to maintain our status as a REIT and to maintain our listing on the NYSE. Violations of one or more of these covenants could result in the lender declaring an event of default which would result in the termination of the repurchase agreement and immediate acceleration of amounts due thereunder. In addition, some of the agreements contain cross default features, whereby default with one lender simultaneously causes default under agreements with other lenders. Violations could also restrict us from paying dividends or engaging in other transactions that are necessary for us to maintain our REIT status.
We monitor and evaluate on an ongoing basis the impact these customary financial covenants may have on our operating and financing flexibility. Currently, we do not believe we are subject to any covenants that materially restrict our financing flexibility.
Derivative Instruments
We are party to certain types of financial instruments that are accounted for as derivative instruments including interest rate swaps, Eurodollar futures, and long and short positions in TBA securities. Certain of these derivative instruments may require us to post initial margin at inception and daily variation margin based on subsequent changes in their fair value. The collateral posted as margin by us is typically in the form of cash or Agency MBS. In addition, counterparties may have to post variation margin to us. Generally, as interest rates decline, we will be required to post collateral with counterparties on our interest rate derivatives, and vice versa as interest rates increase. As of June 30, 2019, we had cash of $61.4 million posted as collateral under these agreements.
Our TBA contracts are subject to master securities forward transaction agreements published by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association as well as supplemental terms and conditions with each counterparty. Under the terms of these agreements, we may be required to pledge collateral to, or have the right to receive collateral from, our counterparties when initiated or in the event the fair value of our TBA contracts declines. Declines in the fair value of TBA contracts are generally related to such factors as rising interest rates, increases in expected prepayment speeds, or widening spreads. Our TBA contracts generally
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provide that valuations for our TBA contracts and any pledged collateral are to be obtained from a generally recognized source agreed to by both parties. However, in certain circumstances, our counterparties have the sole discretion to determine the value of the TBA contract and any pledged collateral. In such instances, our counterparties are required to act in good faith in making determinations of value. In the event of a margin call, we must generally provide additional collateral on the same business day.
Dividends
As a REIT, we are required to distribute to our shareholders amounts equal to at least 90% of our REIT taxable income for each taxable year after consideration of our tax NOL carryforwards. We generally fund our dividend distributions through our cash flows from operations. If we make dividend distributions in excess of our operating cash flows during the period, whether for purposes of meeting our REIT distribution requirements or other strategic reasons, those distributions are generally funded either through our existing cash balances or through the return of principal from our investments (either through repayment or sale).
We have a net operating tax loss ("NOL") carryforward that we could use to offset our REIT taxable income distribution requirement. This NOL carryforward had an estimated balance of $89.8 million as of June 30, 2019, which will begin to substantially expire in 2020. We also have deferred tax hedge losses on terminated derivative instruments, which will be recognized over the original periods being hedged by those terminated derivatives. These losses have already been recognized in our GAAP earnings but will reduce taxable income over the next ten years as noted in the following table:

($ in thousands) | Tax Hedge Loss Deduction
2019 | $ | 28,932 |
2020 | 24,071 |
2021 - 2028 | 106,634 |
| $ | 159,637 |

If any of the deferred tax hedge losses for the years noted in the table above result in dividend distributions to our shareholders in excess of REIT taxable income, the excess dividends distributed will be considered a return of capital to the shareholder. Approximately 83% of our common stock dividends declared during the six months ended June 30, 2019 will represent a return of capital to shareholders and not a distribution of REIT taxable income, principally as a result of the amount of the tax hedge loss deduction.
Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations by payment due date as of June 30, 2019:

($ in thousands) |  | Payments due by period
Contractual Obligations: |  | Total |  | < 1 year |  | 1-3 years |  | 3-5 years |  | > 5 years
Repurchase agreements (1) |  | $ | 4,822,223 |  |  | $ | 4,822,223 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Non-recourse collateralized financing (2) |  | 3,116 |  |  | 985 |  |  | 1,269 |  |  | 666 |  |  | 196 |
Operating lease obligations |  | 163 |  |  | 163 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 4,825,502 |  |  | $ | 4,823,371 |  |  | $ | 1,269 |  |  | $ | 666 |  |  | $ | 196 |

(1) Includes estimated interest payments calculated using interest rates in effect and weighted average days remaining until maturity as of June 30, 2019.
(2) Amounts shown are for principal only and exclude interest obligations as those amounts are not significant. Non-recourse collateralized financing represents securitization financing that is payable solely from loans and securities pledged as collateral. Payments due by period were estimated based on the principal repayments forecasted for the underlying loans and securities, substantially all of which is used to repay the associated financing outstanding.
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Other Matters
As of June 30, 2019, we do not believe that any off-balance sheet arrangements exist that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our current or future financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity other than as discussed above. In addition, we do not have any material commitments for capital expenditures and have not obtained any commitments for funds to fulfill any capital obligations.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
There were no accounting pronouncements issued during the six months ended June 30, 2019 that are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain written statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not historical facts constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the 1933 Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Statements in this report addressing expectations, assumptions, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, future events, developments that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future, and future operating results, capital management, and dividend policy are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based upon management’s beliefs, assumptions, and expectations as of the date of this report regarding future events and operating performance, taking into account all information currently available to us, and are applicable only as of the date of this report. Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by use of words such as “believe”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “plan” “may”, “will”, “intend”, “should”, “could” or similar expressions. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements, which are not historical facts and may be based on projections, assumptions, expectations, and anticipated events that do not materialize. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statement whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
Forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may include, but are not limited to statements about:

• | Our business and investment strategy including our ability to generate acceptable risk-adjusted returns and our target investment allocations, and our views on the future performance of MBS and other investments;

• | Our views on conditions in the investment, credit, and derivatives markets;

• | Our views on the effect of actual or proposed actions of the U.S. Federal Reserve, the FOMC, or other central banks with respect to monetary policy (including the targeted Federal Funds Rate), and the potential impact of these actions on interest rates, inflation or unemployment;

• | The effect of regulatory initiatives of the Federal Reserve (including the FOMC), other financial regulators, and other central banks;

• | Our financing strategy including our target leverage ratios, our use of TBA dollar roll transactions, and anticipated trends in financing costs, and our hedging strategy including changes to the derivative instruments to which we are a party, and changes to government regulation of hedging instruments and our use of these instruments;

• | Our investment portfolio composition and target investments;

• | Our investment portfolio performance, including the fair value, yields, and forecasted prepayment speeds of our investments;

• | Our liquidity and ability to access financing, and the anticipated availability and cost of financing;

• | Our capital stock activity including the impact of stock issuances and repurchases;

• | The amount, timing, and funding of future dividends;

• | Our use of and restrictions on using our tax NOL carryforward;

• | The status of pending litigation;

• | The competitive environment in the future, including competition for investments and the availability of financing;

• | Estimates of future interest expenses, including related to the Company’s repurchase agreements and derivative instruments;

• | The status and effect of legislative reforms and regulatory rule-making or review processes, and the status of reform efforts and other business developments in the repurchase agreement financing market;

• | Market, industry and economic trends, and how these trends and related economic data may impact the behavior of market participants and financial regulators; and

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• | Market interest rates and market spreads.

Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical results or from any results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Not all of these risks and other factors are known to us. New risks and uncertainties arise over time, and it is not possible to predict those events or how they may affect us. The projections, assumptions, expectations or beliefs upon which the forward-looking statements are based can also change as a result of these risks or other factors. If such a risk or other factor materializes in future periods, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may vary materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements.
While it is not possible to identify all factors that may cause actual results to differ from historical results or from any results expressed or implied by forward-looking statements, or that may cause our projections, assumptions, expectations or beliefs to change, some of those factors include the following:

• | the risks and uncertainties referenced in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, particularly those set forth under and incorporated by reference into Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors”;

• | our ability to find suitable reinvestment opportunities;

• | changes in domestic economic conditions;

• | changes in interest rates and interest rate spreads, including the repricing of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities;

• | our investment portfolio performance particularly as it relates to cash flow, prepayment rates and credit performance;

• | the impact on markets and asset prices from the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet normalization process through the reduction in its holdings of Agency RMBS and U.S. Treasuries;

• | actual or anticipated changes in Federal Reserve monetary policy or the monetary policy of other central banks;

• | adverse reactions in U.S. financial markets related to actions of foreign central banks or the economic performance of foreign economies including in particular China, Japan, the European Union, and the United Kingdom;

• | uncertainty concerning the long-term fiscal health and stability of the United States;

• | the cost and availability of financing, including the future availability of financing due to changes to regulation of, and capital requirements imposed upon, financial institutions;

• | the cost and availability of new equity capital;

• | changes in our use of leverage;

• | changes to our investment strategy, operating policies, dividend policy or asset allocations;

• | the quality of performance of third-party servicer providers of our loans and loans underlying our securities;

• | the level of defaults by borrowers on loans we have securitized;

• | changes in our industry;

• | increased competition;

• | changes in government regulations affecting our business;

• | changes or volatility in the repurchase agreement financing markets and other credit markets;

• | changes to the market for interest rate swaps and other derivative instruments, including changes to margin requirements on derivative instruments;

• | uncertainty regarding continued government support of the U.S. financial system and U.S. housing and real estate markets; or to reform the U.S. housing finance system including the resolution of the conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac;

• | the composition of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System;

• | ownership shifts under Section 382 that further limit the use of our tax NOL carryforward;

• | systems failures or cybersecurity incidents; and

• | exposure to current and future claims and litigation.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market risk is the exposure to losses resulting from changes in market factors. Our business strategy exposes us to a variety of market risks, including interest rate, spread, prepayment, reinvestment, credit, and liquidity risks. These risks can and do cause fluctuations in our comprehensive income and book value as discussed below.
Interest Rate Risk
Investing in interest-rate sensitive investments such as MBS and TBA securities subjects us to interest rate risk. Interest rate risk results from investing in securities that have a fixed coupon or when the coupon may not immediately adjust for changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk also results from the mismatch between the duration of our assets versus the duration of our liabilities and hedges.
The measures of an instrument’s price sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations are its duration and convexity. Duration measures the percentage change in projected market value of our investments and derivative instruments given a change in interest rates. The duration of RMBS and TBA securities tend to increase when interest rates rise and decrease when interest rates fall, which is commonly referred to as negative convexity. This occurs because prepayments of the mortgage loans underlying the RMBS tend to decline when interest rates rise (which extends the life of the security) and increase when interest rates fall (which shortens the life of the security). The fair value of TBA securities react similarly to RMBS to changes in interest rates as they are based on an underlying non-specified pool of fixed-rate residential mortgage loans. CMBS and CMBS IO, however, generally have little convexity because the mortgage loans underlying the securities usually contain some form of prepayment protection provision (such as prepayment lock-outs) or prepayment compensation provisions (such as yield maintenance or prepayment penalties) which create an economic disincentive for the loans to prepay.
We attempt to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates that results from the duration mismatch between our assets and liabilities by entering into interest rate swaps and other derivative instruments to hedge this risk. We manage interest rate risk within tolerances set by our Board of Directors. Our portfolio duration changes based on the composition of our investment portfolio and our hedge positions as well as market factors. We calculate our portfolio duration based on modeled projected cash flows, and such calculated duration can be an imprecise measure of actual interest rate risk. In the case of Agency RMBS and TBA securities, the primary input to the calculated duration is the anticipated prepayment speed of the underlying mortgage loans, which is sensitive to future interest rates and borrowers’ behavior. Changes in the level of interest rates can affect the rate of mortgage prepayments and the market value of our assets. Our hedging techniques are highly complex and are partly based on assumed levels of prepayments of our assets. If prepayments are slower or faster than assumed, the maturity our investments will also differ from our expectations, which could reduce the effectiveness of our hedging strategies and may cause losses on such transactions and adversely affect our cash flow. Estimates of prepayment speeds can vary significantly by investor for the same security, and therefore estimates of security and portfolio duration can vary significantly.
During a period of rising interest rates (particularly short-term rates in a flattening yield curve environment), normally our borrowing costs will increase faster than our asset yields, negatively impacting our net interest income. The amount of the impact will depend on the composition of our portfolio, our hedging strategy, the effectiveness of our hedging instruments as well as the magnitude and the duration of the increase in interest rates.
Changes in types of our investments, the returns earned on these investments, future interest rates, credit spreads, the shape of the yield curve, the availability of financing, and/or the mix of our investments and financings including derivative instruments may cause actual results to differ significantly from the modeled results shown in the tables below. There can be no assurance that assumed events used to model the results shown below will occur, or that other events will not occur, that will affect the outcomes; therefore, the modeled results shown in the tables below and all related disclosures constitute forward-looking statements.
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The table below shows the projected sensitivity of our net interest income and net periodic interest benefit/cost on our interest rate swaps as of the periods indicated assuming an instantaneous parallel shift in interest rates:

| Projected Change in Net Interest Income and Net Periodic Interest Benefit/Cost Due To
| Decrease in Interest Rates of |  | Increase in Interest Rates of
| 50 Basis Points |  | 100 Basis Points |  | 50 Basis Points |  | 100 Basis Points
June 30, 2019 | (1.8 | )% |  | (41.1 | )% |  | (9.4 | )% |  | (22.6 | )%
December 31, 2018 | (8.0 | )% |  | (21.1 | )% |  | 4.2 | % |  | 6.1 | %

(1) | Includes estimated changes in net interest income as well as net periodic interest benefit/cost on our interest rate swaps recorded in “gain (loss) on derivatives instruments, net” and does not include estimated changes to TBA drop income generated by TBA dollar roll transactions, which are accounted for as derivative instruments in accordance with GAAP.

The projected sensitivity to changes in interest rates on our net interest income and net periodic interest benefit from interest rate swaps has increased as of June 30, 2019 relative to December 31, 2018 due to changes in our investment portfolio mix and our interest rate hedge positioning. Since December 31, 2018, we have increased the percentage of the portfolio invested in Agency CMBS and shifted the average coupon on Agency RMBS lower. At the same time, we reduced the notional amount of interest rate swaps hedging our exposure to higher interest rates. Relative to December 31, 2018, these changes had the impact of increasing our projected earnings risk if interest rates increase while lowering our projected earnings risk if there is a downward parallel shift in interest rates up to 50 basis points. The greater the downward parallel shift in interest rates, the greater the decline in our projected interest earnings because our increase in premium amortization resulting from higher prepayments on Agency RMBS is projected to out-pace the benefit to our financing costs from lower rates.
The table below shows the projected sensitivity of the market value of our financial instruments (1) and the percentage change in shareholders’ equity assuming an instantaneous parallel shift in market interest rates as of the dates indicated:
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|  | June 30, 2019
|  | Decrease in Interest Rates of |  | Increase in Interest Rates of
|  | 50 Basis Points |  | 100 Basis Points |  | 50 Basis Points |  | 100 Basis Points
Type of Instrument (1) |  | % of Market Value |  | % of Total Equity |  | % of Market Value |  | % of Total Equity |  | % of Market Value |  | % of Total Equity |  | % of Market Value |  | % of Total Equity
RMBS |  | 0.2 | % |  | 2.2 | % |  | — | % |  | (0.2 | )% |  | (0.7 | )% |  | (6.9 | )% |  | (1.8 | )% |  | (17.6 | )%
CMBS |  | 1.4 | % |  | 13.5 | % |  | 2.9 | % |  | 27.6 | % |  | (1.3 | )% |  | (12.8 | )% |  | (2.6 | )% |  | (25.0 | )%
CMBS IO |  | 0.1 | % |  | 0.9 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  | (0.1 | )% |  | (1.0 | )% |  | (0.2 | )% |  | (2.0 | )%
TBAs |  | 0.1 | % |  | 0.7 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | 0.7 | % |  | (0.1 | )% |  | (1.3 | )% |  | (0.3 | )% |  | (3.0 | )%
Interest rate hedges |  | (1.7 | )% |  | (16.3 | )% |  | (3.5 | )% |  | (33.5 | )% |  | 1.6 | % |  | 15.5 | % |  | 3.2 | % |  | 30.1 | %
Total |  | 0.1 | % |  | 1.0 | % |  | (0.4 | )% |  | (3.4 | )% |  | (0.7 | )% |  | (6.5 | )% |  | (1.8 | )% |  | (17.3 | )%
|  | December 31, 2018
|  | Decrease in Interest Rates by |  | Increase in Interest Rates by
|  | 50 Basis Points |  | 100 Basis Points |  | 50 Basis Points |  | 100 Basis Points
Type of Instrument (1) |  | % of Market Value |  | % of Total Equity |  | % of Market Value |  | % of Total Equity |  | % of Market Value |  | % of Total Equity |  | % of Market Value |  | % of Total Equity
RMBS |  | 1.0 | % |  | 7.0 | % |  | 1.6 | % |  | 11.2 | % |  | (1.3 | )% |  | (9.4 | )% |  | (2.9 | )% |  | (20.6 | )%
CMBS |  | 1.0 | % |  | 7.1 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  | 14.6 | % |  | (1.0 | )% |  | (6.8 | )% |  | (1.9 | )% |  | (13.4 | )%
CMBS IO |  | 0.3 | % |  | 1.8 | % |  | 0.4 | % |  | 3.1 | % |  | (0.1 | )% |  | (0.7 | )% |  | (0.3 | )% |  | (1.9 | )%
TBAs |  | 0.2 | % |  | 1.7 | % |  | 0.4 | % |  | 2.5 | % |  | (0.4 | )% |  | (2.9 | )% |  | (0.9 | )% |  | (6.7 | )%
Interest rate hedges |  | (2.7 | )% |  | (19.0 | )% |  | (5.5 | )% |  | (39.0 | )% |  | 2.5 | % |  | 18.1 | % |  | 4.9 | % |  | 35.3 | %
Total |  | (0.2 | )% |  | (1.4 | )% |  | (1.1 | )% |  | (7.6 | )% |  | (0.3 | )% |  | (1.7 | )% |  | (1.1 | )% |  | (7.3 | )%

(1) | Changes in market value of our financings are excluded because they are not carried at fair value on our balance sheet. The projections for market value do not assume any change in credit spreads.

The percentage change in market value for our RMBS and TBAs declined as of June 30, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018 due to declining interest rates during the six months ended June 30, 2019 as increased prepayment expectations shortened the expected life of cash flows for these securities. As mentioned above, CMBS generally have some form of prepayment protection, so their market value sensitivity was not similarly impacted by declining interest rates. The increase in the percentage change in market value for CMBS as of June 30, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018 is primarily due to our recent purchases which increased the weighted average life remaining overall for that portion of our portfolio. Unlike our CMBS, the CMBS IO remaining in our portfolio are more seasoned with shorter expected cash flows and fewer prepayment protection provisions remaining, so their percentage change in market value declined as of June 30, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018.
Management also considers changes in the shape of the interest rate curves in assessing and managing portfolio interest rate risk. Often interest rates do not move in a parallel fashion from quarter to quarter. The table below shows the percentage change in projected market value of our financial instruments (1) for instantaneous changes in the shape of the U.S. Treasury (“UST”) curve (with similar changes to the interest rate swap curves) as of the dates indicated:
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|  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Basis Point Change in |  | Percentage Change in
2-year UST |  | 10-year UST |  | Market Value of Investments (1) |  | Shareholders’ Equity |  | Market Value of Investments (1) |  | Shareholders’ Equity
+25 |  | +50 |  | (0.5 | )% |  | (5.0 | )% |  | (0.1 | )% |  | (0.8 | )%
+50 |  | +25 |  | (0.4 | )% |  | (4.1 | )% |  | (0.2 | )% |  | (1.1 | )%
+50 |  | +100 |  | (1.5 | )% |  | (14.4 | )% |  | (0.8 | )% |  | (5.7 | )%
-25 |  | 0 |  | 0.1 | % |  | 1.1 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  | 1.4 | %
-25 |  | -75 |  | (0.2 | )% |  | (1.8 | )% |  | (0.8 | )% |  | (5.4 | )%
-50 |  | -10 |  | 0.2 | % |  | 2.3 | % |  | 0.3 | % |  | 1.8 | %
-75 |  | -25 |  | 0.3 | % |  | 2.8 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  | 1.7 | %

(1) | Includes changes in market value of our investments and derivative instruments, including TBA securities, but excludes changes in market value of our financings because they are not carried at fair value on our balance sheet. The projections for market value do not assume any change in credit spreads.

Spread Risk
Spread risk is the risk of loss from an increase in the market spread between the yield on an investment versus its benchmark index. Changes in market spreads represent the market's valuation of the perceived riskiness of an asset relative to risk-free rates, and widening spreads reduce the market value of our investments as market participants require additional yield to hold riskier assets. Market spreads could change based on macroeconomic or systemic factors as well as the factors specific to a particular security such as prepayment performance or credit performance. Other factors that could impact credit spreads include technical issues such as supply and demand for a particular type of security or FOMC monetary policy. Likewise, most of our investments are fixed-rate or reset in rate over a period of time, and as interest rates rise, we would expect the market value of these investments to decrease. While we use derivative instruments to mitigate interest rate risk on our financial instruments, we do not hedge spread risk given the complexity of hedging credit spreads and the lack of liquid instruments available to use as hedges.
Fluctuations in spreads typically vary based on the type of investment. Sensitivity to changes in market spreads is derived from models that are dependent on various assumptions, and actual changes in market value in response to changes in market spreads could differ materially from the projected sensitivity if actual conditions differ from these assumptions.
The table below shows the projected sensitivity of the market value of our investments (1) given the indicated change in market spreads as of the dates indicated:

|  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
|  | Percentage Change in
Basis Point Change in Market Spreads |  | Market Value of Investments (1) |  | Shareholders’ Equity |  | Market Value of Investments (1) |  | Shareholders’ Equity
+20/+50 (2) |  | (1.1 | )% |  | (10.7 | )% |  | (1.3 | )% |  | (9.5 | )%
+10 |  | (0.5 | )% |  | (5.0 | )% |  | (0.6 | )% |  | (4.5 | )%
-10 |  | 0.5 | % |  | 5.2 | % |  | 0.7 | % |  | 5.0 | %
-20/-50 (2) |  | 1.2 | % |  | 11.0 | % |  | 1.5 | % |  | 11.0 | %

(1) | Includes changes in market value of our MBS investments, including TBA securities.

(2) | Assumes a 20-basis point shift in Agency and non-Agency RMBS and CMBS and a 50-basis point shift in Agency and non-Agency CMBS IO.

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Prepayment and Reinvestment Risk
Prepayment risk is the risk of an early, unscheduled return of principal on an investment. We are subject to prepayment risk from premiums paid on investments, which are amortized as a reduction in interest income using the effective yield method under GAAP. Principal prepayments on our investments are influenced by changes in market interest rates and a variety of economic, geographic, government policy, and other factors beyond our control.
Loans underlying our CMBS and CMBS IO securities typically have some form of prepayment protection provisions (such as prepayment lock-outs) or prepayment compensation provisions (such as yield maintenance or prepayment penalties). Yield maintenance and prepayment penalty requirements are intended to create an economic disincentive for the loans to prepay; however, the amount of the prepayment penalty required to be paid may decline over time, and as loans age, interest rates decline, or market values of collateral supporting the loans increase, prepayment penalties may lessen as an economic disincentive to the borrower. Generally, our experience has been that prepayment lock-out and yield maintenance provisions result in stable prepayment performance from period to period. There are no prepayment protections, however, if the loan defaults and is partially or wholly repaid earlier as a result of loss mitigation actions taken by the underlying loan servicer. Historically, we have experienced low default rates on loans underlying CMBS and CMBS IO.
Because CMBS IO consist of rights to interest on the underlying commercial mortgage loan pools and do not have rights to principal payments on the underlying loans, prepayment risk on these securities would be particularly acute without these prepayment protection provisions. CMBS IO prepayment protection and compensation provisions vary by issuer of the security (i.e. Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, Ginnie Mae, or non-Agency). The majority of our Agency CMBS IO are issued by Freddie Mac and these securities generally have initial prepayment lock-outs followed by a defeasance period which on average extends to within six months of the stated maturities of the underlying loans. Non-Agency CMBS IO generally have prepayment protection in the form of prepayment lock-outs and defeasance provisions.
Prepayments on the loans underlying our RMBS generally accelerate in a declining interest rate environment, as the loans age, and, with respect to ARMS, as the loans near their respective interest rate reset dates, particularly the initial reset date, or if expectations are that interest rates will rise in the future. Our prepayment models anticipate an acceleration of prepayments in these events. To the extent the actual prepayments exceed our modeled prepayments, or, with respect to adjustable-rate RMBS, if we change our future prepayment expectations, we will record adjustments to our premium amortization which may negatively impact our net interest income. In addition, changes in market expectations of prepayments could impact the fair value of our RMBS.
We seek to manage our prepayment risk on our MBS by diversifying our investments, seeking investments which we believe will have superior prepayment performance, and investing in securities which have some sort of prepayment prohibition or yield maintenance (as is the case with CMBS and CMBS IO). With respect to RMBS, when we invest in RMBS at a premium to the security’s par value, we tend to favor securities in which we believe the underlying borrowers have some disincentive to refinance as a result of the size of each loan’s principal balance, credit characteristics of the borrower, or geographic location of the property, among other factors.
We are also subject to reinvestment risk as a result of the prepayment, repayment and sales of our investments. In order to maintain our investment portfolio size and our earnings, we need to reinvest capital received from these events into new interest-earning assets or TBA securities. If we are unable to find suitable reinvestment opportunities or if yields on assets in which we reinvest are lower than yields on existing assets, our results and cash flows could be negatively impacted. In addition, based on market conditions, our leverage, and our liquidity profile, we may decide to not reinvest the cash flows we receive from our investment portfolio even when attractive reinvestment opportunities are available, or we may decide to reinvest in assets with lower yield but greater liquidity. If we retain capital or pay dividends to return capital to shareholders rather than reinvest capital, or if we invest capital in lower yielding assets for liquidity reasons, the size of our investment portfolio and the amount of income generated by our investment portfolio will likely decline.
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Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk that we will not receive all contractual amounts due on investments that we own due to default by the borrower or due to a deficiency in proceeds from the liquidation of the collateral securing the obligation. Credit losses on loans could result in lower or negative yields on our investments.
Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS have credit risk to the extent that Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac fails to remit payments on the MBS for which they have issued a guaranty of payment. Given the improved financial performance and conservatorship of these entities and the continued support of the U.S. government, we believe this risk is low. Since Agency CMBS IO represent the right to excess interest and not principal on the underlying loans, these securities are exposed to the loss of investment basis in the event a loan collateralizing the security liquidates without paying yield maintenance or prepayment penalty, which typically occurs when an involuntarily liquidating loan repays all or a portion of its related principal balance.
We attempt to mitigate our credit risk on our non-Agency securities through asset selection and by purchasing higher quality securities. Our non-Agency MBS are typically investment grade rated securities which we believe will have good credit performance. The majority of our non-Agency securities are CMBS IO and the return we earn on these securities is dependent on the credit performance of the underlying commercial loans. In particular, since investments in CMBS IO pay interest from the underlying commercial mortgage loan pools, returns generally are more negatively impacted by liquidations of loans in the underlying loan pool.
Liquidity Risk
We have liquidity risk principally from the use of recourse repurchase agreements to finance our ownership of securities. Our repurchase agreements are renewable at the discretion of our lenders and do not contain guaranteed roll-over terms. If we fail to repay the lender at maturity, the lender has the right to immediately sell the collateral and pursue us for any shortfall if the sales proceeds are inadequate to cover the repurchase agreement financing. In addition, declines in the market value of our investments pledged as collateral for repurchase agreement borrowings may result in counterparties initiating margin calls for additional collateral.
Our use of TBA long positions as a means of investing in and financing Agency RMBS also exposes us to liquidity risk in the event that we are unable to roll or terminate our TBA contracts prior to their settlement date. If we are unable to roll or terminate our TBA long positions, we could be required to take physical delivery of the underlying securities and settle our obligations for cash, which could negatively impact our liquidity position or force us to sell assets under adverse conditions if financing is not available to us on acceptable terms.
The increase in our overall leverage in the second quarter increases our liquidity risk and reduces the amount of available assets to meet margin calls on our repurchase agreements. Although leverage remains within Board authorized limits and the Company believes that it has adequate access to liquidity and repurchase agreement capacity, we have increased our exposure to an adverse market environment as a result of this increase in our leverage.
For further information, including how we attempt to mitigate liquidity risk and monitor our liquidity position, please refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Part I, Item 2 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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ITEM 4. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management evaluated, with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2019 to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended June 30, 2019 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

There have been no material developments during the three months ended June 30, 2019 with respect to the litigation against the Company and DCI Commercial, Inc. (“DCI”) discussed in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 and in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. The garnishment action related to DCI, which is also discussed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, is ongoing, but there have been no material developments with respect to this garnishment action during the three months ended June 30, 2019.
Other than as described above, to the Company’s knowledge, there are no pending or threatened legal proceedings, the resolution of which, in management’s opinion, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Risks and uncertainties identified in our forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q together with those previously disclosed in the 2018 Form 10-K or those that are presently unforeseen could result in significant adverse effects on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. See “Forward-Looking Statements” contained in Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our 2018 Form 10-K.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The Company has been authorized by its Board of Directors to repurchase up to $40 million of its outstanding shares of common stock through December 31, 2020. Subject to applicable securities laws and the terms of the Series A Preferred Stock designation and the Series B Preferred Stock designation, both of which are contained in our Articles of Incorporation, future repurchases of common stock will be made at times and in amounts as the Company deems appropriate, provided that the repurchase price per share is less than the Company's estimate of the current net book value of a share of common stock. Repurchases may be suspended or discontinued at any time. During the three months ended June 30, 2019, the Company did
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not repurchase any shares of common stock under this repurchase authorization and did not withhold any shares of common stock to satisfy tax withholding obligations due to vesting of restricted shares.
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
None.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit No. | Description
3.1 | Restated Articles of Incorporation, effective June 2, 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Dynex's Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed September 17, 2014).
3.1.1 | Articles of Amendment of the Restated Articles of Incorporation, effective June 20, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1.1 to Dynex’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A12B/A filed June 24, 2019).
3.2 | Amended and Restated Bylaws, effective as of January 1, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Dynex’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018).
10.23.5 | Amendment No. 5 to Master Repurchase and Securities Contract dated as of May 10, 2019 between Issued Holdings Capital Corporation, Dynex Capital, Inc. (as guarantor) and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (filed herewith).
10.23.6 | Amendment No. 6 to Master Repurchase and Securities Contract dated as of June 11, 2019 between Issued Holdings Capital Corporation, Dynex Capital, Inc. (as guarantor) and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.23.6 to Dynex’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 13, 2019).
10.24.2 | Amendment No. 2 to Guarantee Agreement for Dynex Capital, Inc., in favor of Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, dated June 11, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.24.2 to Dynex’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 13, 2019).
10.35.1 | Amendment No. 1 to Distribution Agreement, dated May 31, 2019, among J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, JMP Securities LLC, JonesTrading Institutional Services LLC and Dynex Capital, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Dynex’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 31, 2019).
31.1 | Certification of principal executive officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
31.2 | Certification of principal financial officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
32.1 | Certification of principal executive officer and principal financial officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
101 | The following materials from Dynex Capital, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended June 30, 2019, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language), filed herewith: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iii) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
Date: | August 6, 2019 | /s/ Byron L. Boston
|  | Byron L. Boston
|  | Chief Executive Officer, President,
|  | Co-Chief Investment Officer, and Director
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | August 6, 2019 | /s/ Stephen J. Benedetti
|  | Stephen J. Benedetti
|  | Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)