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Trade and bill receivables | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
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Trade and bill receivables |
20. | Trade and bill receivables
|  | 31.12.2016 |  |  | 31.12.2017 |  |  | 31.12.2017 |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |  |  | US$’000 |
Trade receivables, net |  |  | 241,168 |  |  |  | 212,104 |  |  |  | 33,511 |
Bill receivables (i) |  |  | 6,816,088 |  |  |  | 6,819,440 |  |  |  | 1,077,423 |
Total (Note 36) |  |  | 7,057,256 |  |  |  | 7,031,544 |  |  |  | 1,110,934 |
| (i) | As of December 31, 2017, bill receivables include bills issued by joint venture and other related parties amounted to RMB 69,816 (US$11,030) (2016: RMB 45,000) and RMB 23,832 (US$3,765) (2016: RMB 3,968) respectively.
Trade receivables, are non-interest bearing and are generally on 60 days’ term. They are recognized at their original invoice amounts which represent their fair values on initial recognition. As of December 31, 2016 and 2017, outstanding bill receivables discounted with banks for which the Group retained a recourse obligation totaled RMB 817,391 and RMB 1,505,759 (US$237,899) respectively. All bill receivables discounted have contractual maturities within 12 months at time of discounting. As of December 31, 2016 and 2017, outstanding bill receivables endorsed to suppliers with recourse obligation were RMB 851,099 and RMB 1,316,136 (US$207,940) respectively. An analysis of the impairment of trade receivables is as follows:
|  | 31.12.2016 |  |  | 31.12.2017 |  |  | 31.12.2017 |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |  |  | US$’000 |
At January 1 |  |  | 51,288 |  |  |  | 54,634 |  |  |  | 8,632 |
Charge/(credit) to consolidated statement of profit or loss |  |  | 3,696 |  |  |  | (10,854 | ) |  |  | (1,715 | )
Written off |  |  | (346 | ) |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Translation differences |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
At December 31 |  |  | 54,634 |  |  |  | 43,775 |  |  |  | 6,916 |
The Group’s historical experience in the collection of trade receivables falls within the recorded allowances. Due to this factor, management believes that no additional credit risks beyond the amount provided for collection losses are inherent in the Group’s trade receivables. As of December 31, 2016 and 2017, gross trade receivables due from a major customer, Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd. and its affiliates (the “Dongfeng companies”) were RMB 34,307 and RMB 24,580 (US$3,884), respectively. See Note 33 for further discussion of customer concentration risk.
|  |  |  |  | Neither past due |  |  | Past due but not impaired |
|  | Total |  |  | nor impaired |  |  | 0 – 90 days |  |  | 91-180 days |  |  | 181-365 days |  |  | >365 days |
|  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |  |  | RMB’000 |
At 31.12.2017 |  |  | 7,031,544 |  |  |  | 6,919,347 |  |  |  | 59,966 |  |  |  | 21,457 |  |  |  | 29,857 |  |  |  | 917 |
At 31.12.2016 |  |  | 7,057,256 |  |  |  | 6,995,511 |  |  |  | 37,902 |  |  |  | 12,062 |  |  |  | 9,654 |  |  |  | 2,127 |

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