Market risk is the exposure to an adverse change in the value of financial instruments caused by market factors including changes in equity prices, interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and inflation rates.

The Group is exposed to market risks arising from changes in equity prices, interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and inflation rates, in both the Mexican and U.S. markets. Market risk management activities are monitored by the Investments, Risk Management and Treasury Committee on a quarterly basis.

The Group is exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from various currency exposures, primarily with respect to the U.S. dollar and in those subsidiaries with functional currency other than the Mexican peso. Foreign exchange risk arises from future commercial transactions, recognized assets and liabilities and net investments in foreign operations.

Foreign currency exchange risk is monitored by assessing the net monetary liability position in U.S. dollars and the forecasted cash flow needs for anticipated U.S. dollar investments and servicing the Group’s U.S. dollar-denominated debt.

Management has set up a policy to require Group companies to manage their foreign exchange risk against their functional currency. To manage their foreign exchange risk arising from future commercial transactions and recognized assets and liabilities, entities in the Group use forward contracts. In compliance with the procedures and controls established by the Risk Management Committee, in 2021 and 2020, the Group entered into certain derivative transactions with certain financial institutions in order to manage its exposure to market risks resulting from changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. The objective in managing foreign currency fluctuations is to reduce earnings and cash flow volatility.

The foreign currency position of monetary items of the Group at December 31, 2021, was as follows:

The foreign currency position of monetary items of the Group at December 31, 2020, was as follows:

As of March 30, 2022, the exchange rate was Ps.19.8731 per U.S. dollar, which represents the interbank free market exchange rate on that date as reported by Banco Nacional de México, S.A. or Citibanamex.

The Group is subject to the risk of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, resulting primarily from the net monetary position in U.S. dollars and U.S. dollar equivalent amounts of the Group’s Mexican operations, as follows (in millions of U.S. dollars):


	December 31,
	2021		2020
U.S. dollar-denominated and U.S. dollar-equivalent monetary assets, primarily cash and cash equivalents, and non-current investments in financial instruments ⁽¹⁾	U.S.$	785.1	U.S.$	1,125.1
U.S. dollar-denominated and U.S. dollar-equivalent monetary liabilities, primarily trade accounts payable, Senior debt securities, lease liabilities, and other liabilities ^{(2) (3)}		(5,180.8)		(5,115.9)
Net liability position	U.S.$	(4,395.7)	U.S.$	(3,990.8)

(1)	As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, this line includes U.S. dollar equivalent amounts of U.S.$17.7 million and U.S.$24.5 million, respectively, related to other foreign currencies, primarily Euros.

(2)	As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, this line includes U.S. dollar equivalent amounts of U.S.$1.4 million and U.S.$2.0 million, respectively, related to other foreign currencies, primarily Euros.

(3)

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, monetary liabilities include U.S.$1,300.6 million (Ps.26,666,715) and U.S.$1,130.9 million (Ps.22,559,983), respectively, related to long-term debt designated as a hedging instrument of the Group’s investments in UH II, UHI and the investment in Open-Ended Fund (see Note 14).

At December 31, 2021, a hypothetical 10% appreciation/depreciation in the U.S. dollar to Mexican peso exchange rate would result in a foreign exchange gain/loss, net of hedge, of Ps.6,345,797 in the consolidated statement of income. At December 31, 2020, a hypothetical 10% appreciation/depreciation in the U.S. dollar to Mexican peso exchange rate would result in a foreign exchange gain/loss, net of hedge, of Ps.5,705,342 in the consolidated statement of income.

(ii) Cash Flow Interest Rate Risk

The Group monitors the exposure to interest rate risk by: (i) evaluating differences between interest rates on its outstanding debt and short-term investments and market interest rates on similar financial instruments; (ii) reviewing its cash flow needs and financial ratios (indebtedness and interest coverage); (iii) assessing current and forecasted trends in the relevant markets; and (iv) evaluating peer Group and industry practices. This approach allows the Group to determine the interest rate “mix” between variable and fixed rate debt.

The Group’s interest rate risk arises from long-term debt. Debt issued at variable rates expose the Group to cash flow interest rate risk which is partially offset by cash and cash equivalents held at variable rates. Debt issued at fixed rates expose the Group to fair value interest rate risk. During recent years the Group has maintained most of its debt in fixed rate instruments (see Note 14).

Based on various scenarios, the Group manages its cash flow interest rate risk by using cross-currency interest rate swaps, exchange rate agreements and floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps. Cross-currency interest rate swap agreements allow the Group to hedge against Mexican peso depreciation on the interest payments for medium-term periods. Interest rate swaps have the economic effect of converting borrowings from floating rates to fixed rates.

Sensitivity and Fair Value Analysis

The sensitivity analyses that follow are intended to present the hypothetical change in fair value or loss in earnings due to changes in interest rates, inflation rates, foreign currency exchange rates and debt and equity market prices as they affect the Group’s financial instruments at December 31, 2021 and 2020. These analyses address market risk only and do not take into consideration other risks that the Group faces in the ordinary course of business, including country risk and credit risk. The hypothetical changes reflect management view of changes that are reasonably possible over a one-year period. For purposes of the following sensitivity analyses, the Group has made assumptions of a hypothetical change in fair value of 10% for expected near-term future changes in the United States interest rates, Mexican interest rates, inflation rates and Mexican peso to U.S. dollar exchange rate. The results of the analyses do not purport to represent actual changes in fair value or losses in earnings that the Group will incur.

Difference between

Fair Value and

Carrying Amount

Assuming a

Difference between

Hypothetical

Fair Value and

10% Increase in

December 31, 2021

Carrying Amount

Fair Value

Carrying Amount

Fair Value

Assets:

Long-term loan and interest receivable from GTAC

Ps.

755,973

Ps.

760,143

Ps.

4,170

Ps.

80,184

Open-Ended Fund

945,176

—

Publicly traded equity instruments

3,517,711

—

Other equity instruments

1,607,969

—

Derivative financial instruments ⁽¹⁾

133,324

—

Liabilities^{(2) (3)}:

U.S. dollar-denominated debt:

Senior Notes due 2025

12,301,860

14,056,843

1,754,983

3,160,667

Senior Notes due 2026

6,150,930

6,685,200

534,270

1,202,790

Senior Notes due 2032

6,150,930

8,857,216

2,706,286

3,592,008

Senior Notes due 2040

12,301,860

16,678,493

4,376,633

6,044,482

Senior Notes due 2045

20,503,100

24,205,140

3,702,040

6,122,554

Senior Notes due 2046

18,452,790

25,029,180

6,576,390

9,079,308

Senior Notes due 2049

15,377,325

19,307,154

3,929,829

5,860,544

Peso-denominated debt:

Notes due 2027

4,500,000

4,509,405

9,405

460,346

Senior Notes due 2037

4,500,000

4,110,480

(389,520)

21,528

Senior Notes due 2043

6,500,000

4,611,620

(1,888,380)

(1,427,218)

Long-term notes payable to Mexican banks

20,260,404

20,417,854

157,450

2,199,235

Lease liabilities

9,680,559

9,830,878

150,319

1,133,407

Derivative financial instruments ⁽¹⁾

172,885

—


							Difference between
							Fair Value and
							Carrying Amount
							Assuming a
					Difference between		Hypothetical
					Fair Value and		10% Increase in
December 31, 2020	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value
Assets:
Long-term loan and interest receivable from GTAC	Ps.	821,253	Ps.	824,092	Ps.	2,839	Ps.	85,248
Open-Ended Fund		1,135,803		1,135,803		—		—
Publicly traded equity instruments		5,397,504		5,397,504		—		—
Other equity instruments		468,552		468,552		—		—

Liabilities^{(2) (3)}:
U.S. dollar-denominated debt:
Senior Notes due 2025		11,969,580		14,609,830		2,640,250		4,101,233
Senior Notes due 2026		5,984,790		6,840,854		856,064		1,540,149
Senior Notes due 2032		5,984,790		9,193,415		3,208,625		4,127,967
Senior Notes due 2040		11,969,580		16,780,992		4,811,412		6,489,511
Senior Notes due 2045		19,949,300		24,282,886		4,333,586		6,761,875
Senior Notes due 2046		17,954,370		24,970,938		7,016,568		9,513,662
Senior Notes due 2049		14,961,975		18,978,667		4,016,692		5,914,559
Peso-denominated debt:
Notes due 2027		4,500,000		5,035,860		535,860		1,039,446
Senior Notes due 2037		4,500,000		4,087,575		(412,425)		(3,668)
Senior Notes due 2043		6,500,000		5,150,860		(1,349,140)		(834,054)
Long-term notes payable to Mexican banks		19,602,893		19,801,142		198,249		2,178,363
Lease liabilities		9,292,351		9,343,100		50,749		985,059
Derivative financial instruments ⁽¹⁾		3,476,223		3,476,223		—		—

(1)	Given the nature and the tenor of these derivative financial instruments, an increase of 10% in the interest and/or exchange rates would not be an accurate sensitivity analysis on the fair value of these financial instruments.

(2)	The carrying amount of debt is stated in this table at its principal amount.

(3)

The fair value of the Senior Notes and Notes due by the Group are within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy as there is a quoted market price for them. The fair value of the lease liabilities is within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy and has been estimated based on cash flows discounted using an estimated weighted average cost of capital. The fair value of held-to-maturity securities are within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy and were based on market interest rates to the listed securities.

(iii) Price Risk

The Group is exposed to equity securities price risk because of investments held by the Group and classified in the consolidated statements of financial position as non-current investments in financial instruments. To manage its price risk arising from investments in equity securities, the Group diversifies its portfolio. Diversification of the portfolio is done in accordance with the limits set by the Group. The Group is not exposed to commodity price risk.

(b) Credit Risk

Credit risk is managed on a Group basis, except for credit risk relating to accounts receivable balances. Each local entity is responsible for managing and analyzing the credit risk for each of their new clients before standard payment and delivery terms and conditions are offered. Credit risk arises from cash and cash equivalents, derivative financial instruments and deposits with banks and financial institutions, as well as credit exposure to customers, including outstanding receivables and committed transactions. For banks and financial institutions, only independently rated parties with a minimum rating of “AA” in local scale for domestic institutions and “BBB” in global scale for foreign institutions are accepted. If customers are independently rated, these ratings are used. If there is no independent rating, the Group’s risk control function assesses the credit quality of the customer, taking into account its financial position, past experience and other factors. Individual risk limits are set based on internal or external ratings in accordance with limits set by the Company’s management. See Note 7 for further disclosure on credit risk.

No credit limits were exceeded during the reporting period, and management does not expect any losses from non-performance by the counterparties.

The Group historically has not had significant credit losses arising from customers.

Cash flow forecasting is performed in the operating entities of the Group and aggregated by corporate management. Corporate management monitors rolling forecasts of the Group’s liquidity requirements to ensure it has sufficient cash to meet operational needs while maintaining sufficient headroom on its borrowing facilities at all times so that the Group does not breach borrowing limits or covenants (where applicable) on any of its borrowing facilities. Such forecasting takes into consideration the Group’s debt financing plans, covenant compliance, compliance with internal statement of financial position ratio targets and, if applicable external regulatory or legal requirements.

Surplus cash held by the operating entities over and above balance required for working capital management are transferred to the Group treasury. Group treasury invests surplus cash in interest bearing current accounts, time deposits, money market deposits and marketable securities, choosing investments with appropriate maturities or sufficient liquidity to provide sufficient headroom as determined by the above-mentioned forecasts. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Group held cash and cash equivalents of Ps.25,828,215 and Ps.29,058,093, respectively (see Note 6).

The table below analyses the Group’s non-derivative and derivative financial liabilities as well as related contractual interest on debt and lease liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at the statement of financial position date to the contractual maturity date. Derivative financial liabilities are included in the analysis if their contractual maturities are essential for an understanding of the timing of the cash flows. The amounts disclosed in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows.

Less Than 12 Months

12-36 Months

36-60 Months

Maturities

January 1, 2022 to

January 1, 2023 to

January 1, 2025 to

Subsequent to

December 31, 2022

December 31, 2024

December 31, 2026

Total

At December 31, 2021

Debt ⁽¹⁾

Ps.

4,110,404

Ps.

13,500,000

Ps.

21,102,790

Ps.

88,286,005

Ps.

126,999,199

Lease liabilities

1,478,382

2,469,270

2,478,486

3,254,421

9,680,559

Trade and other liabilities

40,051,575

2,743,298

2,041,627

3,665,074

48,501,574

Interest on debt⁽²⁾

6,188,285

15,237,650

12,453,353

86,405,197

120,284,485

Interest on lease liabilities

659,049

1,136,036

775,332

921,942

3,492,359


	Less Than 12 Months		12-36 Months		36-60 Months		Maturities
	January 1, 2021 to		January 1, 2022 to		January 1, 2024 to		Subsequent to
	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2023		December 31, 2025		December 31, 2025		Total
At December 31, 2020
Debt ⁽¹⁾	Ps.	617,489	Ps.	8,985,404	Ps.	21,969,580	Ps.	92,304,805	Ps.	123,877,278
Lease liabilities		1,277,754		2,184,098		2,240,777		3,589,722		9,292,351
Trade and other liabilities		33,936,100		4,078,823		644,830		3,137,092		41,796,845
Interest on debt⁽²⁾		5,997,185		15,177,002		13,256,713		90,128,177		124,559,077
Interest on lease liabilities		668,461		1,169,317		853,741		925,566		3,617,085

(1)	The amounts of debt are disclosed on a principal amount basis (see Note 14).

(2)	Interest to be paid in future years on outstanding debt as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, based on contractual interest rate and exchange rates as of that date.

Capital Management

The Group’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for stockholders and benefits for other stakeholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure in order to minimize the cost of capital.