10-K 1 stba-20171231x10k.htm 10-K
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017
or
o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
For the transition period from to .
Commission file number 0-12508
S&T BANCORP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Pennsylvania |  | 25-1434426
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
800 Philadelphia Street, Indiana, PA |  | 15701
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (800) 325-2265
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $2.50 per share |  | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (NASDAQ Global Select Market)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
(Title of class)
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this form 10-K or any amendment to this form 10-K. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x |  | Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  | Smaller reporting company o
|  | Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).
Yes o No x

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The aggregate estimated fair value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2017:
Common Stock, $2.50 par value – $1,357,061,248
The number of shares outstanding of the issuer’s classes of common stock as of February 28, 2018:
Common Stock, $2.50 par value –34,969,422
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement of S&T Bancorp, Inc., to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A for the 2018 annual meeting of shareholders to be held May 21, 2018 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this annual report on Form 10-K.

Table of Contents

Part I |
Item 1. | Business | 3
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 12
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 18
Item 2. | Properties | 18
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 18
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 19
Part II |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 20
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 22
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 27
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 57
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 58
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures | 118
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 118
Item 9B. | Other Information | 119
Part III |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 120
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 120
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 120
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 120
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 120
Part IV |
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 121
| Signatures | 124

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PART I
Item 1. BUSINESS
General
S&T Bancorp, Inc., was incorporated on March 17, 1983 under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a bank holding company and is registered with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or the Federal Reserve Board, under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, or the BHCA, as a bank holding company and a financial holding company. S&T Bancorp, Inc. has three direct wholly-owned subsidiaries, S&T Bank, 9th Street Holdings, Inc. and STBA Capital Trust I, and also owns a 50 percent interest in Commonwealth Trust Credit Life Insurance Company, or CTCLIC. When used in this report, “S&T”, “we”, “us” or “our” may refer to S&T Bancorp, Inc. individually, S&T Bancorp, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, or certain of S&T Bancorp, Inc.’s subsidiaries or affiliates. As of December 31, 2017, we had approximately $7.1 billion in assets, $5.8 billion in loans, $5.4 billion in deposits and $884 million in shareholders’ equity.
S&T Bank is a full service bank, providing services to its customers through locations in Pennsylvania, Ohio and New York. On March 4, 2015, we acquired Integrity Bancshares, Inc. The transaction was valued at $172 million and added total assets of $981 million, including $789 million in loans, $116 million in goodwill, and $722 million in deposits. Integrity Bank was subsequently merged into S&T Bank on May 8, 2015. S&T Bank deposits are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, to the maximum extent provided by law. S&T Bank has three wholly-owned operating subsidiaries: S&T Insurance Group, LLC, S&T Bancholdings, Inc. and Stewart Capital Advisors, LLC. Effective January 1, 2018, S&T Insurance Group, LLC, sold a majority interest in its previously wholly-owned subsidiary S&T-Evergreen Insurance, LLC.
Prior to 2017, we reported three operating segments: Community Banking, Wealth Management and Insurance. Effective January 1, 2017, we no longer report Wealth Management and Insurance segment information, as they do not meet the quantitative thresholds required for disclosure.
Through S&T Bank and our non-bank subsidiaries, we offer traditional banking services, which include accepting time and demand deposits and originating commercial and consumer loans, brokerage services and trust services including serving as executor and trustee under wills and deeds and as guardian and custodian of employee benefits. We also manage private investment accounts for individuals and institutions through our registered investment advisor. Total Wealth Management assets under management and administration were $2.0 billion at December 31, 2017.
The main office of both S&T Bancorp, Inc. and S&T Bank is located at 800 Philadelphia Street, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and its phone number is (800) 325-2265.
Employees
As of December 31, 2017, we had 1,080 full-time equivalent employees.
Access to United States Securities and Exchange Commission Filings
All of our reports filed electronically with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, including this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, or the Report, our prior annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and our annual proxy statements, as well as any amendments to those reports, are accessible at no cost on our website at www.stbancorp.com under Financial Information, SEC Filings. These filings are also accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The charters of the Audit Committee, the Compensation and Benefits Committee, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, the Executive Committee, the Credit Risk Committee and the Trust and Revenue Oversight Committee, as well as the Complaints Regarding Accounting, Internal Accounting Controls or Auditing Matters Policy, or the Whistleblower Policy, the Code of Conduct for the CEO and CFO, the General Code of Conduct, the Corporate Governance Guidelines and the Shareholder Communications Policy are also available at www.stbancorp.com under Corporate Governance.
Supervision and Regulation
General
S&T is extensively regulated under federal and state law. Regulation of bank holding companies and banks is intended primarily for the protection of consumers, depositors, borrowers, the Federal Deposit Insurance Fund, or DIF, and the banking system as a whole, and not for the protection of shareholders or creditors. The following describes certain aspects of that regulation and does not purport to be a complete description of all regulations that affect S&T or all aspects of any regulation discussed here. To the extent statutory or regulatory provisions are described, the description is qualified in its entirety by reference to the particular statutory or regulatory provisions.
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Item 1. BUSINESS -- continued
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or Dodd-Frank Act, enacted in July 2010, has had and will continue to have a broad impact on the financial services industry, including significant regulatory and compliance changes addressing, among other things: (i) enhanced resolution authority of troubled and failing banks and their holding companies; (ii) increased capital and liquidity requirements; (iii) increased regulatory examination fees; (iv) changes to assessments to be paid to the FDIC for federal deposit insurance; (v) enhanced corporate governance and executive compensation requirements and disclosures; and (vi) numerous other provisions designed to improve supervision and oversight of, and strengthen safety and soundness for, the financial services sector. Additionally, the Dodd-Frank act established a new framework for systemic risk oversight within the financial system to be distributed among new and existing federal regulatory agencies, including the Financial Stability Oversight Council, the Federal Reserve Board, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the FDIC. Many of the requirements called for in the Dodd-Frank Act continue to be implemented, and/or are subject to implementing regulations over the course of several years. Given the uncertainty associated with the manner in which the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act will be implemented by the various regulatory agencies and through regulations, the full extent of the impact such requirements will have on financial institutions’ operations is unclear. The changes resulting from the Dodd-Frank Act may impact the profitability of our business activities, require changes to certain of our business practices, increase our operating and compliance costs, or otherwise adversely affect our business. These changes may also require us to invest significant management attention and resources to evaluate and make necessary changes in order to comply with new statutory and regulatory requirements.
In addition, proposals to change the laws and regulations governing the banking industry are frequently raised in Congress, in state legislatures and before the various bank regulatory agencies that may impact S&T. Such initiatives to change the laws and regulations may include proposals to expand or contract the powers of bank holding companies and depository institutions or proposals to substantially change the financial institution regulatory system. Any such legislation could change bank statutes and our operating environment in substantial and unpredictable ways. If enacted, such legislation could affect how S&T and S&T Bank operate and could significantly increase costs, impede the efficiency of internal business processes, limit our ability to pursue business opportunities in an efficient manner, or affect the competitive balance among banks, credit unions and other financial institutions, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The likelihood and timing of any changes and the impact such changes might have on S&T is impossible to determine with any certainty.
S&T
We are a bank holding company subject to regulation under the BHCA and the examination and reporting requirements of the Federal Reserve Board. Under the BHCA, a bank holding company may not directly or indirectly acquire ownership or control of more than five percent of the voting shares or substantially all of the assets of any additional bank, or merge or consolidate with another bank holding company, without the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board.
As a bank holding company, we are expected under statutory and regulatory provisions to serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to our subsidiary bank. A bank holding company is also expected to commit resources, including capital and other funds, to support its subsidiary bank.
We elected to become a financial holding company under the BHCA in 2001 and thereby may engage in a broader range of financial activities than are permissible for traditional bank holding companies. In order to maintain our status as a financial holding company, we must remain “well-capitalized” and “well-managed” and the depository institutions controlled by us must remain “well-capitalized,” “well-managed” (as defined in federal law) and have at least a “satisfactory” Community Reinvestment Act, or CRA, rating. Refer to Note 23 Regulatory Matters to the financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Report for information concerning the current capital ratios of S&T and S&T Bank. No prior regulatory approval is required for a financial holding company with total consolidated assets less than $50 billion to acquire a company, other than a bank or savings association, engaged in activities that are financial in nature or incidental to activities that are financial in nature, as determined by the Federal Reserve Board, unless the total consolidated assets to be acquired exceed $10 billion. The BHCA identifies several activities as “financial in nature” including, among others, securities underwriting; dealing and market making; sponsoring mutual funds and investment companies; insurance underwriting and sales agency; investment advisory activities; merchant banking activities and activities that the Federal Reserve Board has determined to be closely related to banking. Banks may also engage in, subject to limitations on investment, activities that are financial in nature, other than insurance underwriting, insurance company portfolio investment, real estate development and real estate investment, through a financial subsidiary of the bank, if the bank is “well-capitalized,” “well-managed” and has at least a “satisfactory” CRA rating.
If S&T or S&T Bank ceases to be “well-capitalized” or “well-managed,” we will not be in compliance with the requirements of the BHCA regarding financial holding companies or requirements regarding the operation of financial subsidiaries by insured banks.
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Item 1. BUSINESS -- continued
If a financial holding company is notified by the Federal Reserve Board of such a change in the ratings of any of its subsidiary banks, it must take certain corrective actions within specified time frames. Furthermore, if S&T Bank was to receive a CRA rating of less than “satisfactory,” then we would be prohibited from engaging in certain new activities or acquiring companies engaged in certain financial activities until the rating is raised to “satisfactory” or better.
We are presently engaged in nonbanking activities through the following five entities:

• | 9th Street Holdings, Inc. was formed in June 1988 to hold and manage a group of investments previously owned by S&T Bank and to give us additional latitude to purchase other investments.

• | S&T Bancholdings, Inc. was formed in August 2002 to hold and manage a group of investments previously owned by S&T Bank and to give us additional latitude to purchase other investments.

• | CTCLIC is a joint venture with another financial institution, acting as a reinsurer of credit life, accident and health insurance policies that were sold by S&T Bank and the other institution. S&T Bank and the other institution each have ownership interests of 50 percent in CTCLIC.

• | S&T Insurance Group, LLC distributes life insurance and long-term disability income insurance products. During 2001, S&T Insurance Group, LLC and Attorneys Abstract Company, Inc. entered into an agreement to form S&T Settlement Services, LLC, or STSS, with respective ownership interests of 55 percent and 45 percent. STSS is a title insurance agency servicing commercial customers. During 2002, S&T Insurance Group, LLC expanded into the property and casualty insurance business with the acquisition of S&T-Evergreen Insurance, LLC, and on January 1, 2018 we sold our subsidiary, S&T-Evergreen Insurance, LLC, and retained a 30 percent equity interest.

• | Stewart Capital Advisors, LLC was formed in August 2005 and is a registered investment advisor that manages private investment accounts for individuals and institutions.

S&T Bank
As a Pennsylvania-chartered, FDIC-insured non-member commercial bank, S&T Bank is subject to the supervision and regulation of the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities, or PADBS, and the FDIC. We are also subject to various requirements and restrictions under federal and state law, including requirements to maintain reserves against deposits, restrictions on the types, amount and terms and conditions of loans that may be granted and limits on the types of other activities in which S&T Bank may engage and the investments it may make. In addition, pursuant to the federal Bank Merger Act, S&T Bank must obtain the prior approval of the FDIC before it can merge or consolidate with or acquire the assets of or assume the deposit liabilities of another bank.
S&T Bank is subject to affiliate transaction rules in Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act as implemented by the Federal Reserve Board's Regulation W, that limit the amount of transactions between itself and S&T or any other company or entity that controls or is under common control with any company or entity that controls S&T Bank, including for most purposes any financial or depository institution subsidiary of S&T Bank. Under these provisions, “covered” transactions, including making loans, purchasing assets, issuing guarantees and other similar transactions, between a bank and its parent company or any other affiliate, generally are limited to 10 percent of the bank subsidiary’s capital and surplus, and with respect to all transactions with affiliates, are limited to 20 percent of the bank subsidiary’s capital and surplus. Loans and extensions of credit from a bank to an affiliate generally are required to be secured by eligible collateral in specified amounts, and in general all affiliated transactions must be on terms consistent with safe and sound banking practices. The Dodd-Frank Act expanded the affiliate transaction rules to broaden the definition of affiliate to include as covered transactions securities borrowing or lending, repurchase or reverse repurchase agreements and derivatives activities, and strengthen collateral requirements and limit Federal Reserve exemptive authority.
Federal law also constrains the types and amounts of loans that S&T Bank may make to its executive officers, directors and principal shareholders. Among other things, these loans are limited in amount, must be approved by the bank’s board of directors in advance, and must be on terms and conditions as favorable to the bank as those available to an unrelated person. The Dodd-Frank Act strengthened restrictions on loans to insiders and expanded the types of transactions subject to the various limits to include credit exposure arising from a derivative transaction, a repurchase or reverse repurchase agreement and a securities lending or borrowing transaction. The Dodd-Frank Act also places restrictions on certain asset sales to and from an insider to an institution, including requirements that such sales be on market terms and, in certain circumstances, approved by the institution’s board of directors.
Insurance of Accounts; Depositor Preference
The deposits of S&T Bank are insured up to applicable limits per insured depositor by the Deposit Insurance Fund, or DIF, as administered by the FDIC. The Dodd-Frank Act codified FDIC deposit insurance coverage per separately insured depositor for all account types at $250,000.
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Item 1. BUSINESS -- continued
As an FDIC-insured bank, S&T Bank is subject to FDIC insurance assessments, which are imposed based upon the calculated risk the institution poses to the DIF. In July 2016 the FDIC Board of Directors adopted a revised final rule to refine the deposit insurance assessment system for small insured depository institutions (less than $10 billion in assets) that have been federally insured for at least five years by: revising the financial ratios method for determining assessment rates so that it is based on a statistical model estimating the probability of failure over three years; updating the financial measures used in the financial ratios method consistent with the statistical model; and eliminating risk categories for established small banks and using the financial ratios method to determine assessment rates for all such banks. The amended FDIC insurance assessment benefits many small institutions with a lower rate, we however have incurred a minimal increase to our base rate.
Under the current assessment system, for an institution with less than $10 billion in assets, assessment rates are determined based on a combination of financial ratios and CAMELS composite ratings. The assessment rate schedule can change from time to time, at the discretion of the FDIC, subject to certain limits. Under the current system, premiums are assessed quarterly. Assessments are calculated as a percentage of average consolidated total assets less average tangible equity during the assessment period. The current total base assessment rates on an annualized basis range from 1.5 basis points for certain “well-capitalized,” “well-managed” banks, with the highest ratings, to 40 basis points for complex institutions posing the most risk to the DIF. The FDIC may raise or lower these assessment rates on a quarterly basis based on various factors designed to achieve a minimum designated reserve ratio of the DIF, which the Dodd-Frank Act has mandated to be no less than 1.35 percent of estimated insured deposits, subsequently set at two percent by the FDIC.
In addition to DIF assessments, the FDIC makes a special assessment to fund the repayment of debt obligations of the Financing Corporation, or FICO. FICO is a government-sponsored entity that was formed to borrow the money necessary to carry out the closing and ultimate disposition of failed thrift institutions by the Resolution Trust Corporation in the 1990s. The FICO assessment rate for the first quarter of 2018 is 0.460 basis points on an annualized basis.
The FDIC may terminate the deposit insurance of any insured depository institution if it determines after a hearing that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC or the Federal Reserve Board. It also may suspend deposit insurance temporarily during the hearing process if the institution has no tangible capital. If insurance of accounts is terminated, the accounts at the institution at the time of termination, less subsequent withdrawals, shall continue to be insured for a period of six months to two years, as determined by the FDIC.
Under federal law, deposits and certain claims for administrative expenses and employee compensation against insured depository institutions are afforded a priority over other general unsecured claims against such an institution, including federal funds and letters of credit, in the liquidation or other resolution of such an institution by a receiver. Such priority creditors would include the FDIC.
Capital
The Federal Reserve Board and the FDIC have issued substantially similar minimum risk-based and leverage capital rules applicable to banking organizations they supervise. At December 31, 2017, both S&T and S&T Bank met the applicable minimum regulatory capital requirements.
The following table summarizes the leverage and risk-based capital ratios for S&T and S&T Bank:

| Actual |  | Minimum Regulatory Capital Requirements |  | To be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
(dollars in thousands) | Amount |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  | Ratio |
As of December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | $ | 582,155 |  | 8.98 | % |  | $ | 259,170 |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 323,963 |  | 5.00 | %
S&T Bank | 542,048 |  | 8.39 | % |  | 258,460 |  | 4.00 | % |  | 323,075 |  | 5.00 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 562,155 |  | 10.04 | % |  | 252,079 |  | 4.50 | % |  | 364,114 |  | 6.50 | %
S&T Bank | 542,048 |  | 9.71 | % |  | 251,213 |  | 4.50 | % |  | 362,864 |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 582,155 |  | 10.39 | % |  | 336,105 |  | 6.00 | % |  | 448,140 |  | 8.00 | %
S&T Bank | 542,048 |  | 9.71 | % |  | 334,951 |  | 6.00 | % |  | 446,601 |  | 8.00 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 664,184 |  | 11.86 | % |  | 448,140 |  | 8.00 | % |  | 560,175 |  | 10.00 | %
S&T Bank | 622,469 |  | 11.15 | % |  | 446,602 |  | 8.00 | % |  | 558,252 |  | 10.00 | %

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In addition, the banking regulatory agencies may from time to time require that a banking organization maintain capital above the minimum prescribed levels, whether because of its financial condition or actual or anticipated growth.
The risk-based capital standards establish a systematic analytical framework that makes regulatory capital requirements more sensitive to differences in risk profiles among banking organizations, takes off-balance sheet exposures explicitly into account in assessing capital adequacy and minimizes disincentives to holding liquid, low-risk assets. For purposes of the risk-based ratios, assets and specified off-balance sheet instruments are assigned to broad risk categories, each with appropriate weights. The resulting capital ratios represent capital as a percentage of total risk-weighted assets and off-balance sheet items. The leverage ratio represents capital as a percentage of total average assets adjusted as specified in the guidelines.
In July 2013 the federal banking agencies issued final regulatory capital rules that replaced the then existing general risk-based capital and related rules, broadly revising the basic definitions and elements of regulatory capital and making substantial changes to the risk weightings for banking and trading book assets. The new regulatory capital rules are designed to implement Basel III (which were agreements reached in July 2010 by the international oversight body of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to require more and higher-quality capital) as well as the minimum leverage and risk-based capital requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. These new capital standards apply to all banks, regardless of size, and to all bank holding companies with consolidated assets greater than $500 million, and became effective on January 1, 2015, for smaller banking organizations such as S&T and S&T Bank, subject to a transition period providing for full implementation as of January 1, 2019.
The required regulatory capital minimum ratios under the new capital standards are as follows:

• | Common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio (common equity Tier 1 capital to standardized total risk-weighted assets) of 4.50 percent;

• | Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio (Tier 1 capital to standardized total risk-weighted assets) of 6.00 percent;

• | Total risk-based capital ratio (total capital to standardized total risk-weighted assets) of 8.00 percent; and

• | Leverage ratio (Tier 1 capital to average total consolidated assets less amounts deducted from Tier 1 capital) of 4.00 percent.

Generally, under the guidelines, common equity Tier 1 capital consists of common stock instruments that meet the eligibility criteria in the rule, retained earnings, accumulated other comprehensive income and common equity Tier 1 minority interest, less applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions including goodwill, intangible assets subject to limitation and certain deferred tax assets subject to limitation. Tier 1 capital is comprised of common equity Tier 1 capital plus generally non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, Tier 1 minority interests and, for bank holding companies with less than $15 billion in consolidated assets at December 31, 2009, certain restricted capital instruments including qualifying cumulative perpetual preferred stock and grandfathered trust preferred securities, up to a limit of 25 percent of Tier 1 capital, less applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions. Tier 2, or supplementary, capital generally includes portions of trust preferred securities and cumulative perpetual preferred stock not otherwise counted in Tier 1 capital, as well as preferred stock, subordinated debt, total capital minority interests not included in Tier 1, and the allowance for loan losses in an amount not exceeding 1.25 percent of standardized risk-weighted assets, less applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions. Total capital is the sum of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital.
The new regulatory capital rule also requires a banking organization to maintain a capital conservation buffer composed of common equity Tier 1 capital in an amount greater than 2.50 percent of total risk-weighted assets beginning in 2019. Beginning in 2016, the capital conservation buffer is being phased in, beginning at 25 percent, increasing to 50 percent in 2017, 75 percent in 2018 and 100 percent in 2019 and beyond. As a result, starting in 2019, a banking organization must maintain a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio greater than 7.00 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio greater than 8.50 percent and a Total risk-based capital ratio greater than 10.50 percent; otherwise, it will be subject to restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments. By 2019, when the new rule is fully phased in, the minimum capital requirements plus the capital conservation buffer will exceed the regulatory capital ratios required for an insured depository institution to be well-capitalized under prompt corrective action law, described below.
The new regulatory capital rule also revises the calculation of risk-weighted assets. It includes a new framework under which the risk weight will increase for most credit exposures that are 90 days or more past due or on nonaccrual, high-volatility commercial real estate loans, mortgage servicing and deferred tax assets that are not deducted from capital and certain equity exposures. It also includes changes to the credit conversion factors of off-balance sheet items, such as the unused portion of a loan commitment.
Federal regulators periodically propose amendments to the regulatory capital rules and the related regulatory framework and consider changes to the capital standards that could significantly increase the amount of capital needed to meet applicable standards. The timing of adoption, ultimate form and effect of any such proposed amendments cannot be predicted.
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Payment of Dividends
S&T is a legal entity separate and distinct from its banking and other subsidiaries. A substantial portion of our revenues consist of dividend payments we receive from S&T Bank. The payment of common dividends by S&T is subject to certain requirements and limitations of Pennsylvania law. S&T Bank, in turn, is subject to federal and state laws and regulations that limit the amount of dividends it can pay to S&T. In addition, both S&T and S&T Bank are subject to various general regulatory policies relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. The Federal Reserve Board has indicated that banking organizations should generally pay dividends only if (i) the organization’s net income available to common shareholders over the past year has been sufficient to fully fund the dividends and (ii) the prospective rate of earnings retention appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. Thus, under certain circumstances based upon our financial condition, our ability to declare and pay quarterly dividends may require consultation with the Federal Reserve Board and may be prohibited by applicable Federal Reserve Board guidance.
Other Safety and Soundness Regulations
There are a number of obligations and restrictions imposed on bank holding companies such as us and our depository institution subsidiary by federal law and regulatory policy. These obligations and restrictions are designed to reduce potential loss exposure to the FDIC’s DIF in the event an insured depository institution becomes in danger of default or is in default. Under current federal law, for example, the federal banking agencies possess broad powers to take prompt corrective action to resolve problems of insured depository institutions. The extent of these powers depends upon whether the institution in question is “well-capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” or “critically undercapitalized,” as defined by the law. As of December 31, 2017, S&T Bank was classified as “well-capitalized.” New definitions of these categories, as set forth in the federal banking agencies’ final rule to implement Basel III and the minimum leverage and risk-based capital requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act, became effective as of January 1, 2015. To be well-capitalized, an insured depository institution must have a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.50 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.00 percent, a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.00 percent and a leverage ratio of at least 5.00 percent, and the institution must not be subject to any written agreement, order, capital directive or prompt corrective action directive by its primary federal regulator. To be adequately capitalized, an insured depository institution must have a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 4.50 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.00 percent, a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.00 percent and a leverage ratio of at least 4.00 percent. The classification of depository institutions is primarily for the purpose of applying the federal banking agencies’ prompt corrective action provisions and is not intended to be and should not be interpreted as a representation of overall financial condition or prospects of any financial institution.
The federal banking agencies’ prompt corrective action powers, which increase depending upon the degree to which an institution is undercapitalized, can include, among other things, requiring an insured depository institution to adopt a capital restoration plan, which cannot be approved unless guaranteed by the institution’s parent company; placing limits on asset growth and restrictions on activities, including restrictions on transactions with affiliates; restricting the interest rates the institution may pay on deposits; restricting the institution from accepting brokered deposits; prohibiting the payment of principal or interest on subordinated debt; prohibiting the holding company from making capital distributions, including payment of dividends, without prior regulatory approval; and, ultimately, appointing a receiver for the institution.
The federal banking agencies have also adopted guidelines prescribing safety and soundness standards relating to internal controls and information systems, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, fees and compensation and benefits. In general, the guidelines require appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage specified risks and exposures. The guidelines prohibit excessive compensation as an unsafe and unsound practice and characterize compensation as excessive when the amounts paid are unreasonable or disproportionate to the services performed by an executive officer, employee, director or principal shareholder. In addition, the agencies have adopted regulations that authorize, but do not require, an agency to order an institution that has been given notice by an agency that it is not in compliance with any of such safety and soundness standards to submit a compliance plan. If, after being so notified, an institution fails to submit an acceptable compliance plan, the agency must issue an order directing action to correct the deficiency and may issue an order directing other actions of the types to which an “undercapitalized” institution is subject under the prompt corrective action provisions described above.
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Regulatory Enforcement Authority
The enforcement powers available to federal banking agencies are substantial and include, among other things and in addition to other powers described herein, the ability to assess civil money penalties and impose other civil and criminal penalties, to issue cease-and-desist or removal orders, to appoint a conservator to conserve the assets of an institution for the benefit of its depositors and creditors and to initiate injunctive actions against banks and bank holding companies and “institution affiliated parties,” as defined in the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of laws and regulations, and engagement in unsafe or unsound practices. Other actions or inactions may provide the basis for enforcement action, including misleading or untimely reports filed with regulatory authorities.
At the state level, the PADBS also has broad enforcement powers over S&T Bank, including the power to impose fines and other penalties and to appoint a conservator or receiver.
Interstate Banking and Branching
The BHCA currently permits bank holding companies from any state to acquire banks and bank holding companies located in any other state, subject to certain conditions, including certain nationwide and state-imposed deposit concentration limits. In addition, because of changes to law made by the Dodd-Frank Act, S&T Bank may now establish de novo branches in any state to the same extent that a bank chartered in that state could establish a branch.
Community Reinvestment, Fair Lending and Consumer Protection Laws
In connection with its lending activities, S&T Bank is subject to a number of state and federal laws designed to protect borrowers and promote lending to various sectors of the economy and population. The federal laws include, among others, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Truth-in-Lending Act, the Truth-in-Savings Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act and the CRA. In addition, federal rules require disclosure of privacy policies to consumers and, in some circumstances, allow consumers to prevent the disclosure of certain personal information to nonaffiliated third parties.
The CRA requires the appropriate federal banking agency, in connection with its examination of a bank, to assess the bank’s record in meeting the credit needs of the communities served by the bank, including low and moderate-income neighborhoods. Furthermore, such assessment is required of any bank that has applied, among other things, to merge or consolidate with or acquire the assets or assume the liabilities of an insured depository institution, or to open or relocate a branch office. In the case of a bank holding company, including a financial holding company, applying for approval to acquire a bank or bank holding company, the Federal Reserve Board will assess the record of each subsidiary bank of the applicant bank holding company in considering the application. Under the CRA, institutions are assigned a rating of “outstanding,” “satisfactory,” “needs to improve” or “unsatisfactory.” S&T Bank was rated “satisfactory” in its most recent CRA evaluation.
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With respect to consumer protection, the Dodd-Frank Act created the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, or the CFPB, which took over rulemaking responsibility on July 21, 2011 for the principal federal consumer financial protection laws, such as those identified above. Institutions that have assets of $10 billion or less, such as S&T Bank are subject to the rules established by the CFPB but will continue to be supervised in this area by their state and primary federal regulators, which in the case of S&T Bank is the FDIC. The Dodd-Frank Act also gives the CFPB expanded data collection powers for fair lending purposes for both small business and mortgage loans, as well as expanded authority to prevent unfair, deceptive and abusive practices. The consumer complaint function also has been consolidated into the CFPB with respect to the institutions it supervises. The CFPB established an Office of Community Banks and Credit Unions, with a mission to ensure that the CFPB incorporates the perspectives of small depository institutions into the policy-making process, communicates relevant policy initiatives to community banks and credit unions, and works with community banks and credit unions to identify potential areas for regulatory simplification.
Fair lending laws prohibit discrimination in the provision of banking services, and the enforcement of these laws has been a focus for bank regulators. Fair lending laws include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act, which outlaw discrimination in credit transactions and residential real estate on the basis of prohibited factors including, among others, race, color, national origin, sex and religion. A lender may be liable for policies that result in a disparate treatment of or have a disparate impact on a protected class of applicants or borrowers. If a pattern or practice of lending discrimination is alleged by a regulator, then that agency may refer the matter to the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, for investigation. In December of 2012, the DOJ and the CFPB entered into a Memorandum of Understanding under which the agencies have agreed to share information, coordinate investigations and have generally committed to strengthen their coordination efforts. S&T Bank is required to have a fair lending program that is of sufficient scope to monitor the inherent fair lending risk of the institution and that appropriately remediates issues which are identified.
During 2013, the CFPB issued a series of final rules related to mortgage loan origination and mortgage loan servicing. In particular, on January 10, 2013, the CFPB issued a final rule implementing the ability-to-repay and qualified mortgage (QM) provisions of the Truth-in-Lending Act, as amended by the Dodd-Frank Act (“QM Rule”). The ability-to-repay provision requires creditors to make reasonable, good-faith determinations that borrowers are able to repay their mortgage loans before extending the credit, based on a number of factors and consideration of financial information about the borrower from reasonably reliable third-party documents. Under the Dodd-Frank Act and the QM Rule, loans meeting the definition of “qualified mortgage” are entitled to a presumption that the lender satisfied the ability-to-repay requirements. The presumption is a conclusive presumption/safe harbor for prime loans meeting the QM requirements, and a rebuttable presumption for higher-priced/subprime loans meeting the QM requirements. The definition of a QM incorporates the statutory requirements, such as not allowing negative amortization or terms longer than 30 years. The QM Rule also adds an explicit maximum 43 percent debt-to-income ratio for borrowers if the loan is to meet the QM definition, though some mortgages that meet government-sponsored enterprise, or GSE, Federal Housing Administration, or FHA, and Veterans Affairs, or VA, underwriting guidelines may, for a period not to exceed seven years, meet the QM definition without being subject to the 43 percent debt-to-income limits. The QM Rule became effective on January 10, 2014. These rules did not have a material impact on our mortgage business.
In November 2013, the CFPB issued a final rule implementing the Dodd-Frank Act requirement to establish integrated disclosures in connection with mortgage origination, which incorporates disclosure requirements under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act and the Truth-in-Lending Act. The requirements of the final rule apply to all covered mortgage transactions for which S&T Bank receives a consumer application on or after October 3, 2015. The CFPB issued a final rule regarding the integrated disclosures in December 2013, and the disclosure requirement became effective in October 2015. These rules did not have a material impact on our mortgage business.
Anti-Money Laundering Rules
S&T Bank is subject to the Bank Secrecy Act, its implementing regulations and other anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including the USA Patriot Act of 2001. Among other things, these laws and regulations require S&T Bank to take steps to prevent the bank from being used to facilitate the flow of illegal or illicit money, to report large currency transactions and to file suspicious activity reports. S&T Bank is also required to develop and implement a comprehensive anti-money laundering compliance program. Banks must also have in place appropriate “know your customer” policies and procedures. Violations of these requirements can result in substantial civil and criminal sanctions. In addition, provisions of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 require the federal financial institution regulatory agencies to consider the effectiveness of a financial institution’s anti-money laundering activities when considering applications for bank mergers and bank holding company acquisitions.
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Other Dodd-Frank Provisions
In December 2013, federal regulators adopted final regulations regarding the so-called Volcker Rule established in the Dodd-Frank Act. The Volcker Rule generally prohibits banks and their affiliates from engaging in proprietary trading and investing in and sponsoring certain unregistered investment companies generally covering hedge funds and private equity funds, subject to certain exemptions. Banking entities had until July 21, 2017 to conform their activities to the requirements of the rule. Because S&T generally does not engage in the activities prohibited by the Volcker Rule, the effectiveness of the rule has not had a material effect on S&T Bank or its affiliates.
In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act provides that the amount of any interchange fee charged for electronic debit transactions by debit card issuers having assets over $10 billion must be reasonable and proportional to the actual cost of a transaction to the issuer. The Federal Reserve Board has adopted a rule which limits the maximum permissible interchange fees that such issuers can receive for an electronic debit transaction. This rule, Regulation II, which was effective October 1, 2011, does not apply to a bank that, together with its affiliates, has less than $10 billion in assets, which includes S&T.
Competition
S&T Bank competes with other local, regional and national financial services providers, such as other financial holding companies, commercial banks, credit unions, finance companies and brokerage and insurance firms, including competitors that provide their products and services online. Some of our competitors are not subject to the same level of regulation and oversight that is required of banks and bank holding companies, and are thus able to operate under lower cost structures. Our wealth management business competes with trust companies, mutual fund companies, investment advisory firms, law firms, brokerage firms and other financial services companies.
Changes in bank regulation, such as changes in the products and services banks can offer and permitted involvement in non-banking activities by bank holding companies, as well as bank mergers and acquisitions, can affect our ability to compete with other financial services providers. Our ability to do so will depend upon how successfully we can respond to the evolving competitive, regulatory, technological and demographic developments affecting our operations.
Our market area includes Pennsylvania and the contiguous states of Ohio, West Virginia, New York and Maryland. The majority of our commercial and consumer loans are made to businesses and individuals in this market area resulting in a geographic concentration. Our market area has a high density of financial institutions, some of which are significantly larger institutions with greater financial resources than us, and many of which are our competitors to varying degrees. Our competition for loans comes principally from commercial banks, mortgage banking companies, credit unions and other financial service companies. Our most direct competition for deposits has historically come from commercial banks and credit unions. We face additional competition for deposits from non-depository competitors such as the mutual fund industry, securities and brokerage firms and insurance companies. Because larger competitors have advantages in attracting business from larger corporations, we do not generally attempt to compete for that business. Instead, we concentrate our efforts on attracting the business of individuals, and small and medium-size businesses. We consider our competitive advantages to be customer service and responsiveness to customer needs, the convenience of banking offices and hours, access to electronic banking services and the availability and pricing of our products and services. We emphasize personalized banking and the advantage of local decision-making in our banking business.
The financial services industry is likely to become more competitive as further technological advances enable more companies to provide financial services on a more efficient and convenient basis. Technological innovations have lowered traditional barriers to entry and enabled many companies to compete in financial services markets. Many customers now expect a choice of banking options for the delivery of services, including traditional banking offices, telephone, internet, mobile, ATMs, self-service branches, and/or in-store branches. These delivery channels are offered by traditional banks and savings associations, credit unions, brokerage firms, asset management groups, finance and insurance companies, internet-based companies, and mortgage banking firms.
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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
Investments in our common stock involve risk. The following discussion highlights the risks that we believe are material to S&T, but does not necessarily include all risks that we may face.
The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors.
Our quarterly and annual operating results have varied significantly in the past and could vary significantly in the future, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. Our operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including the changing U.S. economic environment and changes in the commercial and residential real estate market, any of which may cause our stock price to fluctuate. If our operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Our stock price can fluctuate significantly in response to a variety of factors including, among other things:

• | volatility of stock market prices and volumes in general;

• | changes in market valuations of similar companies;

• | changes in the conditions of credit markets;

• | changes in accounting policies or procedures as required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, or other regulatory agencies;

• | legislative and regulatory actions, including the impact of the Dodd-Frank Act and related regulations, that may subject us to additional regulatory oversight which may result in increased compliance costs and/or require us to change our business model;

• | government intervention in the U.S. financial system and the effects of and changes in trade and monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board;

• | additions or departures of key members of management;

• | fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results; and

• | changes in analysts’ estimates of our financial performance.

Risks Related to Credit
Our ability to assess the credit-worthiness of our customers may diminish, which may adversely affect our results of operations.
We incur credit risk by virtue of making loans and extending loan commitments and letters of credit. Our exposure to credit risk is managed through the use of consistent underwriting standards that emphasize “in-market” lending while avoiding highly leveraged transactions as well as excessive industry and other concentrations. Our credit administration function employs risk management techniques to ensure that loans adhere to corporate policy and problem loans are promptly identified. There can be no assurance that such measures will be effective in avoiding undue credit risk. If the models and approaches that we use to select, manage and underwrite our consumer and commercial loan products become less predictive of future charge-offs, due to rapid changes in the economy, our credit losses may increase.
The value of the collateral used to secure our loans may not be sufficient to compensate for the amount of an unpaid loan and we may be unsuccessful in recovering the remaining balance from our customers.
Decreases in real estate values, particularly with respect to our commercial lending and mortgage activities, could adversely affect the value of property used as collateral for our loans and our customers’ ability to repay these loans, which in turn could impact our profitability. Repayment of our commercial loans is often dependent on the cash flow of the borrower, which may become unpredictable. If the value of the assets, such as real estate, serving as collateral for the loan portfolio were to decline materially, a significant part of the loan portfolio could become under-collateralized. If the loans that are secured by real estate become troubled when real estate market conditions are declining or have declined, in the event of foreclosure, we may not be able to realize the amount of collateral that was anticipated at the time of originating the loan. This could result in higher charge-offs which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.
Changes in the overall credit quality of our portfolio can have a significant impact on our earnings.
Like other lenders, we face the risk that our customers will not repay their loans. We reserve for losses in our loan portfolio based on our assessment of inherent credit losses. This process, which is critical to our financial results and condition, requires complex judgment including our assessment of economic conditions, which are difficult to predict. Through a periodic review of the loan portfolio, management determines the amount of the allowance for loan loss, or ALL, by considering historical losses combined with qualitative factors including changes in lending policies and practices, economic conditions, changes in the loan portfolio, changes in lending management, results of internal loan reviews, asset quality trends, collateral values,
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concentrations of credit risk and other external factors. The amount of future losses is susceptible to changes in economic, operating and other conditions, including changes in interest rates, which may be beyond our control. We may underestimate our inherent losses and fail to hold an ALL sufficient to account for these losses. Incorrect assumptions could lead to material underestimates of inherent losses and an inadequate ALL. As our assessment of inherent losses changes, we may need to increase or decrease our ALL, which could impact our financial results and profitability.
Our loan portfolio is concentrated within our market area, and our lack of geographic diversification increases our risk profile.
The regional economic conditions within our market area affect the demand for our products and services as well as the ability of our customers to repay their loans and the value of the collateral securing these loans. We are less able than a larger institution to spread the risks of unfavorable local economic conditions across a large number of diversified economies. A significant decline in the regional economy caused by inflation, recession, unemployment or other factors could negatively affect our customers, the quality of our loan portfolio and the demand for our products and services. Any sustained period of increased payment delinquencies, foreclosures or losses caused by adverse market or economic conditions in our market area could adversely affect the value of our assets, revenues, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, we cannot give any assurance that we will benefit from any market growth or favorable economic conditions in our primary market area.
Our loan portfolio has a significant concentration of commercial real estate loans.
The majority of our loans are to commercial borrowers and 53 percent of our total loans are commercial real estate, or CRE, and construction loans with real estate as the primary collateral. The CRE segment of our loan portfolio typically involves higher loan principal amounts, and the repayment of these loans is generally dependent, in large part, on sufficient income from the properties securing the loans to cover operating expenses and debt service. Because payments on loans secured by CRE often depend upon the successful operation and management of the properties, repayment of these loans may be affected by factors outside the borrower’s control, including adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. Additionally, we have a number of significant credit exposures to commercial borrowers, and while the majority of these borrowers have numerous projects that make up the total aggregate exposure, if one or more of these borrowers default or have financial difficulties, we could experience higher credit losses, which could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. In December 2015, the FDIC and the other federal financial institution regulatory agencies released a new statement on prudent risk management for commercial real estate lending. In this statement, the agencies express concerns about easing commercial real estate underwriting standards, direct financial institutions to maintain underwriting discipline and exercise risk management practices to identify, measure and monitor lending risks, and indicate that they will continue to pay special attention to commercial real estate lending activities and concentrations going forward.
Risks Related to Our Operations
Failure to keep pace with technological changes could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
The financial services industry is constantly undergoing rapid technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better service customers and reduce costs. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy their demands, as well as create additional efficiencies within our operations. Many of our large competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services quickly or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological change affecting the financial services industry could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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A failure in or breach of our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties, could disrupt our businesses, and adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition, as well as cause reputational harm.
Our operational and security systems, infrastructure, including our computer systems, data management, and internal processes, as well as those of third parties, are integral to our business. We rely on our employees and third parties in our day-to-day and ongoing operations, who may, as a result of human error, misconduct or malfeasance, or failure or breach of third party systems or infrastructure, expose us to risk. We have taken measures to implement backup systems and other safeguards to support our operations, but our ability to conduct business may be adversely affected by any significant disruptions to us or to third parties with whom we interact. In addition, our ability to implement backup systems and other safeguards with respect to third-party systems is more limited than with our own systems.
Our financial, accounting, data processing, check processing, electronic funds transfer, loan processing, online and mobile banking, automated teller machines, or ATMs, backup or other operating or security systems and infrastructure may fail to operate properly or become disabled or damaged as a result of a number of factors including events that are wholly or partially beyond our control. This could adversely affect our ability to process these transactions or provide these services. There could be sudden increases in customer transaction volume, electrical, telecommunications or other major physical infrastructure outages, natural disasters, events arising from local or larger scale political or social matters, including terrorist acts, and cyber attacks. We continuously update these systems to support our operations and growth. This updating entails significant costs and creates risks associated with implementing new systems and integrating them with existing ones. Operational risk exposures could adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition, and cause reputational harm.
A cyber attack, information or security breach, or a technology failure of ours or of a third party could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business or manage our exposure to risk, result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, increase our costs to maintain and update our operational and security systems and infrastructure, and adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition, as well as cause reputational harm.
Our business is highly dependent on the security and efficacy of our infrastructure, computer and data management systems, as well as those of third parties with whom we interact. Cyber security risks for financial institutions have significantly increased in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, terrorists and other external parties, including foreign state actors. Our operations rely on the secure processing, transmission, storage and retrieval of confidential, proprietary and other information in our computer and data management systems and networks, and in the computer and data management systems and networks of third parties. We rely on digital technologies, computer, database and email systems, software, and networks to conduct our operations. In addition, to access our network, products and services, our customers and third parties may use personal mobile devices or computing devices that are outside of our network environment.
Financial services institutions have been subject to, and are likely to continue to be the target of, cyber attacks, including computer viruses, malicious or destructive code, phishing attacks, denial of service or information or other security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of confidential, proprietary and other information of the institution, its employees or customers or of third parties, or otherwise materially disrupt network access or business operations. For example, denial of service attacks have been launched against a number of large financial institutions and several large retailers have disclosed substantial cyber security breaches affecting debit and credit card accounts of their customers. We have experienced cyber security incidents in the past, although not material, and we anticipate that, as a growing regional bank, we could experience further incidents. There can be no assurance that we will not suffer material losses or other material consequences relating to technology failure, cyber attacks or other information or security breaches.
As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities or incidents. Any of these matters could result in our loss of customers and business opportunities, significant disruption to our operations and business, misappropriation or destruction of our confidential information and/or that of our customers, or damage to our customers’ and/or third parties’ computers or systems, and could result in a violation of applicable privacy laws and other laws, litigation exposure, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, loss of confidence in our security measures, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, and additional compliance costs. In addition, any of the matters described above could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
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We rely on third-party providers and other suppliers for a number of services that are important to our business. An interruption or cessation of an important service by any third party could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We are dependent for the majority of our technology, including our core operating system, on third party providers. If these companies were to discontinue providing services to us, we may experience significant disruption to our business. In addition, each of these third parties faces the risk of cyber attack, information breach or loss, or technology failure. If any of our third party service providers experience such difficulties, or if there is any other disruption in our relationships with them, we may be required to locate alternative sources of such services. We are dependent on these third-party providers securing their information systems, over which we have no control, and a breach of their information systems could adversely affect our ability to effect transactions, service our clients or manage our exposure to risk and could result in the disclosure of sensitive, personal customer information, which could have a material adverse impact on our business through damage to our reputation, loss of customer business, remedial costs, additional regulatory scrutiny or exposure to civil litigation and possible financial liability. Assurance cannot be provided that we could negotiate terms with alternative service sources that are as favorable or could obtain services with similar functionality as found in existing systems without the need to expend substantial resources, if at all, thereby resulting in a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.
Risks Related to Interest Rates and Investments
Our net interest income could be negatively affected by interest rate changes which may adversely affect our financial condition.
Our results of operations are largely dependent on net interest income, which is the difference between the interest and fees earned on interest-earning assets and the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Therefore, any change in general market interest rates, including changes resulting from the Federal Reserve Board’s policies, can have a significant effect on our net interest income and total income. There may be mismatches between the maturity and repricing of our assets and liabilities that could cause the net interest rate spread to compress, depending on the level and type of changes in the interest rate environment. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and the policies of various governmental agencies. In addition, some of our customers often have the ability to prepay loans or redeem deposits with either no penalties, or penalties that are insufficient to compensate us for the lost income. A significant reduction in our net interest income will adversely affect our business and results of operations. If we are unable to manage interest rate risk effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially harmed.
Declines in the value of investment securities held by us could require write-downs, which would reduce our earnings.
In order to diversify earnings and enhance liquidity, we own both debt and equity instruments of government agencies, municipalities and other companies. We may be required to record impairment charges on our investment securities if they suffer a decline in value that is considered other-than-temporary. Additionally, the value of these investments may fluctuate depending on the interest rate environment, general economic conditions and circumstances specific to the issuer. Volatile market conditions may detrimentally affect the value of these securities, such as through reduced valuations due to the perception of heightened credit or liquidity risks. Changes in the value of these instruments may result in a reduction to earnings and/or capital, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Business Strategy
Our strategy includes growth plans through organic growth and by means of acquisitions. Our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively.
We intend to continue pursuing a growth strategy through, organic growth and by means of acquisitions, both within our current footprint and through market expansion. We continue to evaluate acquisition opportunities as another source of growth. We cannot give assurance that we will be able to expand our existing market presence, or successfully enter new markets or that any such expansion will not adversely affect our results of operations. Failure to manage our growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, future prospects, financial condition or results of operations and could adversely affect our ability to successfully implement our business strategy.
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Our failure to find suitable acquisition candidates, or successfully bid against other competitors for acquisitions, could adversely affect our ability to fully implement our business strategy. If we are successful in acquiring other entities, the process of integrating such entities, will divert significant management time and resources. We may not be able to integrate efficiently or operate profitably any entity we may acquire. We may experience disruption and incur unexpected expenses in integrating acquisitions. These failures could adversely impact our future prospects and results of operation.
We are subject to competition from both banks and non-banking companies.
The financial services industry is highly competitive, and we encounter strong competition for deposits, loans and other financial services in our market area, including online providers of these products and services. Our principal competitors include other local, regional and national financial services providers, such as other financial holding companies, commercial banks, credit unions, finance companies and brokerage and insurance firms, including competitors that provide their products and services online. Many of our non-bank competitors are not subject to the same degree of regulation that we are and have advantages over us in providing certain services. Additionally, many of our competitors are significantly larger than we are and have greater access to capital and other resources. Failure to compete effectively for deposit, loan and other financial services customers in our markets could cause us to lose market share, slow our growth rate and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We may be required to raise capital in the future, but that capital may not be available or may not be on acceptable terms when it is needed.
We are required by federal regulatory authorities to maintain adequate capital levels to support operations. While we believe we currently have sufficient capital, if we cannot raise additional capital when needed, we may not be able to meet these requirements. In addition, our ability to further expand our operations through organic growth, which includes growth within our current footprint and growth through market expansion, may be adversely affected by any inability to raise necessary capital. Our ability to raise additional capital at any given time is dependent on capital market conditions at that time and on our financial performance and outlook.
Risks Related to Regulatory Compliance and Legal Matters
We are subject to extensive governmental regulation and supervision.
We are subject to extensive state and federal regulation, supervision and legislation that govern nearly every aspect of our operations. The regulations are primarily intended to protect depositors, customers and the banking system as a whole, not shareholders. These regulations affect our lending practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy and growth, among other things. Congress and federal regulatory agencies continually review banking laws, regulations and policies for possible changes. The Dodd-Frank Act, enacted in July 2010, instituted major changes to the banking and financial institutions regulatory regimes. Other changes to statutes, regulations or policies could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways. Such changes could subject us to additional costs of regulatory compliance and of doing business, limit the types of financial services and products we may offer and/or increase the ability of non-banks to offer competing financial services and products, among other things, and could divert management’s time from other business activities. Failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies or supervisory guidance could lead to enforcement and other legal actions by federal or state authorities, including criminal or civil penalties, the loss of FDIC insurance, the revocation of a banking charter, other sanctions by regulatory agencies, and/or damage to our reputation. The ramifications and uncertainties of the level of government intervention in the U.S. financial system could also adversely affect us.
Our controls and procedures may fail or be circumvented, which may result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Management regularly reviews and updates our internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, and corporate governance policies and procedures. Any system of controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Any failure or circumvention of the controls and procedures or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS - continued
As disclosed in Part II, Item 9A “Controls and Procedures” of this Form 10-K, or Item 9A, a material weakness was identified in our internal control over financial reporting resulting from the inconsistent assessment of internally assigned risk weightings, which is one of several factors used to estimate the allowance for loan loss. The specific issues leading to these conclusions are described in Item 9A in “Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.” A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
The material weakness identified in Item 9A did not result in any misstatement of our consolidated financial statements for any period presented. We will begin efforts to remediate the material weakness in the first quarter of 2018. However, our remedial measures to address the material weakness may be insufficient and we may in the future discover areas of our internal controls that need improvement. Failure to maintain effective controls or to timely implement any necessary improvement of our internal and disclosure controls could, among other things, result in losses from errors, harm our reputation, or cause investors to lose confidence in the reported financial information, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Negative public opinion could damage our reputation and adversely impact our earnings and liquidity.
Reputational risk, or the risk to our business, earnings, liquidity and capital from negative public opinion, is inherent in our operations. Negative public opinion could result from our actual or alleged conduct in a variety of areas, including legal and regulatory compliance, lending practices, corporate governance, litigation, ethical issues or inadequate protection of customer information. We are dependent on third-party providers for a number of services that are important to our business. Refer to the risk factor titled, “We rely on third-party providers and other suppliers for a number of services that are important to our business. An interruption or cessation of an important service by any third party could have a material adverse effect on our business” for additional information. A failure by any of these third-party service providers could cause a disruption in our operations, which could result in negative public opinion about us or damage to our reputation. We expend significant resources to comply with regulatory requirements, and the failure to comply with such regulations could result in reputational harm or significant legal or remedial costs. Damage to our reputation could adversely affect our ability to retain and attract new customers and employees, expose us to litigation and regulatory action and adversely impact our earnings and liquidity.
We may be a defendant from time to time in a variety of litigation and other actions, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
From time to time, customers and others make claims and take legal action pertaining to the performance of our responsibilities. Whether customer claims and legal action related to the performance of our responsibilities are founded or unfounded, if such claims and legal actions are not resolved in a manner favorable to us, they may result in significant expenses, attention from management and financial liability. Any financial liability or reputational damage could have a material adverse effect on our business, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Liquidity
We rely on a stable core deposit base as our primary source of liquidity.
We are dependent for our funding on a stable base of core deposits. Our ability to maintain a stable core deposit base is a function of our financial performance, our reputation and the security provided by FDIC insurance, which combined, gives customers confidence in us. If any of these considerations deteriorates, the stability of our core deposits could be harmed. In addition, deposit levels may be affected by factors such as general interest rate levels, rates paid by competitors, returns available to customers on alternative investments and general economic conditions. Accordingly, we may be required from time to time to rely on other sources of liquidity to meet withdrawal demands or otherwise fund operations.
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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS - continued
Our ability to meet contingency funding needs, in the event of a crisis that causes a disruption to our core deposit base, is dependent on access to wholesale markets, including funds provided by the FHLB of Pittsburgh.
We own stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh, or FHLB, in order to qualify for membership in the FHLB system, which enables us to borrow on our line of credit with the FHLB that is secured by a blanket lien on a significant portion of our loan portfolio. Changes or disruptions to the FHLB or the FHLB system in general may materially impact our ability to meet short and long-term liquidity needs or meet growth plans. Additionally, we cannot be assured that the FHLB will be able to provide funding to us when needed, nor can we be certain that the FHLB will provide funds specifically to us, should our financial condition and/or our regulators prevent access to our line of credit. The inability to access this source of funds could have a materially adverse effect on our ability to meet our customer’s needs. Our financial flexibility could be severely constrained if we were unable to maintain our access to funding or if adequate financing is not available at acceptable interest rates.
Risks Related to Owning Our Stock
Our outstanding warrant may be dilutive to holders of our common stock.
The ownership interest of the existing holders of our common stock may be diluted to the extent our outstanding warrant is exercised. The warrant will remain outstanding until January 2019. There are 517,012 shares of common stock underlying the warrant, representing approximately 1.48 percent of the shares of our common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2017, including the shares issuable upon exercise of the warrant in total shares outstanding. The warrant holder has the right to vote any of the shares of common stock it receives upon exercise of the warrant.
Our ability to pay dividends on our common stock may be limited.
Holders of our common stock will be entitled to receive only such dividends as our Board of Directors may declare out of funds legally available for such payments. Although we have historically declared cash dividends on our common stock, we are not required to do so and our Board of Directors could reduce, suspend or eliminate our dividend at any time. Any decrease to or elimination of the dividends on our common stock could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
There are no unresolved SEC staff comments.
Item 2. PROPERTIES
We own a building in Indiana, Pennsylvania, located at 800 Philadelphia Street, which serves as our headquarters and executive and administrative offices and through which we offer community banking and wealth management services. In addition, we own a building in Indiana, Pennsylvania that serves as additional administrative offices. As of December 31, 2017, we lease two buildings in Indiana, Pennsylvania: one that houses both our data processing and technology center and one of our branches and one that houses our training center. We also offer our community banking services through 62 locations as of December 31, 3017, including 57 branches located in fifteen counties in Pennsylvania, of which 33 are owned and 29 are leased, including the aforementioned building that shares space with our data center. The other three community banking locations include one leased loan production office in Ohio, a leased branch located in Ohio, and a leased loan production office in western New York. We offer our wealth management services through two leased offices, one in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania and one in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, as well as through staff located within our banking offices to provide their services to our customers. Our operating leases and the one capital lease expire at various dates through the year 2055 and generally include options to renew. Management believes the terms of the various leases are consistent with market standards and were arrived at through arm’s length bargaining. For additional information regarding the lease commitments, refer to Note 9 Premises and Equipment to the financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report.
Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The nature of our business generates a certain amount of litigation which arises in the ordinary course of business. However, in management’s opinion, there are no proceedings pending that we are a party to or to which our property is subject that would be material in relation to our financial condition or results of operations. In addition, no material proceedings are pending nor are known to be threatened or contemplated against us by governmental authorities or other parties.
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Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Stock Prices and Dividend Information
Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market System, or NASDAQ, under the symbol STBA. The high and low sale prices of common stock for each quarter during 2017 and 2016 is detailed in the table below and is based upon information obtained from NASDAQ. As of the close of business on January 31, 2018, we had 2,837 shareholders of record. Dividends paid by S&T are primarily provided from S&T Bank’s dividends to S&T. The payment of dividends by S&T Bank to S&T is subject to the restrictions described in Note 5 Dividend and Loan Restrictions of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report. The cash dividends declared per share for each quarter during 2017 and 2016 are shown below.

| Price Range of Common Stock | Cash Dividends Declared |
2017 | Low |  |  | High |
Fourth quarter | $ | 38.16 |  |  | $ | 43.17 |  |  | $ | 0.22 |
Third quarter | 33.92 |  |  | 39.94 |  |  | 0.20 |
Second quarter | 32.48 |  |  | 37.94 |  |  | 0.20 |
First quarter | 31.72 |  |  | 39.84 |  |  | 0.20 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |
Fourth quarter | $ | 25.85 |  |  | $ | 39.65 |  |  | $ | 0.20 |
Third quarter | 27.93 |  |  | 29.15 |  |  | 0.19 |
Second quarter | 23.19 |  |  | 24.47 |  |  | 0.19 |
First quarter | 25.60 |  |  | 26.05 |  |  | 0.19 |

Certain information relating to securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans is set forth under the heading Equity Compensation Plan Information in Part III, Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters of this Report.
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Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES - continued
Five-Year Cumulative Total Return
The following chart compares the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock with the cumulative total shareholder return of the NASDAQ Composite Index(1) and the NASDAQ Bank Index(2) assuming a $100 investment in each on December 31, 2012 and the reinvestment of dividends.

| Period Ending
Index | 12/31/2012 |  |  | 12/31/2013 |  |  | 12/31/2014 |  |  | 12/31/2015 |  |  | 12/31/2016 |  |  | 12/31/2017 |
S&T Bancorp, Inc. | 100.00 |  |  | 144.15 |  |  | 174.46 |  |  | 184.85 |  |  | 240.57 |  |  | 250.87 |
NASDAQ Composite | 100.00 |  |  | 140.15 |  |  | 160.90 |  |  | 172.33 |  |  | 187.75 |  |  | 243.54 |
NASDAQ Bank | 100.00 |  |  | 141.69 |  |  | 148.65 |  |  | 161.80 |  |  | 223.14 |  |  | 235.28 |

(1)The NASDAQ Composite Index measures all NASDAQ domestic and international based common type stocks listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market.
(2)The NASDAQ Bank Index contains securities of NASDAQ-listed companies classified according to the Industry Classification Benchmark as Banks. These companies include banks providing a broad range of financial services, including retail banking, loans and money transmissions.
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Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The tables below summarize selected consolidated financial data as of the dates or for the periods presented and should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part II, Item 7 and the Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data in Part II, Item 8 of this Report. The below tables include the acquisition of Integrity Bancshares, Inc. beginning March 4, 2015.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
Total assets | $ | 7,060,255 |  |  | $ | 6,943,053 |  |  | $ | 6,318,354 |  |  | $ | 4,964,686 |  |  | $ | 4,533,190 |
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value | 698,291 |  |  | 693,487 |  |  | 660,963 |  |  | 640,273 |  |  | 509,425 |
Loans held for sale | 4,485 |  |  | 3,793 |  |  | 35,321 |  |  | 2,970 |  |  | 2,136 |
Portfolio loans, net of unearned income | 5,761,449 |  |  | 5,611,419 |  |  | 5,027,612 |  |  | 3,868,746 |  |  | 3,566,199 |
Goodwill | 291,670 |  |  | 291,670 |  |  | 291,764 |  |  | 175,820 |  |  | 175,820 |
Total deposits | 5,427,891 |  |  | 5,272,377 |  |  | 4,876,611 |  |  | 3,908,842 |  |  | 3,672,308 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | 50,161 |  |  | 50,832 |  |  | 62,086 |  |  | 30,605 |  |  | 33,847 |
Short-term borrowings | 540,000 |  |  | 660,000 |  |  | 356,000 |  |  | 290,000 |  |  | 140,000 |
Long-term borrowings | 47,301 |  |  | 14,713 |  |  | 117,043 |  |  | 19,442 |  |  | 21,810 |
Junior subordinated debt securities | 45,619 |  |  | 45,619 |  |  | 45,619 |  |  | 45,619 |  |  | 45,619 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 884,031 |  |  | 841,956 |  |  | 792,237 |  |  | 608,389 |  |  | 571,306 |

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF NET INCOME

| Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
Interest income | $ | 260,642 |  |  | $ | 227,774 |  |  | $ | 203,548 |  |  | $ | 160,523 |  |  | $ | 153,756 |
Interest expense | 34,909 |  |  | 24,515 |  |  | 15,997 |  |  | 12,481 |  |  | 14,563 |
Provision for loan losses | 13,883 |  |  | 17,965 |  |  | 10,388 |  |  | 1,715 |  |  | 8,311 |
Net Interest Income After Provision for Loan Losses | 211,850 |  |  | 185,294 |  |  | 177,163 |  |  | 146,327 |  |  | 130,882 |
Noninterest income | 55,462 |  |  | 54,635 |  |  | 51,033 |  |  | 46,338 |  |  | 51,527 |
Noninterest expense | 147,907 |  |  | 143,232 |  |  | 136,717 |  |  | 117,240 |  |  | 117,392 |
Net Income Before Taxes | 119,405 |  |  | 96,697 |  |  | 91,479 |  |  | 75,425 |  |  | 65,017 |
Provision for income taxes | 46,437 |  |  | 25,305 |  |  | 24,398 |  |  | 17,515 |  |  | 14,478 |
Net Income | $ | 72,968 |  |  | $ | 71,392 |  |  | $ | 67,081 |  |  | $ | 57,910 |  |  | $ | 50,539 |

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Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA - continued
SELECTED PER SHARE DATA AND RATIOS
Refer to Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures below for a discussion of common tangible book value, common return on average tangible common equity and the ratio of tangible common equity to tangible assets as non-GAAP financial measures.

| December 31,
| 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
Per Share Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per common share—basic | $ | 2.09 |  |  | $ | 2.06 |  |  | $ | 1.98 |  |  | $ | 1.95 |  |  | $ | 1.70 |
Earnings per common share—diluted | 2.09 |  |  | 2.05 |  |  | 1.98 |  |  | 1.95 |  |  | 1.70 |
Dividends declared per common share | 0.82 |  |  | 0.77 |  |  | 0.73 |  |  | 0.68 |  |  | 0.61 |
Dividend payout ratio | 39.15 | % |  | 37.52 | % |  | 36.47 | % |  | 34.89 | % |  | 35.89 | %
Common book value | $ | 25.28 |  |  | $ | 24.12 |  |  | $ | 22.76 |  |  | $ | 20.42 |  |  | $ | 19.21 |
Common tangible book value (non-GAAP) | 16.87 |  |  | 15.67 |  |  | 14.26 |  |  | 14.46 |  |  | 13.22 |
Profitability Ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common return on average assets | 1.03 | % |  | 1.08 | % |  | 1.13 | % |  | 1.22 | % |  | 1.12 | %
Common return on average equity | 8.37 | % |  | 8.67 | % |  | 8.94 | % |  | 9.71 | % |  | 9.21 | %
Common return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP) | 12.77 | % |  | 13.71 | % |  | 14.39 | % |  | 14.02 | % |  | 13.94 | %
Capital Ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common equity/assets | 12.52 | % |  | 12.13 | % |  | 12.54 | % |  | 12.25 | % |  | 12.60 | %
Tangible common equity/tangible assets (non-GAAP) | 8.72 | % |  | 8.23 | % |  | 8.24 | % |  | 9.00 | % |  | 9.03 | %
Tier 1 leverage ratio | 9.17 | % |  | 8.98 | % |  | 8.96 | % |  | 9.80 | % |  | 9.75 | %
Common equity tier 1 | 10.71 | % |  | 10.04 | % |  | 9.77 | % |  | 11.81 | % |  | 11.79 | %
Risk-based capital—tier 1 | 11.06 | % |  | 10.39 | % |  | 10.15 | % |  | 12.34 | % |  | 12.37 | %
Risk-based capital—total | 12.55 | % |  | 11.86 | % |  | 11.60 | % |  | 14.27 | % |  | 14.36 | %
Asset Quality Ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonaccrual loans/loans | 0.42 | % |  | 0.76 | % |  | 0.70 | % |  | 0.32 | % |  | 0.63 | %
Nonperforming assets/loans plus OREO | 0.42 | % |  | 0.77 | % |  | 0.71 | % |  | 0.33 | % |  | 0.64 | %
Allowance for loan losses/total portfolio loans | 0.98 | % |  | 0.94 | % |  | 0.96 | % |  | 1.24 | % |  | 1.30 | %
Allowance for loan losses/nonperforming loans | 236 | % |  | 124 | % |  | 136 | % |  | 385 | % |  | 206 | %
Net loan charge-offs/average loans | 0.18 | % |  | 0.25 | % |  | 0.22 | % |  | 0.00 | % |  | 0.25 | %

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Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA - continued
Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to traditional measures presented in accordance with GAAP, our management uses, and this Report contains or references, certain non-GAAP financial measures identified below. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide information useful to investors in understanding our underlying operational performance and our business and performance trends as they facilitate comparisons with the performance of other companies in the financial services industry. Although we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures enhance investors’ understanding of our business and performance, these non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered an alternative to GAAP or considered to be more important than financial results determined in accordance with GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable with non-GAAP measures which may be presented by other companies.
We believe the presentation of net interest income on a FTE basis ensures comparability of net interest income arising from both taxable and tax-exempt sources and is consistent with industry practice. Interest income per the Consolidated Statements of Net Income is reconciled to net interest income adjusted to a FTE basis in Part II, Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in this Report.
The efficiency ratio is noninterest expense divided by noninterest income plus net interest income, on a FTE basis, which ensures comparability of net interest income arising from both taxable and tax-exempt sources and is consistent with industry practice.
Common tangible book value, common return on average tangible common equity and the ratio of tangible common equity to tangible assets exclude goodwill and other intangible assets in order to show the significance of the tangible elements of our assets and common equity. Total assets and total average assets are reconciled to total tangible assets and total tangible average assets. Total shareholders equity and total average shareholders equity are also reconciled to total tangible common equity and total tangible average common equity. These measures are consistent with industry practice.
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Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA - continued
RECONCILIATIONS OF GAAP TO NON-GAAP RATIOS

| December 31
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
Common tangible book value (non-GAAP) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total shareholders' equity | $ | 884,031 |  |  | $ | 841,956 |  |  | $ | 792,237 |  |  | $ | 608,389 |  |  | $ | 571,306 |
Less: goodwill and other intangible assets | (295,347 | ) |  | (296,580 | ) |  | (298,289 | ) |  | (178,451 | ) |  | (179,580 | )
Tax effect of other intangible assets | 1,287 |  |  | 1,719 |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | 921 |  |  | 1,316 |
Tangible common equity (non-GAAP) | 589,971 |  |  | 547,095 |  |  | 496,232 |  |  | 430,859 |  |  | 393,042 |
Common shares outstanding | 34,972 |  |  | 34,913 |  |  | 34,810 |  |  | 29,796 |  |  | 29,734 |
Common tangible book value (non-GAAP) | $ | 16.87 |  |  | $ | 15.67 |  |  | $ | 14.26 |  |  | $ | 14.46 |  |  | $ | 13.22 |
Common return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 72,968 |  |  | $ | 71,392 |  |  | $ | 67,081 |  |  | $ | 57,910 |  |  | $ | 50,539 |
Plus: amortization of intangibles | 1,233 |  |  | 1,615 |  |  | 1,818 |  |  | 1,129 |  |  | 1,590 |
Tax effect of amortization of intangibles | (432 | ) |  | (565 | ) |  | (636 | ) |  | (395 | ) |  | (556 | )
Net income before amortization of intangibles | 73,769 |  |  | 72,442 |  |  | 68,263 |  |  | 58,644 |  |  | 51,573 |
Total average shareholders’ equity (GAAP Basis) | 872,130 |  |  | 823,607 |  |  | 750,069 |  |  | 596,155 |  |  | 548,771 |
Less: average goodwill and average other intangible assets | (295,937 | ) |  | (297,377 | ) |  | (278,130 | ) |  | (178,990 | ) |  | (180,338 | )
Tax effect of other intangible assets | 1,493 |  |  | 1,992 |  |  | 2,283 |  |  | 1,109 |  |  | 1,581 |
Tangible average common equity (non-GAAP) | $ | 577,686 |  |  | $ | 528,222 |  |  | $ | 474,222 |  |  | $ | 418,274 |  |  | $ | 370,014 |
Common return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP) | 12.77 | % |  | 13.71 | % |  | 14.39 | % |  | 14.02 | % |  | 13.94 | %
Efficiency Ratio (non-GAAP) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest expense | 147,907 |  |  | 143,232 |  |  | 136,717 |  |  | 117,240 |  |  | 117,392 |
Net interest income per consolidated statements of net income | 225,733 |  |  | 203,259 |  |  | 187,551 |  |  | 148,042 |  |  | 139,193 |
Plus: taxable equivalent adjustment | 7,493 |  |  | 7,043 |  |  | 6,123 |  |  | 5,461 |  |  | 4,850 |
Noninterest income | 55,462 |  |  | 54,635 |  |  | 51,033 |  |  | 46,338 |  |  | 51,527 |
Less: securities (gains) losses, net | (3,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | (41 | ) |  | (5 | )
Net interest income (FTE) (non-GAAP) plus noninterest income | 285,688 |  |  | 264,938 |  |  | 244,742 |  |  | 199,801 |  |  | 195,566 |
Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) | 51.77 | % |  | 54.06 | % |  | 55.86 | % |  | 58.68 | % |  | 60.03 | %
Tangible common equity (non-GAAP) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total shareholders' equity (GAAP basis) | $ | 884,031 |  |  | $ | 841,956 |  |  | $ | 792,237 |  |  | $ | 608,389 |  |  | $ | 571,306 |
Less: goodwill and other intangible assets | (295,347 | ) |  | (296,580 | ) |  | (298,289 | ) |  | (178,451 | ) |  | (179,580 | )
Tax effect of other intangible assets | 1,287 |  |  | 1,719 |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | 921 |  |  | 1,316 |
Tangible common equity (non-GAAP) | 589,971 |  |  | 547,095 |  |  | 496,232 |  |  | 430,859 |  |  | 393,042 |
Total assets (GAAP basis) | 7,060,255 |  |  | 6,943,053 |  |  | 6,318,354 |  |  | 4,964,686 |  |  | 4,533,190 |
Less: goodwill and other intangible assets | (295,347 | ) |  | (296,580 | ) |  | (298,289 | ) |  | (178,451 | ) |  | (179,580 | )
Tax effect of other intangible assets | 1,287 |  |  | 1,719 |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | 921 |  |  | 1,316 |
Tangible assets (non-GAAP) | $ | 6,766,195 |  |  | $ | 6,648,192 |  |  | $ | 6,022,349 |  |  | $ | 4,787,156 |  |  | $ | 4,354,926 |
Tangible common equity/tangible assets (non-GAAP) | 8.72 | % |  | 8.23 | % |  | 8.24 | % |  | 9.00 | % |  | 9.03 | %

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Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA - continued
On December 22, 2017, H.R.1, originally known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or Tax Act, was signed into law. We made certain tax adjustments to reflect the impact of the Tax Act in our 2017 income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2017. An adjustment of $13.4 million was made for the re-measurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of the new corporate rate of 21 percent, rather than the pre-enactment rate of 35 percent. We believe the $13.4 million non-cash tax expense impacts comparability to prior year financial measurements and results and therefore present certain non-GAAP financial measures excluding the impact of this amount. These non-GAAP measures exclude the net deferred tax asset, or DTA, re-measurement and are reconciled to the GAAP measures below:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017
Diluted Earnings Per Share |
Net Income | $ | 72,968 |
Plus: DTA re-measurement | 13,433 |
Adjusted net Income (non-GAAP) | $ | 86,401 |
Average shares outstanding - diluted | 34,955 |
Diluted adjusted earnings per share (non-GAAP) | $ | 2.47 |
Return on Average Assets |
Net income | $ | 72,968 |
Plus: DTA re-measurement | 13,433 |
Adjusted net Income (non-GAAP) | $ | 86,401 |
Average assets | $ | 7,060,232 |
Plus: DTA re-measurement | 589 |
Adjusted average assets (non-GAAP) | $ | 7,060,821 |
Adjusted return on average assets (non-GAAP) | 1.22 | %
Return on Average Shareholders' Equity |
Net income | $ | 72,968 |
Plus: DTA re-measurement | 13,433 |
Adjusted net Income (non-GAAP) | $ | 86,401 |
Total average shareholders’ equity (GAAP Basis) | $ | 872,130 |
Less: DTA re-measurement | 589 |
Adjusted average equity (non-GAAP) | $ | 872,719 |
Adjusted return on average equity (non-GAAP) | 9.90 | %
Return on Average Tangible Shareholders' Equity |
Net income | $ | 72,968 |
Plus: DTA re-measurement | 13,433 |
Adjusted net Income (non-GAAP) | $ | 86,401 |
Plus: amortization of intangibles | 1,233 |
Tax effect of amortization of intangibles | (432 | )
Adjusted net income before amortization of intangibles | $ | 87,202 |
Average total shareholders' equity | $ | 872,130 |
Plus: DTA re-measurement | 589 |
Less: average goodwill and other intangible assets | (295,937 | )
Tax effect of average goodwill and other intangible assets | 1,493 |
Adjusted average tangible equity (non-GAAP) | $ | 578,275 |
Adjusted return on average tangible shareholders' equity (non-GAAP) | 15.08 | %

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This section reviews our financial condition for each of the past two years and results of operations for each of the past three years. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior periods to place them on a basis comparable with the current period presentation. Some tables may include additional time periods to illustrate trends within our Consolidated Financial Statements. The results of operations reported in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in future periods.
Important Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains or incorporates statements that we believe are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements generally relate to our financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, outlook for earnings, revenues, expenses, capital and liquidity levels and ratios, asset levels, asset quality, financial position, and other matters regarding or affecting S&T and its future business and operations. Forward looking statements are typically identified by words or phrases such as “will likely result”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “forecast”, “project”, “intend”, “ believe”, “assume”, “strategy”, “trend”, “plan”, “outlook”, “outcome”, “continue”, “remain”, “potential”, “opportunity”, “believe”, “comfortable”, “current”, “position”, “maintain”, “sustain”, “seek”, “achieve” and variations of such words and similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs such as will, would, should, could or may. Although we believe the assumptions upon which these forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, any of these assumptions could prove to be inaccurate and the forward-looking statements based on these assumptions could be incorrect. The matters discussed in these forward-looking statements are subject to various risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and trends to differ materially from those made, projected, or implied in or by the forward-looking statements depending on a variety of uncertainties or other factors including, but not limited to: credit losses, cyber-security concerns; rapid technological developments and changes; sensitivity to the interest rate environment including a prolonged period of low interest rates, a rapid increase in interest rates or a change in the shape of the yield curve; a change in spreads on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities; regulatory supervision and oversight; legislation affecting the financial services industry as a whole, and S&T, in particular; the outcome of pending and future litigation and governmental proceedings; increasing price and product/service competition; the ability to continue to introduce competitive new products and services on a timely, cost-effective basis; managing our internal growth and acquisitions; the possibility that the anticipated benefits from acquisitions cannot be fully realized in a timely manner or at all, or that integrating the acquired operations will be more difficult, disruptive or costly than anticipated; containing costs and expenses; reliance on significant customer relationships; general economic or business conditions; deterioration of the housing market and reduced demand for mortgages; deterioration in the overall macroeconomic conditions or the state of the banking industry that could warrant further analysis of the carrying value of goodwill and could result in an adjustment to its carrying value resulting in a non-cash charge to net income; re-emergence of turbulence in significant portions of the global financial and real estate markets that could impact our performance, both directly, by affecting our revenues and the value of our assets and liabilities, and indirectly, by affecting the economy generally and access to capital in the amounts, at the times and on the terms required to support our future businesses. Many of these factors, as well as other factors, are described elsewhere in this report, including Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors and any of our subsequent filings with the SEC. Forward-looking statements are based on beliefs and assumptions using information available at the time the statements are made. We caution you not to unduly rely on forward-looking statements because the assumptions, beliefs, expectations and projections about future events may, and often do, differ materially from actual results. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as to the date on which it is made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect developments occurring after the statement is made.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the Consolidated Financial Statements could reflect different estimates, assumptions and judgments. Certain policies are based to a greater extent on estimates, assumptions and judgments of management and, as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Our most significant accounting policies are presented in Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report. These policies, along with the disclosures presented in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the Consolidated Financial Statements and how those values are determined.
We view critical accounting policies to be those which are highly dependent on subjective or complex estimates, assumptions and judgments and where changes in those estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. We currently view the determination of the allowance for loan losses, or ALL, income taxes, securities valuation and goodwill and other intangible assets to be critical accounting policies. During 2017, we did not significantly change the manner in which we applied our critical accounting policies or developed related assumptions or estimates. We have reviewed these critical accounting estimates and related disclosures with the Audit Committee.
Allowance for Loan Losses
Our loan portfolio is our largest category of assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We have designed a systematic ALL methodology which is used to determine our provision for loan losses and ALL on a quarterly basis. The ALL represents management’s estimate of probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date and is presented as a reserve against loans in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The ALL is increased by a provision charged to expense and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Determination of an adequate ALL is inherently subjective and may be subject to significant changes from period to period.
The methodology for determining the ALL has two main components: evaluation and impairment tests of individual loans and evaluation and impairment tests of certain groups of homogeneous loans with similar risk characteristics.
We individually evaluate all substandard and nonaccrual commercial loans greater than $0.5 million for impairment. A loan is considered to be impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement. For all troubled debt restructurings, or TDRs, regardless of size, as well as all other impaired loans, we conduct further analysis to determine the probable loss and assign a specific reserve to the loan if deemed appropriate. Specific reserves are established based upon the following three impairment methods: 1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, 2) the loan’s observable market price or 3) the estimated fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. These analyses involve a high degree of judgment in estimating the amount of loss associated with specific impaired loans, including estimating the amount and timing of future cash flows, the current estimated fair value of the loan and collateral values. Our impairment evaluations consist primarily of the fair value of collateral method because most of our loans are collateral dependent. We obtain appraisals annually on impaired loans greater than $0.5 million.
The ALL methodology for groups of homogeneous loans, or the reserve for loans collectively evaluated for impairment, is comprised of both a quantitative and qualitative analysis. We first apply historical loss rates to pools of loans, with similar risk characteristics, using a migration analysis where losses in each pool are aggregated over the loss emergence period, or LEP. The LEP is an estimate of the average amount of time from when an event happens that causes the borrower to be unable to pay on a loan until the loss is confirmed through a loan charge-off.
In conjunction with our annual review of the ALL assumptions, we have updated our analysis of LEPs for our Commercial and Consumer loan portfolio segments using our loan charge-off history. No changes were made to our LEP assumptions in 2017. We estimate the LEP to be 3 years for CRE, 4 years for construction and 1.25 years for C&I. Our analysis resulted in an LEP for Consumer Real Estate of 2.75 years and Other Consumer of 1.25 years.
Another key assumption is the look-back period, or LBP, which represents the historical data period utilized to calculate loss rates. We used 8.5 years for our LBP for all portfolio segments which encompasses our loss experience during the Financial Crisis, and our more recent improved loss experience.
After consideration of the historic loss calculations, management applies additional qualitative adjustments so that the ALL is reflective of the inherent losses that exist in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. Qualitative adjustments are made based upon changes in lending policies and practices, economic conditions, changes in the loan portfolio, changes in lending management, results of internal loan reviews, asset quality trends, collateral values, concentrations of credit risk and other external factors. The evaluation of the various components of the ALL requires considerable judgment in order to estimate inherent loss exposures.
Acquired loans are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition with no carryover of the related ALL. Determining the fair value of acquired loans involves estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. In estimating the fair value of our acquired loans, we considered a number of factors including the loan term, internal risk rating, delinquency status, prepayment rates, recovery periods, estimated value of the underlying collateral and the current interest rate environment.
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Loans acquired with evidence of credit deterioration were evaluated and not considered to be significant. The premium or discount estimated through the loan fair value calculation is recognized into interest income on a level yield or straight-line basis over the remaining contractual life of the loans. Additional credit deterioration on acquired loans, in excess of the original credit discount embedded in the fair value determination on the date of acquisition, will be recognized in the ALL through the provision for loan losses.
Our ALL Committee meets at least quarterly to verify the overall adequacy of the ALL. Additionally, on an annual basis, the ALL Committee meets to validate our ALL methodology. This validation includes reviewing the loan segmentation, LEP, LBP and the qualitative framework. As a result of this ongoing monitoring process, we may make changes to our ALL to be responsive to the economic environment.
Although we believe our process for determining the ALL adequately considers all of the factors that would likely result in credit losses, the process includes subjective elements and may be susceptible to significant change. To the extent actual losses are higher than management estimates, additional provisions for loan losses could be required and could adversely affect our earnings or financial position in future periods.
Income Taxes
We estimate income tax expense based on amounts expected to be owed to the tax jurisdictions where we conduct business. The laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by us and various taxing authorities. On a quarterly basis, we assess the reasonableness of our effective tax rate based upon our current estimate of the amount and components of pre-tax income, tax credits and the applicable statutory tax rates expected for the full year.
We determine deferred income tax assets and liabilities using the asset and liability method, and we report them in other assets or other liabilities, as appropriate, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities and recognizes enacted changes in tax rate and laws. When deferred tax assets are recognized, they are subject to a valuation allowance based on management’s judgment as to whether realization is more likely than not.
Accrued taxes represent the net estimated amount due to taxing jurisdictions and are reported in other assets or other liabilities, as appropriate, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We evaluate and assess the relative risks and appropriate tax treatment of transactions and filing positions after considering statutes, regulations, judicial precedent and other information and maintain tax accruals consistent with the evaluation of these relative risks and merits. Changes to the estimate of accrued taxes occur periodically due to changes in tax rates, interpretations of tax laws, the status of examinations being conducted by taxing authorities and changes to statutory, judicial and regulatory guidance. These changes, when they occur, can affect deferred taxes and accrued taxes, as well as the current period’s income tax expense and can be significant to our operating results.
On December 22, 2017, H.R.1, originally known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or Tax Act, was signed into law. The Tax Act includes significant changes to the U.S. corporate income tax system including a federal corporate rate reduction from 35 percent to 21 percent. In connection with our analysis of the impact of the Tax Act, we recorded an adjustment of $13.4 million for re-measurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of the corporate rate reduction.
Tax positions are recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded.
Securities Valuation
We determine the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. All securities, including both debt and equity securities, are classified as available-for-sale. These securities are carried at fair value, with net unrealized gains and losses deemed to be temporary and reported separately as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. We obtain fair values for debt securities from a third-party pricing service which utilizes several sources for valuing fixed-income securities. We validate prices received from our pricing service through comparison to a secondary pricing service and broker quotes. We review the methodologies of the pricing service which provides us with a sufficient understanding of the valuation models, assumptions, inputs and pricing to reasonably measure the fair value of our debt securities. Realized gains and losses on the sale of available-for-sale securities and other-than-temporary impairment, or OTTI, charges are recorded within noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Realized gains and losses on the sale of securities are determined using the specific-identification method.
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We perform a quarterly review of our securities to identify those that may indicate an OTTI. Our policy for OTTI within the marketable equity securities portfolio generally requires an impairment charge when the security is in a loss position for 12 consecutive months, unless facts and circumstances would suggest the need for an OTTI prior to that time. Our policy for OTTI within the debt securities portfolio is based upon a number of factors, including but not limited to, the length of time and extent to which the estimated fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition of the underlying issuer, the ability of the issuer to meet contractual obligations, the likelihood of the security’s ability to recover any decline in its estimated fair value and whether we intend to sell the investment security or if it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security prior to the security’s recovery. If the impairment is considered other-than-temporary based on management’s review, the impairment must be separated into credit and non-credit portions. The credit component is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income and the non-credit component is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable taxes. We do not believe that any individual unrealized loss as of December 31, 2017 represents an OTTI. If the financial markets experience deterioration, charges to income could occur in future periods.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
As a result of acquisitions, we have recorded goodwill and identifiable intangible assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting.
We have three reporting units: Community Banking, Insurance and Wealth Management. Existing goodwill relates to value inherent in the Community Banking and Insurance reporting units and that value is dependent upon our ability to provide quality, cost-effective services in the face of competition from other market participants. This ability relies upon continuing investments in processing systems, the development of value-added service features and the ease of use of our services. As such, goodwill value is supported ultimately by profitability that is driven by the volume of business transacted. A decline in earnings as a result of a lack of growth or the inability to deliver cost-effective services over sustained periods can lead to impairment of goodwill, which could adversely impact our earnings in future periods
The carrying value of goodwill is tested annually for impairment each October 1st or more frequently if it is determined that a triggering event has occurred. We first assess qualitatively whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Our qualitative assessment considers such factors as macroeconomic conditions, market conditions specifically related to the banking industry, our overall financial performance and various other factors. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying amount, we proceed to test for impairment. The evaluation for impairment involves comparing the current estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the current estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, no additional testing is required and an impairment loss is not recorded. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit is less than the carrying value, further valuation procedures are performed that could result in impairment of goodwill being recorded. Further valuation procedures would include allocating the estimated fair value to all assets and liabilities of the reporting unit to determine an implied goodwill value. If the implied value of goodwill of a reporting unit is less than the carrying amount of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. We completed the annual goodwill impairment assessment as required in 2017, 2016 and 2015; the results indicated that the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded the carrying value.
Based upon the results of our qualitative assessment performed for our annual impairment analysis, we concluded that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units exceeds the carrying value. Both the national economy and the local economies in our markets have shown improvement over the past couple of years. General economic activity and key indicators such as housing and unemployment continue to show improvement. While still challenging, the banking environment continues to improve with better asset quality, improved earnings and generally better stock prices. Activity in mergers and acquisitions demonstrated that there is premium value on banking franchises and a number of banks of our size have been able to access the capital markets over the past year. Our stock traded above book value for all of 2017. Additionally, our overall performance remains strong, and we have not identified any other facts or circumstances that would cause us to conclude that it is more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting units would be less than the carrying value of the reporting unit.
We determine the amount of identifiable intangible assets based upon independent core deposit and insurance contract valuations at the time of acquisition. Intangible assets with finite useful lives, consisting primarily of core deposit and customer list intangibles, are amortized using straight-line or accelerated methods over their estimated weighted average useful lives, ranging from 10 to 20 years. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. No such events or changes in circumstances occurred during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.
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The financial services industry and securities markets can be adversely affected by declining values. If economic conditions result in a prolonged period of economic weakness in the future, our business may be adversely affected. In the event that we determine that either our goodwill or finite-lived intangible assets are impaired, recognition of an impairment charge could have a significant adverse impact on our financial position or results of operations in the period in which the impairment occurs.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Developments
Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which is included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report, discusses new accounting pronouncements that we have adopted and the expected impact of accounting pronouncements recently issued or proposed, but not yet required to be adopted.
Executive Overview
We are a bank holding company headquartered in Indiana, Pennsylvania with assets of $7.1 billion at December 31, 2017. We operate bank branches in Pennsylvania and Ohio and loan production offices in Pennsylvania, Ohio and New York. We provide a full range of financial services with retail and commercial banking products, cash management services, trust and brokerage services. Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “STBA.”
We earn revenue primarily from interest on loans and securities and fees charged for financial services provided to our customers. We incur expenses for the cost of deposits and other funding sources, provision for loan losses and other operating costs such as salaries and employee benefits, data processing, occupancy and tax expense.
Our mission is to become the financial services provider of choice within the markets that we serve. We strive to do this by delivering exceptional service and value, one customer at a time. Our strategic plan focuses on organic growth, which includes both growth within our current footprint and growth through market expansion. We also actively evaluate acquisition opportunities as another source of growth. Our strategic plan includes a collaborative model that combines expertise from all areas of our business and focuses on satisfying each customer’s individual financial objectives.
Our major accomplishments during 2017 included:

• | We had record net income for 2017 of $73.0 million, or $2.09 per diluted share, surpassing our 2016 record net income of $71.4 million, or $2.05 per diluted share. On a non-GAAP basis, excluding the net DTA re-measurement of $13.4 million, or $0.38 per diluted share, full year 2017 net income increased 21 percent to $86.4 million, or $2.47 per diluted share. Return on average assets was 1.22 percent and return on average equity was 9.90 percent for 2017.

• | During 2017, our asset quality metrics improved with a decrease in nonperforming loans of $18.7 million, or 43.9 percent, and net loan charge-offs to average loans decreased to 0.18 percent compared to 0.25 percent in 2016.

• | We successfully executed our expense control strategies in 2017 improving our efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) of 51.77 percent compared to 54.06 percent for 2016.

Our focus continues to be on organic loan and deposit growth and implementing opportunities to increase fee income while closely monitoring our operating expenses and asset quality. We are focused on executing our strategy to successfully build our brand and grow our business in all of our markets. We have benefited from recent increases in short-term interest rates and expect to benefit from any future increases. We also anticipate that the reduced corporate net income tax rate due to the Tax Act will improve our financial performance.
Net income adjusted to exclude the net DTA re-measurement and the efficiency ratio are non-GAAP measures. Refer to Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures in Part II, Item 6 Selected Financial Data of this Report for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP measures.
Results of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2017
Earnings Summary
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into law. At the date of enactment, we were required to re-measure our deferred tax assets and liabilities, or net DTA, at the new lower corporate tax rate of 21 percent. We made a tax adjustment to re-measure our deferred tax assets and liabilities for the impact of the Tax Act that decreased 2017 net income by $13.4 million, or $0.38 per diluted share. The tax adjustment was recognized as an increase to our income tax expense in the fourth quarter of 2017. The new corporate tax rate of 21 percent is effective for tax years beginning January 1, 2018.
Net income increased $1.6 million, or 2.2 percent, to $73.0 million, or $2.09 per diluted share, in 2017 compared to $71.4 million or $2.05 per diluted share in 2016. The increase in net income was primarily due to an increase in net interest income of $22.5 million, or 11.1 percent, a decrease in the provision for loan losses of $4.1 million, or 22.7 percent, and an increase in security gains of $3.0 million. This was offset by increases of $4.7 million in noninterest expense and $21.1 million in the provision for income taxes.
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Net interest income increased $22.5 million, or 11.1 percent, to $226 million compared to $203 million in 2016. The increases in short-term interest rates in 2017 positively impacted both net interest income and net interest margin during 2017. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to an increase in average interest-earning assets of $483 million, or 8.0 percent, offset by an increase in average interest-bearing liabilities of $356 million, or 8.0 percent, compared to 2016. The increase in average interest-earning assets primarily related to organic growth with average loans increasing $438 million, or 8.2 percent, during 2017. Most of this growth was in our commercial loan portfolio. The increases in average interest-bearing liabilities were mainly due to deposit growth and an increase in short-term borrowings. Average deposits increased $162 million, or 4.2 percent, and average borrowings increased $194 million, or 34.5 percent, for 2017. Net interest margin, on a fully taxable-equivalent, or FTE, basis (non-GAAP), increased nine basis points to 3.56 percent in 2017 compared to 3.47 percent for 2016.
The provision for loan losses decreased $4.1 million, or 22.7 percent, to $13.9 million during 2017 compared to $18.0 million in 2016. The lower provision for loan losses was due to decreases in net loan charge-offs and nonperforming loans and a decline in impaired loan balances and the related specific reserves. Net loan charge-offs decreased $3.0 million to $10.3 million, or 0.18 percent of average loans, for 2017 compared to $13.3 million, or 0.25 percent of average loans, in 2016. Impaired loans decreased $15.1 million, or 36 percent, with a decline in specific reserves of $0.7 million compared to 2016.
Total noninterest income increased $0.9 million to $55.5 million compared to $54.6 million in 2016. The increase in noninterest income was primarily due security gains of $3.0 million, a bank owned life insurance, or BOLI, claim of $0.7 million and a $1.0 million gain on a branch sale during 2017, compared to a gain of $2.1 million on the sale of our credit card portfolio and a $1.0 million pension curtailment gain in 2016.
Total noninterest expense increased $4.7 million to $148 million for 2017 compared to $143 million for 2016. The increase was mainly due to an increase in salaries and employee benefits of $3.5 million primarily due to annual merit increases, higher incentive costs and higher medical costs offset by lower pension expense.
The provision for income taxes increased $21.1 million to $46.4 million compared to $25.3 million in 2016. The increase was primarily due to the non-cash tax adjustment of $13.4 million for the re-measurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of the corporate rate reduction, which was recorded as an increase to income tax expense and higher pre-tax income in 2017 compared to 2016.
Net Interest Income
Our principal source of revenue is net interest income. Net interest income represents the difference between the interest and fees earned on interest-earning assets and the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income is affected by changes in the average balance of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and changes in interest rates and spreads. The level and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities is managed by our Asset and Liability Committee, or ALCO, in order to mitigate interest rate and liquidity risks of the balance sheet. A variety of ALCO strategies were implemented, within prescribed ALCO risk parameters, to produce what we believe is an acceptable level of net interest income.
The interest income on interest-earning assets and the net interest margin are presented on a FTE basis. The FTE basis adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax-exempt loans and securities using the federal statutory tax rate of 35 percent for each period and the dividend-received deduction for equity securities. We believe this to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income that provides a relevant comparison between taxable and non-taxable sources of interest income.
The following table reconciles interest income per the Consolidated Statements of Net Income to net interest income and rates on a FTE basis for the periods presented:

| Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Total interest income | $ | 260,642 |  |  | $ | 227,774 |  |  | $ | 203,548 |
Total interest expense | 34,909 |  |  | 24,515 |  |  | 15,997 |
Net interest income per consolidated statements of net income | 225,733 |  |  | 203,259 |  |  | 187,551 |
Adjustment to FTE basis | 7,493 |  |  | 7,043 |  |  | 6,123 |
Net Interest Income (FTE) (non-GAAP) | $ | 233,226 |  |  | $ | 210,302 |  |  | $ | 193,674 |
Net interest margin | 3.45 | % |  | 3.35 | % |  | 3.45 | %
Adjustment to FTE basis | 0.11 |  |  | 0.12 |  |  | 0.11 |
Net Interest Margin (FTE) (non-GAAP) | 3.56 | % |  | 3.47 | % |  | 3.56 | %

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Average Balance Sheet and Net Interest Income Analysis
The following table provides information regarding the average balances, interest and rates earned on interest-earning assets and the average balances, interest and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities for the years ended December 31:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(dollars in thousands) | Average Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Rate |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Rate |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Rate |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks | $ | 56,344 |  |  | $ | 578 |  |  | 1.03 | % |  | $ | 41,810 |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | 0.50 | % |  | $ | 66,101 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | 0.25 | %
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value | 698,460 |  |  | 17,320 |  |  | 2.48 | % |  | 676,696 |  |  | 16,306 |  |  | 2.41 | % |  | 654,655 |  |  | 16,246 |  |  | 2.48 | %
Loans held for sale | 14,607 |  |  | 581 |  |  | 3.98 | % |  | 14,255 |  |  | 814 |  |  | 5.71 | % |  | 8,272 |  |  | 349 |  |  | 4.22 | %
Commercial real estate | 2,638,766 |  |  | 114,484 |  |  | 4.34 | % |  | 2,344,050 |  |  | 96,814 |  |  | 4.13 | % |  | 2,026,206 |  |  | 83,469 |  |  | 4.12 | %
Commercial and industrial | 1,425,421 |  |  | 61,976 |  |  | 4.35 | % |  | 1,348,287 |  |  | 53,629 |  |  | 3.98 | % |  | 1,209,020 |  |  | 46,175 |  |  | 3.82 | %
Commercial construction | 426,574 |  |  | 17,384 |  |  | 4.08 | % |  | 400,997 |  |  | 14,788 |  |  | 3.69 | % |  | 330,821 |  |  | 13,249 |  |  | 4.00 | %
Total commercial loans | 4,490,761 |  |  | 193,844 |  |  | 4.32 | % |  | 4,093,334 |  |  | 165,231 |  |  | 4.04 | % |  | 3,566,047 |  |  | 142,893 |  |  | 4.01 | %
Residential mortgage | 699,843 |  |  | 28,741 |  |  | 4.11 | % |  | 668,236 |  |  | 27,544 |  |  | 4.12 | % |  | 577,294 |  |  | 24,458 |  |  | 4.24 | %
Home equity | 484,023 |  |  | 20,866 |  |  | 4.31 | % |  | 477,011 |  |  | 19,213 |  |  | 4.03 | % |  | 451,755 |  |  | 18,139 |  |  | 4.02 | %
Installment and other consumer | 69,163 |  |  | 4,521 |  |  | 6.54 | % |  | 64,960 |  |  | 4,136 |  |  | 6.37 | % |  | 82,972 |  |  | 5,764 |  |  | 6.95 | %
Consumer construction | 4,631 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 4.35 | % |  | 7,038 |  |  | 287 |  |  | 4.08 | % |  | 6,092 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 4.21 | %
Total consumer loans | 1,257,660 |  |  | 54,329 |  |  | 4.32 | % |  | 1,217,245 |  |  | 51,180 |  |  | 4.20 | % |  | 1,118,113 |  |  | 48,617 |  |  | 4.35 | %
Total portfolio loans | 5,748,421 |  |  | 248,173 |  |  | 4.32 | % |  | 5,310,579 |  |  | 216,411 |  |  | 4.08 | % |  | 4,684,160 |  |  | 191,510 |  |  | 4.09 | %
Total Loans | $ | 5,763,028 |  |  | $ | 248,754 |  |  | 4.32 | % |  | $ | 5,324,834 |  |  | $ | 217,225 |  |  | 4.08 | % |  | $ | 4,692,432 |  |  | $ | 191,859 |  |  | 4.09 | %
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock | 31,989 |  |  | 1,483 |  |  | 4.64 | % |  | 23,811 |  |  | 1,079 |  |  | 4.53 | % |  | 19,672 |  |  | 1,401 |  |  | 7.12 | %
Total Interest-earning Assets | 6,549,821 |  |  | 268,135 |  |  | 4.09 | % |  | 6,067,151 |  |  | 234,817 |  |  | 3.87 | % |  | 5,432,860 |  |  | 209,671 |  |  | 3.86 | %
Noninterest-earning assets | 510,411 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 521,104 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 509,236 |  |  |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 7,060,232 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,588,255 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,942,096 |  |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand | $ | 637,526 |  |  | $ | 1,418 |  |  | 0.22 | % |  | $ | 651,118 |  |  | $ | 1,088 |  |  | 0.17 | % |  | $ | 623,232 |  |  | $ | 888 |  |  | 0.14 | %
Money market | 994,783 |  |  | 7,853 |  |  | 0.79 | % |  | 735,159 |  |  | 3,222 |  |  | 0.44 | % |  | 574,102 |  |  | 1,229 |  |  | 0.21 | %
Savings | 988,504 |  |  | 2,081 |  |  | 0.21 | % |  | 1,039,664 |  |  | 2,002 |  |  | 0.19 | % |  | 1,072,683 |  |  | 1,712 |  |  | 0.16 | %
Certificates of deposit | 1,439,711 |  |  | 13,978 |  |  | 0.97 | % |  | 1,472,613 |  |  | 13,380 |  |  | 0.91 | % |  | 1,252,798 |  |  | 9,115 |  |  | 0.73 | %
Total Interest-bearing deposits | 4,060,524 |  |  | 25,330 |  |  | 0.62 | % |  | 3,898,554 |  |  | 19,692 |  |  | 0.51 | % |  | 3,522,815 |  |  | 12,944 |  |  | 0.37 | %
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | 46,662 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 0.12 | % |  | 51,021 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 44,394 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 0.01 | %
Short-term borrowings | 644,864 |  |  | 7,399 |  |  | 1.15 | % |  | 414,426 |  |  | 2,713 |  |  | 0.65 | % |  | 257,117 |  |  | 932 |  |  | 0.36 | %
Long-term borrowings | 18,057 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 2.57 | % |  | 50,257 |  |  | 670 |  |  | 1.33 | % |  | 83,648 |  |  | 790 |  |  | 0.94 | %
Junior subordinated debt securities | 45,619 |  |  | 1,663 |  |  | 3.65 | % |  | 45,619 |  |  | 1,435 |  |  | 3.14 | % |  | 47,071 |  |  | 1,327 |  |  | 2.82 | %
Total borrowings | 755,202 |  |  | 9,579 |  |  | 1.27 | % |  | 561,323 |  |  | 4,823 |  |  | 0.86 | % |  | 432,230 |  |  | 3,053 |  |  | 0.71 | %
Total Interest-bearing Liabilities | 4,815,726 |  |  | 34,909 |  |  | 0.72 | % |  | 4,459,877 |  |  | 24,515 |  |  | 0.55 | % |  | 3,955,045 |  |  | 15,997 |  |  | 0.40 | %
Noninterest-bearing liabilities | 1,372,376 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,304,771 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,236,984 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity | 872,130 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 823,607 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 750,069 |  |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | $ | 7,060,232 |  |  | 34,909 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,588,255 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,942,098 |  |  |  |  |
Net Interest Income (2)(3) |  |  | $ | 233,226 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 210,302 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 193,674 |  |  |
Net Interest Margin (2)(3) |  |  |  |  | 3.56 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.47 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.56 | %

(1)Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
(2)Tax-exempt income is on a FTE basis using the statutory federal corporate income tax rate of 35 percent for 2017, 2016 and 2015.
(3)Taxable investment income is adjusted for the dividend-received deduction for equity securities.
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The following table sets forth for the periods presented a summary of the changes in interest earned and interest paid resulting from changes in volume and changes in rates:

| 2017 Compared to 2016 Increase (Decrease) Due to |  | 2016 Compared to 2015 Increase (Decrease) Due to
(dollars in thousands) | Volume(4) |  | Rate(4) |  | Net |  |  | Volume(4) |  | Rate(4) |  | Net |
Interest earned on: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks | $ | 72 |  | $ | 299 |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | (61 | ) | $ | 103 |  | $ | 42 |
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value(2)(3) | 524 |  | 490 |  | 1,014 |  |  | 547 |  | (487 | ) | 60 |
Loans held for sale | 20 |  | (253 | ) | (233 | ) |  | 252 |  | 213 |  | 465 |
Commercial real estate | 12,172 |  | 5,498 |  | 17,670 |  |  | 13,093 |  | 252 |  | 13,345 |
Commercial and industrial | 3,068 |  | 5,279 |  | 8,347 |  |  | 5,319 |  | 2,135 |  | 7,454 |
Commercial construction | 943 |  | 1,653 |  | 2,596 |  |  | 2,810 |  | (1,271 | ) | 1,539 |
Total commercial loans | 16,183 |  | 12,430 |  | 28,613 |  |  | 21,222 |  | 1,116 |  | 22,338 |
Residential mortgage | 1,303 |  | (106 | ) | 1,197 |  |  | 3,853 |  | (767 | ) | 3,086 |
Home equity | 282 |  | 1,371 |  | 1,653 |  |  | 1,014 |  | 60 |  | 1,074 |
Installment and other consumer | 268 |  | 117 |  | 385 |  |  | (1,251 | ) | (377 | ) | (1,628 | )
Consumer construction | (98 | ) | 12 |  | (86 | ) |  | 40 |  | (9 | ) | 31 |
Total consumer loans | 1,755 |  | 1,394 |  | 3,149 |  |  | 3,656 |  | (1,093 | ) | 2,563 |
Total portfolio loans | 17,938 |  | 13,824 |  | 31,762 |  |  | 24,878 |  | 23 |  | 24,901 |
Total loans (1)(2) | 17,958 |  | 13,571 |  | 31,529 |  |  | 25,130 |  | 236 |  | 25,366 |
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock | 371 |  | 33 |  | 404 |  |  | 295 |  | (617 | ) | (322 | )
Change in Interest Earned on Interest-earning Assets | $ | 18,925 |  | $ | 14,393 |  | $ | 33,318 |  |  | $ | 25,911 |  | $ | (765 | ) | $ | 25,146 |
Interest paid on: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand | $ | (23 | ) | $ | 353 |  | $ | 330 |  |  | $ | 40 |  | $ | 160 |  | $ | 200 |
Money market | 1,138 |  | 3,493 |  | 4,631 |  |  | 345 |  | 1,648 |  | 1,993 |
Savings | (99 | ) | 178 |  | 79 |  |  | (53 | ) | 343 |  | 290 |
Certificates of deposit | (299 | ) | 897 |  | 598 |  |  | 1,599 |  | 2,666 |  | 4,265 |
Total interest-bearing deposits | 717 |  | 4,921 |  | 5,638 |  |  | 1,931 |  | 4,817 |  | 6,748 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | — |  | 49 |  | 49 |  |  | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |
Short-term borrowings | 1,509 |  | 3,177 |  | 4,686 |  |  | 570 |  | 1,211 |  | 1,781 |
Long-term borrowings | (429 | ) | 222 |  | (207 | ) |  | (315 | ) | 195 |  | (120 | )
Junior subordinated debt securities | — |  | 228 |  | 228 |  |  | (41 | ) | 149 |  | 108 |
Total borrowings | 1,080 |  | 3,676 |  | 4,756 |  |  | 215 |  | 1,555 |  | 1,770 |
Change in Interest Paid on Interest-bearing Liabilities | $ | 1,797 |  | $ | 8,597 |  | $ | 10,394 |  |  | $ | 2,146 |  | $ | 6,372 |  | $ | 8,518 |
Change in Net Interest Income | $ | 17,128 |  | $ | 5,796 |  | $ | 22,924 |  |  | $ | 23,765 |  | $ | (7,137 | ) | $ | 16,628 |

(1)Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
(2)Tax-exempt income is on a FTE basis using the statutory federal corporate income tax rate of 35 percent for 2017, 2016 and 2015.
(3)Taxable investment income is adjusted for the dividend-received deduction for equity securities.
(4)Changes to rate/volume are allocated to both rate and volume on a proportionate dollar basis.
Net interest income on a FTE basis increased $22.9 million, or 10.9 percent, compared to 2016. The increase was primarily due to organic loan growth and higher short-term interest rates. The net interest margin on a FTE basis increased nine basis points to 3.56 percent compared to 3.47 percent for 2016.
Interest income on a FTE basis increased $33.3 million, or 14.2 percent, compared to 2016. The increase is primarily due to an increase in average interest-earning assets of $483 million and higher short-term interest rates. Average loan balances increased $438 million due to organic growth, primarily in the commercial loan portfolio. The average rate earned on loans increased 24 basis points primarily due to higher short-term interest rates. Average interest-bearing deposits with banks, which is primarily cash at the Federal Reserve increased $14.5 million and the average rate earned increased 53 basis points due to higher short-term interest rates. Average securities increased $21.8 million with no significant change to the rate. Overall, the FTE rate on interest-earning assets increased 22 basis points compared to 2016.
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Interest expense increased $10.4 million compared to 2016. The increase was primarily due to an increase in average interest-bearing liabilities of $356 million and higher short-term interest rates. Average interest-bearing deposits increased $162 million due to sales efforts and rate promotions. Average money market account balances increased $260 million and the average rate paid increased 35 basis points due to higher short-term interest rates. Average total borrowings increased $194 million to provide funding for loan growth. Short-term borrowings increased $230 million and the average rate paid increased 50 basis points due to higher short-term interest rates. Overall, the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 17 basis points compared to 2016.
Provision for Loan Losses
The provision for loan losses is the amount to be added to the ALL after net loan charge-offs have been deducted to bring the ALL to a level determined to be adequate to absorb probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The provision for loan losses decreased $4.1 million, or 22.7 percent, to $13.9 million for 2017 compared to $18.0 million for 2016. This decrease in the provision for loan losses is primarily related to decreases in net loan charge-offs and nonperforming loans and lower impaired loan balances and the related specific reserves.
Net charge-offs decreased $3.0 million, or 23 percent, to $10.3 million, or 0.18 percent of average loans in 2017, compared to $13.3 million, or 0.25 percent of average loans in 2016. Total nonperforming loans decreased $18.7 million to $23.9 million, or 0.42 percent of total loans at December 31, 2017, compared to $42.6 million, or 0.76 percent of total loans at December 31, 2016. Impaired loan balances decreased $15.1 million, or 36 percent, to $26.8 million at December 31, 2017 compared to $41.9 million at December 31, 2016 with a decrease in specific reserves of $0.7 million compared to December 31, 2016. The decrease primarily related to two large commercial nonperforming, impaired loans that paid off during 2017 that totaled $10.5 million. The $0.7 million decrease in specific reserves was primarily related to the release of reserve related to a C&I loan.
The ALL at December 31, 2017, was $56.4 million, or 0.98 percent of total portfolio loans, compared to $52.8 million, or 0.94 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2016. The increase in the level of the reserve is partly due to portfolio loan growth of $150 million during 2017. Refer to the Allowance for Loan Losses section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, or MD&A, for further details.
Noninterest Income

| Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | $ Change |  |  | % Change |
Securities gains, net | $ | 3,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,000 |  |  | NM |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 12,458 |  |  | 12,512 |  |  | (54 | ) |  | (0.4 | )%
Debit and credit card | 12,029 |  |  | 11,943 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Wealth management | 9,758 |  |  | 10,456 |  |  | (698 | ) |  | (6.7 | )%
Insurance | 5,418 |  |  | 5,253 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 3.1 | %
Mortgage banking | 2,915 |  |  | 2,879 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 1.3 | %
Bank owned life insurance | 2,756 |  |  | 2,122 |  |  | 634 |  |  | 29.9 | %
Gain on sale of credit card portfolio | — |  |  | 2,066 |  |  | (2,066 | ) |  | NM |
Other Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Letter of credit origination | 1,018 |  |  | 1,154 |  |  | (136 | ) |  | (11.8 | )%
Interest rate swap | 503 |  |  | 977 |  |  | (474 | ) |  | (48.5 | )%
Curtailment gain | — |  |  | 1,017 |  |  | (1,017 | ) |  | NM |
Other | 5,607 |  |  | 4,256 |  |  | 1,351 |  |  | 31.7 | %
Total Other Noninterest Income | 7,128 |  |  | 7,404 |  |  | (276 | ) |  | (3.7 | )%
Total Noninterest Income | $ | 55,462 |  |  | $ | 54,635 |  |  | $ | 827 |  |  | 1.5 | %

NM- percentage change not meaningful
Noninterest income increased $0.8 million, or 1.5 percent, in 2017 compared to 2016. Net gains on the sale of securities and a $1.0 million gain from the sale of a branch in 2017 were mostly offset by a $2.1 million decrease related to the gain on the sale of our credit card portfolio and a $1.0 million defined benefit plan curtailment gain in 2016. The curtailment gain was due to an amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans effective March 31, 2016.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
The decrease in wealth management fees of $0.7 million is primarily due to a decline in advisory fees related to the dissolution of the mutual fund, compared to the prior year. The increase in bank owned life insurance income, or BOLI, income related to a $0.7 million claim during the third quarter of 2017. Interest rate swap fees from our commercial customers decreased $0.5 million compared to the prior year due to a decrease in customer demand for this product.
On January 1, 2018, we sold a majority interest in S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC, a subsidiary of S&T Insurance Group. Our insurances fees will decrease in future periods along with a corresponding decrease in operating expenses.
Noninterest Expense

| Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | $ Change |  |  | % Change |
Salaries and employee benefits | $ | 80,776 |  |  | $ | 77,325 |  |  | $ | 3,451 |  |  | 4.5 | %
Net occupancy | 10,994 |  |  | 11,057 |  |  | (63 | ) |  | (0.6 | )%
Data processing | 8,801 |  |  | 8,837 |  |  | (36 | ) |  | (0.4 | )%
Furniture, equipment and software | 7,946 |  |  | 7,290 |  |  | 656 |  |  | 9.0 | %
FDIC insurance | 4,543 |  |  | 3,984 |  |  | 559 |  |  | 14.0 | %
Other taxes | 4,509 |  |  | 4,050 |  |  | 459 |  |  | 11.3 | %
Professional services and legal | 4,096 |  |  | 3,466 |  |  | 630 |  |  | 18.2 | %
Marketing | 3,659 |  |  | 3,713 |  |  | (54 | ) |  | (1.5 | )%
Other expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Joint venture amortization | 3,048 |  |  | 3,283 |  |  | (235 | ) |  | (7.2 | )%
Telecommunications | 2,572 |  |  | 2,693 |  |  | (121 | ) |  | (4.5 | )%
Loan related expenses | 2,547 |  |  | 1,752 |  |  | 795 |  |  | 45.4 | %
Amortization of intangibles | 1,247 |  |  | 1,615 |  |  | (368 | ) |  | (22.8 | )%
Supplies | 1,233 |  |  | 1,350 |  |  | (117 | ) |  | (8.7 | )%
Postage | 1,128 |  |  | 1,118 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 0.9 | %
Other | 10,808 |  |  | 11,699 |  |  | (891 | ) |  | (7.6 | )%
Total Other Noninterest Expense | 22,583 |  |  | 23,510 |  |  | (927 | ) |  | (3.9 | )%
Total Noninterest Expense | $ | 147,907 |  |  | $ | 143,232 |  |  | $ | 4,675 |  |  | 3.3 | %

NM - percentage not meaningful
Noninterest expense increased $4.7 million, or 3.3 percent, to $148 million in 2017 compared to 2016. Salaries and employee benefits increased $3.5 million during 2017 primarily due to annual merit increases, higher incentive costs and higher medical claims. Incentive expense increased $3.0 million due to a higher number of participants and strong performance in 2017. Medical expense increased $0.4 million primarily due to higher claims. These increases were offset by a decrease in pension expense of $1.7 million related to the amendment in 2016 to freeze benefit accruals for all participants in our defined benefit pension plans.
The increase of $0.7 million in furniture and equipment expense compared to 2016 was mainly due to technology upgrades. Professional services and legal expense increased $0.6 million mainly related to the sale of our subsidiary, S&T Evergreen Insurance, effective January 1, 2018 and a branch sale during 2017. FDIC insurance increased $0.6 million due to growth and other taxes increased $0.5 million due to higher sales tax. Loan related expense increased $0.8 million due to expense recoveries during 2016 on impaired loans. Other noninterest expense decreased $0.9 million primarily related to lower processing charges for credit cards due to the sale of the credit card portfolio in 2016.
Our efficiency ratio (non-GAAP), which measures noninterest expense as a percent of noninterest income plus net interest income, on a FTE basis, excluding security gains/losses, was 51.77 percent for 2017 and 54.06 percent for 2016. Refer to Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures in Item 6. Selected Financial Data in this Report for a discussion of this non-GAAP financial measure.
Federal Income Taxes
We recorded a federal income tax provision of $46.4 million in 2017 compared to $25.3 million in 2016, an increase of $21.1 million. Our 2017 income tax provision increased by $13.4 million due to the re-measurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities at the new corporate income tax rate of 21 percent enacted as part of the Tax Act on December 22, 2017. The remainder of the increase in tax provision was primarily due to higher pretax earnings.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
The effective tax rate, which is total tax expense as a percentage of pretax income, increased to 38.9 percent in 2017 compared to 26.2 percent in 2016. Historically, we have generated an annual effective tax rate that is less than the pre-tax reform statutory rate of 35 percent due to benefits resulting from tax-exempt interest, excludable dividend income, tax-exempt income on bank owned life insurance, or BOLI, and tax benefits associated with Low Income Housing Tax Credits, or LIHTC. However, due to the 2017 enactment of the Tax Act, our net DTA re-measurement of $13.4 million increased our effective tax rate by 11.3 percent in 2017. In 2018, our annual effective tax rate is anticipated to be less than the new corporate rate of 21 percent due to similar tax benefits listed above.
Results of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2016
Earnings Summary
Net income increased $4.3 million, or 6.4 percent, to $71.4 million, or $2.05 per diluted share, in 2016 compared to $67.1 million, or $1.98 per diluted share, in 2015. The timing of the Integrity merger, or Merger, on March 4, 2015 has impacted the comparability of financial results for the full year December 31, 2016 and the full year December 31, 2015 due to only ten months of Integrity results and merger-related expenses being included in earnings in 2015. The increase in net income was primarily due to increases in net interest income of $15.7 million, or 8.4 percent, and noninterest income of $3.6 million, or 7.1 percent, partially offset by increases in our provision for loan losses of $7.6 million and noninterest expenses of $6.5 million. Noninterest expense included $3.2 million of merger-related expenses during 2015 and no merger-related expenses during the year ended December 31, 2016.
Net interest income increased $15.7 million, or 8.4 percent, to $203.3 million compared to $187.6 million in 2015. The increase was primarily due to the increase in average interest-earning assets of $634 million, or 11.7 percent, partially offset by an increase in average interest-bearing liabilities of $505 million, or 12.8 percent, compared to 2015. The increases in average interest-earning assets related to our successful efforts in growing the loan portfolio organically during 2016. Our loan portfolio increased $632.4 million, or 13.5 percent, during 2016. The increases in average interest-bearing liabilities in 2016 were mainly due to successful deposit growth initiatives. Our deposits increased $396 million, or 8.1 percent. Net interest income was impacted by accretion resulting from purchase accounting fair value adjustments related to the Merger of $3.0 million for 2016 compared to $6.2 million for 2015. Net interest margin, on a fully taxable-equivalent, or FTE, basis, decreased nine basis points to 3.47 percent in 2016 compared to 3.56 percent for 2015.
The provision for loan losses increased $7.6 million to $18.0 million during 2016 compared to $10.4 million in 2015. The higher provision for loan losses was due to an increase in net loan charge-offs and loan growth. Net loan charge-offs were $13.3 million, or 0.25 percent of average loans for 2016 compared to $10.2 million, or 0.22 percent of average loans in 2015.
Total noninterest income increased $3.6 million, or 7.1 percent, to $54.6 million for 2016 compared to $51.0 million for 2015. The increase in noninterest income was primarily due to a gain of $2.1 million on the sale of our credit card portfolio in 2016 and a curtailment gain of $1.0 million resulting from the amendment to freeze benefit accruals for all participants in our defined benefit plans during the first quarter of 2016.
Total noninterest expense increased $6.5 million to $143.2 million for 2016 compared to $136.7 million for 2015. Salaries and employee benefits increased $9.1 million during 2016 primarily due to annual merit increases, additional employees, medical costs and stock incentive expense. This was offset by no merger expenses in 2016 compared to $3.2 million of merger expenses in 2015.
The provision for income taxes increased $0.9 million to $25.3 million compared to $24.4 million in 2015. The increase was primarily due to a $5.2 million increase in pretax income.
Net Interest Income
Our principal source of revenue is net interest income. Net interest income represents the difference between the interest and fees earned on interest-earning assets and the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income is affected by changes in the average balance of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and changes in interest rates and spreads. The level and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities is managed by our Asset and Liability Committee, or ALCO, in order to mitigate interest rate and liquidity risks of the balance sheet. A variety of ALCO strategies were implemented, within prescribed ALCO risk parameters, to produce what we believe is an acceptable level of net interest income.
The interest income on interest-earning assets and the net interest margin are presented on a FTE basis. The FTE basis adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax-exempt loans and securities using the federal statutory tax rate of 35 percent for each period and the dividend-received deduction for equity securities. We believe this to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income that provides a relevant comparison between taxable and non-taxable sources of interest income.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
The following table reconciles interest income per the Consolidated Statements of Net Income to net interest income and rates adjusted to a FTE basis for the periods presented:

| Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
Total interest income | $ | 227,774 |  |  | $ | 203,549 |  |  | $ | 160,523 |
Total interest expense | 24,515 |  |  | 15,998 |  |  | 12,481 |
Net interest income per consolidated statements of net income | 203,259 |  |  | 187,551 |  |  | 148,042 |
Adjustment to FTE basis | 7,043 |  |  | 6,123 |  |  | 5,461 |
Net Interest Income (FTE) (non-GAAP) | $ | 210,302 |  |  | $ | 193,674 |  |  | $ | 153,503 |
Net interest margin | 3.35 | % |  | 3.45 | % |  | 3.38 | %
Adjustment to FTE basis | 0.12 | % |  | 0.11 | % |  | 0.12 | %
Net Interest Margin (FTE) (non-GAAP) | 3.47 | % |  | 3.56 | % |  | 3.50 | %

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Average Balance Sheet and Net Interest Income Analysis
The following table provides information regarding the average balances, interest and rates earned on interest-earning assets and the average balances, interest and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities for the years ended December 31:

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
(dollars in thousands) | Average Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Rate |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Rate |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Rate |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks | $ | 41,810 |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | 0.50 | % |  | $ | 66,101 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | 0.25 | % |  | $ | 93,645 |  |  | $ | 234 |  |  | 0.25 | %
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value | 676,696 |  |  | 16,306 |  |  | 2.41 | % |  | 654,655 |  |  | 16,246 |  |  | 2.48 | % |  | 571,263 |  |  | 14,736 |  |  | 2.58 | %
Loans held for sale | 14,255 |  |  | 814 |  |  | 5.71 | % |  | 8,272 |  |  | 349 |  |  | 4.22 | % |  | 1,436 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 5.69 | %
Commercial real estate | 2,344,050 |  |  | 96,814 |  |  | 4.13 | % |  | 2,026,206 |  |  | 83,469 |  |  | 4.12 | % |  | 1,635,099 |  |  | 64,030 |  |  | 3.92 | %
Commercial and industrial | 1,348,287 |  |  | 53,629 |  |  | 3.98 | % |  | 1,209,020 |  |  | 46,175 |  |  | 3.82 | % |  | 920,665 |  |  | 37,701 |  |  | 4.09 | %
Commercial construction | 400,997 |  |  | 14,788 |  |  | 3.69 | % |  | 330,821 |  |  | 13,249 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | 177,912 |  |  | 5,572 |  |  | 3.13 | %
Total commercial loans | 4,093,334 |  |  | 165,231 |  |  | 4.04 | % |  | 3,566,047 |  |  | 142,893 |  |  | 4.01 | % |  | 2,733,676 |  |  | 107,303 |  |  | 3.93 | %
Residential mortgage | 668,236 |  |  | 27,544 |  |  | 4.12 | % |  | 577,294 |  |  | 24,458 |  |  | 4.24 | % |  | 489,294 |  |  | 20,089 |  |  | 4.11 | %
Home equity | 477,011 |  |  | 19,213 |  |  | 4.03 | % |  | 451,755 |  |  | 18,139 |  |  | 4.02 | % |  | 414,905 |  |  | 17,875 |  |  | 4.31 | %
Installment and other consumer | 64,960 |  |  | 4,136 |  |  | 6.37 | % |  | 82,972 |  |  | 5,764 |  |  | 6.95 | % |  | 65,604 |  |  | 5,059 |  |  | 7.71 | %
Consumer construction | 7,038 |  |  | 287 |  |  | 4.08 | % |  | 6,092 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 4.21 | % |  | 2,893 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 4.25 | %
Total consumer loans | 1,217,245 |  |  | 51,180 |  |  | 4.20 | % |  | 1,118,113 |  |  | 48,617 |  |  | 4.35 | % |  | 972,696 |  |  | 43,146 |  |  | 4.44 | %
Total portfolio loans | 5,310,579 |  |  | 216,411 |  |  | 4.08 | % |  | 4,684,160 |  |  | 191,510 |  |  | 4.09 | % |  | 3,706,372 |  |  | 150,449 |  |  | 4.06 | %
Total Loans | $ | 5,324,834 |  |  | $ | 217,225 |  |  | 4.08 | % |  | $ | 4,692,432 |  |  | $ | 191,859 |  |  | 4.09 | % |  | $ | 3,707,808 |  |  | $ | 150,531 |  |  | 4.06 | %
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock | 23,811 |  |  | 1,079 |  |  | 4.53 | % |  | 19,672 |  |  | 1,401 |  |  | 7.12 | % |  | 14,083 |  |  | 483 |  |  | 3.43 | %
Total Interest-earning Assets | 6,067,151 |  |  | 234,817 |  |  | 3.87 | % |  | 5,432,860 |  |  | 209,671 |  |  | 3.86 | % |  | 4,386,799 |  |  | 165,984 |  |  | 3.78 | %
Noninterest-earning assets | 521,104 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 509,236 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 375,564 |  |  |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 6,588,255 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,942,096 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,762,363 |  |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand | $ | 651,118 |  |  | $ | 1,088 |  |  | 0.17 | % |  | $ | 623,232 |  |  | $ | 888 |  |  | 0.14 | % |  | $ | 322,036 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | 0.02 | %
Money market | 735,159 |  |  | 3,222 |  |  | 0.44 | % |  | 574,102 |  |  | 1,229 |  |  | 0.21 | % |  | 327,119 |  |  | 521 |  |  | 0.16 | %
Savings | 1,039,664 |  |  | 2,002 |  |  | 0.19 | % |  | 1,072,683 |  |  | 1,712 |  |  | 0.16 | % |  | 1,033,482 |  |  | 1,607 |  |  | 0.16 | %
Certificates of deposit | 1,472,613 |  |  | 13,380 |  |  | 0.91 | % |  | 1,252,798 |  |  | 9,115 |  |  | 0.73 | % |  | 1,125,561 |  |  | 7,930 |  |  | 0.70 | %
Total Interest-bearing deposits | 3,898,554 |  |  | 19,692 |  |  | 0.51 | % |  | 3,522,815 |  |  | 12,944 |  |  | 0.37 | % |  | 2,808,198 |  |  | 10,128 |  |  | 0.36 | %
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | 51,021 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 44,394 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 28,372 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 0.01 | %
Short-term borrowings | 414,426 |  |  | 2,713 |  |  | 0.65 | % |  | 257,117 |  |  | 932 |  |  | 0.36 | % |  | 164,811 |  |  | 511 |  |  | 0.31 | %
Long-term borrowings | 50,257 |  |  | 670 |  |  | 1.33 | % |  | 83,648 |  |  | 790 |  |  | 0.94 | % |  | 20,571 |  |  | 617 |  |  | 3.00 | %
Junior subordinated debt securities | 45,619 |  |  | 1,435 |  |  | 3.14 | % |  | 47,071 |  |  | 1,327 |  |  | 2.82 | % |  | 45,619 |  |  | 1,222 |  |  | 2.68 | %
Total borrowings | 561,323 |  |  | 4,823 |  |  | 0.86 | % |  | 432,230 |  |  | 3,053 |  |  | 0.71 | % |  | 259,373 |  |  | 2,353 |  |  | 0.91 | %
Total Interest-bearing Liabilities | 4,459,877 |  |  | 24,515 |  |  | 0.55 | % |  | 3,955,045 |  |  | 15,997 |  |  | 0.40 | % |  | 3,067,571 |  |  | 12,481 |  |  | 0.41 | %
Noninterest-bearing liabilities | 1,304,771 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,236,984 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,098,637 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity | 823,607 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 750,069 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 596,155 |  |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | $ | 6,588,255 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,942,098 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,762,363 |  |  |  |  |
Net Interest Income (2)(3) |  |  | $ | 210,302 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 193,674 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 153,503 |  |  |
Net Interest Margin (2)(3) |  |  |  |  | 3.47 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.56 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.50 | %

(1)Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
(2)Tax-exempt income is on a FTE basis using the statutory federal corporate income tax rate of 35 percent.
(3)Taxable investment income is adjusted for the dividend-received deduction for equity securities.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
The following table details a summary of the changes in interest earned and interest paid resulting from changes in volume and rates for the years presented:

| 2016 Compared to 2015 Increase (Decrease) Due to |  | 2015 Compared to 2014 Increase (Decrease) Due to
(dollars in thousands) | Volume(4) |  | Rate(4) |  | Net |  |  | Volume(4) |  | Rate(4) |  | Net |
Interest earned on: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks | $ | (61 | ) | $ | 103 |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | (69 | ) | $ | — |  | $ | (69 | )
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value(2)(3) | 547 |  | (487 | ) | 60 |  |  | 2,151 |  | (641 | ) | 1,510 |
Loans held for sale | 252 |  | 213 |  | 465 |  |  | 390 |  | (123 | ) | 267 |
Commercial real estate | 13,093 |  | 252 |  | 13,345 |  |  | 15,316 |  | 4,123 |  | 19,439 |
Commercial and industrial | 5,319 |  | 2,135 |  | 7,454 |  |  | 11,808 |  | (3,334 | ) | 8,474 |
Commercial construction | 2,810 |  | (1,271 | ) | 1,539 |  |  | 4,789 |  | 2,888 |  | 7,677 |
Total commercial loans | 21,222 |  | 1,116 |  | 22,338 |  |  | 31,913 |  | 3,677 |  | 35,590 |
Residential mortgage | 3,853 |  | (767 | ) | 3,086 |  |  | 3,613 |  | 756 |  | 4,369 |
Home equity | 1,014 |  | 60 |  | 1,074 |  |  | 1,588 |  | (1,324 | ) | 264 |
Installment and other consumer | (1,251 | ) | (377 | ) | (1,628 | ) |  | 1,339 |  | (634 | ) | 705 |
Consumer construction | 40 |  | (9 | ) | 31 |  |  | 136 |  | (3 | ) | 133 |
Total consumer loans | 3,656 |  | (1,093 | ) | 2,563 |  |  | 6,676 |  | (1,205 | ) | 5,471 |
Total portfolio loans | 24,878 |  | 23 |  | 24,901 |  |  | 38,589 |  | 2,472 |  | 41,061 |
Total loans (1)(2) | 25,130 |  | 236 |  | 25,366 |  |  | 38,979 |  | 2,349 |  | 41,328 |
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock | 295 |  | (617 | ) | (322 | ) |  | 192 |  | 726 |  | 918 |
Change in Interest Earned on Interest-earning Assets | $ | 25,911 |  | $ | (765 | ) | $ | 25,146 |  |  | $ | 41,253 |  | $ | 2,434 |  | $ | 43,687 |
Interest paid on: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand | $ | 40 |  | $ | 160 |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 65 |  | $ | 753 |  | $ | 818 |
Money market | 345 |  | 1,648 |  | 1,993 |  |  | 393 |  | 315 |  | 708 |
Savings | (53 | ) | 343 |  | 290 |  |  | 61 |  | 44 |  | 105 |
Certificates of deposit | 1,599 |  | 2,666 |  | 4,265 |  |  | 896 |  | 289 |  | 1,185 |
Total interest-bearing deposits | 1,931 |  | 4,817 |  | 6,748 |  |  | 1,416 |  | 1,400 |  | 2,816 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  | (1 | ) | 1 |
Short-term borrowings | 570 |  | 1,211 |  | 1,781 |  |  | 286 |  | 135 |  | 421 |
Long-term borrowings | (315 | ) | 195 |  | (120 | ) |  | 1,892 |  | (1,719 | ) | 173 |
Junior subordinated debt securities | (41 | ) | 149 |  | 108 |  |  | 39 |  | 66 |  | 105 |
Total borrowings | 215 |  | 1,555 |  | 1,770 |  |  | 2,219 |  | (1,519 | ) | 700 |
Change in Interest Paid on Interest-bearing Liabilities | 2,146 |  | 6,372 |  | 8,518 |  |  | 3,635 |  | (119 | ) | 3,516 |
Change in Net Interest Income | $ | 23,765 |  | $ | (7,137 | ) | $ | 16,628 |  |  | $ | 37,618 |  | $ | 2,553 |  | $ | 40,171 |

(1)Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
(2)Tax-exempt income is on a FTE basis using the statutory federal corporate income tax rate of 35 percent.
(3)Taxable investment income is adjusted for the dividend-received deduction for equity securities.
(4)Changes to rate/volume are allocated to both rate and volume on a proportionate dollar basis.
Net interest income on a FTE basis increased $16.6 million, or 8.6 percent, compared to 2015. This increase was primarily due to strong organic loan growth during 2016. Net interest income was unfavorably impacted by a decrease in accretion of purchase accounting fair value adjustments of $3.2 million compared to 2015. The net interest margin on a FTE basis decreased nine basis points to 3.47 percent compared to 3.56 percent for 2015. The decrease was primarily due to higher cost liabilities combined with a five basis point decline due to the decrease in accretion of purchase accounting fair value adjustments.
Interest income on a FTE basis increased $25.1 million, or 12.0 percent, compared to 2015. The increase is primarily due to an increase in average interest-earning assets. Average interest-earning assets increased $634.3 million primarily due to an increase in average loan balances from organic loan growth and the Merger. Average loan balances increased $632.4 million and rates earned on loans decreased one basis point compared to 2015. Interest income was unfavorably impacted by a decrease in loan purchase accounting fair value adjustments of $2.6 million compared to 2015. Average interest-bearing deposits with banks, which is primarily cash at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or Federal Reserve, decreased $24.3 million while average total investment securities increased $22.0 million. The significant decrease in the rate for Federal Home Loan Bank, or FHLB, and other restricted stock is primarily due to a special dividend received of $0.3 million in the first quarter of 2015. Overall, the FTE rate on interest-earning assets increased one basis point compared to 2015.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Interest expense increased $8.5 million to $24.5 million compared to $16.0 million in 2015. Average interest-bearing liabilities increased $504.8 million primarily due to an increase in average interest-bearing deposits resulting from both organic deposit growth and the Merger. Average interest-bearing deposits increased $375.7 million and rates paid on deposits increased 14 basis points compared to 2015. The increase in interest-bearing deposits was primarily due to an increase of $161.1 million in money market accounts and an increase of $219.8 million in certificates of deposit accounts, due to sales efforts and rate promotions offered during 2016. The rate on money market accounts increased 23 basis points and the rate on certificate of deposits increased 18 basis points. Interest expense was unfavorably impacted by a decrease in certificate of deposit purchase accounting fair value adjustments of $0.7 million compared to 2015. Average short-term borrowings increased $157.3 million and average long-term borrowings decreased $33.4 million. This is mainly due to a $100 million long-term variable rate borrowing that was funded in the second quarter of 2015 and matured in the second quarter of 2016. Overall, the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased by 15 basis points compared to 2015.
Provision for Loan Losses
The provision for loan losses is the amount to be added to the ALL after net loan charge-offs have been deducted to bring the ALL to a level determined to be adequate to absorb probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The provision for loan losses increased $7.6 million to $18.0 million for 2016 compared to $10.4 million for 2015. This increase in the provision for loan losses is primarily related to an increase in net loan charge-offs, specific reserves on impaired loans and loan growth compared to the prior year.
Net charge-offs increased $3.1 million to $13.3 million, or 0.25 percent of average loans in 2016, compared to $10.2 million, or 0.22 percent of average loans in 2015. Specific reserves for impaired loans increased $0.8 million from the prior year, due to one C&I loan requiring a specific reserve of $0.8 million. Total nonperforming loans increased to $42.6 million, or 0.76 percent of total loans at December 31, 2016, compared to $35.4 million, or 0.70 percent of total loans at December 31, 2015. The increase in nonperforming loans was primarily due to additional deterioration of acquired loans, subsequent to the acquisition date. Special mention and substandard commercial loans increased $2.2 million to $185.7 million from $183.5 million at December 31, 2015.
The ALL at December 31, 2016, was $52.8 million, or 0.94 percent of total portfolio loans, compared to $48.1 million, or 0.96 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2015. The decrease in the level of the reserve as a percentage to total portfolio loans is partly due to strong loan growth of $583.8 million, or 11.6 percent, during 2016. Refer to the Allowance for Loan Losses section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, or MD&A, for further details.
Noninterest Income

| Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | $ Change |  |  | % Change |
Securities gains, net | $ | — |  |  | $ | (34 | ) |  | $ | 34 |  |  | NM |
Wealth management | 10,456 |  |  | 11,444 |  |  | (988 | ) |  | (8.6 | )%
Debit and credit card | 11,943 |  |  | 12,113 |  |  | (170 | ) |  | (1.4 | )%
Service charges on deposit accounts | 12,512 |  |  | 11,642 |  |  | 870 |  |  | 7.5 | %
Insurance | 5,253 |  |  | 5,500 |  |  | (247 | ) |  | (4.5 | )%
Mortgage banking | 2,879 |  |  | 2,554 |  |  | 325 |  |  | 12.7 | %
Gain on sale of credit card portfolio | 2,066 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,066 |  |  | NM |
Other Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BOLI income | 2,122 |  |  | 2,221 |  |  | (99 | ) |  | (4.5 | )%
Letter of credit origination | 1,154 |  |  | 1,242 |  |  | (88 | ) |  | (7.1 | )%
Curtailment gain | 1,017 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,017 |  |  | NM |
Interest rate swap | 977 |  |  | 577 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 69.3 | %
Other | 4,256 |  |  | 3,774 |  |  | 482 |  |  | 12.8 | %
Total Other Noninterest Income | 9,526 |  |  | 7,814 |  |  | 1,712 |  |  | 21.9 | %
Total Noninterest Income | $ | 54,635 |  |  | $ | 51,033 |  |  | $ | 3,602 |  |  | 7.1 | %

NM - not meaningful
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Noninterest income increased $3.6 million, or 7.1 percent, in 2016 compared to 2015, primarily due to a $2.1 million gain on the sale of our credit card portfolio and a $1.0 million defined benefit plan curtailment gain. Subsequent to the sale of the credit card portfolio, we will continue to earn credit card related income based on the terms of a marketing agreement with the purchaser, which provides incentives for new credit card accounts and a percentage of both interchange income and finance charges. The defined benefit plan curtailment gain was due to an amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans effective March 31, 2016.
Service charges on deposit accounts increased $0.9 million due to program changes and growth from the Merger. Interest rate swap fees from our commercial customers increased $0.4 million compared to the prior year due to an increase in customer demand for this product. Mortgage banking income increased $0.3 million in 2016 compared to 2015 due to an increase in the volume of loans originated for sale in the secondary market and more favorable pricing on loan sales.
The decrease in wealth management fees of $1.0 million is primarily due to a decrease in our brokerage services revenue compared to the prior year.
Noninterest Expense

| Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | $ Change |  |  | % Change |
Salaries and employee benefits(1) | $ | 77,325 |  |  | $ | 68,252 |  |  | $ | 9,073 |  |  | 13.3 | %
Net occupancy(1) | 11,057 |  |  | 10,652 |  |  | 405 |  |  | 3.8 | %
Data processing(1) | 8,837 |  |  | 9,560 |  |  | (723 | ) |  | (7.6 | )%
Furniture and equipment | 7,290 |  |  | 6,093 |  |  | 1,197 |  |  | 19.6 | %
Professional services and legal(1) | 3,466 |  |  | 3,006 |  |  | 460 |  |  | 15.3 | %
Other taxes | 4,050 |  |  | 3,616 |  |  | 434 |  |  | 12.0 | %
FDIC insurance | 3,984 |  |  | 3,416 |  |  | 568 |  |  | 16.6 | %
Marketing | 3,713 |  |  | 4,224 |  |  | (511 | ) |  | (12.1 | )%
Merger-related expense | — |  |  | 3,167 |  |  | (3,167 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Other expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Joint venture amortization | 3,283 |  |  | 3,615 |  |  | (332 | ) |  | (9.2 | )%
Telecommunications | 2,693 |  |  | 2,653 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 1.5 | %
Loan related expenses | 1,752 |  |  | 2,938 |  |  | (1,186 | ) |  | (40.4 | )%
Amortization of intangibles | 1,615 |  |  | 1,818 |  |  | (203 | ) |  | (11.2 | )%
Supplies | 1,350 |  |  | 1,493 |  |  | (143 | ) |  | (9.6 | )%
Postage | 1,118 |  |  | 1,262 |  |  | (144 | ) |  | (11.4 | )%
Other(1) | 11,699 |  |  | 10,952 |  |  | 747 |  |  | 6.8 | %
Total Other Noninterest Expense | 23,510 |  |  | 24,731 |  |  | (1,221 | ) |  | (4.9 | )%
Total Noninterest Expense | $ | 143,232 |  |  | $ | 136,717 |  |  | $ | 6,515 |  |  | 4.8 | %

(1)Excludes merger-related expenses for 2015 amounts only.
Noninterest expense increased $6.5 million, or 4.8 percent, to $143.2 million in 2016 compared to 2015. Our operating costs were higher during 2016 compared to the same period last year when we incurred only ten months of additional expense resulting from the Merger. In 2015, we incurred merger-related expense of $3.2 million compared to no merger-related expense in 2016.
Salaries and employee benefits increased $9.1 million during 2016 primarily due to additional employees, annual merit increases, higher medical cost and restricted stock expense. Medical expense increased $2.2 million primarily due to higher claims. Restricted stock expense increased $0.9 million due to a higher number of participants and strong performance in 2016. These increases were offset by a decrease in pension expense of $0.4 million related to the amendment to freeze benefit accruals for all participants in our defined benefit pension plans.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
The increase of $1.2 million in furniture and equipment expense and $0.4 million in net occupancy expense compared to 2015 was due to additional locations acquired from the Merger, and technology upgrades. Professional services and legal expense increased $0.6 million due to higher systems and credit related expenses that were incurred during 2016 compared to 2015. FDIC insurance increased $0.6 million due to deposit growth and other taxes increased $0.4 million related to changes in state shares tax. Other noninterest expense decreased $1.2 million primarily due to lower loan related expenses resulting from expense recoveries on impaired loans that paid off in 2016, and decreases in amortization of both our core deposit intangible asset and qualified affordable housing projects. The decrease of $0.6 million in data processing expense in 2016 primarily related to a renegotiation of a core data processing contract. The decrease in marketing expense of $0.5 million is due to additional marketing promotions that occurred during 2015.
Our efficiency ratio, which measures noninterest expense as a percent of noninterest income plus net interest income, on a FTE basis, excluding security gains/losses, was 54 percent for 2016 and 56 percent for 2015. Refer to Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this MD&A for a discussion of this non-GAAP financial measure.
Federal Income Taxes
We recorded a federal income tax provision of $25.3 million in 2016 compared to $24.4 million in 2015. The effective tax rate, which is the provision for income taxes as a percentage of pretax income, was 26.2 percent in 2016 compared to 26.7 percent in 2015. We ordinarily generate an annual effective tax rate that is less than the statutory rate of 35 percent due to benefits resulting from tax-exempt interest, excludable dividend income, tax-exempt income on bank owned life insurance, or BOLI, and tax benefits associated with Low Income Housing Tax Credits, or LIHTC. The decrease to our effective tax rate was primarily due to a $1.4 million increase in tax-exempt interest and a decrease of $0.6 million of discrete tax adjustments in 2016 offset by a decrease in LIHTC of $0.3 million.
Financial Condition
December 31, 2017
Total assets increased $117 million, or 1.7 percent, to $7.1 billion at December 31, 2017 compared to $6.9 billion at December 31, 2016. During the fourth quarter of 2017, $41.1 million of loans and $37.8 million of deposits were sold related to a branch sale. Total portfolio loans increased $150 million, or 2.7 percent. This growth was primarily in the Commercial Real Estate, or CRE, category which increased by $188 million, or 7.5 percent, and Commercial Industrial, or C&I, which increased by $32.2 million, or 2.3 percent, compared to a year ago. Consumer loans increased slightly by $1.8 million with growth primarily in our home equity portfolio. Securities increased $4.8 million compared to December 31, 2016 primarily due to normal investing activity.
Our deposits increased $156 million, or 2.9 percent, with total deposits of $5.4 billion at December 31, 2017 compared to $5.3 billion at December 31, 2016. We experienced a change in the mix of deposits as interest rates increased and our customers sought higher returns. Money market accounts increased $210 million, or 22.4 percent, due to competitive pricing of an indexed product. This attracted both new money and funds from savings accounts which declined by $157 million. Noninterest-bearing demand accounts increased $124 million compared to December 31, 2016 due to sales efforts to support our strategic goal to grow our customer deposits. The increase in CDs was mainly due to a $82.4 million increase in brokered CDs primarily for funding needs to support our asset growth.
Total borrowings decreased $88.1 million, or 11.4 percent, compared to 2016 due to reduced funding needs. Short-term borrowings decreased by $120 million and long-term borrowings increased $32.6 million but the increase in long-term borrowings were in variable rate structures.
Total shareholders’ equity increased $42.1 million, or 5.0 percent, to $884 million at December 31, 2017 compared to $842 million at December 31, 2016. The increase was primarily due to net income of $73.0 million offset by dividends of $28.6 million.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Securities Activity
The balances and average rates of our securities portfolio are presented below as of December 31:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(dollars in thousands) | Balance |  |  | Weighted-Average Yield |  |  | Balance |  |  | Weighted-Average Yield |  |  | Balance |  |  | Weighted-Average Yield |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 19,789 |  |  | 1.57 | % |  | $ | 24,811 |  |  | 1.49 | % |  | $ | 14,941 |  |  | 1.24 | %
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 162,193 |  |  | 2.09 | % |  | 232,179 |  |  | 1.68 | % |  | 263,303 |  |  | 1.65 | %
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 108,688 |  |  | 2.25 | % |  | 129,777 |  |  | 2.24 | % |  | 128,835 |  |  | 2.26 | %
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 32,854 |  |  | 3.52 | % |  | 37,358 |  |  | 2.64 | % |  | 40,125 |  |  | 2.76 | %
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 242,221 |  |  | 2.34 | % |  | 125,604 |  |  | 2.06 | % |  | 69,204 |  |  | 2.12 | %
Obligations of states and political subdivisions (1) | 127,402 |  |  | 4.06 | % |  | 132,509 |  |  | 4.10 | % |  | 134,886 |  |  | 4.19 | %
Marketable equity securities | 5,144 |  |  | 2.78 | % |  | 11,249 |  |  | 3.38 | % |  | 9,669 |  |  | 3.90 | %
Total Securities Available-for-Sale | $ | 698,291 |  |  | 2.62 | % |  | $ | 693,487 |  |  | 2.39 | % |  | $ | 660,963 |  |  | 2.43 | %

(1) Weighted-average yields are calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 35%.
We invest in various securities in order to provide a source of liquidity, satisfy various pledging requirements, increase net interest income and as a tool of the ALCO to reposition the balance sheet for interest rate risk purposes. Securities are subject to market risks that could negatively affect the level of liquidity available to us. Security purchases are subject to an investment policy approved annually by our Board of Directors and administered through ALCO and our treasury function. The securities portfolio increased $4.8 million, or 0.7 percent, from December 31, 2016. The increase is due to normal purchase activity.
Management evaluates the securities portfolio for OTTI on a quarterly basis. At December 31, 2017, our bond portfolio was in a net unrealized gain position of $1.7 million, compared to a net unrealized gain position of $3.6 million at December 31, 2016. At December 31, 2017, total gross unrealized gains were $5.6 million offset by total gross unrealized losses of $3.9 million, compared to total gross unrealized gains of $7.1 million offset by total gross unrealized losses of $3.5 million at December 31, 2016. The decrease in the net unrealized gain position of our securities portfolio is due to the sale of marketable equity securities that were in an unrealized gain position and also the changing interest rate environment in 2017. In response to the current interest rate environment, we sold certain debt securities at a loss of $1.0 million and replaced them with higher yielding securities. The unrealized loss was not related to the underlying credit quality of our bond portfolio. All debt securities are determined to be investment grade and are paying principal and interest according to the contractual terms of the securities. There were no unrealized losses on marketable equity securities as of December 31, 2017. We do not intend to sell and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell any of the securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of their amortized cost. We did not record any OTTI in 2017, 2016 or 2015. The performance of the debt and equity securities markets could generate impairments in future periods requiring realized losses to be reported.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
The following table sets forth the maturities of securities at December 31, 2017 and the weighted average yields of such securities. Taxable-equivalent adjustments (using a 35 percent federal income tax rate) for 2017 have been made in calculating yields on obligations of state and political subdivisions.

| Maturing
| Within One Year |  | After One But Within Five Years |  | After Five But Within Ten Years |  | After Ten Years |  | No Fixed Maturity
(dollars in thousands) | Amount |  | Yield |  |  | Amount |  | Yield |  |  | Amount |  | Yield |  |  | Amount |  | Yield |  |  | Amount |  | Yield
Available-for-Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 9,989 |  | 1.28 | % |  | $ | 9,800 |  | 1.87 | % |  | $ | — |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  | — | %
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 47,539 |  | 1.75 | % |  | 86,358 |  | 2.17 | % |  | 28,296 |  | 2.41 | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | —% |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | 46,041 |  | 2.40 | % |  | 62,647 |  | 2.14 | % |  | — |  | —% |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 172 |  | 4.26 | % |  | 68 |  | 4.51 | % |  | 7,991 |  | 3.75 | % |  | 24,623 |  | 3.44 | % |  | — |  | —% |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  | — | % |  | 64,755 |  | 2.14 | % |  | 177,466 |  | 2.42 | % |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | —% |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions (1) | 910 |  | 5.33 | % |  | 46,702 |  | 3.93 | % |  | 43,836 |  | 3.92 | % |  | 35,954 |  | 4.36 | % |  | — |  | —% |
Marketable equity securities | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | 5,144 |  | 2.78 | %
Total | $ | 58,610 |  |  |  | $ | 207,683 |  |  |  | $ | 303,630 |  |  |  | $ | 123,224 |  |  |  | $ | 5,144 |  |
Weighted Average Yield |  | 1.73 | % |  |  | 2.54 | % |  |  | 2.67 | % |  |  | 3.05 | % |  |  | 2.78 | %

(1) Weighted-average yields are calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 35 percent.
Lending Activity
The following table summarizes our loan portfolio as of December 31:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
(dollars in thousands) | Amount |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Total |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,685,994 |  |  | 46.62 | % |  | $ | 2,498,476 |  |  | 44.53 | % |  | $ | 2,166,603 |  |  | 43.09 | % |  | $ | 1,682,236 |  |  | 43.48 | % |  | $ | 1,607,756 |  |  | 45.09 | %
Commercial and industrial | 1,433,266 |  |  | 24.88 | % |  | 1,401,035 |  |  | 24.97 | % |  | 1,256,830 |  |  | 25.00 | % |  | 994,138 |  |  | 25.70 | % |  | 842,449 |  |  | 23.62 | %
Commercial construction | 384,334 |  |  | 6.67 | % |  | 455,884 |  |  | 8.12 | % |  | 413,444 |  |  | 8.22 | % |  | 216,148 |  |  | 5.59 | % |  | 143,675 |  |  | 4.03 | %
Total Commercial Loans | 4,503,594 |  |  | 78.17 | % |  | 4,355,395 |  |  | 77.62 | % |  | 3,836,877 |  |  | 76.31 | % |  | 2,892,522 |  |  | 74.77 | % |  | 2,593,880 |  |  | 72.74 | %
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 698,774 |  |  | 12.13 | % |  | 701,982 |  |  | 12.51 | % |  | 639,372 |  |  | 12.72 | % |  | 489,586 |  |  | 12.66 | % |  | 487,092 |  |  | 13.66 | %
Home equity | 487,326 |  |  | 8.46 | % |  | 482,284 |  |  | 8.59 | % |  | 470,845 |  |  | 9.37 | % |  | 418,563 |  |  | 10.82 | % |  | 414,195 |  |  | 11.61 | %
Installment and other consumer | 67,204 |  |  | 1.16 | % |  | 65,852 |  |  | 1.17 | % |  | 73,939 |  |  | 1.47 | % |  | 65,567 |  |  | 1.69 | % |  | 67,883 |  |  | 1.90 | %
Consumer construction | 4,551 |  |  | 0.08 | % |  | 5,906 |  |  | 0.11 | % |  | 6,579 |  |  | 0.13 | % |  | 2,508 |  |  | 0.06 | % |  | 3,149 |  |  | 0.09 | %
Total Consumer Loans | 1,257,855 |  |  | 21.83 | % |  | 1,256,024 |  |  | 22.38 | % |  | 1,190,735 |  |  | 23.69 | % |  | 976,224 |  |  | 25.23 | % |  | 972,319 |  |  | 27.26 | %
Total Portfolio Loans | $ | 5,761,449 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | $ | 5,611,419 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | $ | 5,027,612 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | $ | 3,868,746 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | $ | 3,566,199 |  |  | 100.00 | %

The loan portfolio represents the most significant source of interest income for us. The risk that borrowers will be unable to pay such obligations is inherent in the loan portfolio. Other conditions such as downturns in the borrower’s industry or the overall economic climate can significantly impact the borrower’s ability to pay.
We maintain a General Lending Policy to control the quality of our loan portfolio. The policy delegates the authority to extend loans under specific guidelines and underwriting standards. The General Lending Policy is formulated by management and reviewed and ratified annually by the Board of Directors.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Total portfolio loans increased $150 million, or 2.7 percent, to $5.8 billion at December 31, 2017 compared to $5.6 billion at December 31, 2016. The increase was primarily due to growth in the CRE and C&I portfolios. Commercial organic loan growth was strong, particularly in our newer markets. Approximately $213 million of organic growth came from Ohio and New York. D uring the fourth quarter 2017, $41.1 million of loans were sold as a result of a branch sale, of which $29.6 million were commercial loans and $11.5 million were consumer loans.
Commercial loans, including CRE, C&I and Commercial Construction, comprised 78 percent of total portfolio loans at both December 31, 2017 and 2016. Although commercial loans can have a relatively higher risk profile, management believes these risks are mitigated through active portfolio management, conservative underwriting standards and continuous portfolio review. The loan-to-value, or LTV, policy guidelines for CRE loans are generally 65-80 percent. At December 31, 2017, variable rate commercial loans represented 75 percent of total commercial loans compared to 76 percent in 2016.
Total commercial loans increased $148 million, or 3.4 percent, from December 31, 2016. CRE loans increased $188 million, or 7.5 percent, C&I loans increased $32.2 million, or 2.3 percent and Commercial Construction loans decreased $71.6 million, or 15.7 percent.
Consumer loans represent 22 percent of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2017 and 2016. Total consumer loans increased $1.8 million from December 31, 2016 with growth in the home equity and installment and other consumer portfolios.
The residential mortgage portfolio decreased $3.2 million from December 31, 2016. Residential mortgage lending continues to be a focus through a centralized mortgage origination department, secondary market activities and the utilization of commission compensated originators. Management believes that continued adherence to our conservative mortgage lending policies for portfolio mortgage loans will be as important in a growing economy as it was during the downturn in recent years. The LTV policy guideline is 80 percent for residential first lien mortgages. Higher LTV loans may be approved with the appropriate private mortgage insurance coverage. We primarily limit our fixed rate portfolio mortgage loans to a maximum term of 20 years for traditional mortgages, and 15 years with a maximum amortization term of 30 years for balloon payment mortgages. We may originate home equity loans with a lien position that is second to unrelated third party lenders, but normally only to the extent that the combined LTV considering both the first and second liens does not exceed 100 percent of the fair value of the property. Combo mortgage loans consisting of a residential first mortgage and a home equity second mortgage are also available.
We originate and sell loans into the secondary market, primarily to Fannie Mae. We sell these loans in order to mitigate interest-rate risk associated with holding lower rate, long-term residential mortgages in the loan portfolio and to generate fee revenue from sales and servicing of the loans. During 2017 and 2016, we sold $78.8 million and $93.9 million of 1-4 family mortgages to Fannie Mae. In addition, at December 31, 2017, we were servicing $441 million of mortgage loans that we had originated and sold into the secondary market, compared to $407 million at December 31, 2016. Loans sold to Fannie Mae in 2017 decreased $15.1 million compared to 2016 due to higher interest rates and lower refinance activity in 2017.
We also offer a variety of unsecured and secured consumer loan products. LTV guidelines for direct loans are generally 90-100 percent of invoice for new automobiles and 80-90 percent of National Automobile Dealer Association value for used automobiles.
The following table presents the maturity of consumer and commercial loans outstanding as of December 31, 2017:

| Maturity
(dollars in thousands) | Within One Year |  |  | After One But Within Five Years |  |  | After Five Years |  |  | Total |
Fixed interest rates | $ | 186,203 |  |  | $ | 530,427 |  |  | $ | 405,227 |  |  | $ | 1,121,857 |
Variable interest rates | 780,453 |  |  | 1,087,356 |  |  | 1,513,928 |  |  | 3,381,737 |
Total Commercial Loans | $ | 966,656 |  |  | $ | 1,617,783 |  |  | $ | 1,919,155 |  |  | $ | 4,503,594 |
Fixed interest rates | 75,596 |  |  | 195,431 |  |  | 289,335 |  |  | 560,362 |
Variable interest rates | 399,478 |  |  | 59,980 |  |  | 238,035 |  |  | 697,493 |
Total Consumer Loans | $ | 475,074 |  |  | $ | 255,411 |  |  | $ | 527,370 |  |  | $ | 1,257,855 |
Total Portfolio Loans | $ | 1,441,730 |  |  | $ | 1,873,194 |  |  | $ | 2,446,525 |  |  | $ | 5,761,449 |

Credit Quality
On a quarterly basis, a criticized asset meeting is held to monitor all special mention and substandard loans greater than $1.0 million. These loans typically represent the highest risk of loss to us. Action plans are established and these loans are monitored through regular contact with the borrower, review of current financial information and other documentation, review of all loan or potential loan restructures or modifications and the regular re-evaluation of assets held as collateral.
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Additional credit risk management practices include periodic review and update of our lending policies and procedures to support sound underwriting practices and portfolio management through portfolio stress testing. Our Loan Review process serves to independently monitor credit quality and assess the effectiveness of credit risk management practices to provide oversight of all corporate lending activities. The Loan Review function has the primary responsibility for assessing commercial credit administration and credit decision functions of consumer and mortgage underwriting, as well as providing input to the loan risk rating process.
Nonperforming assets, or NPAs, consist of nonaccrual loans, nonaccrual TDRs and OREO. The following represents NPAs as of December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
Nonperforming Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,501 |  |  | $ | 15,526 |  |  | $ | 5,171 |  |  | $ | 2,255 |  |  | $ | 6,852 |
Commercial and industrial | 2,449 |  |  | 3,578 |  |  | 7,709 |  |  | 1,266 |  |  | 1,412 |
Commercial construction | 1,460 |  |  | 4,497 |  |  | 7,488 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 34 |
Residential mortgage | 3,580 |  |  | 4,850 |  |  | 4,964 |  |  | 1,877 |  |  | 1,982 |
Home equity | 2,736 |  |  | 2,485 |  |  | 2,379 |  |  | 1,497 |  |  | 2,073 |
Installment and other consumer | 62 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 34 |
Consumer construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total Nonperforming Loans | 12,788 |  |  | 31,037 |  |  | 27,723 |  |  | 7,021 |  |  | 12,387 |
Nonperforming Troubled Debt Restructurings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 967 |  |  | 646 |  |  | 3,548 |  |  | 2,180 |  |  | 3,898 |
Commercial and industrial | 3,197 |  |  | 4,493 |  |  | 1,570 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 1,884 |
Commercial construction | 2,413 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 1,265 |  |  | 1,869 |  |  | 2,708 |
Residential mortgage | 3,585 |  |  | 5,068 |  |  | 665 |  |  | 459 |  |  | 1,356 |
Home Equity | 979 |  |  | 954 |  |  | 523 |  |  | 562 |  |  | 218 |
Installment and other consumer | 9 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 3 |
Total Nonperforming Troubled Debt Restructurings | 11,150 |  |  | 11,598 |  |  | 7,659 |  |  | 5,436 |  |  | 10,067 |
Total Nonperforming Loans | 23,938 |  |  | 42,635 |  |  | 35,382 |  |  | 12,457 |  |  | 22,454 |
OREO | 469 |  |  | 679 |  |  | 354 |  |  | 166 |  |  | 410 |
Total Nonperforming Assets | $ | 24,407 |  |  | $ | 43,314 |  |  | $ | 35,736 |  |  | $ | 12,623 |  |  | $ | 22,864 |
Nonperforming loans as a percent of total loans | 0.42 | % |  | 0.76 | % |  | 0.70 | % |  | 0.32 | % |  | 0.63 | %
Nonperforming assets as a percent of total loans plus OREO | 0.42 | % |  | 0.77 | % |  | 0.71 | % |  | 0.33 | % |  | 0.64 | %

Our policy is to place loans in all categories in nonaccrual status when collection of interest or principal is doubtful, or generally when interest or principal payments are 90 days or more past due. There were no loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing at December 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016.
NPAs decreased $18.9 million to $24.4 million at December 31, 2017 compared to $43.3 million at December 31, 2016. The decrease in NPAs during 2017 was primarily due to two large commercial loan payoffs in 2017 totaling $10.5 million, with the most significant one being an acquired loan for $7.6 million. Included in total NPAs of $24.4 million was approximately $7.0 million of acquired loans, all of which became 90 days past due subsequent to the Merger date.
TDRs are loans where we, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grant a concession to the borrower that we would not otherwise grant. These modified terms generally include extensions of maturity dates at a stated interest rate lower than the current market rate for a new loan with similar risk characteristics, reductions in contractual interest rates or principal deferment. While unusual there may be instances of principal forgiveness. Generally these concessions are for a period of at least six months. Additionally, we classify loans where the debt obligation has been discharged through a Chapter 7 Bankruptcy and not reaffirmed by the borrower as TDRs.
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TDRs can be returned to accruing status if the following criteria are met: 1) the ultimate collectability of all contractual amounts due, according to the restructured agreement, is not in doubt and 2) there is a period of a minimum of six months of satisfactory payment performance by the borrower either immediately before or after the restructuring. All TDRs are considered to be impaired loans and will be reported as impaired loans for their remaining lives, unless the restructuring agreement specifies an interest rate equal to or greater than the rate that would be accepted at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk and we fully expect that the remaining principal and interest will be collected according to the restructured agreement. All impaired loans are reported as nonaccrual loans unless the loan is a TDR that has met the requirements noted above to be returned to accruing status.
As an example, consider a substandard commercial construction loan that is currently 90 days past due where the loan is restructured to extend the maturity date for a period longer than would be considered an insignificant period of time. The post-modification interest rate is not increased to correspond with the current credit risk of the borrower and all other terms remain the same according to the original loan agreement. This loan will be considered a TDR as the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and a concession has been granted. The loan will be reported as nonaccrual and as an impaired loan and a TDR. In addition, the loan could be charged down to the fair value of the collateral if a confirmed loss exists. If the loan subsequently performs, by means of making on-time principal and interest payments according to the newly restructured terms for a period of six months, and it is expected that all remaining principal and interest will be collected according to the terms of the restructured agreement, the loan will be returned to accrual status and reported as an accruing TDR. The loan will remain an impaired loan for the remaining life of the loan because the interest rate was not adjusted to be equal to or greater than the rate that would be accepted at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk.
As of December 31, 2017, we had $26.1 million in total TDRs, including $14.9 million that were performing and $11.2 million that were nonperforming. This is an increase from December 31, 2016 when we had $25.0 million in TDRs, including $13.4 million that were performing and $11.6 million that were nonperforming. The increase is primarily due to new TDRs totaling $3.8 million, which were offset by principal reductions and charge-offs.
Loan modifications resulting in new TDRs during 2017 included 36 modifications for $5.8 million compared to 53 modifications for $14.1 million of new TDRs in 2016. Included in the 2017 new TDRs were 26 loans totaling $0.8 million related to Chapter 7 bankruptcy filings that were not reaffirmed, thus resulting in discharged debt, which compares to 29 loans totaling $1.8 million in 2016. During 2017, one TDR for $2.0 million was returned to accruing status that met the above requirements compared to five TDRs for $0.9 million during 2016.
The following represents delinquency as of December 31:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
(dollars in thousands) | Amount |  | % of Loans |  |  | Amount |  | % of Loans |  |  | Amount |  | % of Loans |  |  | Amount |  | % of Loans |  |  | Amount |  | % of Loans |
90 days or more: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 3,468 |  | 0.13 | % |  | $ | 16,172 |  | 0.65 | % |  | $ | 8,719 |  | 0.40 | % |  | $ | 4,435 |  | 0.26 | % |  | $ | 10,750 |  | 0.67 | %
Commercial and Industrial | 5,646 |  | 0.39 | % |  | 8,071 |  | 0.58 | % |  | 9,279 |  | 0.74 | % |  | 1,622 |  | 0.16 | % |  | 3,296 |  | 0.39 | %
Commercial construction | 3,873 |  | 1.01 | % |  | 4,927 |  | 1.08 | % |  | 8,753 |  | 2.12 | % |  | 1,974 |  | 0.91 | % |  | 2,742 |  | 1.91 | %
Residential mortgage | 7,165 |  | 1.03 | % |  | 9,918 |  | 1.41 | % |  | 5,629 |  | 0.88 | % |  | 2,336 |  | 0.48 | % |  | 3,338 |  | 0.69 | %
Home equity | 3,715 |  | 0.76 | % |  | 3,439 |  | 0.71 | % |  | 2,902 |  | 0.62 | % |  | 2,059 |  | 0.49 | % |  | 2,291 |  | 0.55 | %
Installment and other consumer | 71 |  | 0.11 | % |  | 108 |  | 0.16 | % |  | 100 |  | 0.14 | % |  | 31 |  | 0.05 | % |  | 37 |  | 0.05 | %
Total Loans | $ | 23,938 |  | 0.42 | % |  | $ | 42,635 |  | 0.76 | % |  | $ | 35,382 |  | 0.70 | % |  | $ | 12,457 |  | 0.32 | % |  | $ | 22,454 |  | 0.63 | %
30 to 89 days: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 1,131 |  | 0.04 | % |  | $ | 2,791 |  | 0.11 | % |  | $ | 12,229 |  | 0.56 | % |  | $ | 2,871 |  | 0.17 | % |  | $ | 1,416 |  | 0.09 | %
Commercial and industrial | 866 |  | 0.06 | % |  | 1,488 |  | 0.11 | % |  | 2,749 |  | 0.22 | % |  | 1,380 |  | 0.14 | % |  | 2,877 |  | 0.34 | %
Commercial construction | 2,493 |  | 0.65 | % |  | 547 |  | 0.12 | % |  | 3,607 |  | 0.87 | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | 1,800 |  | 1.25 | %
Residential mortgage | 4,414 |  | 0.63 | % |  | 2,429 |  | 0.35 | % |  | 2,658 |  | 0.42 | % |  | 1,785 |  | 0.36 | % |  | 2,494 |  | 0.51 | %
Home equity | 2,655 |  | 0.54 | % |  | 1,979 |  | 0.41 | % |  | 2,888 |  | 0.61 | % |  | 2,201 |  | 0.53 | % |  | 3,127 |  | 0.75 | %
Installment and other consumer | 363 |  | 0.54 | % |  | 220 |  | 0.33 | % |  | 352 |  | 0.48 | % |  | 425 |  | 0.65 | % |  | 426 |  | 0.63 | %
Loans held for sale | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | 143 |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | %
Total Loans | $ | 11,922 |  | 0.21 | % |  | $ | 9,454 |  | 0.17 | % |  | $ | 24,626 |  | 0.49 | % |  | $ | 8,662 |  | 0.22 | % |  | $ | 12,140 |  | 0.75 | %

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Closed-end installment loans, amortizing loans secured by real estate and any other loans with payments scheduled monthly are reported past due when the borrower is in arrears two or more monthly payments. Other multi-payment obligations with payments scheduled other than monthly are reported past due when one scheduled payment is due and unpaid for 30 days or more. We monitor delinquency on a monthly basis, including early stage delinquencies of 30 to 89 days past due for early identification of potential problem loans.
Loans past due 90 days or more decreased $18.7 million compared to December 31, 2016 and represented 0.42 percent of total loans at December 31, 2017. The decrease is primarily due to commercial payoffs totaling $10.5 million, one of which was an acquired loan totaling $7.6 million. Loans past due by 30 to 89 days increased $2.5 million and represented 0.21 percent of total loans at December 31, 2017.
Allowance for Loan Losses
We maintain an ALL at a level determined to be adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses inherent within the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Determination of an adequate ALL is inherently subjective and may be subject to significant changes from period to period. The methodology for determining the ALL has two main components: evaluation and impairment tests of individual loans and evaluation and impairment tests of certain groups of homogeneous loans with similar risk characteristics.
Our charge-off policy for commercial loans requires that loans and other obligations that are not collectible be promptly charged-off when the loss becomes probable, regardless of the delinquency status of the loan. We may elect to recognize a partial charge-off when management has determined that the value of collateral is less than the remaining investment in the loan. A loan or obligation does not need to be charged-off, regardless of delinquency status, if (i) management has determined there exists sufficient collateral to protect the remaining loan balance and (ii) there exists a strategy to liquidate the collateral. Management may also consider a number of other factors to determine when a charge-off is appropriate. These factors may include, but are not limited to:
•The status of a bankruptcy proceeding;
•The value of collateral and probability of successful liquidation; and/or
•The status of adverse proceedings or litigation that may result in collection.
Consumer unsecured loans and secured loans are evaluated for charge-off after the loan becomes 90 days past due. Unsecured loans are fully charged-off and secured loans are charged-off to the estimated fair value of the collateral less the cost to sell.
The following summarizes our loan charge-off experience for each of the five years presented below:

| Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
ALL Balance at Beginning of Year: | $ | 52,775 |  |  | $ | 48,147 |  |  | $ | 47,911 |  |  | $ | 46,255 |  |  | $ | 46,484 |
Charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | (2,304 | ) |  | (3,114 | ) |  | (2,787 | ) |  | (2,041 | ) |  | (4,601 | )
Commercial and industrial | (4,709 | ) |  | (6,810 | ) |  | (5,463 | ) |  | (1,267 | ) |  | (2,714 | )
Commercial construction | (2,571 | ) |  | (1,877 | ) |  | (3,321 | ) |  | (712 | ) |  | (4,852 | )
Consumer real estate | (2,274 | ) |  | (1,657 | ) |  | (2,167 | ) |  | (1,200 | ) |  | (2,407 | )
Other consumer | (1,638 | ) |  | (2,103 | ) |  | (1,528 | ) |  | (1,133 | ) |  | (1,002 | )
Total | (13,496 | ) |  | (15,561 | ) |  | (15,266 | ) |  | (6,353 | ) |  | (15,576 | )
Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 810 |  |  | 692 |  |  | 3,545 |  |  | 1,798 |  |  | 3,388 |
Commercial and industrial | 654 |  |  | 722 |  |  | 605 |  |  | 3,647 |  |  | 2,142 |
Commercial construction | 851 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 531 |
Consumer real estate | 342 |  |  | 433 |  |  | 495 |  |  | 350 |  |  | 651 |
Other consumer | 571 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 326 |  |  | 353 |  |  | 324 |
Total | 3,228 |  |  | 2,224 |  |  | 5,114 |  |  | 6,294 |  |  | 7,036 |
Net Charge-offs | (10,268 | ) |  | (13,337 | ) |  | (10,152 | ) |  | (59 | ) |  | (8,540 | )
Provision for loan losses | 13,883 |  |  | 17,965 |  |  | 10,388 |  |  | 1,715 |  |  | 8,311 |
ALL Balance at End of Year: | $ | 56,390 |  |  | $ | 52,775 |  |  | $ | 48,147 |  |  | $ | 47,911 |  |  | $ | 46,255 |

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Net loan charge-offs for 2017 decreased to $10.3 million, or 0.18 percent of average loans, compared to $13.3 million, or 0.25 percent of average loans for 2016. Net charge-offs for 2017 were comprised primarily of $8.4 million in charge-offs and $1.0 million of recoveries related to acquired loans and $2.1 million in charge-offs related to two originated C&I relationships.
Loan charge-offs during 2016 were primarily related to our acquired loan portfolio which included four commercial relationships totaling $6.4 million. We also had a $2.1 million charge-off related to an originated C&I customer. The following table summarizes net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans for the years presented:

| 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
Commercial real estate | 0.03 | % |  | 0.06 | % |  | (0.04 | )% |  | 0.01 | % |  | 0.08 | %
Commercial and industrial | 0.07 | % |  | 0.11 | % |  | 0.40 | % |  | (0.26 | )% |  | 0.07 | %
Commercial construction | 0.03 | % |  | 0.03 | % |  | 0.96 | % |  | 0.32 | % |  | 2.72 | %
Consumer real estate | 0.03 | % |  | 0.02 | % |  | 0.17 | % |  | 0.09 | % |  | 0.20 | %
Other consumer | 0.02 | % |  | 0.03 | % |  | 1.37 | % |  | 1.19 | % |  | 0.99 | %
Net charge-offs to average loans outstanding | 0.18 | % |  | 0.25 | % |  | 0.22 | % |  | — | % |  | 0.25 | %
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total portfolio loans | 0.98 | % |  | 0.94 | % |  | 0.96 | % |  | 1.24 | % |  | 1.30 | %
Allowance for loan losses to total nonperforming loans | 236 | % |  | 124 | % |  | 136 | % |  | 385 | % |  | 206 | %
Provision for loan losses as a percentage of net loan charge-offs | 135 | % |  | 135 | % |  | 102 | % |  | NM |  |  | 97 | %

NM - percentage not meaningful
An inherent risk to the loan portfolio as a whole is the condition of the economy in our markets. In addition, each loan segment carries with it risks specific to the segment. We develop and document a systematic ALL methodology based on the following portfolio segments: 1) CRE, 2) C&I, 3) Commercial Construction, 4) Consumer Real Estate and 5) Other Consumer.
CRE loans are secured by commercial purpose real estate, including both owner-occupied properties and investment properties for various purposes such as hotels, strip malls and apartments. Operations of the individual projects as well as global cash flows of the debtors are the primary sources of repayment for these loans. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the collateral type as well as the business prospects of the lessee, if the project is not owner-occupied.
C&I loans are made to operating companies or manufacturers for the purpose of production, operating capacity, accounts receivable, inventory or equipment financing. Cash flow from the operations of the company is the primary source of repayment for these loans. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the industry of the company. Collateral for these types of loans often does not have sufficient value in a distressed or liquidation scenario to satisfy the outstanding debt.
Commercial construction loans are made to finance construction of buildings or other structures, as well as to finance the acquisition and development of raw land for various purposes. While the risk of these loans is generally confined to the construction period, if there are problems, the project may not be completed, and as such, may not provide sufficient cash flow on its own to service the debt or have sufficient value in a liquidation to cover the outstanding principal. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the type of project and the experience and resources of the developer.
Consumer real estate loans are secured by first and second liens such as home equity loans, home equity lines of credit and 1-4 family residential mortgages, including purchase money mortgages. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk of this segment. The state of the local housing markets can also have a significant impact on this segment because low demand and/or declining home values can limit the ability of borrowers to sell a property and satisfy the debt.
Other consumer loans are made to individuals and may be secured by assets other than 1-4 family residences, as well as unsecured loans. This segment includes auto loans, unsecured loans and lines and credit cards. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk for this segment. The value of the collateral, if there is any, is less likely to be a source of repayment due to less certain collateral values.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
The following is the ALL balance by portfolio segment as of December 31:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
(dollars in thousands) | Amount |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Total |
Commercial real estate | $ | 27,235 |  |  | 48 | % |  | $ | 19,976 |  |  | 38 | % |  | $ | 15,043 |  |  | 31 | % |  | $ | 20,164 |  |  | 42 | % |  | $ | 18,921 |  |  | 41 | %
Commercial and industrial | 8,966 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 10,810 |  |  | 20 | % |  | 10,853 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 13,668 |  |  | 28 | % |  | 14,443 |  |  | 31 | %
Commercial construction | 13,167 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 13,999 |  |  | 26 | % |  | 12,625 |  |  | 26 | % |  | 6,093 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 5,374 |  |  | 12 | %
Consumer real estate | 5,479 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 6,095 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 8,400 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 6,333 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 6,362 |  |  | 14 | %
Other consumer | 1,543 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 1,895 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 1,226 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 1,653 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 1,165 |  |  | 2 | %
Total | $ | 56,390 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 52,775 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 48,147 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 47,911 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 46,265 |  |  | 100 | %

Significant to our ALL is a higher concentration of commercial loans. The ability of borrowers to repay commercial loans is dependent upon the success of their business and general economic conditions. Due to the greater potential for loss within our commercial portfolio, we monitor the commercial loan portfolio through an internal risk rating system. Loan risk ratings are assigned based upon the creditworthiness of the borrower and are reviewed on an ongoing basis according to our internal policies. Loans rated special mention or substandard have potential or well-defined weaknesses not generally found in high quality, performing loans, and require attention from management to limit loss.
The following table summarizes the ALL balance as of December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
Collectively Evaluated for Impairment | $ | 56,313 |  |  | $ | 51,977 |  |  | $ | 48,110 |  |  | $ | 47,857 |  |  | $ | 46,158 |
Individually Evaluated for Impairment | 77 |  |  | 798 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 97 |
Total Allowance for Loan Losses | $ | 56,390 |  |  | $ | 52,775 |  |  | $ | 48,147 |  |  | $ | 47,911 |  |  | $ | 46,255 |

The ALL was $56.4 million, or 0.98 percent of total portfolio loans and 1.05 percent of originated loans, at December 31, 2017, compared to $52.8 million, or 0.94 percent of total portfolio loans and 1.05 percent of originated loans, at December 31, 2016. The increase in the ALL of $3.6 million was primarily due to a $4.3 million increase in the reserve for loans collectively evaluated for impairment at December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. This increase was primarily due to loan growth and an increase in loss rates in our CRE portfolio, and was partially offset by a decrease of $0.7 million in specific reserves for loans individually evaluated for impairment.
The decrease in specific reserves related to the $0.7 million release of reserve for a C&I loan. Impaired loans decreased $15.1 million, or 36.0 percent, from December 31, 2016 due to two large commercial nonperforming, impaired loans that paid off during the year that totaled $10.5 million. As of December 31, 2017, we had $26.8 million of impaired loans compared to $41.9 million at December 31, 2016. Commercial special mention, substandard and doubtful loans at December 31, 2017 increased $15.2 million to $201 million compared to $186 million at December 31, 2016.
Federal Home Loan Bank and Other Restricted Stock
At December 31, 2017 and 2016, we held FHLB of Pittsburgh stock of $28.4 million and $30.9 million. This investment is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. We hold FHLB stock because we are a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh. The FHLB requires members to purchase and hold a specified level of FHLB stock based upon on the members’ asset values, level of borrowings and participation in other programs offered. Stock in the FHLB is non-marketable and is redeemable at the discretion of the FHLB. Members do not purchase stock in the FHLB for the same reasons that traditional equity investors acquire stock in an investor-owned enterprise. Rather, members purchase stock to obtain access to the products and services offered by the FHLB. Unlike equity securities of traditional for-profit enterprises, the stock of the FHLB does not provide its holders with an opportunity for capital appreciation because, by regulation, FHLB stock can only be purchased, redeemed and transferred at par value. We reviewed and evaluated the FHLB capital stock for OTTI at December 31, 2017. The FHLB reported improved earnings throughout 2017 and 2016 and continues to exceed all capital ratios required. Additionally, we considered that the FHLB has been paying dividends and actively redeeming stock throughout 2017 and 2016. Accordingly, we believe sufficient evidence exists to conclude that no OTTI exists at December 31, 2017.
Atlantic Community Bankers’ Bank, or ACBB, stock is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the carrying value. We do not currently use their membership products and services. We acquired ACBB stock through various mergers of banks that were ACBB members. ACBB stock is evaluated for OTTI on a quarterly basis.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Deposits
The following table presents the composition of deposits at December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | $ Change |
Customer deposits |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand | $ | 1,387,712 |  |  | $ | 1,263,833 |  |  | $ | 123,879 |
Interest-bearing demand | 599,986 |  |  | 633,293 |  |  | (33,307 | )
Money market | 880,330 |  |  | 617,961 |  |  | 262,369 |
Savings | 893,119 |  |  | 1,050,131 |  |  | (157,012 | )
Certificates of deposit | 1,286,988 |  |  | 1,355,303 |  |  | (68,315 | )
Total customer deposits | 5,048,135 |  |  | 4,920,521 |  |  | 127,614 |
Brokered deposits |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand | 3,155 |  |  | 5,007 |  |  | (1,852 | )
Money market | 265,826 |  |  | 318,500 |  |  | (52,674 | )
Certificates of deposit | 110,775 |  |  | 28,349 |  |  | 82,426 |
Total brokered deposits | $ | 379,756 |  |  | $ | 351,856 |  |  | $ | 27,900 |
Total Deposits | $ | 5,427,891 |  |  | $ | 5,272,377 |  |  | $ | 155,514 |

Deposits are our primary source of funds. We believe that our deposit base is stable and that we have the ability to attract new deposits. Total deposits at December 31, 2017 increased $156 million, or 2.9 percent, from December 31, 2016. Total customer deposits increased $128 million from December 31, 2016. Noninterest-bearing demand increased $124 million due to sales efforts. The money market increase of $262 million is related to a competitively priced indexed product that is a major factor behind the savings decrease of $157 million and the certificates of deposits decrease of $68.3 million. Total brokered deposits increased $27.9 million from December 31, 2016 with an increase of $82.4 million in certificates of deposits offset by decreases in money market of $52.7 million and $1.8 million in interest-bearing demand accounts. Brokered deposits are an additional source of funds utilized by the ALCO as a way to diversify funding sources, as well as manage our funding costs and structure. The increase in brokered deposits was primarily due to funding needs to support our asset growth.
The daily average balance of deposits and rates paid on deposits are summarized in the following table for the years ended December 31:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(dollars in thousands) | Amount |  |  | Rate |  |  | Amount |  |  | Rate |  |  | Amount |  |  | Rate |
Noninterest-bearing demand | $ | 1,310,814 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,232,633 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,170,011 |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand | 630,418 |  |  | 0.21 | % |  | 638,461 |  |  | 0.16 | % |  | 592,301 |  |  | 0.13 | %
Money market | 710,149 |  |  | 0.65 | % |  | 506,440 |  |  | 0.38 | % |  | 388,172 |  |  | 0.19 | %
Savings | 988,504 |  |  | 0.21 | % |  | 1,039,664 |  |  | 0.19 | % |  | 1,072,683 |  |  | 0.16 | %
Certificates of deposit | 1,327,001 |  |  | 0.97 | % |  | 1,351,413 |  |  | 0.94 | % |  | 1,093,564 |  |  | 0.77 | %
Brokered deposits | 404,453 |  |  | 1.10 | % |  | 362,576 |  |  | 0.56 | % |  | 376,095 |  |  | 0.35 | %
Total | $ | 5,371,339 |  |  | 0.47 | % |  | $ | 5,131,187 |  |  | 0.38 | % |  | $ | 4,692,826 |  |  | 0.28 | %

CDs of $100,000 and over and $250,000 and over accounted for 10.8 percent and 4.2 percent of total deposits at December 31, 2017 and 12.7 percent and 5.7 percent of total deposits at December 31, 2016 and primarily represent deposit relationships with local customers in our market area.
Maturities of CDs of $250,000 or more outstanding at December 31, 2017, including brokered deposits, are summarized as follows:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |
Three months or less | $ | 117,930 |
Over three through six months | 41,555 |
Over six through twelve months | 42,209 |
Over twelve months | 26,350 |
Total | $ | 228,044 |

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Borrowings
The following table represents the composition of borrowings for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | $ Change |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements, retail | $ | 50,161 |  |  | $ | 50,832 |  |  | $ | (671 | )
Short-term borrowings | 540,000 |  |  | 660,000 |  |  | (120,000 | )
Long-term borrowings | 47,301 |  |  | 14,713 |  |  | 32,588 |
Junior subordinated debt securities | 45,619 |  |  | 45,619 |  |  | — |
Total Borrowings | $ | 683,081 |  |  | $ | 771,164 |  |  | $ | (88,083 | )

Borrowings are an additional source of funding for us. We refer to repurchase agreements with our local retail customers as retail REPOs. Securities pledged as collateral under these retail REPO financing arrangements cannot be sold or repledged by the secured party and are therefore accounted for as a secured borrowing. Short-term borrowings are for terms under one year and were comprised primarily of FHLB advances. Long-term borrowings are for terms greater than one year and consist primarily of FHLB advances. FHLB borrowings are for various terms and are secured by a blanket lien on eligible real estate secured loans.
Information pertaining to short-term borrowings is summarized in the tables below:

| Securities Sold Under Repurchase Agreements
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Balance at December 31 | $ | 50,161 |  |  | $ | 50,832 |  |  | $ | 62,086 |
Average balance during the year | 46,662 |  |  | 51,021 |  |  | 44,394 |
Average interest rate during the year | 0.12 | % |  | 0.01 | % |  | 0.01 | %
Maximum month-end balance during the year | $ | 53,609 |  |  | $ | 68,216 |  |  | $ | 62,086 |
Average interest rate at December 31 | 0.39 | % |  | 0.01 | % |  | 0.01 | %

| Short-Term Borrowings
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Balance at December 31 | $ | 540,000 |  |  | $ | 660,000 |  |  | $ | 356,000 |
Average balance during the year | 644,864 |  |  | 414,426 |  |  | 257,117 |
Average interest rate during the year | 1.15 | % |  | 0.65 | % |  | 0.36 | %
Maximum month-end balance during the year | $ | 734,600 |  |  | $ | 660,000 |  |  | $ | 356,000 |
Average interest rate at December 31 | 1.47 | % |  | 0.76 | % |  | 0.52 | %

Information pertaining to long-term borrowings is summarized in the tables below:

| Long-Term Borrowings
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Balance at December 31 | $ | 47,301 |  |  | $ | 14,713 |  |  | $ | 117,043 |
Average balance during the year | 18,057 |  |  | 50,256 |  |  | 83,648 |
Average interest rate during the year | 2.57 | % |  | 1.33 | % |  | 0.94 | %
Maximum month-end balance during the year | $ | 47,505 |  |  | $ | 116,852 |  |  | $ | 118,432 |
Average interest rate at December 31 | 1.88 | % |  | 2.91 | % |  | 0.81 | %

| Junior Subordinated Debt Securities
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Balance at December 31 | $ | 45,619 |  |  | $ | 45,619 |  |  | $ | 45,619 |
Average balance during the year | 45,619 |  |  | 45,619 |  |  | 47,071 |
Average interest rate during the year | 3.65 | % |  | 3.14 | % |  | 2.82 | %
Maximum month-end balance during the year | $ | 45,619 |  |  | $ | 45,619 |  |  | $ | 45,619 |
Average interest rate at December 31 | 3.78 | % |  | 3.42 | % |  | 2.89 | %

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
At December 31, 2017, long-term borrowings increased $32.6 million due to a new two year, variable rate long term borrowing for $35 million compared to December 31, 2016. Short-term borrowings decreased $120 million as compared to December 31, 2016 primarily due to reduced funding needs. At December 31, 2017, our long-term borrowings outstanding of $47.3 million included $9.2 million that were at a fixed rate and $38.1 million at a variable rate.
In 2006, we issued $25.0 million of junior subordinated debentures through a pooled transaction at an initial fixed rate of 6.78 percent. Beginning September 15, 2011 and quarterly thereafter, we have had the option to redeem the subordinated debt, subject to a 30 day written notice and prior approval by the FDIC. The subordinated debt converted to a variable rate of three-month LIBOR plus 160 basis points in September of 2011. The subordinated debt qualifies as Tier 2 capital under regulatory guidelines and will mature on December 15, 2036.
In 2008, we completed a private placement to a financial institution of $20.0 million of floating rate trust preferred securities. The trust preferred securities mature in March 2038, are callable at our option after five years and had an interest rate initially at a rate of 6.44 percent per annum and adjusts quarterly with the three-month LIBOR plus 350 basis points. We began making interest payments to the trustee on June 15, 2008 and quarterly thereafter. The trust preferred securities qualify as Tier 1 capital under regulatory guidelines. To issue these trust preferred securities, we formed STBA Capital Trust I, or the Trust, with $0.6 million of common equity, which is owned 100 percent by us. The proceeds from the sale of the trust preferred securities and the issuance of common equity were invested by the Trust in junior subordinated debt issued by us, which is the sole asset of the Trust. The Trust pays dividends on the trust preferred securities at the same rate as the interest we pay on the junior subordinated debt held by the Trust. Because the third-party investors are the primary beneficiaries, the Trust qualifies as a variable interest entity, but is not consolidated in our financial statements.
On March 4, 2015, we assumed $13.5 million of junior subordinated debt in connection with the Merger. On March 5, 2015, we paid off $8.5 million and on June 18, 2015, we paid off the remaining $5.0 million.
Wealth Management Assets
As of December 31, 2017, the fair value of the S&T Bank Wealth Management assets under administration, which are not accounted for as part of our assets, increased to $2.0 billion from $1.9 billion as of December 31, 2016. Assets under administration consisted of $1.0 billion in S&T Trust, $0.7 billion in S&T Financial Services and $0.3 billion in Stewart Capital Advisors.
Capital Resources
Shareholders’ equity increased $42.1 million, or 5.0 percent, to $884 million at December 31, 2017 compared to $842 million at December 31, 2016. The increase in shareholders’ equity is primarily due to net income exceeding common dividends by $44.4 million in 2017.
We continue to maintain our capital position with a leverage ratio of 9.17 percent as compared to the regulatory guideline of 5.00 percent to be well-capitalized and a risk-based Common Equity Tier 1 ratio of 10.71 percent compared to the regulatory guideline of 6.50 percent to be well-capitalized. Our risk-based Tier 1 and Total capital ratios were 11.06 percent and 12.55 percent, which places us above the federal bank regulatory agencies’ well-capitalized guidelines of 8.00 percent and 10.00 percent, respectively. We believe that we have the ability to raise additional capital, if necessary.
In July 2013 the federal banking agencies issued a final rule to implement Basel III (which were agreements reached in July 2010 by the international oversight body of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to require more and higher-quality capital) and the minimum leverage and risk-based capital requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. The final rule established a comprehensive capital framework, and went into effect on January 1, 2015 for smaller banking organizations such as S&T and S&T Bank. The rule also requires a banking organization to maintain a capital conservation buffer composed of common equity Tier 1 capital in an amount greater than 2.50 percent of total risk-weighted assets beginning in 2019. The capital conservation buffer is scheduled to phase in over several years. The capital conservation buffer was 0.25 percent in 2016, 0.50 percent in 2017, and will increase to 0.75 percent in 2018 and 1.00 percent in 2019 and beyond. As a result, starting in 2019, a banking organization must maintain a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio greater than 7.00 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio greater than 8.50 percent and a Total risk-based capital ratio greater than 10.50 percent; otherwise, it will be subject to restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments. By 2019, when the new rule is fully phased in, the minimum capital requirements plus the capital conservation buffer will exceed the regulatory capital ratios required for an insured depository institution to be well-capitalized under the FDIC's prompt corrective action framework.
Federal regulators periodically propose amendments to the regulatory capital rules and the related regulatory framework and consider changes to the capital standards that could significantly increase the amount of capital needed to meet applicable standards. The timing of adoption, ultimate form and effect of any such proposed amendments cannot be predicted.
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We have filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act of 1933 as amended, with the SEC, which allows for the issuance of a variety of securities including debt and capital securities, preferred and common stock and warrants. We may use the proceeds from the sale of securities for general corporate purposes, which could include investments at the holding company level, investing in, or extending credit to subsidiaries, possible acquisitions and stock repurchases. As of December 31, 2017, we had not issued any securities pursuant to the shelf registration statement.
Contractual Obligations
Contractual obligations represent future cash commitments and liabilities under agreements with third parties and exclude contingent contractual liabilities for which we cannot reasonably predict future payments. We have various financial obligations, including contractual obligations and commitments that may require future cash payments. The following table presents as of December 31, 2017, significant fixed and determinable contractual obligations to third parties by payment date:

| Payments Due In
(dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  |  | 2019-2020 |  |  | 2021-2022 |  |  | Later Years |  |  | Total |
Deposits without a stated maturity(1) | $ | 4,030,128 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,030,128 |
Certificates of deposit(1) | 1,015,515 |  |  | 277,393 |  |  | 98,735 |  |  | 6,120 |  |  | 1,397,763 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements(1) | 50,161 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50,161 |
Short-term borrowings(1) | 540,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 540,000 |
Long-term borrowings(1) | 2,496 |  |  | 39,518 |  |  | 1,586 |  |  | 3,701 |  |  | 47,301 |
Junior subordinated debt securities(1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,619 |  |  | 45,619 |
Operating and capital leases | 3,333 |  |  | 6,743 |  |  | 6,929 |  |  | 55,457 |  |  | 72,462 |
Purchase obligations | 12,237 |  |  | 25,680 |  |  | 27,391 |  |  | — |  |  | 65,308 |
Total | $ | 5,653,870 |  |  | $ | 349,334 |  |  | $ | 134,641 |  |  | $ | 110,897 |  |  | $ | 6,248,742 |

(1)Excludes interest
Operating lease obligations represent short and long-term lease arrangements as described in Note 9 Premises and Equipment, to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report. Purchase obligations primarily represent obligations under agreement with our third party data processing servicer and communications charges as described in Note 17 Commitments and Contingencies, to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the normal course of business, we offer off-balance sheet credit arrangements to enable our customers to meet their financing objectives. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the financial statements. Our exposure to credit loss, in the event the customer does not satisfy the terms of the agreement, equals the contractual amount of the obligation less the value of any collateral. We apply the same credit policies in making commitments and standby letters of credit that are used for the underwriting of loans to customers. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates, annual renewals or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Because many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.
The following table sets forth the commitments and letters of credit as of December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Commitments to extend credit | $ | 1,420,428 |  |  | $ | 1,509,696 |
Standby letters of credit | 80,918 |  |  | 84,534 |
Total | $ | 1,501,346 |  |  | $ | 1,594,230 |

Estimates of the fair value of these off-balance sheet items were not made because of the short-term nature of these arrangements and the credit standing of the counterparties.
Our allowance for unfunded commitments is determined using a methodology similar to that used to determine the ALL. Amounts are added to the allowance for unfunded commitments through a charge to current earnings in noninterest expense. The balance in the allowance for unfunded commitments decreased $0.4 million to $2.2 million at December 31, 2017 compared to $2.6 million at December 31, 2016 primarily due to a decrease in C&I loss rates.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Liquidity
Liquidity is defined as a financial institution’s ability to meet its cash and collateral obligations at a reasonable cost. This includes the ability to satisfy the financial needs of depositors who want to withdraw funds or of borrowers needing to access funds to meet their credit needs. In order to manage liquidity risk our Board of Directors has delegated authority to the ALCO for formulation, implementation and oversight of liquidity risk management for S&T. The ALCO’s goal is to maintain adequate levels of liquidity at a reasonable cost to meet funding needs in both a normal operating environment and for potential liquidity stress events. The ALCO monitors and manages liquidity through various ratios, reviewing cash flow projections, performing stress tests and having a detailed contingency funding plan. The ALCO policy guidelines define graduated risk tolerance levels. If our liquidity position moves to a level that has been defined as high risk, specific actions are required, such as increased monitoring or the development of an action plan to reduce the risk position.
Our primary funding and liquidity source is a stable customer deposit base. We believe S&T has the ability to retain existing and attract new deposits, mitigating any funding dependency on other more volatile sources. Refer to the Deposits section of this MD&A for additional discussion on deposits. Although deposits are the primary source of funds, we have identified various other funding sources that can be used as part of our normal funding program when either a structure or cost efficiency has been identified. Additional funding sources accessible to S&T include borrowing availability at the FHLB of Pittsburgh, Federal Funds lines with other financial institutions, the brokered deposit market and borrowing availability through the Federal Reserve Borrower-In-Custody program.
An important component of our ability to effectively respond to potential liquidity stress events is maintaining a cushion of highly liquid assets. Highly liquid assets are those that can be converted to cash quickly, with little or no loss in value, to meet financial obligations. ALCO policy guidelines define a ratio of highly liquid assets to total assets by graduated risk tolerance levels of minimal, moderate and high. At December 31, 2017, we had $501 million in highly liquid assets, which consisted of $57.7 million in interest-bearing deposits with banks, $439 million in unpledged securities and $4.5 million in loans held for sale. This resulted in a highly liquid assets to total assets ratio of 7.1 percent at December 31, 2017. Also, at December 31, 2017, we had a remaining borrowing availability of $1.8 billion with the FHLB of Pittsburgh. Refer to Note 15 Short-term Borrowings and Note 16 Long-Term Borrowings and Subordinated Debt to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, of this Report, and the Borrowings section of this MD&A, for more details.
Inflation
Management is aware of the significant effect inflation has on interest rates and can have on financial performance. Our ability to cope with this is best determined by analyzing our capability to respond to changing interest rates and our ability to manage noninterest income and expense. We monitor the mix of interest-rate sensitive assets and liabilities through ALCO in order to reduce the impact of inflation on net interest income. We also control the effects of inflation by reviewing the prices of our products and services, by introducing new products and services and by controlling overhead expenses.
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Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market risk is defined as the degree to which changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices, or equity prices can adversely affect a financial institution’s earnings or capital. For most financial institutions, including S&T, market risk primarily reflects exposures to changes in interest rates. Interest rate fluctuations affect earnings by changing net interest income and other interest-sensitive income and expense levels. Interest rate changes affect capital by changing the net present value of a bank’s future cash flows, and the cash flows themselves, as rates change. Accepting this risk is a normal part of banking and can be an important source of profitability and enhancing shareholder value. However, excessive interest rate risk can threaten a bank’s earnings, capital, liquidity and solvency. Our sensitivity to changes in interest rate movements is continually monitored by the ALCO. The ALCO monitors and manages market risk through rate shock analyses and economic value of equity, or EVE, analyses and by performing stress tests in order to mitigate earnings and market value fluctuations due to changes in interest rates.
Rate shock analyses’ results are compared to a base case to provide an estimate of the impact that market rate changes may have on 12 months of pretax net interest income. The base case and rate shock analyses are performed on a static balance sheet. A static balance sheet is a no growth balance sheet in which all maturing and/or repricing cash flows are reinvested in the same product at the existing product spread. Rate shock analyses assume an immediate parallel shift in market interest rates and also include management assumptions regarding the impact of interest rate changes on non-maturity deposit products (noninterest-bearing demand, interest-bearing demand, money market and savings) and changes in the prepayment behavior of loans and securities with optionality. S&T policy guidelines limit the change in pretax net interest income over a 12 month horizon using rate shocks of +/- 100, 200 and 300 basis points. Policy guidelines define the percentage change in pretax net interest income by graduated risk tolerance levels of minimal, moderate and high. We have temporarily suspended the -200 and -300 basis point rate shock analyses. Due to the low interest rate environment, we believe the impact to net interest income when evaluating the -200 and -300 basis point rate shock scenarios does not provide meaningful insight into our interest rate risk position.
In order to monitor interest rate risk beyond the 12 month time horizon of rate shocks, we also perform EVE analyses. EVE represents the present value of all asset cash flows minus the present value of all liability cash flows. EVE rate change results are compared to a base case to determine the impact that market rate changes may have on our EVE. As with rate shock analyses, EVE analyses incorporate management assumptions regarding prepayment behavior of fixed rate loans and securities with optionality and the behavior and value of non-maturity deposit products. S&T policy guidelines limit the change in EVE given changes in rates of +/- 300 basis points. Policy guidelines define the percent change in EVE by graduated risk tolerance levels of minimal, moderate and high. We have also temporarily suspended the EVE -200 and -300 basis point scenarios due to the low interest rate environment.
The table below reflects the rate shock analyses and EVE analyses results. Both are in the minimal risk tolerance level.

| December 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Change in Interest Rate (basis points) | % Change in Pretax Net Interest Income |  | % Change in Economic Value of Equity |  |  | % Change in Pretax Net Interest Income |  | % Change in Economic Value of Equity |
300 | 4.2 | % | (3.6 | )% |  | 3.4 |  | (12.3 | )
200 | 2.4 | % | 0.3 | % |  | 1.8 |  | (6.5 | )
100 | 1.3 | % | 1.9 | % |  | 0.7 |  | (2.3 | )
(100) | (3.6 | )% | (8.0 | )% |  | (4.4 | ) | (7.3 | )

The results from the rate shock analyses on net interest income are consistent with having an asset sensitive balance sheet. Having an asset sensitive balance sheet means more assets than liabilities will reprice during the measured time frames. The implications of an asset sensitive balance sheet will differ depending upon the change in market interest rates. For example, with an asset sensitive balance sheet in a declining interest rate environment, more assets than liabilities will decrease in rate. This situation could result in a decrease in net interest income and operating income. Conversely, with an asset sensitive balance sheet in a rising interest rate environment, more assets than liabilities will increase in rate. This situation could result in an increase in net interest income and operating income.
Our rate shock analyses show an improvement in the percentage change in pretax net interest income in all scenarios when comparing December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2016. The improvement is mainly a result of an increase in variable rate loans.
Our EVE analyses show an improvement in the percentage change in EVE in rates up shock scenarios and a decline in the rates down shock scenario when comparing December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2016. This is mostly due to updated loan prepayment assumptions following a prepayment analysis and an enhanced core deposit valuation methodology.
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Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK - continued
In addition to rate shocks and EVE analyses, we perform a market risk stress test at least annually. The market risk stress test includes sensitivity analyses and simulations. Sensitivity analyses are performed to help us identify which model assumptions cause the greatest impact on pretax net interest income. Sensitivity analyses may include changing prepayment behavior of loans and securities with optionality and the impact of interest rate changes on non-maturity deposit products. Simulation analyses may include the potential impact of rate shocks other than the policy guidelines of +/- 100, 200 and 300 basis points, yield curve shape changes, significant balance mix changes and various growth scenarios. Simulations indicate that an increase in rates, particularly if the yield curve steepens, will most likely result in an improvement in pretax net interest income. We realize that some of the benefit reflected in our scenarios may be offset by a change in the competitive environment and a change in product preference by our customers.
Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Balance Sheets | 59
Consolidated Statements of Net Income | 60
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 61
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity | 62
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 63
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 65
Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, on Effectiveness of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting | 115
Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, on Consolidated Financial Statements | 117

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries

| December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data) | 2017 |  | 2016
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits of $61,965 and $87,201 at December 31, 2017 and 2016 | $ | 117,152 |  |  | $ | 139,486 |
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value | 698,291 |  |  | 693,487 |
Loans held for sale | 4,485 |  |  | 3,793 |
Portfolio loans, net of unearned income | 5,761,449 |  |  | 5,611,419 |
Allowance for loan losses | (56,390 | ) |  | (52,775 | )
Portfolio loans, net | 5,705,059 |  |  | 5,558,644 |
Bank owned life insurance | 72,150 |  |  | 72,081 |
Premises and equipment, net | 42,702 |  |  | 44,999 |
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock, at cost | 29,270 |  |  | 31,817 |
Goodwill | 291,670 |  |  | 291,670 |
Other intangible assets, net | 3,677 |  |  | 4,910 |
Other assets | 95,799 |  |  | 102,166 |
Total Assets | $ | 7,060,255 |  |  | $ | 6,943,053 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand | $ | 1,387,712 |  |  | $ | 1,263,833 |
Interest-bearing demand | 603,141 |  |  | 638,300 |
Money market | 1,146,156 |  |  | 936,461 |
Savings | 893,119 |  |  | 1,050,131 |
Certificates of deposit | 1,397,763 |  |  | 1,383,652 |
Total Deposits | 5,427,891 |  |  | 5,272,377 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | 50,161 |  |  | 50,832 |
Short-term borrowings | 540,000 |  |  | 660,000 |
Long-term borrowings | 47,301 |  |  | 14,713 |
Junior subordinated debt securities | 45,619 |  |  | 45,619 |
Other liabilities | 65,252 |  |  | 57,556 |
Total Liabilities | 6,176,224 |  |  | 6,101,097 |
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Common stock ($2.50 par value) Authorized—50,000,000 shares Issued—36,130,480 shares at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 Outstanding—34,971,929 shares at December 31, 2017 and 34,913,023 shares at December 31, 2016 | 90,326 |  |  | 90,326 |
Additional paid-in capital | 216,106 |  |  | 213,098 |
Retained earnings | 628,107 |  |  | 585,891 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (18,427 | ) |  | (13,784 | )
Treasury stock (1,158,551 shares at December 31, 2017 and 1,217,457 shares at December 31, 2016, at cost) | (32,081 | ) |  | (33,575 | )
Total Shareholders’ Equity | 884,031 |  |  | 841,956 |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | $ | 7,060,255 |  |  | $ | 6,943,053 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF NET INCOME
S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries

| Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
INTEREST INCOME |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees | $ | 243,315 |  |  | $ | 212,301 |  |  | $ | 188,012 |
Investment Securities: |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 11,947 |  |  | 10,340 |  |  | 9,792 |
Tax-exempt | 3,615 |  |  | 3,658 |  |  | 3,954 |
Dividends | 1,765 |  |  | 1,475 |  |  | 1,790 |
Total Interest Income | 260,642 |  |  | 227,774 |  |  | 203,548 |
INTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 25,330 |  |  | 19,692 |  |  | 12,944 |
Borrowings and junior subordinated debt securities | 9,579 |  |  | 4,823 |  |  | 3,053 |
Total Interest Expense | 34,909 |  |  | 24,515 |  |  | 15,997 |
NET INTEREST INCOME | 225,733 |  |  | 203,259 |  |  | 187,551 |
Provision for loan losses | 13,883 |  |  | 17,965 |  |  | 10,388 |
Net Interest Income After Provision for Loan Losses | 211,850 |  |  | 185,294 |  |  | 177,163 |
NONINTEREST INCOME |  |  |  |  |
Securities gains (losses), net | 3,000 |  |  | — |  |  | (34 | )
Service charges on deposit accounts | 12,458 |  |  | 12,512 |  |  | 11,642 |
Debit and credit card | 12,029 |  |  | 11,943 |  |  | 12,113 |
Wealth management | 9,758 |  |  | 10,456 |  |  | 11,444 |
Insurance | 5,418 |  |  | 5,253 |  |  | 5,500 |
Mortgage banking | 2,915 |  |  | 2,879 |  |  | 2,554 |
Bank owned life insurance | 2,756 |  |  | 2,122 |  |  | 2,221 |
Gain on sale of credit card portfolio | — |  |  | 2,066 |  |  | — |
Other | 7,128 |  |  | 7,404 |  |  | 5,593 |
Total Noninterest Income | 55,462 |  |  | 54,635 |  |  | 51,033 |
NONINTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 80,776 |  |  | 77,325 |  |  | 68,252 |
Net occupancy | 10,994 |  |  | 11,057 |  |  | 10,652 |
Data processing | 8,801 |  |  | 8,837 |  |  | 9,560 |
Furniture, equipment and software | 7,946 |  |  | 7,290 |  |  | 6,093 |
FDIC insurance | 4,543 |  |  | 3,984 |  |  | 3,416 |
Other taxes | 4,509 |  |  | 4,050 |  |  | 3,616 |
Professional services and legal | 4,096 |  |  | 3,466 |  |  | 3,006 |
Marketing | 3,659 |  |  | 3,713 |  |  | 4,224 |
Merger-related expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,167 |
Other | 22,583 |  |  | 23,510 |  |  | 24,731 |
Total Noninterest Expense | 147,907 |  |  | 143,232 |  |  | 136,717 |
Income Before Taxes | 119,405 |  |  | 96,697 |  |  | 91,479 |
Provision for income taxes | 46,437 |  |  | 25,305 |  |  | 24,398 |
Net Income | $ | 72,968 |  |  | $ | 71,392 |  |  | $ | 67,081 |
Earnings per common share—basic | $ | 2.10 |  |  | $ | 2.06 |  |  | $ | 1.98 |
Earnings per common share—diluted | $ | 2.09 |  |  | $ | 2.05 |  |  | $ | 1.98 |
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.82 |  |  | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 0.73 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries

| Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net Income | $ | 72,968 |  |  | $ | 71,392 |  |  | $ | 67,081 |
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income, Before Tax: |  |  |  |  |
Net change in unrealized gains on securities available-for-sale | (1,275 | ) |  | (2,899 | ) |  | (663 | )
Net available-for-sale securities (gains) losses reclassified into earnings | (3,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | 34 |
Adjustment to funded status of employee benefit plans | (1,992 | ) |  | 6,974 |  |  | (3,551 | )
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income, Before Tax | (6,267 | ) |  | 4,075 |  |  | (4,180 | )
Income tax benefit (expense) related to items of other comprehensive income | 1,624 |  |  | (1,402 | ) |  | 1,556 |
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income, After Tax | (4,643 | ) |  | 2,673 |  |  | (2,624 | )
Comprehensive Income | $ | 68,325 |  |  | $ | 74,065 |  |  | $ | 64,457 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries

(in thousands, except share and per share data) | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2014 | $ | 77,993 |  |  | $ | 78,818 |  |  | $ | 504,060 |  |  | $ | (13,833 | ) |  | $ | (38,649 | ) |  | $ | 608,389 |
Net income for 2015 |  |  |  |  | 67,081 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 67,081 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,624 | ) |  |  |  | (2,624 | )
Cash dividends declared ($0.73 per share) |  |  |  |  | (24,487 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (24,487 | )
Common stock issued in acquisition (4,933,115 shares) | 12,333 |  |  | 130,136 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 142,469 |
Treasury stock issued (80,862 shares, net) |  |  |  |  | (2,426 | ) |  |  |  | 2,244 |  |  | (182 | )
Recognition of restricted stock compensation expense |  |  | 1,670 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,670 |
Tax benefit from stock-based compensation |  |  | 53 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 53 |
Issuance costs |  |  | (132 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (132 | )
Balance at December 31, 2015 | $ | 90,326 |  |  | $ | 210,545 |  |  | $ | 544,228 |  |  | $ | (16,457 | ) |  | $ | (36,405 | ) |  | $ | 792,237 |
Net income for 2016 |  |  |  |  | 71,392 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 71,392 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,673 |  |  |  |  | 2,673 |
Cash dividends declared ($0.77 per share) |  |  |  |  | (26,784 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (26,784 | )
Treasury stock issued (102,649 shares, net) |  |  |  |  | (2,945 | ) |  |  |  | 2,830 |  |  | (115 | )
Recognition of restricted stock compensation expense |  |  | 2,544 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,544 |
Tax benefit from stock-based compensation |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |
Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | 90,326 |  |  | $ | 213,098 |  |  | $ | 585,891 |  |  | $ | (13,784 | ) |  | $ | (33,575 | ) |  | $ | 841,956 |
Net income for 2017 |  |  |  |  | 72,968 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 72,968 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,643 | ) |  |  |  | (4,643 | )
Cash dividends declared ($0.82 share) |  |  |  |  | (28,569 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (28,569 | )
Treasury stock issued (58,906 shares, net) |  |  |  |  | (2,183 | ) |  |  |  | 1,494 |  |  | (689 | )
Recognition of restricted stock compensation expense |  |  | 3,008 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,008 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 90,326 |  |  | $ | 216,106 |  |  | $ | 628,107 |  |  | $ | (18,427 | ) |  | $ | (32,081 | ) |  | $ | 884,031 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
62

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries

| Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Net Income | $ | 72,968 |  |  | $ | 71,392 |  |  | $ | 67,081 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Provision for loan losses | 13,883 |  |  | 17,965 |  |  | 10,388 |
(Recovery) provision for unfunded loan commitments | (410 | ) |  | 65 |  |  | 258 |
Net depreciation, amortization and accretion | 2,498 |  |  | 3,628 |  |  | 356 |
Net amortization of discounts and premiums on securities | 4,003 |  |  | 3,829 |  |  | 3,600 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 3,008 |  |  | 2,544 |  |  | 1,636 |
Securities (gains) losses, net | (3,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | 34 |
Gain on sale of bank branch | (1,042 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Net gain on sale of credit card portfolio | — |  |  | (2,066 | ) |  | — |
Pension plan curtailment gain | — |  |  | (1,017 | ) |  | — |
Tax benefit from stock-based compensation | — |  |  | (9 | ) |  | (53 | )
Mortgage loans originated for sale | (93,382 | ) |  | (106,020 | ) |  | (107,489 | )
Proceeds from the sale of loans | 93,991 |  |  | 108,209 |  |  | 99,458 |
Deferred income taxes | 13,832 |  |  | 536 |  |  | (427 | )
Loss (gain) on sale of fixed assets | 128 |  |  | — |  |  | (179 | )
Gain on the sale of loans, net | (1,551 | ) |  | (1,621 | ) |  | (1,044 | )
Net increase in interest receivable | (2,714 | ) |  | (2,409 | ) |  | (2,744 | )
Net increase (decrease) in interest payable | 1,349 |  |  | 1,715 |  |  | (193 | )
Net decrease (increase) in other assets | 5,634 |  |  | 4,668 |  |  | (11,396 | )
Net increase (decrease) in other liabilities | 5,041 |  |  | (4,613 | ) |  | 1,298 |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities | 114,236 |  |  | 96,796 |  |  | 60,584 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls of securities available-for-sale | 80,956 |  |  | 74,110 |  |  | 50,142 |
Proceeds from sales of securities available-for-sale | 65,801 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,119 |
Purchases of securities available-for-sale | (156,839 | ) |  | (113,362 | ) |  | (74,712 | )
Net sales (purchases) of Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 2,547 |  |  | (8,784 | ) |  | (855 | )
Net increase in loans | (211,766 | ) |  | (599,341 | ) |  | (383,575 | )
Proceeds from the sale of loans not originated for resale | 6,754 |  |  | 9,208 |  |  | 2,880 |
Purchases of premises and equipment | (4,694 | ) |  | (3,560 | ) |  | (5,133 | )
Proceeds from the sale of premises and equipment | 422 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 467 |
Proceeds from sale of bank branch, net of cash and cash equivalents | 4,404 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net cash paid in excess of cash acquired from bank merger | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,347 | )
Proceeds from the sale of credit card portfolio | — |  |  | 25,019 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from surrender of bank owned life insurance | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,277 |
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities | (212,415 | ) |  | (616,653 | ) |  | (405,737 | )
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in core deposits | 166,054 |  |  | 378,323 |  |  | 195,589 |
Net increase in certificates of deposit | 27,132 |  |  | 18,095 |  |  | 51,209 |
Net (decrease) increase in short-term borrowings | (120,000 | ) |  | 304,000 |  |  | (2,660 | )
Net (decrease) increase in securities sold under repurchase agreements | (671 | ) |  | (11,254 | ) |  | 31,481 |
Proceeds from long-term borrowings | 35,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 100,000 |
Repayments of long-term borrowings | (2,412 | ) |  | (102,330 | ) |  | (2,399 | )
Repayment of junior subordinated debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13,500 | )
Treasury shares issued-net | (689 | ) |  | (115 | ) |  | (182 | )
Common stock issuance costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | (132 | )
Cash dividends paid to common shareholders | (28,569 | ) |  | (26,784 | ) |  | (24,487 | )
Tax benefit from stock-based compensation | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 53 |
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities | 75,845 |  |  | 559,944 |  |  | 334,972 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | (22,334 | ) |  | 40,087 |  |  | (10,181 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 139,486 |  |  | 99,399 |  |  | 109,580 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Year | $ | 117,152 |  |  | $ | 139,486 |  |  | $ | 99,399 |

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries - continued

| Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Supplemental Disclosures |  |  |  |  |
Transfers to other real estate owned and other repossessed assets | $ | 2,238 |  |  | $ | 1,039 |  |  | $ | 843 |
Interest paid | $ | 33,591 |  |  | $ | 22,800 |  |  | $ | 15,878 |
Income taxes paid, net of refunds | $ | 33,814 |  |  | $ | 26,743 |  |  | $ | 23,175 |
Loans transferred to held for sale | $ | — |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 23,277 |
Loans transferred to portfolio from held for sale | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 7,933 |  |  | $ | — |
Net assets from acquisitions, excluding cash and cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 43,433 |
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents from sale of bank branch | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Investment commitment payable for an available for sale security | $ | 5,884 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Nature of Operations
S&T Bancorp, Inc., or S&T, was incorporated on March 17, 1983 under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a bank holding company and has three direct wholly owned subsidiaries, S&T Bank, 9th Street Holdings, Inc. and STBA Capital Trust I. We own a 50 percent interest in Commonwealth Trust Credit Life Insurance Company, or CTCLIC.
We are presently engaged in nonbanking activities through the following five entities: 9th Street Holdings, Inc.; S&T Bancholdings, Inc.; CTCLIC; S&T Insurance Group, LLC; and Stewart Capital Advisors, LLC. 9th Street Holdings, Inc. and S&T Bancholdings, Inc. are investment holding companies. CTCLIC, which is a joint venture with another financial institution, acts as a reinsurer of credit life, accident and health insurance policies sold by S&T Bank and the other institution. S&T Insurance Group, LLC, through its subsidiaries, offers a variety of insurance products. Stewart Capital Advisors, LLC is a registered investment advisor that manages private investment accounts for individuals and institutions.
On October 29, 2014, S&T and Integrity Bancshares, Inc., or Integrity, based in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, entered into an agreement to acquire Integrity Bancshares, Inc. and the transaction was completed on March 4, 2015. Integrity Bank was subsequently merged into S&T Bank on May 8, 2015.
Prior to 2017, we reported three operating segments: Community Banking, Wealth Management and Insurance. Effective January 1, 2017, we no longer report Wealth Management and Insurance segment information, as they do not meet the quantitative thresholds required for disclosure.
Accounting Policies
Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. In preparing the financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the dates of the balance sheets and revenues and expenses for the periods then ended. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Our significant accounting policies are described below.
Principles of Consolidation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of S&T and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Investments of 20 percent to 50 percent of the outstanding common stock of investees are accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
Reclassification
Amounts in prior years' financial statements and footnotes are reclassified whenever necessary to conform to the current year’s presentation. Reclassifications had no effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
Business Combinations
We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method of accounting, the acquired company’s net assets are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition, and the results of operations of the acquired company are combined with our results from that date forward. Acquisition costs are expensed when incurred. The difference between the purchase price and the fair value of the net assets acquired (including identified intangibles) is recorded as goodwill.
Fair Value Measurements
We use fair value measurements when recording and disclosing certain financial assets and liabilities. Securities available-for-sale, trading assets and derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, we may be required to record other assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as loans held for sale, impaired loans, other real estate owned, or OREO, and other repossessed assets, mortgage servicing rights, or MSRs, and certain other assets.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. An orderly transaction is a transaction that assumes exposure to the market for a period prior to the measurement date to allow for marketing activities that are usual and customary for transactions involving such assets or liabilities; it is not a forced transaction. In determining fair
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value, we use various valuation approaches, including market, income and cost approaches. The fair value standard establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, which are developed based on market data we have obtained from independent sources. Unobservable inputs reflect our estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, which are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.
The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). The fair value hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as follows:
Level 1: valuation is based upon unadjusted quoted market prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.
Level 2: valuation is based upon quoted market prices for similar instruments traded in active markets, quoted market prices for identical or similar instruments traded in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market or can be corroborated by market data.
Level 3: valuation is derived from other valuation methodologies, including discounted cash flow models and similar techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in determining fair value.
A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our policy is to recognize transfers between any of the fair value hierarchy levels at the end of the reporting period in which the transfer occurred.
The following are descriptions of the valuation methodologies that we use for financial instruments recorded at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis.
Recurring Basis
Securities Available-for-Sale
Securities available-for-sale include both debt and equity securities. We obtain fair values for debt securities from a third-party pricing service which utilizes several sources for valuing fixed-income securities. We validate prices received from our pricing service through comparison to a secondary pricing service and broker quotes. We review the methodologies of the pricing service which provides us with a sufficient understanding of the valuation models, assumptions, inputs and pricing to reasonably measure the fair value of our debt securities. The market evaluation sources for debt securities include observable inputs rather than significant unobservable inputs and are classified as Level 2. The service provider utilizes pricing models that vary by asset class and include available trade, bid and other market information. Generally, the methodologies include broker quotes, proprietary models, and vast descriptive terms and conditions databases, and extensive quality control programs.
Marketable equity securities that have an active, quotable market are classified as Level 1. Marketable equity securities that are quotable, but are thinly traded or inactive, are classified as Level 2. Marketable equity securities that are not readily traded and do not have a quotable market are classified as Level 3.
Trading Assets
We use quoted market prices to determine the fair value of our trading assets. Our trading assets are held in a Rabbi Trust under a deferred compensation plan and are invested in readily quoted mutual funds. Accordingly, these assets are classified as Level 1.
Derivative Financial Instruments
We use derivative instruments, including interest rate swaps for commercial loans with our customers, interest rate lock commitments and the sale of mortgage loans in the secondary market. We calculate the fair value for derivatives using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. Each valuation considers the contractual terms of the derivative, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market based inputs, such as interest rate curves and implied volatilities. Accordingly, derivatives are classified as Level 2. We incorporate credit valuation adjustments into the valuation models to appropriately reflect both our own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparties’ nonperformance risk in calculating fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of our derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, we have considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements and collateral postings.
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Nonrecurring Basis
Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for sale consist of 1-4 family residential loans originated for sale in the secondary market and, from time to time, certain loans transferred from the loan portfolio to loans held for sale, all of which are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value of 1-4 family residential loans is based on the principal or most advantageous market currently offered for similar loans using observable market data. The fair value of the loans transferred from the loan portfolio is based on the amounts offered for these loans in currently pending sales transactions. Loans held for sale carried at fair value are classified as Level 3.
Impaired Loans
Impaired loans are carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value. Fair value is determined as the recorded investment balance less any specific reserve. We establish specific reserves based on the following three impairment methods: 1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate; 2) the loan’s observable market price; or 3) the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs when the loan is collateral dependent and we expect to liquidate the collateral. However, if repayment is expected to come from the operation of the collateral, rather than liquidation, then we do not consider estimated selling costs in determining the fair value of the collateral. Collateral values are generally based upon appraisals by approved, independent state certified appraisers. Appraisals may be discounted based on our historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of appraisal or our knowledge of the borrower and the borrower’s business. Impaired loans carried at fair value are classified as Level 3.
OREO and Other Repossessed Assets
OREO and other repossessed assets obtained in partial or total satisfaction of a loan are recorded at the lower of recorded investment in the loan or fair value less cost to sell. Subsequent to foreclosure, these assets are carried at the lower of the amount recorded at acquisition date or fair value less cost to sell. Accordingly, it may be necessary to record nonrecurring fair value adjustments. Fair value, when recorded, is generally based upon appraisals by approved, independent state certified appraisers. Like impaired loans, appraisals on OREO may be discounted based on our historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of appraisal or other information available to us. OREO and other repossessed assets carried at fair value are classified as Level 3.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
The fair value of MSRs is determined by calculating the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, considering expected mortgage loan prepayment rates, discount rates, servicing costs and other economic factors, which are determined based on current market conditions. The expected rate of mortgage loan prepayments is the most significant factor driving the value of MSRs. MSRs are considered impaired if the carrying value exceeds fair value. The valuation model includes significant unobservable inputs; therefore, MSRs are classified as Level 3.
Other Assets
We measure certain other assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Fair value is based on the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting, or write-downs of individual assets. Valuation methodologies used to measure fair value are consistent with overall principles of fair value accounting and consistent with those described above.
Financial Instruments
In addition to financial instruments recorded at fair value in our financial statements, fair value accounting guidance requires disclosure of the fair value of all of an entity’s assets and liabilities that are considered financial instruments. The majority of our assets and liabilities are considered financial instruments. Many of these instruments lack an available trading market as characterized by a willing buyer and willing seller engaged in an exchange transaction. Also, it is our general practice and intent to hold our financial instruments to maturity and to not engage in trading or sales activities with respect to such financial instruments. For fair value disclosure purposes, we substantially utilize the fair value measurement criteria as required and explained above. In cases where quoted fair values are not available, we use present value methods to determine the fair value of our financial instruments.
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Cash and Cash Equivalents
The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits, approximate fair value.
Loans
The fair value of variable rate performing loans that may reprice frequently at short-term market rates is based on carrying values adjusted for credit risk. The fair value of variable rate performing loans that reprice at intervals of one year or longer, such as adjustable rate mortgage products, is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses that utilize interest rates currently being offered for similar loans and adjusted for credit risk. The fair value of fixed rate performing loans is estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis that utilizes interest rates currently being offered for similar loans and adjusted for credit risk. The fair value of nonperforming loans is the carrying value less any specific reserve on the loan if it is impaired. The carrying amount of accrued interest approximates fair value.
Bank Owned Life Insurance
Fair value approximates net cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance, or BOLI.
Federal Home Loan Bank, or FHLB, and Other Restricted Stock
It is not practical to determine the fair value of our FHLB and other restricted stock due to the restrictions placed on the transferability of these stocks; it is presented at carrying value.
Deposits
The fair values disclosed for deposits without defined maturities (e.g., noninterest and interest-bearing demand, money market and savings accounts) are by definition equal to the amounts payable on demand. The carrying amounts for variable rate, fixed-term time deposits approximate their fair values. Estimated fair values for fixed rate and other time deposits are based on discounted cash flow analysis using interest rates currently offered for time deposits with similar terms. The carrying amount of accrued interest approximates fair value.
Short-Term Borrowings
The carrying amounts of securities sold under repurchase agreements, or REPOs, and other short-term borrowings approximate their fair values.
Long-Term Borrowings
The fair values disclosed for fixed rate long-term borrowings are determined by discounting their contractual cash flows using current interest rates for long-term borrowings of similar remaining maturities. The carrying amounts of variable rate long-term borrowings approximate their fair values.
Junior Subordinated Debt Securities
The interest rate on the variable rate junior subordinated debt securities is reset quarterly; therefore, the carrying values approximate their fair values.
Loan Commitments and Standby Letters of Credit
Off-balance sheet financial instruments consist of commitments to extend credit and letters of credit. Except for interest rate lock commitments, estimates of the fair value of these off-balance sheet items are not made because of the short-term nature of these arrangements and the credit standing of the counterparties.
Other
Estimates of fair value are not made for items that are not defined as financial instruments, including such items as our core deposit intangibles and the value of our trust operations.
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Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with banks and federal funds sold as cash and cash equivalents.
Securities
We determine the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. All securities, including both debt and equity securities, are classified as available-for-sale. These are securities that we intend to hold for an indefinite period of time, but that may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, prepayment risk, liquidity needs or other factors. Such securities are carried at fair value with net unrealized gains and losses deemed to be temporary and reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. Realized gains and losses on the sale of available-for-sale securities and other-than-temporary impairment, or OTTI, charges are recorded within noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Realized gains and losses on the sale of securities are determined using the specific-identification method. Bond premiums are amortized to the call date and bond discounts are accreted to the maturity date, both on a level yield basis.
An investment security is considered impaired if its fair value is less than its cost or amortized cost basis. We perform a quarterly review of our securities to identify those that may indicate an OTTI. Our policy for OTTI within the marketable equity securities portfolio generally requires an impairment charge when the security is in a loss position for 12 consecutive months, unless facts and circumstances would suggest the need for an OTTI prior to that time. Our policy for OTTI within the debt securities portfolio is based upon a number of factors, including but not limited to, the length of time and extent to which the estimated fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition of the underlying issuer, the ability of the issuer to meet contractual obligations, the best estimate of the impairment charge representing credit losses, the likelihood of the security’s ability to recover any decline in its estimated fair value and whether management intends to sell the security or if it is more likely than not that management will be required to sell the investment security prior to the security’s recovery of any decline in its estimated fair value. If the impairment is considered other-than-temporary based on management’s review, the impairment must be separated into credit and non-credit components. The credit component is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income and the non-credit component is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable taxes.
Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for sale consist of 1-4 family residential loans originated for sale in the secondary market and, from time to time, certain loans transferred from the loan portfolio to loans held for sale, all of which are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. If a loan is transferred from the loan portfolio to the held for sale category, any write-down in the carrying amount of the loan at the date of transfer is recorded as a charge-off against the allowance for loan losses, or ALL. Subsequent declines in fair value are recognized as a charge to noninterest income. When a loan is placed in the held for sale category, we stop amortizing the related deferred fees and costs. The remaining unamortized fees and costs are recognized as part of the cost basis of the loan at the time it is sold. Gains and losses on sales of loans held for sale are included in other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
Loans
Loans are reported at the principal amount outstanding net of unearned income, unamortized premiums or discounts and deferred origination fees and costs. We defer certain nonrefundable loan origination and commitment fees. Accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums on loans are included in interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Loan origination fees and direct loan origination costs are deferred and amortized as an adjustment of loan yield over the respective lives of the loans without consideration of anticipated prepayments. If a loan is paid off, the remaining unaccreted or unamortized net origination fees and costs are immediately recognized into income or expense. Interest is accrued and interest income is recognized on loans as earned.
Acquired loans are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition with no carryover of the related ALL. Determining the fair value of the acquired loans involves estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. In estimating the fair value of our acquired loans, we consider a number of factors including the loan term, internal risk rating, delinquency status, prepayment rates, recovery periods, estimated value of the underlying collateral and the current interest rate environment.
Closed-end installment loans, amortizing loans secured by real estate and any other loans with payments scheduled monthly are reported past due when the borrower is in arrears two or more monthly payments. Other multi-payment obligations with payments scheduled other than monthly are reported past due when one scheduled payment is due and unpaid for 30 days or more.
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Generally, consumer loans are charged off against the ALL upon the loan reaching 90 days past due. Commercial loans are charged off as management becomes aware of facts and circumstances that raise doubt as to the collectability of all or a portion of the principal and when we believe a confirmed loss exists.
Nonaccrual or Nonperforming Loans
We stop accruing interest on a loan when the borrower’s payment is 90 days past due. Loans are also placed on nonaccrual status when we have doubt about the borrower’s ability to comply with contractual repayment terms, even if payment is not past due. When the interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed against interest income. Interest income is recognized on nonaccrual loans on a cash basis if recovery of the remaining principal is reasonably assured. As a general rule, a nonaccrual loan may be restored to accrual status when its principal and interest is paid current and the bank expects repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest, or when the loan otherwise becomes well secured and in the process of collection.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
Troubled debt restructurings, or TDRs, are loans where we, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grant a concession to the borrower. We strive to identify borrowers with financial difficulty early and work with them to come to a mutual resolution to modify the terms of their loan before the loan reaches nonaccrual status. These modified terms generally include extensions of maturity dates at a stated interest rate lower than the current market rate for a new loan with similar risk characteristics, reductions in contractual interest rates or principal deferment. While unusual, there may be instances of principal forgiveness. These modifications are generally for longer term periods that would not be considered insignificant. Additionally, we classify loans where the debt obligation has been discharged through a Chapter 7 Bankruptcy and not reaffirmed as TDRs.
We individually evaluate all substandard commercial loans that have experienced a forbearance or change in terms agreement, and all substandard consumer and residential mortgage loans that entered into an agreement to modify their existing loan, to determine if they should be designated as TDRs.
All TDRs are considered to be impaired loans and will be reported as impaired loans for the remaining life of the loan, unless the restructuring agreement specifies an interest rate equal to or greater than the rate that would be accepted at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk and it is fully expected that the remaining principal and interest will be collected according to the restructured agreement. Further, all impaired loans are reported as nonaccrual loans unless the loan is a TDR that has met the requirements to be returned to accruing status. TDRs can be returned to accruing status if the ultimate collectability of all contractual amounts due, according to the restructured agreement, is not in doubt and there is a period of a minimum of six months of satisfactory payment performance by the borrower either immediately before or after the restructuring.
Allowance for Loan Losses
The ALL reflects our estimates of probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The methodology for determining the ALL has two main components: evaluation and impairment tests of individual loans and evaluation and impairment tests of certain groups of homogeneous loans with similar risk characteristics.
Loans are considered to be impaired when based upon current information and events it is probable that we will be unable to collect all principal and interest payments due according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement. We individually evaluate all substandard and nonaccrual commercial loans greater than $0.5 million for impairment. All TDRs will be reported as an impaired loan for the remaining life of the loan, unless the restructuring agreement specifies an interest rate equal to or greater than the rate that would be accepted at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk and it is fully expected that the remaining principal and interest will be fully collected according to the restructured agreement. For all TDRs, regardless of size, and all other impaired loans, we conduct further analysis to determine the probable loss and assign a specific reserve to the loan if deemed appropriate. Specific reserves are established based upon the following three impairment methods: 1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate, 2) the loan’s observable market price or 3) the estimated fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Our impairment evaluations consist primarily of the fair value of collateral method because most of our loans are collateral dependent. Collateral values are discounted to consider disposition costs when appropriate. A specific reserve is established or a charge-off is taken if the fair value of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan balance.
The ALL for homogeneous loans is calculated using a systematic methodology with both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis that is applied on a quarterly basis. The ALL model is comprised of five distinct portfolio segments: 1) Commercial Real Estate, or CRE, 2) Commercial and Industrial, or C&I, 3) Commercial Construction, 4) Consumer Real Estate and 5) Other Consumer. Each segment has a distinct set of risk characteristics monitored by management. We further assess and
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monitor risk and performance at a more disaggregated level which includes our internal risk rating system for the commercial segments and type of collateral, lien position and loan-to-value, or LTV, for the consumer segments.
We first apply historical loss rates to pools of loans with similar risk characteristics. Loss rates are calculated by historical charge-offs that have occurred within each pool of loans over the loss emergence period, or LEP. The LEP is an estimate of the average amount of time from when an event happens that causes the borrower to be unable to pay on a loan until the loss is confirmed through a loan charge-off.
In conjunction with our annual review of the ALL assumptions, we have updated our analysis of LEPs for our Commercial and Consumer loan portfolio segments using our loan charge-off history. No changes were made to our LEP assumptions in 2017. We estimate the LEP to be 3 years for CRE, 4 years for construction and 1.25 years for C&I. Our analysis resulted in an LEP for Consumer Real Estate of 2.75 years and Other Consumer of 1.25 years.
Another key assumption is the look-back period, or LBP, which represents the historical data period utilized to calculate loss rates. We used 8.5 years for our LBP for all portfolio segments which encompasses our loss experience during the Financial Crisis, and our more recent improved loss experience.
After consideration of the historic loss calculations, management applies additional qualitative adjustments so that the ALL is reflective of the inherent losses that exist in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. Qualitative adjustments are made based upon changes in lending policies and practices, economic conditions, changes in the loan portfolio, changes in lending management, results of internal loan reviews, asset quality trends, collateral values, concentrations of credit risk and other external factors. The evaluation of the various components of the ALL requires considerable judgment in order to estimate inherent loss exposures.
Acquired loans are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition with no carryover of the related ALL. Determining the fair value of acquired loans involves estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. In estimating the fair value of our acquired loans, we considered a number of factors including the loan term, internal risk rating, delinquency status, prepayment rates, recovery periods, estimated value of the underlying collateral and the current interest rate environment.
Loans acquired with evidence of credit deterioration were evaluated and not considered to be significant. The premium or discount estimated through the loan fair value calculation is recognized into interest income on a level yield or straight-line basis over the remaining contractual life of the loans. Additional credit deterioration on acquired loans, in excess of the original credit discount embedded in the fair value determination on the date of acquisition, will be recognized in the ALL through the provision for loan losses.
Our ALL Committee meets quarterly to verify the overall adequacy of the ALL. Additionally, on an annual basis, the ALL Committee meets to validate our ALL methodology. This validation includes reviewing the loan segmentation, LEP, LBP and the qualitative framework. As a result of this ongoing monitoring process, we may make changes to our ALL to be responsive to the economic environment.
Although we believe our process for determining the ALL adequately considers all of the factors that would likely result in credit losses, the process includes subjective elements and may be susceptible to significant change. To the extent actual losses are higher than management estimates, additional provisions for loan losses could be required and could adversely affect our earnings or financial position in future periods.
Bank Owned Life Insurance
We have purchased life insurance policies on certain executive officers and employees. We receive the cash surrender value of each policy upon its termination or benefits are payable to us upon the death of the insured. Changes in net cash surrender value are recognized in noninterest income or expense in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, while improvements that extend an asset’s useful life are capitalized and depreciated over the estimated remaining life of the asset. Depreciation expense is computed by the straight-line method for financial reporting purposes and accelerated methods for income tax purposes over the estimated useful lives of the particular assets. Management reviews long-lived assets using events and circumstances to determine if and when an asset is evaluated for recoverability.
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The estimated useful lives for the various asset categories are as follows:

1) Land and Land Improvements |  | Non-depreciating assets
2) Buildings |  | 25 years
3) Furniture and Fixtures |  | 5 years
4) Computer Equipment and Software |  | 5 years or term of license
5) Other Equipment |  | 5 years
6) Vehicles |  | 5 years
7) Leasehold Improvements |  | Lesser of estimated useful life of the asset (generally 15 years unless established otherwise) or the remaining term of the lease, including renewal options in the lease that are reasonably assured of exercise

Restricted Investment in Bank Stock
Federal Home Loan Bank, or FHLB, stock is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. We hold FHLB stock because we are a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh. The FHLB requires members to purchase and hold a specified level of FHLB stock based upon on the member's asset value, level of borrowings and participation in other programs offered. Stock in the FHLB is non-marketable and is redeemable at the discretion of the FHLB. Members do not purchase stock in the FHLB for the same reasons that traditional equity investors acquire stock in an investor-owned enterprise. Rather, members purchase stock to obtain access to the low-cost products and services offered by the FHLB. Unlike equity securities of traditional for-profit enterprises, the stock of the FHLB does not provide its holders with an opportunity for capital appreciation because, by regulation, FHLB stock can only be purchased, redeemed and transferred at par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income in taxable investment securities in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. FHLB stock is evaluated for OTTI on a quarterly basis.
Atlantic Community Bankers’ Bank, or ACBB, stock is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the carrying value. We do not currently use their membership products and services. We acquired ACBB stock through various mergers of banks that were ACBB members. ACBB stock is evaluated for OTTI on a quarterly basis.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
As a result of acquisitions, we have recorded goodwill and identifiable intangible assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting.
We have three reporting units: Community Bank, Insurance and Wealth Management. Existing goodwill relates to value inherent in the Community Banking and Insurance reporting units and that value is dependent upon our ability to provide quality, cost-effective services in the face of competition from other market participants. This ability relies upon continuing investments in processing systems, the development of value-added service features and the ease of use of our services. As such, goodwill value is supported ultimately by profitability that is driven by the volume of business transacted. A decline in earnings as a result of a lack of growth or the inability to deliver cost-effective services over sustained periods can lead to impairment of goodwill, which could adversely impact our earnings in future periods.
The carrying value of goodwill is tested annually for impairment each October 1st or more frequently if it is determined that a triggering event has occurred. We first assess qualitatively whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Our qualitative assessment considers such factors as macroeconomic conditions, market conditions specifically related to the banking industry, our overall financial performance and various other factors. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying amount, we proceed to test for impairment. The evaluation for impairment involves comparing the current estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the current estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, no additional testing is required and an impairment loss is not recorded. If the estimated fair value of an reporting unit is less than the carrying value, further valuation procedures are performed that could result in impairment of goodwill being recorded. Further valuation procedures would include allocating the estimated fair value to all assets and liabilities of the reporting unit to determine an implied goodwill value. If the implied value of goodwill of an reporting unit is less than the carrying amount of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. We completed the annual goodwill impairment assessment as required in 2017, 2016 and 2015; the results indicated that the fair value each reporting unit exceeded the carrying value.
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Based upon the results of the qualitative assessment performed for our annual impairment analysis, we concluded that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units exceed the carrying value. Both the national economy and the local economies in our markets have shown improvement over the past couple of years. General economic activity and key indicators such as housing and unemployment continue to show improvement. While still challenging, the banking environment continues to improve with better asset quality, improved earnings and generally better stock prices. Activity in mergers and acquisitions demonstrated that there is premium value on banking franchises and a number of banks of our size have been able to access the capital markets over the past year. Our stock traded above book value for all of 2017. Additionally, our overall performance remains strong, and we have not identified any other facts or circumstances that would cause us to conclude that it is more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting units would be less than the carrying value of the reporting unit.
We determine the amount of identifiable intangible assets based upon independent core deposit and insurance contract valuations at the time of acquisition. Intangible assets with finite useful lives, consisting primarily of core deposit and customer list intangibles, are amortized using straight-line or accelerated methods over their estimated weighted average useful lives, ranging from 10 to 20 years.
Intangible assets with finite useful lives are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. No such events or changes in circumstances occurred during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.
The financial services industry and securities markets can be adversely affected by declining values. If economic conditions result in a prolonged period of economic weakness in the future, our operating segments, including the Community Banking segment, may be adversely affected. In the event that we determine that either our goodwill or finite lived intangible assets are impaired, recognition of an impairment charge could have a significant adverse impact on our financial position or results of operations in the period in which the impairment occurs.
Variable Interest Entities
Variable interest entities, or VIEs, are legal entities that generally either do not have equity investors with voting rights or that have equity investors that do not provide sufficient financial resources for the entity to support its activities. When an enterprise has both the power to direct the economic activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits of the VIE, the entity has a controlling financial interest in the VIE. A VIE often holds financial assets, including loans or receivables, or other property. The company with a controlling financial interest, the primary beneficiary, is required to consolidate the VIE into its consolidated balance sheets. S&T has one wholly-owned trust subsidiary, STBA Capital Trust I, or the Trust, for which it does not absorb a majority of expected losses or receive a majority of the expected residual returns. At its inception in 2008, the Trust issued floating rate trust preferred securities to the Trustee, another financial institution, and used the proceeds from the sale to invest in junior subordinated debt issued by us, which is the sole asset of the Trust. The Trust pays dividends on the trust preferred securities at the same rate as the interest we pay on our junior subordinated debt held by the Trust. Because the third-party investors are the primary beneficiaries, the Trust qualifies as a VIE. Accordingly, the Trust and its net assets are not included in our Consolidated Financial Statements. However, the junior subordinated debt issued by S&T is included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Joint Ventures
We have made investments directly in Low Income Housing Tax Credit, or LIHTC, partnerships formed with third parties. As a limited partner in these operating partnerships, we receive tax credits and tax deductions for losses incurred by the underlying properties. These investments are amortized over a maximum of 10 years, which represents the period over which the tax credits will be utilized. We have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of these investments because the general partners have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the partnership and have both the obligation to absorb expected losses and the right to receive benefits.
OREO and Other Repossessed Assets
OREO and other repossessed assets are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are comprised of properties acquired through foreclosure proceedings or acceptance of a deed in lieu of a foreclosure. At the time of foreclosure or acceptance of a deed in lieu of foreclosure, these properties are recorded at the lower of the recorded investment in the loan or fair value less cost to sell. Loan losses arising from the acquisition of any such property initially are charged against the ALL. Subsequently, these assets are carried at the lower of carrying value or current fair value less cost to sell. Gains or losses realized upon disposition of these assets are recorded in other expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
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Mortgage Servicing Rights
MSRs are recognized as separate assets when commitments to fund a loan to be sold are made. Upon commitment, the MSR is established, which represents the then current estimated fair value of future net cash flows expected to be realized for performing the servicing activities. The estimated fair value of the MSRs is estimated by calculating the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, considering expected mortgage loan prepayment rates, discount rates, servicing costs and other economic factors, which are determined based on current market conditions. The expected rate of mortgage loan prepayments is the most significant factor driving the value of MSRs. Increases in mortgage loan prepayments reduce estimated future net servicing cash flows because the life of the underlying loan is reduced. In determining the estimated fair value of MSRs, mortgage interest rates, which are used to determine prepayment rates, are held constant over the estimated life of the portfolio. MSRs are reported in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are amortized into noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying mortgage loans.
MSRs are regularly evaluated for impairment based on the estimated fair value of those rights. MSRs are stratified by certain risk characteristics, primarily loan term and note rate. If temporary impairment exists within a risk stratification tranche, a valuation allowance is established through a charge to income equal to the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value. If it is later determined that all or a portion of the temporary impairment no longer exists for a particular tranche, the valuation allowance is reduced.
MSRs are also reviewed for OTTI. OTTI exists when the recoverability of a recorded valuation allowance is determined to be remote, taking into consideration historical and projected interest rates and loan pay-off activity. When this situation occurs, the unrecoverable portion of the valuation allowance is applied as a direct write-down to the carrying value of the MSR. Unlike a valuation allowance, a direct write-down permanently reduces the carrying value of the MSR and the valuation allowance, precluding subsequent recoveries.
Derivative Financial Instruments
Interest Rate Swaps
In accordance with applicable accounting guidance for derivatives and hedging, all derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet at fair value. Interest rate swaps are contracts in which a series of interest rate flows (fixed and variable) are exchanged over a prescribed period. The notional amounts on which the interest payments are based are not exchanged. These derivative positions relate to transactions in which we enter into an interest rate swap with a commercial customer while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap with another financial institution. In connection with each transaction, we agree to pay interest to the customer on a notional amount at a variable interest rate and receive interest from the customer on a same notional amount at a fixed rate. At the same time, we agree to pay another financial institution the same fixed interest rate on the same notional amount and receive the same variable interest rate on the same notional amount. The transaction allows our customer to effectively convert a variable rate loan to a fixed rate loan with us receiving a variable rate. These agreements could have floors or caps on the contracted interest rates.
Pursuant to our agreements with various financial institutions, we may receive collateral or may be required to post collateral based upon mark-to-market positions. Beyond unsecured threshold levels, collateral in the form of cash or securities may be made available to counterparties of interest rate swap transactions. Based upon our current positions and related future collateral requirements relating to them, we believe any effect on our cash flow or liquidity position to be immaterial.
Derivatives contain an element of credit risk, the possibility that we will incur a loss because a counterparty, which may be a financial institution or a customer, fails to meet its contractual obligations. All derivative contracts with financial institutions may be executed only with counterparties approved by our Asset and Liability Committee, or ALCO, and derivatives with customers may only be executed with customers within credit exposure limits approved by our Senior Loan Committee. Interest rate swaps are considered derivatives, but are not accounted for using hedge accounting. As such, changes in the estimated fair value of the derivatives are recorded in current earnings and included in other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
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Interest Rate Lock Commitments and Forward Sale Contracts
In the normal course of business, we sell originated mortgage loans into the secondary mortgage loan market. We also offer interest rate lock commitments to potential borrowers. The commitments are generally for a period of 60 days and guarantee a specified interest rate for a loan if underwriting standards are met, but the commitment does not obligate the potential borrower to close on the loan. Accordingly, some commitments expire prior to becoming loans. We can encounter pricing risks if interest rates increase significantly before the loan can be closed and sold. We may utilize forward sale contracts in order to mitigate this pricing risk. Whenever a customer desires these products, a mortgage originator quotes a secondary market rate guaranteed for that day by the investor. The rate lock is executed between the mortgagee and us and in turn a forward sale contract may be executed between us and the investor. Both the rate lock commitment and the corresponding forward sale contract for each customer are considered derivatives, but are not accounted for using hedge accounting. As such, changes in the estimated fair value of the derivatives during the commitment period are recorded in current earnings and included in mortgage banking in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
Allowance for Unfunded Commitments
In the normal course of business, we offer off-balance sheet credit arrangements to enable our customers to meet their financing objectives. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the financial statements. Our exposure to credit loss, in the event the customer does not satisfy the terms of the agreement, equals the contractual amount of the obligation less the value of any collateral. We apply the same credit policies in making commitments and standby letters of credit that are used for the underwriting of loans to customers. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates, annual renewals or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Because many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The allowance for unfunded commitments is included in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The allowance for unfunded commitments is determined using a similar methodology as our ALL methodology.
Treasury Stock
The repurchase of our common stock is recorded at cost. At the time of reissuance, the treasury stock account is reduced using the average cost method. Gains and losses on the reissuance of common stock are recorded in additional paid-in capital, to the extent additional paid-in capital from previous treasury share transactions exists. Any deficiency is charged to retained earnings.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenues as they are earned based on contractual terms or as services are provided when collectability is reasonably assured. Our principal source of revenue is interest income, which is recognized on an accrual basis. Interest and dividend income, loan fees, trust fees, fees and charges on deposit accounts, insurance commissions and other ancillary income related to our deposits and lending activities are accrued as earned.
Wealth Management Fees
Assets held in a fiduciary capacity by our subsidiary bank, S&T Bank, are not our assets and are therefore not included in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Wealth management fee income is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income on an accrual basis.
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation may include stock options and restricted stock which is measured using the fair value method of accounting. The grant date fair value is recognized over the period during which the recipient is required to provide service in exchange for the award. Stock option expense is determined utilizing the Black-Scholes model. Restricted stock expense is determined using the grant date fair value. We estimate expected forfeitures when stock-based awards are granted and record compensation expense only for awards that are expected to vest.
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Pensions
The expense for S&T Bank’s qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans is actuarially determined using the projected unit credit actuarial cost method. It requires us to make economic assumptions regarding future interest rates and asset returns and various demographic assumptions. We estimate the discount rate used to measure benefit obligations by applying the projected cash flow for future benefit payments to a yield curve of high-quality corporate bonds available in the marketplace and by employing a model that matches bonds to our pension cash flows. The expected return on plan assets is an estimate of the long-term rate of return on plan assets, which is determined based on the current asset mix and estimates of return by asset class. We recognize in the Consolidated Balance Sheets an asset for the plan’s overfunded status or a liability for the plan’s underfunded status. Gains or losses related to changes in benefit obligations or plan assets resulting from experience different from that assumed are recognized as other comprehensive income (loss) in the period in which they occur. To the extent that such gains or losses exceed ten percent of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or plan assets, they are recognized as a component of pension costs over the future service periods of actively employed plan participants. The funding policy for the qualified plan is to contribute an amount each year that is at least equal to the minimum required contribution as determined under the Pension Protection Act of 2006 and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, but not more than the maximum amount permissible for taxable plan sponsors. Our nonqualified plans are unfunded.
On January 25, 2016, the Board of Directors approved an amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans effective March 31, 2016. As a result no additional benefits are earned by participants in those plans based on service or pay after March 31, 2016. The plan was previously closed to new participants effective December 31, 2007.
Marketing Costs
We expense all marketing-related costs, including advertising costs, as incurred.
Income Taxes
We estimate income tax expense based on amounts expected to be owed to the tax jurisdictions where we conduct business. On a quarterly basis, management assesses the reasonableness of our effective tax rate based upon our current estimate of the amount and components of net income, tax credits and the applicable statutory tax rates expected for the full year. We classify interest and penalties as an element of tax expense.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined using the asset and liability method and are reported in other assets or other liabilities, as appropriate, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax basis of assets and liabilities and recognizes enacted changes in tax rate and laws. When deferred tax assets are recognized, they are subject to a valuation allowance based on management’s judgment as to whether realization is more likely than not.
Accrued taxes represent the net estimated amount due to taxing jurisdictions and are reported in other assets or other liabilities, as appropriate, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We evaluate and assess the relative risks and appropriate tax treatment of transactions and filing positions after considering statutes, regulations, judicial precedent and other information and maintain tax accruals consistent with the evaluation of these relative risks and merits. Changes to the estimate of accrued taxes occur periodically due to changes in tax rates, interpretations of tax laws, the status of examinations being conducted by taxing authorities and changes to statutory, judicial and regulatory guidance. These changes, when they occur, can affect deferred taxes and accrued taxes, and the current period’s income tax expense and can be significant to our operating results.
In the fourth quarter 2017, H.R.1, known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or Tax Act, was signed into law which requires the deferred tax assets and liabilities to be revalued using the 21 percent federal tax rate enacted. The effect was recorded in our fourth quarter tax provision.
Tax positions are recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded.
Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share, or EPS, is calculated using the two-class method to determine income allocated to common shareholders. Unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends are considered participating securities under the two-class method. Income allocated to common shareholders is then divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the basic EPS calculation.
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Diluted EPS is calculated under the more dilutive of either the treasury stock method or the two-class method. Under the treasury stock method, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding is increased by the potentially dilutive common shares. For the two-class method, diluted EPS is calculated for each class of shareholders using the weighted average number of shares attributed to each class. Potentially dilutive common shares are related to our outstanding warrants, stock options and restricted stock.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Updates, or ASU
Stock Compensation - Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting
On March 31, 2016 the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which is intended to improve the accounting for share-based payment transactions as part of the FASB's simplification initiative. The ASU changes seven aspects of the accounting for share-based payment award transactions, including: 1. accounting for income taxes; 2. classification of excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows; 3. forfeitures; 4. minimum statutory tax withholding requirements; 5. classification of employee taxes paid on the statement of cash flows when an employer withholds shares for tax-withholding purposes; 6. practical expedient - expected term (nonpublic only); and 7. intrinsic value (nonpublic only). This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those years for public business entities. The adoption of this ASU on January 1, 2017, had no material impact on our results of operations or financial position.
Equity Method and Joint Ventures - Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-07, Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting, which eliminates the requirement for an investor to retroactively apply the equity method when its increase in ownership interest (or degree of influence) in an investee triggers equity method accounting. This ASU is effective for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. The amendments will be applied prospectively upon their effective date to increases in the level of ownership interest or degree of influence that result in the adoption of the equity method. The adoption of this ASU on January 1, 2017, had no impact on our results of operations or financial position.
Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs - Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-08, Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20) - Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. The amendments in this ASU affect all entities that hold investments in callable debt securities that have an amortized cost basis in excess of the amount that is repayable by the issuer at the earliest call date. This ASU shortens the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium. Specifically, the amendments require the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. The amendments do not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount, which continues to be amortized to maturity. This Update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. We early adopted the provisions of this ASU on January 1, 2017, and it had no impact on our results of operations or financial position.
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Recently Issued Accounting Standards Updates not yet Adopted
Income Statement -- Reporting Comprehensive Income - Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement -- Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The amendments in this Update allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or Tax Act. The amendments eliminate the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act and will improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users and will require certain disclosures about the stranded tax effects. This Update is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period, for public business entities for reporting periods for which financial statements have not been issued or made available for issuance. We intend to early adopt this Update and elect to reclassify the income tax effects of the Tax Act in our interim reporting period ending March 31, 2018. We estimate that the reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income, or AOCI, to retained earnings will be $3.2 million for the release of stranded income tax effects relating to unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities and our pension plan. The impact of this ASU will have no material impact on our results of operations or financial position upon adoption.
Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Costs and Net Periodic Post Retirement Benefit Costs
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation Retirement Benefits - Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Costs and Net Periodic Post Retirement Benefit Costs (Topic 715). The main objective of this ASU is to provide financial statement users with clearer and disaggregated information related to the components of net periodic benefit cost and improve transparency of the presentation of net periodic benefit cost in the financial statements. This Update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual period for which financial statements have not been issued or made available for issuance. Effective March 31, 2016, our qualified and nonqualified defined benefit plans were amended to freeze benefit accruals for all persons entitled to benefits under the plan; as such, the provisions of this ASU will have no impact on our results of operations and financial position upon adoption.
Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets - Clarifying the Scope of Assets Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets
In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-05, Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20). The main objective in this ASU is intended to provide greater detail on what types of transactions should be accounted for as partial sales of nonfinancial assets. The scope of this ASU, as originally issued in ASU No. 2014-09 (described below), is intended to reduce the complexity of current GAAP requirements by clarifying which accounting guidance applies to various types of contracts that transfer assets or ownership interest to another entity. This Update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and at the same time that ASU No. 2014-09 is effective. Early adoption is permitted, but only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The provisions of this ASU will not impact our results of operations and financial position upon adoption.
Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (Topic 350). The main objective in this ASU is intended to simplify the current requirements for testing goodwill for impairment by eliminating step two from the goodwill impairment test. The amendments are expected to reduce the complexity and costs associated with performing the goodwill impairment test, which could result in recording impairment charges sooner than under the current guidance. This Update is effective for any interim and annual impairment tests in reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We are evaluating the provisions of this ASU; however, we do not anticipate that this ASU will materially impact our results of operations and financial position upon adoption.
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Business Combinations - Clarifying the Definition of a Business
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations - Clarifying the Definition of a Business (Topic 805). The main objective of this ASU is to help financial statement preparers evaluate whether a set of transferred assets and activities (either acquired or disposed of) is a business under Topic 805, Business Combinations by changing the definition of a business. The revised definition will result in fewer acquisitions being accounted for as business combinations than under existing guidance. The definition of a business is significant because it affects the accounting for acquisitions, the identification of reporting units, consolidation evaluations and the accounting for dispositions. This Update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted for transactions not yet reflected in financial statements that have been issued or made available for issuance. The provisions of this ASU will have no material impact on our results of operations and financial position.
Income Taxes - Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. The main objective of this ASU is to require companies to recognize the income tax effects of intercompany sales and transfers of assets other than inventory in the period in which the transfer occurs. This represents a change from existing guidance, which requires companies to defer the income tax effects of intercompany transfers of assets until the asset has been sold to an outside party or otherwise recognized. The new guidance will require companies to defer the income tax effects only of intercompany transfers of inventory. This Update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual period. If an entity chooses to early adopt the amendments in the ASU, it must do so in the first interim period of its annual financial statements. That is, an entity cannot adopt the amendments in the ASU in a later interim period and apply them as if they were in effect as of the beginning of the year. The provisions of this ASU will have no impact on our results of operations and financial position.
Statement of Cash Flows - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. The main objective of this ASU is to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this Update provide guidance on the following eight specific cash flow issues: debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, proceeds from the settlement of bank-owned life insurance (BOLI) policies, distributions received from equity method investments, beneficial interests in securitization transactions, and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. This Update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted, provided that all of the amendments are adopted in the same period. The provisions of this ASU will not materially impact our results of operations and financial position.
Financial Instruments - Credit Losses
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The main objective of this ASU is to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit held by a reporting entity at each reporting date. The amendments of this Update replace the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The collective changes to the recognition and measurement accounting standards for financial instruments and their anticipated impact on the allowance for credit losses modeling have been universally referred to as the CECL, or current expected credit loss, model. This Update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted as of fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We are evaluating the provisions of this ASU to determine the potential impact on our results of operations and financial position.
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Revenue from Contracts with Customers
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The new revenue pronouncement creates a single source of revenue guidance for all companies in all industries and is more principles-based than current revenue guidance. The pronouncement provides a five-step model for a company to recognize revenue when it transfers control of goods or services to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The five steps are: 1. identify the contract with the customer; 2. identify the separate performance obligations in the contract; 3. determine the transaction price; 4. allocate the transaction price to the separate performance obligations; and 5. recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date. This ASU defers the effective date of ASU No. 2014-09 for all entities by one year.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net), as an amendment to ASU No. 2014-09 to improve Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, by reducing: 1. The potential for diversity in practice arising from inconsistent application of the principal versus agent guidance, and 2. The cost and complexity of applying Topic 606 both at transition and on an ongoing basis.
In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, as an amendment to ASU No. 2014-09 to improve Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, by reducing: 1. The potential for diversity in practice at initial application, and 2. The cost and complexity of applying Topic 606 both at transition and on an ongoing basis.
In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12, Narrow-scope Improvements and Practical Expedients. The amendments in this ASU do not change the core principles of Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. These amendments affect only the narrow aspects of Topic 606: 1. Collectibility Criterion, 2. Presentation of Sales Taxes and Other Similar Taxes Collected from Customers, 3. Noncash Consideration, 4. Contract Modifications at Transition, and 5. Completed Contracts at Transition.
ASU 2014-09, including transition requirements for all amendments, is effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted as of the original effective date for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. Our revenue is comprised of net interest income, which is excluded from the scope of ASU 2014-09, and noninterest income. We have completed our overall assessment of revenue streams and related contracts, including trust and asset management fees, deposit related fees, interchange fees, merchant income and annuity and insurance commissions. We have also completed our evaluation of certain costs related to these revenue streams to determine whether such costs should be presented as expenses or contra-revenue. We have evaluated the impact of this new standard and have concluded that our financial statements will not be materially impacted upon adoption; however, we will expand certain disclosures as required. We will adopt ASU No. 2014-09 on January 1, 2018 utilizing the modified retrospective approach with a cumulative effect adjustment to opening retained earnings.
Leases - Section A-Amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification, Section B-Conforming Amendments Related to Leases and Section C-Background Information and Basis for Conclusions
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which requires lessees to recognize a right-to-use asset and a lease obligation for all leases on the balance sheet. Lessor accounting remains substantially similar to current GAAP. ASU 2016-02 supersedes Topic 840, Leases. This ASU is effective for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. ASU 2016-02 mandates a modified retrospective transition method for all entities. Early adoption of this ASU is permitted. Adoption of ASU 2016-02 is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. We lease certain branch and limited purpose facilities, land and equipment under operating leases that will result in the recognition of right-to-use assets and lease obligations under the ASU. Approximately 55 percent of our facilities are owned, not leased. At December 31, 2017, we had contractual operating lease commitments of approximately $72 million including renewal options. We have developed an implementation plan for adoption of this ASU which includes specific identification of all lease contracts, evaluating our current processes and procedures, assessing internal controls, evaluating tax considerations and evaluating impact to regulatory capital requirements. We plan to adopt ASU No. 2016-02 January 1, 2019.
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NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES -- continued
Accounting for Financial Instruments - Overall: Classification and Measurement
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Accounting for Financial Instruments - Overall: Classification and Measurement (Subtopic 825-10). The amendments in this ASU address the following: 1. require equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income; 2. simplify the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily-determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment; 3. eliminate the requirement to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet; 4. require entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes; 5. require separate presentation in other comprehensive income for the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments; 6. require separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset (that is, securities or loans and receivables) on the balance sheet or in the accompanying notes to the financial statements; and 7. clarify that an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities in combination with the entity's other deferred tax assets. This ASU is effective for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted ASU No. 2016-01 January 1, 2018 and have concluded that the provisions of this ASU will not materially impact our results of operations and financial position. We have $5.1 million of equity securities at December 31, 2017 where changes in the fair value will be recognized in the income statement beginning January 1, 2018.
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NOTE 2. EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table reconciles the numerators and denominators of basic and diluted EPS:

| Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Numerator for Earnings per Common Share—Basic: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 72,968 |  |  | $ | 71,392 |  |  | $ | 67,081 |
Less: Income allocated to participating shares | 242 |  |  | 225 |  |  | 280 |
Net Income Allocated to Common Shareholders | $ | 72,726 |  |  | $ | 71,167 |  |  | $ | 66,801 |
Numerator for Earnings per Common Share—Diluted: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 72,968 |  |  | $ | 71,392 |  |  | $ | 67,081 |
Denominators: |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding—Basic | 34,729,376 |  |  | 34,677,738 |  |  | 33,812,990 |
Add: Dilutive potential common shares | 225,391 |  |  | 95,432 |  |  | 35,092 |
Denominator for Treasury Stock Method—Diluted | 34,954,767 |  |  | 34,773,170 |  |  | 33,848,082 |
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding—Basic | 34,729,376 |  |  | 34,677,738 |  |  | 33,812,990 |
Add: Average participating shares outstanding | 115,418 |  |  | 109,755 |  |  | 141,558 |
Denominator for Two-Class Method—Diluted | 34,844,794 |  |  | 34,787,493 |  |  | 33,954,548 |
Earnings per common share—basic | $ | 2.10 |  |  | $ | 2.06 |  |  | $ | 1.98 |
Earnings per common share—diluted | $ | 2.09 |  |  | $ | 2.05 |  |  | $ | 1.98 |
Warrants considered anti-dilutive excluded from dilutive potential common shares - exercise price $31.53 per share, expires January 2019 | 438,681 |  |  | 517,012 |  |  | 517,012 |
Restricted stock considered anti-dilutive excluded from dilutive potential common shares | 88,578 |  |  | 116,749 |  |  | 106,466 |

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NOTE 3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
The following tables present our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis by fair value hierarchy level at December 31, 2017 and 2016.

| December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,789 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,789 |
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 162,193 |  |  | — |  |  | 162,193 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 108,688 |  |  | — |  |  | 108,688 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 32,854 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,854 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 242,221 |  |  | — |  |  | 242,221 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 127,402 |  |  | — |  |  | 127,402 |
Marketable equity securities | — |  |  | 5,144 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,144 |
Total securities available-for-sale | — |  |  | 698,291 |  |  | — |  |  | 698,291 |
Trading securities held in a Rabbi Trust | 5,080 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,080 |
Total securities | 5,080 |  |  | 698,291 |  |  | — |  |  | 703,371 |
Derivative financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | — |  |  | 3,074 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,074 |
Interest rate lock commitments | — |  |  | 226 |  |  | — |  |  | 226 |
Total Assets | $ | 5,080 |  |  | $ | 701,591 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 706,671 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,055 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,055 |
Forward sale contracts | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Total Liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,060 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,060 |

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NOTE 3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS -- continued

| December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,811 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,811 |
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 232,179 |  |  | — |  |  | 232,179 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 129,777 |  |  | — |  |  | 129,777 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 37,358 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,358 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 125,604 |  |  | — |  |  | 125,604 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 132,509 |  |  | — |  |  | 132,509 |
Marketable equity securities | — |  |  | 11,249 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,249 |
Total securities available-for-sale | — |  |  | 693,487 |  |  | — |  |  | 693,487 |
Trading securities held in a Rabbi Trust | 4,410 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,410 |
Total securities | 4,410 |  |  | 693,487 |  |  | — |  |  | 697,897 |
Derivative financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | — |  |  | 6,960 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,960 |
Interest rate lock commitments | — |  |  | 236 |  |  | — |  |  | 236 |
Total Assets | $ | 4,410 |  |  | $ | 700,683 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 705,093 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,958 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,958 |
Forward sale contracts | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |
Total Liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,985 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,985 |

We classify financial instruments as Level 3 when valuation models are used because significant inputs are not observable in the market.
We may be required to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Nonrecurring assets are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value in our financial statements. There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at either December 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016.
The following table presents our assets that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis by the fair value hierarchy level as of the dates presented:

| December 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
ASSETS(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,802 |  |  | $ | 1,802 |
Impaired loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,759 |  |  | 6,759 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,329 |  |  | 10,329 |
Other real estate owned | — |  |  | — |  |  | 444 |  |  | 444 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 396 |  |  | 396 |
Mortgage servicing rights | — |  |  | — |  |  | 178 |  |  | 178 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 538 |  |  | 538 |
Total Assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,381 |  |  | $ | 7,381 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,065 |  |  | $ | 13,065 |

(1)This table presents only the nonrecurring items that are recorded at fair value in our financial statements.
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NOTE 3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS -- continued
The carrying values and fair values of our financial instruments at December 31, 2017 and 2016 are presented in the following tables:

|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Carrying Value(1) |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits | $ | 117,152 |  |  | $ | 117,152 |  |  | $ | 117,152 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities available-for-sale | 698,291 |  |  | 698,291 |  |  | — |  |  | 698,291 |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale | 4,485 |  |  | 4,583 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,583 |
Portfolio loans, net of unearned income | 5,761,449 |  |  | 5,690,292 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,690,292 |
Bank owned life insurance | 72,150 |  |  | 72,150 |  |  | — |  |  | 72,150 |  |  | — |
FHLB and other restricted stock | 29,270 |  |  | 29,270 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,270 |
Trading securities held in a Rabbi Trust | 5,080 |  |  | 5,080 |  |  | 5,080 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage servicing rights | 4,133 |  |  | 4,571 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,571 |
Interest rate swaps | 3,074 |  |  | 3,074 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,074 |  |  | — |
Interest rate lock commitments | 226 |  |  | 226 |  |  | — |  |  | 226 |  |  | — |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $ | 5,427,891 |  |  | $ | 5,426,928 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,426,928 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | 50,161 |  |  | 50,161 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50,161 |
Short-term borrowings | 540,000 |  |  | 540,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 540,000 |
Long-term borrowings | 47,301 |  |  | 47,618 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47,618 |
Junior subordinated debt securities | 45,619 |  |  | 45,619 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,619 |
Interest rate swaps | 3,055 |  |  | 3,055 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,055 |  |  | — |
Forward sale contracts | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |

(1)As reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets

|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands) | Carrying Value(1) |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits | $ | 139,486 |  |  | $ | 139,486 |  |  | $ | 139,486 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities available-for-sale | 693,487 |  |  | 693,487 |  |  | — |  |  | 693,487 |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale | 3,793 |  |  | 3,815 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,815 |
Portfolio loans, net of unearned income | 5,611,419 |  |  | 5,551,266 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,551,266 |
Bank owned life insurance | 72,081 |  |  | 72,081 |  |  | — |  |  | 72,081 |  |  | — |
FHLB and other restricted stock | 31,817 |  |  | 31,817 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,817 |
Trading securities held in a Rabbi Trust | 4,410 |  |  | 4,410 |  |  | 4,410 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage servicing rights | 3,744 |  |  | 4,098 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,098 |
Interest rate swaps | 6,960 |  |  | 6,960 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,960 |  |  | — |
Interest rate lock commitments | 236 |  |  | 236 |  |  | — |  |  | 236 |  |  | — |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $ | 5,272,377 |  |  | $ | 5,276,499 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,276,499 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | 50,832 |  |  | 50,832 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50,832 |
Short-term borrowings | 660,000 |  |  | 660,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 660,000 |
Long-term borrowings | 14,713 |  |  | 15,267 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,267 |
Junior subordinated debt securities | 45,619 |  |  | 45,619 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,619 |
Interest rate swaps | 6,958 |  |  | 6,958 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,958 |  |  | — |
Forward sale contracts | 27 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |

(1)As reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
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NOTE 4. RESTRICTIONS ON CASH AND DUE FROM BANK ACCOUNTS
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or the Federal Reserve, imposes certain reserve requirements on all depository institutions. These reserves are maintained in the form of vault cash or as an interest-bearing balance with the Federal Reserve. The required reserves averaged $36.2 million for 2017, $36.8 million for 2016 and $44.1 million for 2015.
NOTE 5. DIVIDEND AND LOAN RESTRICTIONS
S&T is a legal entity separate and distinct from its banking and other subsidiaries. A substantial portion of our revenues consist of dividend payments we receive from S&T Bank. S&T Bank, in turn, is subject to state laws and regulations that limit the amount of dividends it can pay to us. In addition, both S&T and S&T Bank are subject to various general regulatory policies relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. The Federal Reserve has indicated that banking organizations should generally pay dividends only if (i) the organization’s net income available to common shareholders over the past year has been sufficient to fully fund the dividends and (ii) the prospective rate of earnings retention appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. Thus, under certain circumstances based upon our financial condition, our ability to declare and pay quarterly dividends may require consultation with the Federal Reserve and may be prohibited by applicable Federal Reserve guidelines.
Federal law prohibits us from borrowing from S&T Bank unless such loans are collateralized by specific obligations. Further, such loans are limited to 10 percent of S&T Bank’s capital stock and surplus.
NOTE 6. SECURITIES AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
The following tables present the amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale securities as of the dates presented:

| December 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 19,943 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (154 | ) |  | $ | 19,789 |  |  | $ | 24,891 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | (127 | ) |  | $ | 24,811 |
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 162,045 |  |  | 341 |  |  | (193 | ) |  | 162,193 |  |  | 230,989 |  |  | 1,573 |  |  | (383 | ) |  | 232,179 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 109,916 |  |  | 93 |  |  | (1,321 | ) |  | 108,688 |  |  | 130,046 |  |  | 465 |  |  | (734 | ) |  | 129,777 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 32,388 |  |  | 679 |  |  | (213 | ) |  | 32,854 |  |  | 36,606 |  |  | 984 |  |  | (232 | ) |  | 37,358 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies(1) | 244,018 |  |  | 247 |  |  | (2,044 | ) |  | 242,221 |  |  | 127,311 |  |  | 243 |  |  | (1,950 | ) |  | 125,604 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 123,159 |  |  | 4,285 |  |  | (42 | ) |  | 127,402 |  |  | 128,783 |  |  | 3,772 |  |  | (46 | ) |  | 132,509 |
Debt Securities | 691,469 |  |  | 5,645 |  |  | (3,967 | ) |  | 693,147 |  |  | 678,626 |  |  | 7,084 |  |  | (3,472 | ) |  | 682,238 |
Marketable equity securities | 3,815 |  |  | 1,330 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 5,144 |  |  | 7,579 |  |  | 3,670 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,249 |
Total | $ | 695,284 |  |  | $ | 6,975 |  |  | $ | (3,968 | ) |  | $ | 698,291 |  |  | $ | 686,205 |  |  | $ | 10,754 |  |  | $ | (3,472 | ) |  | $ | 693,487 |

(1)Includes a $5.9 million security purchase that was pending settlement as of December 31, 2017.
The following table shows the composition of gross and net realized gains and losses for the periods presented:

| Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Gross realized gains | $ | 3,986 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Gross realized losses | (986 | ) |  | — |  |  | (34 | )
Net Realized (Losses) Gains | $ | 3,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (34 | )

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NOTE 6. SECURITIES AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE -- continued
The following tables present the fair value and the age of gross unrealized losses by investment category as of the dates presented:

| December 31, 2017
| Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  |  |  | Total
(dollars in thousands) | Number of Securities |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Number of Securities |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Number of Securities |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |
U.S. Treasury securities | 3 |  |  | $ | 19,789 |  |  | $ | (154 | ) |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | $ | 19,789 |  |  | $ | (154 | )
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 9 |  |  | 63,635 |  |  | (144 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | 10,017 |  |  | (49 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | 73,652 |  |  | (193 | )
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 7 |  |  | 47,465 |  |  | (248 | ) |  | 7 |  |  | 45,809 |  |  | (1,073 | ) |  | 14 |  |  | 93,274 |  |  | (1,321 | )
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 1 |  |  | 2,333 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | 8,638 |  |  | (203 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | 10,971 |  |  | (213 | )
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 14 |  |  | 128,300 |  |  | (775 | ) |  | 5 |  |  | 48,746 |  |  | (1,269 | ) |  | 19 |  |  | 177,046 |  |  | (2,044 | )
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 2 |  |  | 10,330 |  |  | (42 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 10,330 |  |  | (42 | )
Debt Securities | 36 |  |  | 271,852 |  |  | (1,373 | ) |  | 15 |  |  | 113,210 |  |  | (2,594 | ) |  | 51 |  |  | 385,062 |  |  | (3,967 | )
Marketable equity securities | 1 |  |  | 70 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 70 |  |  | (1 | )
Total Temporarily Impaired Securities | 37 |  |  | $ | 271,922 |  |  | $ | (1,374 | ) |  | 15 |  |  | $ | 113,210 |  |  | $ | (2,594 | ) |  | 52 |  |  | $ | 385,132 |  |  | $ | (3,968 | )

| December 31, 2016
| Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  |  |  | Total
(dollars in thousands) | Number of Securities |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Number of Securities |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Number of Securities |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |
U.S. Treasury securities | 1 |  |  | $ | 9,811 |  |  | $ | (127 | ) |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 9,811 |  |  | $ | (127 | )
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 7 |  |  | 62,483 |  |  | (383 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 62,483 |  |  | (383 | )
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 10 |  |  | 83,031 |  |  | (734 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 83,031 |  |  | (734 | )
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 2 |  |  | 10,022 |  |  | (232 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 10,022 |  |  | (232 | )
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 10 |  |  | 96,576 |  |  | (1,950 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 96,576 |  |  | (1,950 | )
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 1 |  |  | 5,577 |  |  | (46 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5,577 |  |  | (46 | )
Debt Securities | 31 |  |  | 267,500 |  |  | (3,472 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | 267,500 |  |  | (3,472 | )
Marketable equity securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total Temporarily Impaired Securities | 31 |  |  | $ | 267,500 |  |  | $ | (3,472 | ) |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | $ | 267,500 |  |  | $ | (3,472 | )

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NOTE 6. SECURITIES AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE -- continued
We do not believe any individual unrealized loss as of December 31, 2017 represents an other than temporary impairment, or OTTI. As of December 31, 2017, the unrealized losses on 51 debt securities were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and not related to the credit quality of these securities. All debt securities are determined to be investment grade and are paying principal and interest according to the contractual terms of the security. There was one marketable equity security with an unrealized loss at December 31, 2017 and no marketable equity securities at an unrealized loss at December 31, 2016. We do not intend to sell and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell any of the securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of their amortized cost.
The following table displays net unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, on securities available-for-sale included in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), for the periods presented:

| December 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands) | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) |
Total unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale | $ | 6,975 |  |  | $ | (3,968 | ) |  | $ | 3,007 |  |  | $ | 10,754 |  |  | $ | (3,472 | ) |  | $ | 7,282 |
Income tax (expense) benefit | (2,450 | ) |  | 1,394 |  |  | (1,056 | ) |  | (3,776 | ) |  | 1,219 |  |  | (2,557 | )
Net unrealized gains (losses), net of tax included in accumulated other comprehensive income(loss) | $ | 4,525 |  |  | $ | (2,574 | ) |  | $ | 1,951 |  |  | $ | 6,978 |  |  | $ | (2,253 | ) |  | $ | 4,725 |

The amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale at December 31, 2017 by contractual maturity are included in the table below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

| December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
Due in one year or less | $ | 58,501 |  |  | $ | 58,438 |
Due after one year through five years | 141,646 |  |  | 142,859 |
Due after five years through ten years | 70,584 |  |  | 72,132 |
Due after ten years | 34,416 |  |  | 35,955 |
| 305,147 |  |  | 309,384 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 109,916 |  |  | 108,688 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 32,388 |  |  | 32,854 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 244,018 |  |  | 242,221 |
Debt Securities | 691,469 |  |  | 693,147 |
Marketable equity securities | 3,815 |  |  | 5,144 |
Total | $ | 695,284 |  |  | $ | 698,291 |

At December 31, 2017 and 2016, securities with carrying values of $249 million and $342 million were pledged for various regulatory and legal requirements.
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NOTE 7. LOANS AND LOANS HELD FOR SALE
Loans are presented net of unearned income of $5.2 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016 and net of a discount related to purchase accounting fair value adjustments of $2.8 million and $7.1 million at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. The following table indicates the composition of the acquired and originated loans as of the dates presented:

| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016
Commercial |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,685,994 |  |  | $ | 2,498,476 |
Commercial and industrial | 1,433,266 |  |  | 1,401,035 |
Commercial construction | 384,334 |  |  | 455,884 |
Total Commercial Loans | 4,503,594 |  |  | 4,355,395 |
Consumer |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 698,774 |  |  | 701,982 |
Home equity | 487,326 |  |  | 482,284 |
Installment and other consumer | 67,204 |  |  | 65,852 |
Consumer construction | 4,551 |  |  | 5,906 |
Total Consumer Loans | 1,257,855 |  |  | 1,256,024 |
Total Portfolio Loans | 5,761,449 |  |  | 5,611,419 |
Loans held for sale | 4,485 |  |  | 3,793 |
Total Loans | $ | 5,765,934 |  |  | $ | 5,615,212 |

As of December 31, 2017, our acquired loans from the Merger were $387 million including $209 million of CRE, $92.1 million of C&I, $11.1 million of commercial construction, $57.5 million of residential mortgage and $17.3 million of home equity, installment and other consumer construction. These acquired loans decreased from acquired loans at December 31, 2016 of $543 million, including $273 million of CRE, $141 million of C&I, $33.0 million of commercial construction, $74.0 million of residential mortgage, $22.0 million of home equity, installment and other consumer construction.
We attempt to limit our exposure to credit risk by diversifying our loan portfolio by segment, geography, collateral and industry and actively managing concentrations. When concentrations exist in certain segments, we mitigate this risk by reviewing the relevant economic indicators and internal risk rating trends and through stress testing of the loans in these segments. Total commercial loans represented 78 percent of total portfolio loans at both December 31, 2017 and 2016. Within our commercial portfolio, the CRE and Commercial Construction portfolios combined comprised $3.1 billion or 68 percent of total commercial loans and 53 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2017 and comprised of $3.0 billion or 68 percent of total commercial loans and 53 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2016. Further segmentation of the CRE and Commercial Construction portfolios by collateral type reveals no concentration in excess of 14 percent of both total CRE and Commercial Construction loans at either December 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016.
Our market area includes Pennsylvania and the contiguous states of Ohio, West Virginia, New York and Maryland. The majority of our commercial and consumer loans are made to businesses and individuals in this market area, resulting in a geographic concentration. We believe our knowledge and familiarity with customers and conditions locally outweighs this geographic concentration risk. The conditions of the local and regional economies are monitored closely through publicly available data and information supplied by our customers. Our CRE and Commercial Construction portfolios have out-of-market exposure of 5.2 percent of their combined portfolios and 2.8 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2017 and 5.2 percent of their combined portfolios and 2.7 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2016.
The following table summarizes our restructured loans as of the dates presented:

| December 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands) | Performing TDRs |  |  | Nonperforming TDRs |  |  | Total TDRs |  |  | Performing TDRs |  |  | Nonperforming TDRs |  |  | Total TDRs |
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,579 |  |  | $ | 967 |  |  | $ | 3,546 |  |  | $ | 2,994 |  |  | $ | 646 |  |  | $ | 3,640 |
Commercial and industrial | 3,946 |  |  | 3,197 |  |  | 7,143 |  |  | 1,387 |  |  | 4,493 |  |  | 5,880 |
Commercial construction | 2,420 |  |  | 2,413 |  |  | 4,833 |  |  | 2,966 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 3,396 |
Residential mortgage | 2,039 |  |  | 3,585 |  |  | 5,624 |  |  | 2,375 |  |  | 5,068 |  |  | 7,443 |
Home equity | 3,885 |  |  | 979 |  |  | 4,864 |  |  | 3,683 |  |  | 954 |  |  | 4,637 |
Installment and other consumer | 32 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 25 |
Total | $ | 14,901 |  |  | $ | 11,150 |  |  | $ | 26,051 |  |  | $ | 13,423 |  |  | $ | 11,598 |  |  | $ | 25,021 |

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NOTE 7. LOANS AND LOANS HELD FOR SALE -- continued
The following tables present the restructured loans by type of concession for the years ended December 31:

| 2017 |  | 2016
(dollars in thousands) | Number of Loans |  |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment(1) |  |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment(1) |  |  | Total Difference in Recorded Investment |  |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment(1) |  |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment(1) |  |  | Total Difference in Recorded Investment |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2) | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 709 |  |  | $ | 646 |  |  | $ | (63 | )
Interest Rate Reduction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 242 |  |  | (8 | )
Maturity date extension | 1 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 398 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturity date extension | 1 |  |  | 274 |  |  | 777 |  |  | 503 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4,756 |  |  | 3,334 |  |  | (1,422 | )
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction | 2 |  |  | 1,800 |  |  | 1,805 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Principal deferral | 2 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 113 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 985 |  |  | 986 |  |  | 1 |
Commercial construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturity date extension | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1,251 |  |  | 1,151 |  |  | (100 | )
Principal forgiveness | 2 |  |  | 1,996 |  |  | 1,996 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2) | 1 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 31 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 7 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 413 |  |  | (26 | )
Maturity date extension | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 483 |  |  | 414 |  |  | (69 | )
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 280 |  |  | 279 |  |  | (1 | )
Principal deferral | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3,273 |  |  | 3,133 |  |  | (140 | )
Home equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2) | 21 |  |  | 689 |  |  | 643 |  |  | (46 | ) |  | 19 |  |  | 676 |  |  | 643 |  |  | (33 | )
Maturity date extension | 1 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 231 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 305 |  |  | 298 |  |  | (7 | )
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction | 1 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 113 |  |  | (60 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | 604 |  |  | 598 |  |  | (6 | )
Principal deferral | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 45 |  |  | (2 | )
Installment and other consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2) | 4 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 35 |  |  | (13 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (6 | )
Total by Concession Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2) | 26 |  |  | $ | 770 |  |  | $ | 709 |  |  | $ | (61 | ) |  | 29 |  |  | $ | 1,840 |  |  | $ | 1,712 |  |  | $ | (128 | )
Interest rate reduction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 242 |  |  | (8 | )
Maturity date extension | 3 |  |  | 905 |  |  | 1,406 |  |  | 501 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 6,795 |  |  | 5,197 |  |  | (1,598 | )
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction | 3 |  |  | 1,973 |  |  | 1,918 |  |  | (55 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | 884 |  |  | 877 |  |  | (7 | )
Principal deferral | 2 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 113 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 4,305 |  |  | 4,164 |  |  | (141 | )
Principal forgiveness | 2 |  |  | 1,996 |  |  | 1,996 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | 36 |  |  | $ | 5,757 |  |  | $ | 6,142 |  |  | $ | 385 |  |  | 53 |  |  | $ | 14,074 |  |  | $ | 12,192 |  |  | $ | (1,882 | )

(1)Excludes loans that were fully paid off or fully charged-off by period end. The pre-modification balance represents the balance outstanding prior to modification. The post-modification balance represents the outstanding balance at period end.
(2)Chapter 7 bankruptcy loans where the debt has been legally discharged through the bankruptcy court and not reaffirmed.
During 2017, we modified 15 loans that were not considered to be TDRs, including 10 C&I loans for $10.8 million, and five CRE loans for $7.5 million. These modifications primarily represented insignificant delays in the timing of payments, concessions where we were adequately compensated through principal pay downs, fees or additional collateral or circumstances where we concluded that no concession was granted. As of December 31, 2017, we have two commitments totaling $0.2 million to lend additional funds on a TDR.
We returned one TDR totaling $2.0 million to accruing status during 2017. We returned five TDRs to accruing status during 2016 totaling $0.9 million.
Defaulted TDRs are defined as loans having a payment default of 90 days or more after the restructuring takes place. There were no TDRs that defaulted during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 that were restructured within the last 12 months prior to defaulting.
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NOTE 7. LOANS AND LOANS HELD FOR SALE -- continued
The following table is a summary of nonperforming assets as of the dates presented:

| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016
Nonperforming Assets |  |  |
Nonaccrual loans | $ | 12,788 |  |  | $ | 31,037 |
Nonaccrual TDRs | 11,150 |  |  | 11,598 |
Total nonaccrual loans | 23,938 |  |  | 42,635 |
OREO | 469 |  |  | 679 |
Total Nonperforming Assets | $ | 24,407 |  |  | $ | 43,314 |

NPAs decreased $18.9 million to $24.4 million during 2017 compared to $43.3 million for the year ended 2016. The decrease primarily related to two large commercial nonperforming, impaired loans that paid off during the year that totaled $10.5 million.
The following table presents a summary of the aggregate amount of loans to certain officers, directors of S&T or any affiliates of such persons as of December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 25,167 |  |  | $ | 24,517 |
New loans | 25,203 |  |  | 22,740 |
Repayments or no longer considered a related party | (40,300 | ) |  | (22,090 | )
| $ | 10,070 |  |  | $ | 25,167 |

NOTE 8. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES
We maintain an ALL at a level determined to be adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. We develop and document a systematic ALL methodology based on the following portfolio segments: 1) CRE, 2) C&I, 3) Commercial Construction, 4) Consumer Real Estate and 5) Other Consumer.
The following are key risks within each portfolio segment:
CRE—Loans secured by commercial purpose real estate, including both owner-occupied properties and investment properties for various purposes such as hotels, strip malls and apartments. Operations of the individual projects and global cash flows of the debtors are the primary sources of repayment for these loans. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the collateral type and the business prospects of the lessee, if the project is not owner-occupied.
C&I—Loans made to operating companies or manufacturers for the purpose of production, operating capacity, accounts receivable, inventory or equipment financing. Cash flow from the operations of the company is the primary source of repayment for these loans. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the industry of the company. Collateral for these types of loans often do not have sufficient value in a distressed or liquidation scenario to satisfy the outstanding debt.
Commercial Construction—Loans made to finance construction of buildings or other structures, as well as to finance the acquisition and development of raw land for various purposes. While the risk of these loans is generally confined to the construction period, if there are problems, the project may not be completed, and as such, may not provide sufficient cash flow on its own to service the debt or have sufficient value in a liquidation to cover the outstanding principal. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the type of project and the experience and resources of the developer.
Consumer Real Estate—Loans secured by first and second liens such as home equity loans, home equity lines of credit and 1-4 family residential mortgages, including purchase money mortgages. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk for this segment. The state of the local housing market can also have a significant impact on this segment because low demand and/or declining home values can limit the ability of borrowers to sell a property and satisfy the debt.
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NOTE 8. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES -- continued
Other Consumer—Loans made to individuals that may be secured by assets other than 1-4 family residences, as well as unsecured loans. This segment includes auto loans, unsecured loans and lines and credit cards. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk for this segment. The value of the collateral, if there is any, is less likely to be a source of repayment due to less certain collateral values.
We further assess risk within each portfolio segment by pooling loans with similar risk characteristics. For the commercial loan classes, the most important indicator of risk is the internally assigned risk rating, including pass, special mention and substandard. Consumer loans are pooled by type of collateral, lien position and loan to value, or LTV, ratio for Consumer Real Estate loans. Historical loss rates are applied to these loan pools to determine the reserve for loans collectively evaluated for impairment.
The ALL methodology for groups of loans collectively evaluated for impairment is comprised of both a quantitative and qualitative analysis. A key assumption in the quantitative component of the reserve is the loss emergence period, or LEP. The LEP is an estimate of the average amount of time from the point at which a loss is incurred on a loan to the point at which the loss is confirmed. Another key assumption is the look-back period, or LBP, which represents the historical data period utilized to calculate loss rates.
Management monitors various credit quality indicators for both the commercial and consumer loan portfolios, including delinquency, nonperforming status and changes in risk ratings on a monthly basis.
The following tables present the age analysis of past due loans segregated by class of loans as of the dates presented:

| December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Current |  |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | Non- performing |  |  | Total Past Due Loans |  |  | Total Loans |
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,681,395 |  |  | $ | 997 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 3,468 |  |  | $ | 4,599 |  |  | $ | 2,685,994 |
Commercial and industrial | 1,426,754 |  |  | 420 |  |  | 446 |  |  | 5,646 |  |  | 6,512 |  |  | 1,433,266 |
Commercial construction | 377,968 |  |  | 2,473 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 3,873 |  |  | 6,366 |  |  | 384,334 |
Residential mortgage | 687,195 |  |  | 2,975 |  |  | 1,439 |  |  | 7,165 |  |  | 11,579 |  |  | 698,774 |
Home equity | 480,956 |  |  | 2,065 |  |  | 590 |  |  | 3,715 |  |  | 6,370 |  |  | 487,326 |
Installment and other consumer | 66,770 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 170 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 434 |  |  | 67,204 |
Consumer construction | 4,551 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,551 |
Loans held for sale | 4,485 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,485 |
Total | $ | 5,730,074 |  |  | $ | 9,123 |  |  | $ | 2,799 |  |  | $ | 23,938 |  |  | $ | 35,860 |  |  | $ | 5,765,934 |

| December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands) | Current |  |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | Non- performing |  |  | Total Past Due Loans |  |  | Total Loans |
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,479,513 |  |  | $ | 2,032 |  |  | $ | 759 |  |  | $ | 16,172 |  |  | $ | 18,963 |  |  | $ | 2,498,476 |
Commercial and industrial | 1,391,475 |  |  | 1,061 |  |  | 428 |  |  | 8,071 |  |  | 9,560 |  |  | 1,401,035 |
Commercial construction | 450,410 |  |  | 547 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,927 |  |  | 5,474 |  |  | 455,884 |
Residential mortgage | 689,635 |  |  | 1,312 |  |  | 1,117 |  |  | 9,918 |  |  | 12,347 |  |  | 701,982 |
Home equity | 476,866 |  |  | 1,470 |  |  | 509 |  |  | 3,439 |  |  | 5,418 |  |  | 482,284 |
Installment and other consumer | 65,525 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 327 |  |  | 65,852 |
Consumer construction | 5,906 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,906 |
Loans held for sale | 3,793 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,793 |
Total | $ | 5,563,123 |  |  | $ | 6,598 |  |  | $ | 2,856 |  |  | $ | 42,635 |  |  | $ | 52,089 |  |  | $ | 5,615,212 |

We continually monitor the commercial loan portfolio through an internal risk rating system. Loan risk ratings are assigned based upon the creditworthiness of the borrower and are reviewed on an ongoing basis according to our internal policies. Loans within the pass rating generally have a lower risk of loss than loans risk rated as special mention and substandard.
Our risk ratings are consistent with regulatory guidance and are as follows:
Pass—The loan is currently performing and is of high quality.
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NOTE 8. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES -- continued
Special Mention—A special mention loan has potential weaknesses that warrant management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or in the strength of our credit position at some future date. Economic and market conditions, beyond the borrower’s control, may in the future necessitate this classification.
Substandard—A substandard loan is not adequately protected by the net worth and/or paying capacity of the borrower or by the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that we will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
The following tables present the recorded investment in commercial loan classes by internally assigned risk ratings as of the dates presented:

| December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Commercial and Industrial |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Commercial Construction |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Total |  |  | % of Total |
Pass | $ | 2,588,847 |  |  | 96.4 | % |  | $ | 1,345,810 |  |  | 93.9 | % |  | $ | 368,105 |  |  | 95.8 | % |  | $ | 4,302,762 |  |  | 95.5 | %
Special mention | 66,436 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | 54,320 |  |  | 3.8 | % |  | 9,345 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | 130,101 |  |  | 2.9 | %
Substandard | 30,711 |  |  | 1.1 | % |  | 33,136 |  |  | 2.3 | % |  | 6,884 |  |  | 1.8 | % |  | 70,731 |  |  | 1.6 | %
Total | $ | 2,685,994 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,433,266 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 384,334 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 4,503,594 |  |  | 100.0 | %

| December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Commercial and Industrial |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Commercial Construction |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Total |  |  | % of Total |
Pass | $ | 2,423,742 |  |  | 97.0 | % |  | $ | 1,315,507 |  |  | 93.9 | % |  | $ | 430,472 |  |  | 94.4 | % |  | $ | 4,169,721 |  |  | 95.7 | %
Special mention | 33,098 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | 40,409 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 14,691 |  |  | 3.2 | % |  | 88,198 |  |  | 2.0 | %
Substandard | 41,636 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 45,119 |  |  | 3.2 | % |  | 10,721 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | 97,476 |  |  | 2.3 | %
Total | $ | 2,498,476 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,401,035 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 455,884 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 4,355,395 |  |  | 100.0 | %

We monitor the delinquent status of the consumer portfolio on a monthly basis. Loans are considered nonperforming when interest and principal are 90 days or more past due or management has determined that a material deterioration in the borrower’s financial condition exists. The risk of loss is generally highest for nonperforming loans.
The following tables present the recorded investment in consumer loan classes by performing and nonperforming status as of the dates presented:

| December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Residential Mortgage |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Home Equity |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Installment and other consumer |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Consumer Construction |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Total |  |  | % of Total |
Performing | $ | 691,609 |  |  | 99.0 | % |  | $ | 483,611 |  |  | 99.2 | % |  | $ | 67,133 |  |  | 99.9 | % |  | $ | 4,551 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,246,904 |  |  | 99.1 | %
Nonperforming | 7,165 |  |  | 1.0 | % |  | 3,715 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | 71 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 10,951 |  |  | 0.9 | %
Total | $ | 698,774 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 487,326 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 67,204 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 4,551 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,257,855 |  |  | 100.0 | %

| December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands) | Residential Mortgage |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Home Equity |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Installment and other consumer |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Consumer Construction |  |  | % of Total |  |  | Total |  |  | % of Total |
Performing | $ | 692,064 |  |  | 98.6 | % |  | $ | 478,845 |  |  | 99.3 | % |  | $ | 65,744 |  |  | 99.8 | % |  | $ | 5,906 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,242,559 |  |  | 98.9 | %
Nonperforming | 9,918 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 3,439 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | 108 |  |  | 0.2 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 13,465 |  |  | 1.1 | %
Total | $ | 701,982 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 482,284 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 65,852 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 5,906 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,256,024 |  |  | 100.0 | %

We individually evaluate all substandard and nonaccrual commercial loans greater than $0.5 million for impairment. Loans are considered to be impaired when based upon current information and events it is probable that we will be unable to collect all principal and interest payments due according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement. All TDRs will be reported as an impaired loan for the remaining life of the loan, unless the restructuring agreement specifies an interest rate equal to or greater than the rate that would be accepted at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk and it is expected that the remaining principal and interest will be fully collected according to the restructured agreement. For all TDRs, regardless of size, and all other impaired loans, we conduct further analysis to determine the probable loss and assign a specific reserve to the loan if deemed appropriate.
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NOTE 8. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES -- continued
The following tables summarize investments in loans considered to be impaired and related information on those impaired loans as of the dates presented:

| December 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands) | Recorded Investment |  |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  |  | Related Allowance |  |  | Recorded Investment |  |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  |  | Related Allowance |
With a related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial and industrial | 1,735 |  |  | 1,787 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 964 |  |  | 2,433 |  |  | 771 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer real estate | 21 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 26 |
Other consumer | 27 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total with a Related Allowance Recorded | 1,783 |  |  | 1,835 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 991 |  |  | 2,460 |  |  | 798 |
Without a related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 3,546 |  |  | 3,811 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,352 |  |  | 17,654 |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | 5,549 |  |  | 7,980 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,902 |  |  | 7,699 |  |  | — |
Commercial construction | 5,464 |  |  | 8,132 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,613 |  |  | 10,306 |  |  | — |
Consumer real estate | 10,467 |  |  | 11,357 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,053 |  |  | 12,849 |  |  | — |
Other consumer | 14 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |
Total without a Related Allowance Recorded | 25,040 |  |  | 31,302 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,944 |  |  | 48,539 |  |  | — |
Total: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 3,546 |  |  | 3,811 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,352 |  |  | 17,654 |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | 7,284 |  |  | 9,767 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 6,866 |  |  | 10,132 |  |  | 771 |
Commercial construction | 5,464 |  |  | 8,132 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,613 |  |  | 10,306 |  |  | — |
Consumer real estate | 10,488 |  |  | 11,378 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 12,079 |  |  | 12,875 |  |  | 26 |
Other consumer | 41 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 1 |
Total | $ | 26,823 |  |  | $ | 33,137 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 41,935 |  |  | $ | 50,999 |  |  | $ | 798 |

As of December 31, 2017, we had $26.8 million of impaired loans which included $5.1 million of acquired loans that experienced credit deterioration since the acquisition date.
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NOTE 8. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES -- continued
The following table summarizes investments in loans considered to be impaired and related information on those impaired loans for the years presented:

| For the Year Ended
| December 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands) | Average Recorded Investment |  |  | Interest Income Recognized |  |  | Average Recorded Investment |  |  | Interest Income Recognized |
With a related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial and industrial | 968 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 2,438 |  |  | — |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer real estate | 23 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 2 |
Other consumer | 34 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Total with a Related Allowance Recorded | 1,025 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 2,468 |  |  | 2 |
Without a related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 6,636 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 17,496 |  |  | 144 |
Commercial and industrial | 9,897 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 6,141 |  |  | 160 |
Commercial construction | 6,828 |  |  | 253 |  |  | 7,723 |  |  | 162 |
Consumer real estate | 11,037 |  |  | 487 |  |  | 11,939 |  |  | 523 |
Other consumer | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | 1 |
Total without a Related Allowance Recorded | 34,421 |  |  | 1,174 |  |  | 43,334 |  |  | 990 |
Total: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 6,636 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 17,496 |  |  | 144 |
Commercial and industrial | 10,865 |  |  | 309 |  |  | 8,579 |  |  | 160 |
Commercial construction | 6,828 |  |  | 253 |  |  | 7,723 |  |  | 162 |
Consumer real estate | 11,060 |  |  | 489 |  |  | 11,967 |  |  | 525 |
Other consumer | 57 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 1 |
Total | $ | 35,446 |  |  | $ | 1,230 |  |  | $ | 45,802 |  |  | $ | 992 |

The following tables detail activity in the ALL for the periods presented:

| 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | Commercial and Industrial |  |  | Commercial Construction |  |  | Consumer Real Estate |  |  | Other Consumer |  |  | Total Loans |
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 19,976 |  |  | $ | 10,810 |  |  | $ | 13,999 |  |  | $ | 6,095 |  |  | $ | 1,895 |  |  | $ | 52,775 |
Charge-offs | (2,304 | ) |  | (4,709 | ) |  | (2,571 | ) |  | (2,274 | ) |  | (1,638 | ) |  | (13,496 | )
Recoveries | 810 |  |  | 654 |  |  | 851 |  |  | 342 |  |  | 571 |  |  | 3,228 |
Net (Charge-offs) Recoveries | (1,494 | ) |  | (4,055 | ) |  | (1,720 | ) |  | (1,932 | ) |  | (1,067 | ) |  | (10,268 | )
Provision for loan losses | 8,753 |  |  | 2,211 |  |  | 888 |  |  | 1,316 |  |  | 715 |  |  | 13,883 |
Balance at End of Year | $ | 27,235 |  |  | $ | 8,966 |  |  | $ | 13,167 |  |  | $ | 5,479 |  |  | $ | 1,543 |  |  | $ | 56,390 |

| 2016
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | Commercial and Industrial |  |  | Commercial Construction |  |  | Consumer Real Estate |  |  | Other Consumer |  |  | Total Loans |
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 15,043 |  |  | $ | 10,853 |  |  | $ | 12,625 |  |  | $ | 8,400 |  |  | $ | 1,226 |  |  | $ | 48,147 |
Charge-offs | (3,114 | ) |  | (6,810 | ) |  | (1,877 | ) |  | (1,657 | ) |  | (2,103 | ) |  | (15,561 | )
Recoveries | 692 |  |  | 722 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 433 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 2,224 |
Net Recoveries (Charge-offs) | (2,422 | ) |  | (6,088 | ) |  | (1,856 | ) |  | (1,224 | ) |  | (1,747 | ) |  | (13,337 | )
Provision for loan losses | 7,355 |  |  | 6,045 |  |  | 3,230 |  |  | (1,081 | ) |  | 2,416 |  |  | 17,965 |
Balance at End of Year | $ | 19,976 |  |  | $ | 10,810 |  |  | $ | 13,999 |  |  | $ | 6,095 |  |  | $ | 1,895 |  |  | $ | 52,775 |

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NOTE 8. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES -- continued
Loans acquired in the Merger were recorded at fair value with no carryover of the related allowance for loan losses from Integrity. As of December 31, 2017, acquired loans from the Merger of $387 million were outstanding, which decreased from $543 million at December 31, 2016. Additional credit deterioration on acquired loans during 2017 in excess of the original credit discount embedded in the fair value determination on the date of acquisition was recognized in the ALL through the provision for loan losses.
The following tables present the ALL and recorded investments in loans by category as of December 31:

| 2017
| Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Portfolio Loans
(dollars in thousands) | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |  |  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,235 |  |  | $ | 27,235 |  |  | $ | 3,546 |  |  | $ | 2,682,448 |  |  | $ | 2,685,994 |
Commercial and industrial | 29 |  |  | 8,937 |  |  | 8,966 |  |  | 7,284 |  |  | 1,425,982 |  |  | 1,433,266 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | 13,167 |  |  | 13,167 |  |  | 5,464 |  |  | 378,870 |  |  | 384,334 |
Consumer real estate | 21 |  |  | 5,458 |  |  | 5,479 |  |  | 10,488 |  |  | 1,180,163 |  |  | 1,190,651 |
Other consumer | 27 |  |  | 1,516 |  |  | 1,543 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 67,163 |  |  | 67,204 |
Total | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 56,313 |  |  | $ | 56,390 |  |  | $ | 26,823 |  |  | $ | 5,734,626 |  |  | $ | 5,761,449 |

| 2016
| Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Portfolio Loans
(dollars in thousands) | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |  |  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,976 |  |  | $ | 19,976 |  |  | $ | 16,352 |  |  | $ | 2,482,124 |  |  | $ | 2,498,476 |
Commercial and industrial | 771 |  |  | 10,039 |  |  | 10,810 |  |  | 6,866 |  |  | 1,394,169 |  |  | 1,401,035 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | 13,999 |  |  | 13,999 |  |  | 6,613 |  |  | 449,271 |  |  | 455,884 |
Consumer real estate | 26 |  |  | 6,069 |  |  | 6,095 |  |  | 12,079 |  |  | 1,178,093 |  |  | 1,190,172 |
Other consumer | 1 |  |  | 1,894 |  |  | 1,895 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 65,827 |  |  | 65,852 |
Total | $ | 798 |  |  | $ | 51,977 |  |  | $ | 52,775 |  |  | $ | 41,935 |  |  | $ | 5,569,484 |  |  | $ | 5,611,419 |

NOTE 9. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT
The following table is a summary of premises and equipment as of the dates presented:

| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016
Land | $ | 6,266 |  |  | $ | 6,397 |
Premises | 51,799 |  |  | 52,696 |
Furniture and equipment | 34,836 |  |  | 32,328 |
Leasehold improvements | 6,643 |  |  | 7,293 |
| 99,544 |  |  | 98,714 |
Accumulated depreciation | (56,842 | ) |  | (53,715 | )
Total | $ | 42,702 |  |  | $ | 44,999 |

Depreciation expense related to premises and equipment was $5.1 million in 2017, $5.0 million in 2016 and $4.7 million in 2015.
Certain banking facilities are leased under arrangements expiring at various dates through the year 2054. We account for these leases on a straight-line basis due to escalation clauses. All leases are accounted for as operating leases, except for one capital lease. Rental expense for premises amounted to $4.0 million, $4.1 million and $3.9 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015. Included in the rental expense for premises are leases entered into with two S&T directors, which totaled $0.2 million in 2017, and $0.3 million in 2016 and 2015.
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NOTE 9. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT -- continued
Minimum annual rental and renewal option payments for each of the following five years and thereafter are approximately:

(dollars in thousands) | Operating |  |  | Capital |  |  | Total |
2018 | $ | 3,257 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 3,333 |
2019 | 3,277 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 3,354 |
2020 | 3,312 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 3,389 |
2021 | 3,351 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 3,427 |
2022 | 3,425 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 3,502 |
Thereafter | 55,000 |  |  | 457 |  |  | 55,457 |
Total | $ | 71,622 |  |  | $ | 840 |  |  | $ | 72,462 |

NOTE 10. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following table presents goodwill as of the dates presented:

| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 291,670 |  |  | $ | 291,764 |
Additions | — |  |  | — |
Other adjustments | — |  |  | $ | (94 | )
Balance at End of Year | $ | 291,670 |  |  | $ | 291,670 |

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired. Purchase accounting guidance allows for a reasonable period of time following an acquisition for the acquirer to obtain the information necessary to complete the accounting for a business combination. This period is known as the measurement period. Additional measurement period purchase accounting adjustments, primarily related to taxes from the Merger, decreased goodwill by less than $0.1 million in 2016.
Goodwill is reviewed for impairment annually or more frequently if it is determined that a triggering event has occurred. Based upon our qualitative assessment performed for our annual impairment analysis, we concluded that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units exceeds the carrying value. In general, the overall macroeconomic conditions and more specifically the economic conditions of the banking industry have been very good. Additionally, our overall performance has been good and we did not identify any other facts and circumstances causing us to conclude that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units would be less than the carrying value.
The following table shows a summary of intangible assets as of the dates presented:

| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016
Gross carrying amount at beginning of year | $ | 22,114 |  |  | $ | 22,114 |
Additions | — |  |  | — |
Accumulated amortization | (18,437 | ) |  | (17,204 | )
Balance at End of Year | $ | 3,677 |  |  | $ | 4,910 |

Intangible assets as of December 31, 2017 consisted of $3.4 million for core deposits and $0.3 million for insurance contract relationships resulting from acquisitions. We determined the amount of identifiable intangible assets based upon independent core deposit, wealth management and insurance contract valuations. Other intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. There were no triggering events in 2017 requiring an impairment analysis to be completed.
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NOTE 10. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS -- continued
Amortization expense on finite-lived intangible assets totaled $1.2 million, $1.6 million and $1.8 million for 2017, 2016 and 2015. The following is a summary of the expected amortization expense for finite-lived intangible assets, assuming no new additions, for each of the five years following December 31, 2017 and thereafter:

(dollars in thousands) | Amount |
2018 | $ | 1,013 |
2019 | 655 |
2020 | 554 |
2021 | 477 |
2022 | 359 |
Thereafter | 619 |
Total | $ | 3,677 |

NOTE 11. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
The following table indicates the amounts representing the value of derivative assets and derivative liabilities at December 31:

| Derivatives (included in Other Assets) |  | Derivatives (included in Other Liabilities)
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swap Contracts—Commercial Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value | $ | 3,074 |  |  | $ | 6,960 |  |  | $ | 3,055 |  |  | $ | 6,958 |
Notional amount | 263,841 |  |  | 282,930 |  |  | 263,841 |  |  | 282,930 |
Collateral posted | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,448 |  |  | 14,340 |
Interest Rate Lock Commitments—Mortgage Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value | 226 |  |  | 236 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Notional amount | 6,860 |  |  | 8,490 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Forward Sale Contracts—Mortgage Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 27 |
Notional amount | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,580 |  |  | 8,216 |

Presenting offsetting derivatives that are subject to legally enforceable netting arrangements with the same party is permitted. For example, we may have a derivative asset and a derivative liability with the same counterparty to a swap transaction and are permitted to offset the asset position and the liability position resulting in a net presentation.
The following table indicates the gross amounts of commercial loan swap derivative assets and derivative liabilities, the amounts offset and the carrying values in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31:

| Derivatives (included in Other Assets) |  | Derivatives (included in Other Liabilities)
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross amounts recognized | $ | 4,974 |  |  | $ | 8,590 |  |  | $ | 4,955 |  |  | $ | 8,588 |
Gross amounts offset | (1,900 | ) |  | (1,630 | ) |  | (1,900 | ) |  | (1,630 | )
Net amounts presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets | 3,074 |  |  | 6,960 |  |  | 3,055 |  |  | 6,958 |
Gross amounts not offset(1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,448 | ) |  | (14,340 | )
Net Amount | $ | 3,074 |  |  | $ | 6,960 |  |  | $ | 1,607 |  |  | $ | (7,382 | )

(1)Amounts represent posted collateral.
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NOTE 11. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES - continued
The following table indicates the gain or loss recognized in income on derivatives for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts—commercial loans | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | (16 | ) |  | $ | (8 | )
Interest rate lock commitments—mortgage loans | (11 | ) |  | (25 | ) |  | 26 |
Forward sale contracts—mortgage loans | 52 |  |  | (22 | ) |  | 52 |
Total Derivative (Loss) Gain | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | (63 | ) |  | $ | 70 |

NOTE 12. MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the 1-4 family mortgage loans that were sold to Fannie Mae amounted to $78.8 million, $93.9 million and $76.8 million. At December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 our servicing portfolio totaled $441 million, $407 million and $361 million.
The following table indicates MSRs and the net carrying values:

(dollars in thousands) | Servicing Rights |  |  | Valuation Allowance |  |  | Net Carrying Value |
Balance at December 31, 2015 | $ | 3,426 |  |  | $ | (189 | ) |  | $ | 3,237 |
Additions | 1,047 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,047 |
Amortization | (615 | ) |  | — |  |  | (615 | )
Temporary recapture (impairment) | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | 75 |
Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | 3,858 |  |  | $ | (114 | ) |  | $ | 3,744 |
Additions | 918 |  |  | — |  |  | 918 |
Amortization | (584 | ) |  | — |  |  | (584 | )
Temporary recapture (impairment) | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | 55 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 4,192 |  |  | $ | (59 | ) |  | $ | 4,133 |

NOTE 13. QUALIFIED AFFORDABLE HOUSING
We invest in affordable housing projects primarily to satisfy our Community Reinvestment Act requirements. As a limited partner in these operating partnerships, we receive tax credits and tax deductions for losses incurred by the underlying properties. We use the cost method to account for these partnerships. Our total investment in qualified affordable housing projects was $9.0 million at December 31, 2017 and $11.7 million at December 31, 2016. We have one open commitment for $0.8 million to fund a new qualified affordable housing project at December 31, 2017. There were no open commitments to fund current or future investments in qualified affordable housing projects at December 31, 2016. Amortization expense, included in other noninterest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income, was $3.0 million, $3.3 million and $3.6 million for December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. The amortization expense was offset by tax credits of $3.4 million, $3.7 million and $4.0 million for December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, as a reduction to our federal tax provision. We evaluated our investments in affordable housing projects for impairment at December 31, 2017 due to the enactment of the Tax Act in 2017; the results indicated that the tax benefits associated with each investment exceeded the carrying values.
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NOTE 14. DEPOSITS
The following table presents the composition of deposits at December 31 and interest expense for the years ended December 31:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(dollars in thousands) | Balance |  |  | Interest Expense |  |  | Balance |  |  | Interest Expense |  |  | Balance |  |  | Interest Expense |
Noninterest-bearing demand | $ | 1,387,712 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,263,833 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,227,766 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest-bearing demand | 603,141 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 638,300 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 616,188 |  |  | 818 |
Money market | 1,146,156 |  |  | 9,204 |  |  | 936,461 |  |  | 4,199 |  |  | 605,184 |  |  | 1,299 |
Savings | 893,119 |  |  | 2,081 |  |  | 1,050,131 |  |  | 2,002 |  |  | 1,061,265 |  |  | 1,712 |
Certificates of deposit | 1,397,763 |  |  | 13,978 |  |  | 1,383,652 |  |  | 13,380 |  |  | 1,366,208 |  |  | 9,115 |
Total | $ | 5,427,891 |  |  | $ | 25,330 |  |  | $ | 5,272,377 |  |  | $ | 19,692 |  |  | $ | 4,876,611 |  |  | $ | 12,944 |

The aggregate of all certificates of deposits over $100,000, including brokered CDs, was $585 million and $672 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016. Certificates of deposits over $250,000, including brokered CDs, were $228 million and $303 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016.
The following table indicates the scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit at December 31, 2017:

(dollars in thousands) | Amount |
2018 | $ | 1,015,515 |
2019 | 233,932 |
2020 | 43,461 |
2021 | 65,563 |
2022 | 33,172 |
Thereafter | 6,120 |
Total | $ | 1,397,763 |

NOTE 15. SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS
Short-term borrowings are for terms under one year and were comprised of REPOs and FHLB advances. REPOs are overnight short-term investments and are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC. Securities pledged as collateral under these REPO financing arrangements cannot be sold or repledged by the secured party and are therefore accounted for as a secured borrowing. Securities with amortized cost of $57.5 million and carrying value of $56.8 million at December 31, 2017 and amortized cost of $53.2 million and carrying value of $52.9 million at December 31, 2016 were pledged as collateral for these secured transactions. The pledged securities are held in safekeeping at the Federal Reserve. Due to the overnight short-term nature of REPOs, potential risk due to a decline in the value of the pledged collateral is low. Collateral pledging requirements with REPOs are monitored daily.
The following table represents the composition of short-term borrowings, the weighted average interest rate as of December 31 and interest expense for the years ended December 31:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(dollars in thousands) | Balance |  |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |  |  | Interest Expense |  |  | Balance |  |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |  |  | Interest Expense |  |  | Balance |  |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |  |  | Interest Expense |
REPOs | $ | 50,161 |  |  | 0.39 | % |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 50,832 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 62,086 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | $ | 4 |
FHLB advances | 540,000 |  |  | 1.47 | % |  | 7,399 |  |  | 660,000 |  |  | 0.76 | % |  | 2,713 |  |  | 356,000 |  |  | 0.52 | % |  | 932 |
Total Short-term Borrowings | $ | 590,161 |  |  | 1.38 | % |  | $ | 7,453 |  |  | $ | 710,832 |  |  | 0.70 | % |  | $ | 2,718 |  |  | $ | 418,086 |  |  | 0.44 | % |  | $ | 936 |

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NOTE 16. LONG-TERM BORROWINGS AND SUBORDINATED DEBT
Long-term borrowings are for original terms greater than or equal to one year and are comprised of FHLB advances and junior subordinated debt securities. Our long-term borrowings at the Pittsburgh FHLB were $47.2 million as of December 31, 2017 and $14.7 million as of December 31, 2016. FHLB borrowings are secured by a blanket lien on residential mortgages and other real estate secured loans. Total loans pledged as collateral at the FHLB were $3.5 billion at December 31, 2017. We were eligible to borrow up to an additional $1.8 billion based on qualifying collateral, to a maximum borrowing capacity of $2.5 billion at December 31, 2017.
The following table represents the balance of long-term borrowings, the weighted average interest rate as of December 31 and interest expense for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousand) | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Long-term borrowings | $ | 47,301 |  |  | $ | 14,713 |  |  | $ | 117,043 |
Weighted average interest rate | 1.88 | % |  | 2.91 | % |  | 0.81 | %
Interest expense | $ | 463 |  |  | $ | 670 |  |  | $ | 790 |

Scheduled annual maturities and average interest rates for all of our long-term debt for each of the five years subsequent to December 31, 2017 and thereafter are as follows:

(dollars in thousands) | Balance |  |  | Average Rate |
2018 | $ | 2,496 |  |  | 3.60 | %
2019 | 37,514 |  |  | 1.60 | %
2020 | 2,004 |  |  | 3.22 | %
2021 | 1,057 |  |  | 3.44 | %
2022 | 529 |  |  | 4.50 | %
Thereafter | 3,701 |  |  | 1.96 | %
Total | $ | 47,301 |  |  | 1.88 | %

Junior Subordinated Debt Securities
The following table represents the composition of junior subordinated debt securities at December 31 and the interest expense for the years ended December 31:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
(dollars in thousands) | Balance |  |  | Interest Expense |  |  | Balance |  |  | Interest Expense |  |  | Balance |  |  | Interest Expense |
2006 Junior subordinated debt | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 708 |  |  | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 580 |  |  | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 554 |
2008 Junior subordinated debt—trust preferred securities | 20,619 |  |  | 955 |  |  | 20,619 |  |  | 854 |  |  | 20,619 |  |  | 773 |
Total | $ | 45,619 |  |  | $ | 1,663 |  |  | $ | 45,619 |  |  | $ | 1,434 |  |  | $ | 45,619 |  |  | $ | 1,327 |

The following table summarizes the key terms of our junior subordinated debt securities:

(dollars in thousands) | 2006 Junior Subordinated Debt |  | 2008 Trust Preferred Securities
Junior Subordinated Debt | $25,000 |  | —
Trust Preferred Securities | — |  | $20,619
Stated Maturity Date | 12/15/2036 |  | 3/15/2038
Optional redemption date at par | Any time after 9/15/2011 |  | Any time after 3/15/2013
Regulatory Capital | Tier 2 |  | Tier 1
Interest Rate | 3 month LIBOR plus 160 bps |  | 3 month LIBOR plus 350 bps
Interest Rate at December 31, 2017 | 2.92% |  | 4.82%

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NOTE 16. LONG-TERM BORROWINGS AND SUBORDINATED DEBT - continued
We completed a private placement of the trust preferred securities to a financial institution during the first quarter of 2008. As a result, we own 100 percent of the common equity of STBA Capital Trust I. The trust was formed to issue mandatorily redeemable capital securities to third-party investors. The proceeds from the sale of the securities and the issuance of the common equity by STBA Capital Trust I were invested in junior subordinated debt securities issued by us. The third party investors are considered the primary beneficiaries of STBA Capital Trust I; therefore, the trust qualifies as a VIE, but is not consolidated into our financial statements. STBA Capital Trust I pays dividends on the securities at the same rate as the interest paid by us on the junior subordinated debt held by STBA Capital Trust I.
NOTE 17. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Commitments
The following table sets forth our commitments and letters of credit as of the dates presented:

| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Commitments to extend credit | $ | 1,420,428 |  |  | $ | 1,509,696 |
Standby letters of credit | 80,918 |  |  | 84,534 |
Total | $ | 1,501,346 |  |  | $ | 1,594,230 |

Estimates of the fair value of these off-balance sheet items were not made because of the short-term nature of these arrangements and the credit standing of the counterparties.
Our allowance for unfunded loan commitments totaled $2.2 million at December 31, 2017 and $2.6 million at December 31, 2016.
We have future commitments with third party vendors for data processing and communication charges. Data processing and communication expense was consistent for 2017 and 2016 at $10.4 million and $11.7 million for 2015 due to the Merger. Included in the 2015 expense was $1.3 million of merger-related expenses. There were no data processing and communication merger- related expenses in 2017 or 2016.
The following table sets forth the future estimated payments related to data processing and communication charges for each of the five years following December 31, 2017:

(dollars in thousands) | Total |
2018 | $ | 12,237 |
2019 | 12,633 |
2020 | 13,047 |
2021 | 13,465 |
2022 | 13,926 |
Total | $ | 65,308 |

Litigation
In the normal course of business, we are subject to various legal and administrative proceedings and claims. While any type of litigation contains a level of uncertainty, we believe that the outcome of such proceedings or claims pending will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
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NOTE 18. INCOME TAXES
Income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31 is comprised of:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Federal |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | 32,282 |  |  | $ | 24,521 |  |  | $ | 24,825 |
Deferred | 13,980 |  |  | 665 |  |  | (427 | )
Total Federal | 46,262 |  |  | 25,186 |  |  | 24,398 |
State |  |  |  |  |
Current | 323 |  |  | 248 |  |  | — |
Deferred | (148 | ) |  | (129 | ) |  | — |
Total State | 175 |  |  | 119 |  |  | — |
Total Federal and State | $ | 46,437 |  |  | $ | 25,305 |  |  | $ | 24,398 |

The Tax Act includes significant changes to the U.S. corporate tax system including: a federal corporate rate reduction from 35 percent to 21 percent. The Tax Act also establishes new tax laws that became effective January 1, 2018. U.S. GAAP requires a company to record the effects of a tax law change in the period of enactment. As a result, we re-measured our deferred tax assets and liabilities and recorded an adjustment of $13.4 million. The re-measurement adjustment was recognized as an increase to our income tax expense in the fourth quarter of 2017. This adjustment incorporates assumptions made based upon our current interpretation of the Tax Act and may change as we receive additional clarification and implementation guidance.
The statutory to effective tax rate reconciliation for the years ended December 31 is as follows:

| 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Statutory tax rate | 35.0 | % |  | 35.0 | % |  | 35.0 | %
Low income housing tax credits | (2.9 | )% |  | (3.8 | )% |  | (4.4 | )%
Tax-exempt interest | (4.0 | )% |  | (4.4 | )% |  | (4.1 | )%
Bank owned life insurance | (0.8 | )% |  | (0.8 | )% |  | (0.8 | )%
Other | 0.3 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  | 1.0 | %
Adjustment to net deferred tax assets for enacted changes in tax laws and rates | 11.3 | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Effective Tax Rate | 38.9 | % |  | 26.2 | % |  | 26.7 | %

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NOTE 18. INCOME TAXES -- continued
Significant components of our temporary differences were as follows at December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Deferred Tax Assets: |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses | 12,440 |  |  | 19,446 |
Purchase accounting adjustments | — |  |  | 365 |
Other employee benefits | 3,095 |  |  | 3,983 |
Low income housing partnerships | 3,213 |  |  | 4,845 |
Net adjustment to funded status of pension | 6,481 |  |  | 10,018 |
Impairment of securities | 300 |  |  | 1,318 |
State net operating loss carryforwards | 3,598 |  |  | 3,114 |
Other | 2,355 |  |  | 4,984 |
Gross Deferred Tax Assets | 31,482 |  |  | 48,073 |
Less: Valuation allowance | (3,598 | ) |  | (3,114 | )
Total Deferred Tax Assets | 27,884 |  |  | 44,959 |
Deferred Tax Liabilities: |  |  |
Net unrealized holding gains on securities available-for-sale | $ | (638 | ) |  | $ | (2,557 | )
Prepaid pension | (1,749 | ) |  | (2,770 | )
Deferred loan income | (2,937 | ) |  | (3,815 | )
Purchase accounting adjustments | (100 | ) |  | — |
Depreciation on premises and equipment | (480 | ) |  | (1,239 | )
Other | (1,401 | ) |  | (1,766 | )
Total Deferred Tax liabilities | (7,305 | ) |  | (12,147 | )
Net Deferred Tax Asset | $ | 20,579 |  |  | $ | 32,812 |

We establish a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that we will not be able to realize the benefit of the deferred tax assets. Except for Pennsylvania net operating losses, or NOLs, we have determined that a valuation allowance is unnecessary for the deferred tax assets because it is more likely than not that these assets will be realized through future reversals of existing temporary differences and through future taxable income. The valuation allowance is reviewed quarterly and adjusted based on management’s assessments of realizable deferred tax assets. Gross deferred tax assets were reduced by a valuation allowance of $3.6 million in 2017 related to Pennsylvania income tax NOLs. The Pennsylvania NOL carryforwards total $36.0 million and will expire in the years 2020-2037.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
The following table reconciles the change in Federal and State gross unrecognized tax benefits, or UTB, for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 804 |  |  | $ | 1,102 |  |  | $ | 284 |
Prior period tax positions |  |  |  |  |
Increase | — |  |  | — |  |  | 818 |
Decrease | (37 | ) |  | (449 | ) |  | — |
Current period tax positions | 142 |  |  | 151 |  |  | — |
Reductions for statute of limitations expirations | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at End of Year | $ | 909 |  |  | $ | 804 |  |  | $ | 1,102 |
Amount That Would Impact the Effective Tax Rate if Recognized | $ | 770 |  |  | $ | 610 |  |  | $ | 542 |

We classify interest and penalties as an element of tax expense. We monitor changes in tax statutes and regulations to determine if significant changes will occur over the next 12 months. As of December 31, 2017, no significant changes to UTB are projected, however, tax audit examinations are possible.
As of December 31, 2017, all income tax returns filed for the tax years 2014 through 2016 remain subject to examination by the IRS. Currently, our income tax return for the 2015 tax year is under examination by the IRS. We do not expect that the results of this examination will have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
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NOTE 19. TAX EFFECTS ON OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
The following tables present the tax effects of the components of other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | Pre-Tax Amount |  |  | Tax (Expense) Benefit |  |  | Net of Tax Amount |
2017 |  |  |  |  |
Net change in unrealized gains on securities available-for-sale | $ | (1,275 | ) |  | $ | 448 |  |  | $ | (827 | )
Net available-for-sale securities losses (gains) reclassified into earnings | (3,000 | ) |  | 1,054 |  |  | (1,946 | )
Adjustment to funded status of employee benefit plans | (1,992 | ) |  | 122 |  |  | (1,870 | )
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | $ | (6,267 | ) |  | $ | 1,624 |  |  | $ | (4,643 | )
2016 |  |  |  |  |
Net change in unrealized gains on securities available-for-sale | $ | (2,899 | ) |  | $ | 1,006 |  |  | $ | (1,893 | )
Net available-for-sale securities losses reclassified into earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjustment to funded status of employee benefit plans | 6,974 |  |  | (2,408 | ) |  | 4,566 |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | $ | 4,075 |  |  | $ | (1,402 | ) |  | $ | 2,673 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |
Net change in unrealized gains on securities available-for-sale | $ | (663 | ) |  | $ | 232 |  |  | $ | (431 | )
Net available-for-sale securities gains reclassified into earnings | 34 |  |  | (12 | ) |  | 22 |
Adjustment to funded status of employee benefit plans | (3,551 | ) |  | 1,336 |  |  | (2,215 | )
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | $ | (4,180 | ) |  | $ | 1,556 |  |  | $ | (2,624 | )

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NOTE 20. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
We maintain a qualified defined benefit pension plan, or Plan, covering substantially all employees hired prior to January 1, 2008. The benefits are based on years of service and the employee’s compensation for the highest five consecutive years in the last ten years. Contributions are intended to provide for benefits attributed to employee service to date and for those benefits expected to be earned in the future.
On January 25, 2016, the Board of Directors approved an amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans effective March 31, 2016. This change will result in no additional benefits being earned by participants in those plans based on service or pay after March 31, 2016. The Plan was previously closed to new participants effective December 31, 2007.
The following table summarizes the activity in the benefit obligation and Plan assets deriving the funded status, which is recorded in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Change in Projected Benefit Obligation |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year | $ | 105,834 |  |  | $ | 109,747 |
Service cost | — |  |  | 463 |
Interest cost | 4,100 |  |  | 4,296 |
Actuarial loss | 4,974 |  |  | 3,575 |
Curtailments | — |  |  | (6,997 | )
Benefits paid | (8,244 | ) |  | (5,250 | )
Projected Benefit Obligation at End of Year | $ | 106,664 |  |  | $ | 105,834 |
Change in Plan Assets |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year | $ | 87,711 |  |  | $ | 84,585 |
Actual return on plan assets | 7,687 |  |  | 8,376 |
Benefits paid | (8,244 | ) |  | (5,250 | )
Fair Value of Plan Assets at End of Year | $ | 87,154 |  |  | $ | 87,711 |
Funded Status | $ | (19,510 | ) |  | $ | (18,123 | )

The following table sets forth the amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income at December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Prior service credit | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Net actuarial loss | (27,825 | ) |  | (26,013 | )
Total (Before Tax Effects) | $ | (27,825 | ) |  | $ | (26,013 | )

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NOTE 20. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS -- continued
Below are the actuarial weighted average assumptions used in determining the benefit obligation:

| 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Discount rate | 3.75 | % |  | 4.00 | %
Rate of compensation increase(1) | — | % |  | — | %

(1)Rate of compensation increase is not applicable for 2017 and 2016 due to the amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans effective March 31, 2016.
The following table summarizes the components of net periodic pension cost and other changes in Plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost |  |  |  |  |
Service cost—benefits earned during the period | $ | — |  |  | $ | 463 |  |  | $ | 2,601 |
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation | 4,100 |  |  | 4,296 |  |  | 4,425 |
Expected return on plan assets | (6,313 | ) |  | (5,780 | ) |  | (7,180 | )
Amortization of prior service credit | — |  |  | (11 | ) |  | (138 | )
Recognized net actuarial loss | 1,866 |  |  | 2,345 |  |  | 2,028 |
Curtailment gain | — |  |  | (1,017 | ) |  | — |
Net Periodic Pension Expense | $ | (347 | ) |  | $ | 296 |  |  | $ | 1,736 |
Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligation Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial (gain) loss | $ | 3,678 |  |  | $ | (6,018 | ) |  | $ | 5,678 |
Recognized net actuarial loss | (1,866 | ) |  | (2,345 | ) |  | (2,028 | )
Recognized prior service credit | — |  |  | 1,029 |  |  | 138 |
Total (Before Tax Effects) | $ | 1,812 |  |  | $ | (7,334 | ) |  | $ | 3,788 |
Total Recognized in Net Benefit Cost and Other Comprehensive (Loss)/Income (Before Tax Effects) | $ | 1,465 |  |  | $ | (7,038 | ) |  | $ | 5,524 |

The following table summarizes the actuarial weighted average assumptions used in determining net periodic pension cost:

| 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Discount rate | 4.00 | % |  | 4.25 | % |  | 4.00 | %
Rate of compensation increase(1) | — | % |  | 3.00 | % |  | 3.00 | %
Expected return on assets | 7.50 | % |  | 7.50 | % |  | 8.00 | %

1)Rate of compensation increase is not applicable for 2017 and 2016 due to the amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans effective March 31, 2016.
The net actuarial loss included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) expected to be recognized in net periodic pension cost during the year ended December 31, 2018 is $2.2 million. There will be no prior service credit recognized due to the amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans.
The accumulated benefit obligation for the Plan was $106.7 million at December 31, 2017 and $105.8 million at December 31, 2016.
We consider many factors when setting the assumed rate of return on Plan assets. As a general guideline the assumed rate of return is equal to the weighted average of the expected returns for each asset category and is estimated based on historical returns as well as expected future returns. The weighted average discount rate is derived from corporate yield curves.
S&T Bank’s Retirement Plan Committee determines the investment policy for the Plan. In general, the targeted asset allocation is 50 percent to 70 percent equities and 30 percent to 50 percent fixed income. A strategic allocation within each asset class is employed based on the Plan’s time horizon, risk tolerances, performance expectations and asset class preferences. Investment managers have discretion to invest in any equity or fixed-income asset class, subject to the securities guidelines of the Plan’s Investment Policy Statement.
On December 19, 2017, S&T Bank, as Plan Sponsor, entered into an agreement with an insurance company to purchase a single premium annuity contract for 124 retired Plan participants and their beneficiaries. Of these participants, 30 are receiving a $2,000 death benefit only. The total premium of $1.5 million was paid out of the Plan's assets, and the effective date of the annuity payments was January 1, 2018. The annuity purchase resulted in a reduction in the associated pension liability.
At this time, S&T Bank is not required to make a cash contribution to the Plan in 2018. No contributions were made during 2017.
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NOTE 20. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS -- continued
The following table provides information regarding estimated future benefit payments to be paid in each of the next five years and in the aggregate for the five years thereafter:

(dollars in thousands) | Amount |
2018 | $ | 7,175 |
2019 | 7,090 |
2020 | 6,956 |
2021 | 7,157 |
2022 | 7,106 |
2023 - 2027 | 32,658 |

We also have nonqualified supplemental executive pension plans, or SERPs, for certain key employees. The SERPs are unfunded. The projected benefit obligations related to the SERPs were $5.3 million and $4.7 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016. These amounts also represent the net amount recognized in the statement of financial position for the SERPs. Net periodic benefit costs for the SERPs were $0.5 million, $0.5 million and $0.6 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Additionally, $2.7 million, $2.5 million and $2.1 million before tax was reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, in relation to the SERPs. The actuarial assumptions used for the SERPs are the same as those used for the Plan.
We maintain a Thrift Plan, a qualified defined contribution plan, in which substantially all employees are eligible to participate. We make matching contributions to the Thrift Plan up to 3.5 percent of participants’ eligible compensation and may make additional profit-sharing contributions as provided by the Thrift Plan. Expense related to these contributions amounted to $1.8 million in 2017, $1.7 million in 2016 and $1.5 million in 2015.
Fair Value Measurements
The following tables present our Plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis by fair value hierarchy level at December 31, 2017 and 2016. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 for items of a recurring basis during the periods presented. There were no purchases or transfers of Level 3 plan assets in 2017.

| December 31, 2017
| Fair Value Asset Classes(1)
(dollars in thousands) | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Cash and cash equivalents(2) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,780 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,780 |
Fixed income(3) | 27,738 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,738 |
Equities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity index mutual funds—international(4) | 4,016 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,016 |
Domestic individual equities(5) | 53,540 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 53,540 |
Total Assets at Fair Value | $ | 85,294 |  |  | $ | 1,780 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87,074 |

(1)Refer to Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Fair Value Measurements for a description of levels within the fair value hierarchy.
(2)This asset class includes FDIC insured money market instruments.
(3)This asset class includes a variety of fixed income mutual funds which primarily invest in investment grade rated securities. Investment managers have discretion to invest in fixed income related securities including futures, options and other derivatives. Investments may be made in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.
(4)The sole investment within this asset class is the Harbor International Institutional Fund.
(5)This asset class includes individual domestic equities invested in an active all-cap strategy. It may also include convertible bonds.
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NOTE 20. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS -- continued

| December 31, 2016
| Fair Value Asset Classes(1)
(dollars in thousands) | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Cash and cash equivalents(2) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,336 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,336 |
Fixed income(3) | 27,279 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,279 |
Equities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity index mutual funds—international(4) | 3,362 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,362 |
Domestic individual equities(5) | 53,636 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 53,636 |
Total Assets at Fair Value | $ | 84,277 |  |  | $ | 3,336 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87,613 |

(1)Refer to Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Fair Value Measurements for a description of levels within the fair value hierarchy.
(2)This asset class includes FDIC insured money market instruments.
(3)This asset class includes a variety of fixed income mutual funds which primarily invest in investment grade rated securities. Investment managers have discretion to invest in fixed income related securities including futures, options and other derivatives. Investments may be made in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.
(4)The sole investment within this asset class is MSCI EAFE Index iShares.
(5)This asset class includes individual domestic equities invested in an active all-cap strategy. It may also include convertible bonds.
NOTE 21. INCENTIVE AND RESTRICTED STOCK PLAN AND DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN
We adopted an Incentive Stock Plan in 2014 that provides for cash performance awards and for granting incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and appreciation rights. A maximum of 750,000 shares of our common stock are available for awards granted under the 2014 Incentive Plan and the plan expires ten years from the date of board approval.
Stock Options
As of December 31, 2017, no nonstatutory stock options were outstanding under the 2014 Stock Plan. The fair value of nonstatutory stock option awards under the 2003 Stock Plan were estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model, which is dependent upon certain assumptions. We used the simplified method in developing the estimated life of the option, whereby the expected life is presumed to be the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. There have been no nonstatutory stock options granted since 2006. There were 155,500 outstanding shares that expired December 19, 2015 at a weighted average exercise price of $37.86.
Restricted Stock
We periodically issue restricted stock to employees and directors, pursuant to our 2014 Stock Plan. As of December 31, 2017, 366,570 restricted shares have been granted under the 2014 Stock Plan.
During 2017, 2016, and 2015, we granted 12,728, 15,613 and 16,142 restricted shares of common stock to outside directors under the 2014 Stock Plan. The grants are part of the compensation arrangement approved by the Compensation and Benefits Committee whereby the directors receive compensation in the form of both cash and restricted shares of common stock. These shares fully vest one year after the date of grant. The closing price of our stock is used to determine the fair value on the date of grant.
During 2017, 2016, and 2015, we granted 77,387, 95,030 and 71,699 restricted shares of common stock to senior management under our Long Term Incentive Plan, or LTIP, within the 2014 Stock Plan. The restricted shares granted under the LTIP consist of both time and performance-based awards. The awards were granted in accordance with performance levels set by the Compensation and Benefits Committee. Vesting for the time-based awards is 50 percent after two years and the remaining 50 percent at the end of the third year. The performance-based awards vest at the end of the three-year period. During the vesting period, if the recipient leaves S&T before the end of the vesting period, shares will be forfeited except in the case of retirement, disability or death where accelerated vesting provisions are defined within the awards agreement. The average of the high and low prices of the stock is used to determine the fair value on the date of grant.
Compensation expense for time-based restricted stock is recognized ratably over the period of service, generally the entire vesting period, based on fair value on the grant date. Compensation expense for performance-based restricted stock is recognized ratably over the remaining vesting period once the likelihood of meeting the performance measure is probable. During 2017, 2016 and 2015, we recognized compensation expense of $3.0 million, $2.5 million and $1.7 million and realized a tax benefit of $1.1 million, $0.9 million and $0.6 million related to restricted stock grants.
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NOTE 21. INCENTIVE AND RESTRICTED STOCK PLAN AND DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN -- continued
The following table provides information about restricted stock granted under the 2014 Stock Plan for the years ended December 31:

| Restricted Stock |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Non-vested at December 31, 2015 | 150,356 |  |  | $ | 26.34 |
Granted | 110,643 |  |  | 25.58 |
Vested | 32,164 |  |  | 25.03 |
Forfeited | 3,335 |  |  | 26.04 |
Non-vested at December 31, 2016 | 225,500 |  |  | $ | 26.16 |
Granted | 90,115 |  |  | 35.19 |
Vested | 83,958 |  |  | 24.82 |
Forfeited | 11,089 |  |  | 29.56 |
Non-vested at December 31, 2017 | 220,568 |  |  | $ | 30.19 |

As of December 31, 2017, there was $2.7 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock that will be recognized as compensation expense over a weighted average period of 1.65 years.
Dividend Reinvestment Plan
We also sponsor a Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan, or Dividend Plan, where shareholders may purchase shares of S&T common stock at the average fair value with reinvested dividends and voluntary cash contributions. The plan administrator and transfer agent may purchase shares directly from us from shares held in treasury or purchase shares in the open market to fulfill the Dividend Plan’s needs.
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NOTE 22. PARENT COMPANY CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The following condensed financial statements summarize the financial position of S&T Bancorp, Inc. as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and the results of its operations and cash flows for each of the three years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.
BALANCE SHEETS

| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash | $ | 21,310 |  |  | $ | 17,057 |
Investments in: |  |  |
Bank subsidiary | 857,293 |  |  | 819,531 |
Nonbank subsidiaries | 19,569 |  |  | 21,980 |
Other assets | 7,272 |  |  | 4,694 |
Total Assets | $ | 905,444 |  |  | $ | 863,262 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |
Long-term debt | $ | 20,619 |  |  | $ | 20,619 |
Other liabilities | 794 |  |  | 687 |
Total Liabilities | 21,413 |  |  | 21,306 |
Total Shareholders’ Equity | 884,031 |  |  | 841,956 |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | $ | 905,444 |  |  | $ | 863,262 |

STATEMENTS OF NET INCOME

| Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Dividends from subsidiaries | $ | 36,169 |  |  | $ | 34,134 |  |  | $ | 75,413 |
Investment income | 22 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 19 |
Total Income | 36,191 |  |  | 34,151 |  |  | 75,432 |
Interest expense on long-term debt | 955 |  |  | 854 |  |  | 773 |
Other expenses | 3,801 |  |  | 4,012 |  |  | 3,687 |
Total Expense | 4,756 |  |  | 4,866 |  |  | 4,460 |
Income before income tax and undistributed net income of subsidiaries | 31,435 |  |  | 29,285 |  |  | 70,972 |
Income tax benefit | (1,596 | ) |  | (1,697 | ) |  | (1,549 | )
Income before undistributed net income of subsidiaries | 33,031 |  |  | 30,982 |  |  | 72,521 |
Equity in undistributed net income (distribution in excess of net income) of: |  |  |  |  |
Bank subsidiary | 40,877 |  |  | 40,051 |  |  | (5,064 | )
Nonbank subsidiaries | (940 | ) |  | 359 |  |  | (376 | )
Net Income | $ | 72,968 |  |  | $ | 71,392 |  |  | $ | 67,081 |

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NOTE 22. PARENT COMPANY CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION -- continued
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

| Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Net Income | $ | 72,968 |  |  | $ | 71,392 |  |  | $ | 67,081 |
Equity in undistributed (earnings) losses of subsidiaries | (39,937 | ) |  | (40,410 | ) |  | 5,440 |
Tax benefit from stock-based compensation | — |  |  | (9 | ) |  | (53 | )
Other | 480 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 3,129 |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities | 33,511 |  |  | 31,352 |  |  | 75,597 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Net investments in subsidiaries | — |  |  | — |  |  | (38,404 | )
Acquisitions | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29,510 | )
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities | — |  |  | — |  |  | (67,914 | )
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Repayment of junior subordinated debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,500 | )
(Purchase) Sale of treasury shares, net | (689 | ) |  | (115 | ) |  | (182 | )
Cash dividends paid to common shareholders | (28,569 | ) |  | (26,784 | ) |  | (24,487 | )
Tax benefit from stock-based compensation | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 53 |
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities | (29,258 | ) |  | (26,890 | ) |  | (33,116 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash | 4,253 |  |  | 4,462 |  |  | (25,433 | )
Cash at beginning of year | 17,057 |  |  | 12,595 |  |  | 38,028 |
Cash at End of Year | $ | 21,310 |  |  | $ | 17,057 |  |  | $ | 12,595 |

NOTE 23. REGULATORY MATTERS
We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet the minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our consolidated financial statements. Under capital guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, we must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of our assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Our capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about risk weightings and other factors.
The most recent notifications from the Federal Reserve and the FDIC categorized S&T and S&T Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for corrective action. There have been no conditions or events that we believe have changed S&T's or S&T Bank’s status during 2017 and 2016.
Common equity tier 1 capital includes common stock and related surplus plus retained earnings, less goodwill and intangible assets subject to a limitation and certain deferred tax assets subject to a limitation. In addition, we made a one-time permanent election to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income from capital. For regulatory purposes, trust preferred securities totaling $20.0 million, issued by an unconsolidated trust subsidiary of S&T underlying junior subordinated debt, are included in Tier 1 capital for S&T. Total capital consists of Tier 1 capital plus junior subordinated debt and the ALL subject to limitation. We currently have $25.0 million in junior subordinated debt which is included in Tier 2 capital for S&T in accordance with current regulatory reporting requirements.
Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require us to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of Total, Tier 1 and Common Equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets and Tier 1 capital to average assets. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we met all capital adequacy requirements to which we are subject.
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NOTE 23. REGULATORY MATTERS -- continued
The following table summarizes risk-based capital amounts and ratios for S&T and S&T Bank:

| Actual |  | Minimum Regulatory Capital Requirements |  | To be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
(dollars in thousands) | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |
As of December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | $ | 628,876 |  |  | 9.17 | % |  | $ | 274,254 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 342,818 |  |  | 5.00 | %
S&T Bank | 582,929 |  |  | 8.52 | % |  | 273,538 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | 341,922 |  |  | 5.00 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 608,876 |  |  | 10.71 | % |  | 255,778 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 369,457 |  |  | 6.50 | %
S&T Bank | 582,929 |  |  | 10.29 | % |  | 255,024 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 368,368 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 628,876 |  |  | 11.06 | % |  | 341,037 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 454,717 |  |  | 8.00 | %
S&T Bank | 582,929 |  |  | 10.29 | % |  | 340,032 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 453,375 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 713,056 |  |  | 12.55 | % |  | 454,717 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | 568,396 |  |  | 10.00 | %
S&T Bank | 666,560 |  |  | 11.76 | % |  | 453,375 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | 566,719 |  |  | 10.00 | %
As of December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | $ | 582,155 |  |  | 8.98 | % |  | $ | 259,170 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 323,963 |  |  | 5.00 | %
S&T Bank | 542,048 |  |  | 8.39 | % |  | 258,460 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | 323,075 |  |  | 5.00 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 562,155 |  |  | 10.04 | % |  | 252,079 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 364,114 |  |  | 6.50 | %
S&T Bank | 542,048 |  |  | 9.71 | % |  | 251,213 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 362,864 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 582,155 |  |  | 10.39 | % |  | 336,105 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 448,140 |  |  | 8.00 | %
S&T Bank | 542,048 |  |  | 9.71 | % |  | 334,951 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 446,601 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 664,184 |  |  | 11.86 | % |  | 448,140 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | 560,175 |  |  | 10.00 | %
S&T Bank | 622,469 |  |  | 11.15 | % |  | 446,602 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | 558,252 |  |  | 10.00 | %

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NOTE 24. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following table presents selected financial data for the most recent eight quarters.

| 2017 |  | 2016
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) (unaudited) | Fourth Quarter |  |  | Third Quarter |  |  | Second Quarter |  |  | First Quarter |  |  | Fourth Quarter |  |  | Third Quarter |  |  | Second Quarter |  |  | First Quarter |
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | $ | 67,855 |  |  | $ | 66,723 |  |  | $ | 64,914 |  |  | $ | 61,150 |  |  | $ | 59,096 |  |  | $ | 57,808 |  |  | $ | 55,850 |  |  | $ | 55,019 |
Interest expense | 10,027 |  |  | 9,267 |  |  | 8,344 |  |  | 7,272 |  |  | 6,638 |  |  | 6,353 |  |  | 6,142 |  |  | 5,382 |
Provision for loan losses | 982 |  |  | 2,850 |  |  | 4,869 |  |  | 5,183 |  |  | 5,586 |  |  | 2,516 |  |  | 4,848 |  |  | 5,014 |
Net Interest Income After Provision For Loan Losses | 56,846 |  |  | 54,606 |  |  | 51,701 |  |  | 48,695 |  |  | 46,872 |  |  | 48,939 |  |  | 44,860 |  |  | 44,623 |
Security (losses) gains, net | (986 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3,617 |  |  | 370 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Noninterest income | 13,636 |  |  | 13,551 |  |  | 12,648 |  |  | 12,626 |  |  | 12,922 |  |  | 13,448 |  |  | 12,448 |  |  | 15,817 |
Noninterest expense | 37,947 |  |  | 36,553 |  |  | 36,597 |  |  | 36,808 |  |  | 35,625 |  |  | 34,439 |  |  | 34,753 |  |  | 38,416 |
Income Before Taxes | 31,549 |  |  | 31,604 |  |  | 31,369 |  |  | 24,883 |  |  | 24,169 |  |  | 27,948 |  |  | 22,555 |  |  | 22,024 |
Provision for income taxes | 22,255 |  |  | 8,883 |  |  | 8,604 |  |  | 6,695 |  |  | 6,510 |  |  | 7,367 |  |  | 5,496 |  |  | 5,931 |
Net Income Available to Common Shareholders | $ | 9,294 |  |  | $ | 22,721 |  |  | $ | 22,765 |  |  | $ | 18,188 |  |  | $ | 17,659 |  |  | $ | 20,581 |  |  | $ | 17,059 |  |  | $ | 16,093 |
Per Share Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common earnings per share—diluted | $ | 0.27 |  |  | $ | 0.65 |  |  | $ | 0.65 |  |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.51 |  |  | $ | 0.59 |  |  | $ | 0.49 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |
Dividends declared per common share | 0.22 |  |  | 0.20 |  |  | 0.20 |  |  | 0.20 |  |  | 0.20 |  |  | 0.19 |  |  | 0.19 |  |  | 0.19 |
Common book value | 25.28 |  |  | 25.37 |  |  | 24.90 |  |  | 24.45 |  |  | 24.12 |  |  | 24.02 |  |  | 23.63 |  |  | 23.23 |

NOTE 25. SUBSEQUENT EVENT
On January 1, 2018, we sold a majority interest in S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC, a subsidiary of S&T Insurance Group. We received $5.0 million of consideration and a 30 percent equity ownership interest in the new limited liability corporation. As a result of this sale, we expect to recognize a gain of approximately $1.0 million in the first quarter of 2018.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
S&T Bancorp, Inc.:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited S&T Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as
of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued
by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, because of the
effect of the material weakness, described below, on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria,
the Company has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,
based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of
Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
(United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and
2016, the related consolidated statements of net income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’
equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related
notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated March 1, 2018 expressed an
unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting,
such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim
financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. A material weakness related to the
inconsistent assessment of internally assigned risk ratings, which is one of several factors used to estimate the
allowance for loan losses, has been identified and included in management’s assessment. The material
weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the
2017 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report on those consolidated
financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting
and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the
accompanying Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to
express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a
public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the
Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the
Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan
and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial
reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included
obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material
weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on
the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in
the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
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Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance
regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting
includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail,
accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide
reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements
in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the
company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company;
and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use,
or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect
misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that
controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the
policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
March 1, 2018
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
S&T Bancorp, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of S&T Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries
(the “Company”) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of net
income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years
in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes (collectively, the
“consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly,
in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and
the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended
December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight
Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of
December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013)
issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report
dated March 1, 2018 expressed an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal
control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our
responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with
respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules
and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that
we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial
statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included
performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial
statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such
procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the
consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used
and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the
consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our
opinion.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2007.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
March 1, 2018
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Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES
None
Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of S&T’s Chief Executive Officer, or CEO, and Chief Financial Officer, or CFO (its principal executive officer and principal financial officer), management has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of S&T’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2017. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives.
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods required by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to S&T’s management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Based on and as of the date of such evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to a material weakness in S&T’s internal control over financial reporting, as described below.
Notwithstanding the material weakness discussed below, the company's management, including the CEO and CFO, has concluded that the company's financial statements included in this Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects, the company's financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
b) Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
O ur management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f)). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by or under the supervision of, our CEO and CFO to provide reasonable assurance to our management and Board of Directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of specific controls or internal control over financial reporting overall to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
As of December 31, 2017, management including the CEO and CFO, assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established in “Internal Control-Integrated Framework 2013” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in 2013.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
As of December 31, 2017, a control deficiency existed related to the inconsistent assessment of internally assigned risk ratings, which is one of several factors used to estimate the allowance for loan losses. In some instances where performing borrowers had experienced a deteriorating financial position or cash flows, our internal Loan Review Department relied upon credit risk mitigants, including guarantor support and/or more recent borrower financial performance when that information did not adequately support the loan risk rating.
This control deficiency did not result in any material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements.
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This control deficiency creates a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement to the consolidated financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Management has concluded that the control deficiency represents a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting. Therefore, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2017.
KPMG LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of S&T’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, which is included herein.
c) Plan for Remediation of Material Weakness that Existed as of December 31, 2017
Management will remediate this material weakness by engaging an independent third-party to evaluate our policies, procedures and resources related to the assessment of risk ratings. We intend to provide additional training and improve our documentation to strengthen the support for the judgments applied to risk rating conclusions.
d) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have been no other changes in S&T’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, S&T’s internal control over financial reporting, other than the material weakness described above.
Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable
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PART III
Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by Part III, Item 10 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein from the sections entitled “Beneficial Ownership of S&T Common Stock by Directors and Officers -- Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance”, “Proposal 1 -- Election of Directors”, “Executive Officers of the Registrant”, “Corporate Governance --Audit Committee” and “Corporate Governance -Code of Conduct and Ethics” in our proxy statement relating to our May 21, 2018 annual meeting of shareholders.
Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by Part III, Item 11 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein from the sections entitled “Compensation Discussion and Analysis;” “Executive Compensation;” “Director Compensation;” “Corporate Governance -- Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation”, “Corporate Governance - The S&T Board’s Role in Risk Oversight” and “Compensation and Benefits Committee Report” in our proxy statement relating to our May 21, 2018 annual meeting of shareholders.
Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Except as set forth below, the information required by Part III, Item 12 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein from the sections entitled “Beneficial Owners of S&T Common Stock” and “Beneficial Ownership of S&T Common Stock by Directors and Officers” in our proxy statement relating to our May 21, 2018 annual meeting of shareholders.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table provides information as of December 31, 2017 related to the equity compensation plans in effect at that time.

|  | (a) |  |  | (b) |  |  | (c)
Plan category | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  |  | Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plan (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) |
Equity compensation plan approved by shareholders(1) |  | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 380,946 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 380,946 |

(1)Awards granted under the 2014 Incentive Stock Plans.
Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by Part III, Item 13 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein from the sections entitled “Related Person Transactions” and “Corporate Governance -- Director Independence” in our proxy statement relating to our May 21, 2018 annual meeting of shareholders.
Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by Part III, Item 14 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein from the section entitled “Proposal 2: Ratification of the Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for Fiscal Year 2018” in our proxy statement relating to our May 21, 2018 annual meeting of shareholders.
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PART IV
Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) | The following documents are filed as part of this Report.

Consolidated Financial Statements: The following consolidated financial statements are included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report. No financial statement schedules are being filed because the required information is inapplicable or is presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements or related notes.

Consolidated Balance Sheets | 59
Consolidated Statements of Net Income | 60
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 61
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity | 62
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 63
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 65
Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, on Effectiveness of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting | 115
Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, on Consolidated Financial Statements | 117

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(b) Exhibits |  |  |
2.1 |  |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 29, 2014, between S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Integrity Bancshares, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 2.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 30, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference.
3.1 |  |  | Articles of Incorporation of S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit B to Registration Statement (No. 2-83565) on Form S-4 of S&T Bancorp, Inc., dated May 5, 1983, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.2 |  |  | Amendment to Articles of Incorporation of S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to Form S-4 Registration Statement (No. 33-02600) dated January 15, 1986, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.3 |  |  | Amendment to Articles of Incorporation of S&T Bancorp, Inc. effective May 8, 1989, incorporated herein by reference. Filed as exhibit 3.3 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 1998 and incorporated herein by reference.
3.4 |  |  | Amendment to Articles of Incorporation of S&T Bancorp, Inc. effective July 21, 1995. Filed as exhibit 3.4 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 1998 and incorporated herein by reference.
3.5 |  |  | Amendment to Articles of Incorporation of S&T Bancorp, Inc. effective June 18, 1998. Filed as exhibit 3.5 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 1998 and incorporated herein by reference.
3.6 |  |  | Amendment to Articles of Incorporation of S&T Bancorp, Inc. effective April 21, 2008. Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 7, 2008 and incorporated herein by reference.
3.7 |  |  | Certificate of Designations for the Series A Preferred Stock. Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 15, 2009 and incorporated herein by reference.
3.8 |  |  | By-laws of S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 27, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference.
|  | The Company has certain long-term debt but has not filed the instruments evidencing such debt as Exhibit 4 as none of such instruments authorize the issuance of debt exceeding 10 percent of the Companies total consolidated assets. The Company agrees to furnish a copy of each such agreement to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
10.1 |  |  | S&T Bancorp, Inc. 2003 Incentive Stock Plan. Filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Form S-8 Registration Statement (No. 333-111557) dated December 24, 2003 and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.2 |  |  | S&T Bancorp, Inc. Thrift Plan for Employees of S&T Bank, as amended and restated. Filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Form S-8 Registration Statement (No. 333-156541) dated December 31, 2008 and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.3 |  |  | Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan of S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Form S-3D Registration Statement (No. 333-156555) dated January 2, 2009 (included within the prospectus contained therein) and incorporated herein by reference.
10.4 |  |  | Severance Agreement, by and between Todd D. Brice and S&T Bancorp, Inc., dated April 7, 2015. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 10, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.5 |  |  | Severance Agreement, by and between David G. Antolik and S&T Bancorp, Inc. dated April 7, 2015. Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 10, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.6 |  |  | Severance Agreement, by and between Mark Kochvar and S&T Bancorp, Inc. dated as of April 7, 2015. Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 10, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.7 |  |  | Severance Agreement, by and between David Ruddock and S&T Bancorp, Inc. dated as of April 7, 2015. Filed as Exhibit 10.4 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 10, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.8 |  |  | Severance Agreement, by and between Patrick Haberfield and S&T Bancorp, Inc. dated as of April 7, 2015. Filed as Exhibit 10.5 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 10, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference.*

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(b) Exhibits |  |  |
10.9 |  |  | S&T Bancorp, Inc. 2014 Incentive Plan. Filed as Exhibit 10.9 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013 dated February 21, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. *
21 |  |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
23 |  |  | Consent of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
24 |  |  | Power of Attorney.
31.1 |  |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer.
31.2 |  |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Principal Financial Officer.
32 |  |  | Rule 13a-14(b) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer.
101 |  |  | The following financial information from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 is formatted in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Net Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

*Management Contract or Compensatory Plan or Arrangement
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

S&T BANCORP, INC. (Registrant)
|  | 3/1/2018
Todd D. Brice President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) |  | Date
|  | 3/1/2018
Mark Kochvar Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |  | Date

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

SIGNATURE |  | TITLE |  | DATE
|  | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) |  | 3/1/2018
Todd D. Brice |  |  |  |
|  | Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |  | 3/1/2018
Mark Kochvar |  |  |
/s/ Melanie Lazzari |  | Executive Vice President, Controller |  | 3/1/2018
Melanie Lazzari |  |  |  |
/s/ Charles G. Urtin |  | Chairman of the Board and Director |  | 3/1/2018
Charles G. Urtin |  |  |  |
/s/ Christine J. Toretti |  | Director |  | 3/1/2018
Christine J. Toretti |  |  |  |
|  | Director |  | 3/1/2018
Christina A. Cassotis |  |  |  |
/s/ Michael J. Donnelly |  | Director |  | 3/1/2018
Michael J. Donnelly |  |  |  |

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SIGNATURE |  | TITLE |  | DATE
|  | Director |  | 3/1/2018
James T. Gibson |  |  |  |
/s/ Jeffrey D. Grube |  | Director |  | 3/1/2018
Jeffrey D. Grube |  |  |  |
/s/ Jerry D. Hostetter |  | Director |  | 3/1/2018
Jerry D. Hostetter |  |  |  |
|  | Director |  | 3/1/2018
Frank W. Jones |  |  |  |
/s/ Robert E. Kane |  | Director |  | 3/1/2018
Robert E. Kane |  |  |  |
/s/ David L. Krieger |  | Director |  | 3/1/2018
David L. Krieger |  |  |  |
|  | Director |  | 3/1/2018
James C. Miller |  |  |  |
/s/ Frank J. Palermo, Jr. |  | Director |  | 3/1/2018
Frank J. Palermo, Jr. Attorney-in-fact |  |  |  |
/s/ Steven J. Weingarten |  | Director |  | 3/1/2018
Steven J. Weingarten |  |  |  |
|  | Director |  | 3/1/2018
Frank W. Jones |  |  |  |

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