10-Q 1 stba-201893010q.htm 10-Q
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
______________________________________
FORM 10-Q
______________________________________
(Mark One)

x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018
OR

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 0-12508
______________________________________
S&T BANCORP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
______________________________________

Pennsylvania |  | 25-1434426
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
800 Philadelphia Street, Indiana, PA |  | 15701
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (zip code)

800-325-2265
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Not Applicable
(Former name, former address, and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | x | Accelerated filer | ¨
Non-accelerated filer | ¨ | Smaller reporting company | ¨
|  | Emerging growth company | ¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x
APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS:
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practical date.
Common Stock, $2.50 Par Value - 35,006,587 shares as of October 31, 2018

Table of Contents
S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
INDEX
S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

|  | Page No.
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets - September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 | 2
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 | 5
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 6
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 37
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 56
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 57
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 59
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 59
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 59
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 59
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 59
Item 5. | Other Information | 59
Item 6. | Exhibits | 59
| Signatures | 60

1

Table of Contents
S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) | (Unaudited) |  | (Audited)
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits of $68,018 and $61,965 at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 132,650 |  |  |  | $ | 117,152 |
Securities, at fair value |  | 682,535 |  |  |  | 698,291 |
Loans held for sale |  | 4,207 |  |  |  | 4,485 |
Portfolio loans, net of unearned income |  | 5,807,807 |  |  |  | 5,761,449 |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (60,556 | ) |  |  | (56,390 | )
Portfolio loans, net |  | 5,747,251 |  |  |  | 5,705,059 |
Bank owned life insurance |  | 73,626 |  |  |  | 72,150 |
Premises and equipment, net |  | 41,403 |  |  |  | 42,702 |
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock, at cost |  | 31,178 |  |  |  | 29,270 |
Goodwill |  | 287,446 |  |  |  | 291,670 |
Other intangible assets, net |  | 2,725 |  |  |  | 3,677 |
Other assets |  | 102,342 |  |  |  | 95,799 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 7,105,363 |  |  |  | $ | 7,060,255 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand |  | $ | 1,412,127 |  |  |  | $ | 1,387,712 |
Interest-bearing demand |  | 561,191 |  |  |  | 603,141 |
Money market |  | 1,367,181 |  |  |  | 1,146,156 |
Savings |  | 817,545 |  |  |  | 893,119 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 1,309,465 |  |  |  | 1,397,763 |
Total Deposits |  | 5,467,509 |  |  |  | 5,427,891 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  | 45,200 |  |  |  | 50,161 |
Short-term borrowings |  | 535,000 |  |  |  | 540,000 |
Long-term borrowings |  | 45,434 |  |  |  | 47,301 |
Junior subordinated debt securities |  | 45,619 |  |  |  | 45,619 |
Other liabilities |  | 46,820 |  |  |  | 65,252 |
Total Liabilities |  | 6,185,582 |  |  |  | 6,176,224 |
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Common stock ($2.50 par value) Authorized—50,000,000 shares Issued—36,130,480 shares at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 Outstanding— 35,006,587 shares at September 30, 2018 and 34,971,929 shares at December 31, 2017 |  | 90,326 |  |  |  | 90,326 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 209,685 |  |  |  | 216,106 |
Retained earnings |  | 684,361 |  |  |  | 628,107 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (33,253 | ) |  |  | (18,427 | )
Treasury stock (1,123,893 shares at September 30, 2018 and 1,158,551 shares at December 31, 2017, at cost) |  | (31,338 | ) |  |  | (32,081 | )
Total Shareholders’ Equity |  | 919,781 |  |  |  | 884,031 |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  | $ | 7,105,363 |  |  |  | $ | 7,060,255 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
2

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
INTEREST INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees |  | $ | 68,631 |  |  |  | $ | 62,450 |  |  |  | $ | 198,296 |  |  |  | $ | 179,908 |
Investment Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  | 3,649 |  |  |  | 2,988 |  |  |  | 10,597 |  |  |  | 8,783 |
Tax-exempt |  | 857 |  |  |  | 896 |  |  |  | 2,603 |  |  |  | 2,744 |
Dividends |  | 490 |  |  |  | 389 |  |  |  | 1,741 |  |  |  | 1,352 |
Total Interest Income |  | 73,627 |  |  |  | 66,723 |  |  |  | 213,237 |  |  |  | 192,787 |
INTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 10,871 |  |  |  | 6,748 |  |  |  | 27,883 |  |  |  | 18,103 |
Borrowings and junior subordinated debt securities |  | 3,494 |  |  |  | 2,519 |  |  |  | 10,758 |  |  |  | 6,779 |
Total Interest Expense |  | 14,365 |  |  |  | 9,267 |  |  |  | 38,641 |  |  |  | 24,882 |
NET INTEREST INCOME |  | 59,262 |  |  |  | 57,456 |  |  |  | 174,596 |  |  |  | 167,905 |
Provision for loan losses |  | 462 |  |  |  | 2,850 |  |  |  | 12,279 |  |  |  | 12,901 |
Net Interest Income After Provision for Loan Losses |  | 58,800 |  |  |  | 54,606 |  |  |  | 162,317 |  |  |  | 155,004 |
NONINTEREST INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gain on sale of securities |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,987 |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  | 3,351 |  |  |  | 3,207 |  |  |  | 9,765 |  |  |  | 9,218 |
Debit and credit card |  | 3,141 |  |  |  | 3,067 |  |  |  | 9,487 |  |  |  | 8,952 |
Wealth management |  | 2,483 |  |  |  | 2,406 |  |  |  | 7,782 |  |  |  | 7,237 |
Mortgage banking |  | 700 |  |  |  | 872 |  |  |  | 2,133 |  |  |  | 2,280 |
Insurance |  | 101 |  |  |  | 1,318 |  |  |  | 404 |  |  |  | 4,232 |
Gain on sale of a majority interest of insurance business |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,873 |  |  |  | — |
Other |  | 2,266 |  |  |  | 2,681 |  |  |  | 6,642 |  |  |  | 6,906 |
Total Noninterest Income |  | 12,042 |  |  |  | 13,551 |  |  |  | 38,086 |  |  |  | 42,812 |
NONINTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  | 19,769 |  |  |  | 20,325 |  |  |  | 57,195 |  |  |  | 60,770 |
Data processing and information technology |  | 2,906 |  |  |  | 2,284 |  |  |  | 7,610 |  |  |  | 6,670 |
Net occupancy |  | 2,722 |  |  |  | 2,692 |  |  |  | 8,399 |  |  |  | 8,258 |
Furniture, equipment and software |  | 2,005 |  |  |  | 1,890 |  |  |  | 6,096 |  |  |  | 5,746 |
Other taxes |  | 1,341 |  |  |  | 1,208 |  |  |  | 4,928 |  |  |  | 3,268 |
Professional services and legal |  | 1,181 |  |  |  | 869 |  |  |  | 3,120 |  |  |  | 2,868 |
Marketing |  | 1,023 |  |  |  | 766 |  |  |  | 2,916 |  |  |  | 2,468 |
FDIC insurance |  | 746 |  |  |  | 1,152 |  |  |  | 2,592 |  |  |  | 3,461 |
Other |  | 5,392 |  |  |  | 5,367 |  |  |  | 16,174 |  |  |  | 16,451 |
Total Noninterest Expense |  | 37,085 |  |  |  | 36,553 |  |  |  | 109,030 |  |  |  | 109,960 |
Income Before Taxes |  | 33,757 |  |  |  | 31,604 |  |  |  | 91,373 |  |  |  | 87,856 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 2,876 |  |  |  | 8,883 |  |  |  | 12,893 |  |  |  | 24,182 |
Net Income |  | $ | 30,881 |  |  |  | $ | 22,721 |  |  |  | $ | 78,480 |  |  |  | $ | 63,674 |
Earnings per share—basic |  | $ | 0.89 |  |  |  | $ | 0.65 |  |  |  | $ | 2.26 |  |  |  | $ | 1.83 |
Earnings per share—diluted |  | $ | 0.88 |  |  |  | $ | 0.65 |  |  |  | $ | 2.24 |  |  |  | $ | 1.82 |
Dividends declared per share |  | $ | 0.25 |  |  |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  |  | $ | 0.72 |  |  |  | $ | 0.60 |
Comprehensive Income |  | $ | 28,573 |  |  |  | $ | 22,975 |  |  |  | $ | 67,943 |  |  |  | $ | 64,854 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
3

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
(Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss)/Income |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total
Balance at January 1, 2017 |  | $ | 90,326 |  |  |  | $ | 213,098 |  |  |  | $ | 585,891 |  |  |  | $ | (13,784 | ) |  |  | $ | (33,575 | ) |  |  | $ | 841,956 |
Net income for nine months ended September 30, 2017 |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 63,674 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 63,674 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,180 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,180 |
Cash dividends declared ($0.60 per share) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (20,899 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (20,899 | )
Treasury stock issued for restricted awards (90,115 shares, net of 23,946 forfeitures) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,383 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,695 |  |  |  | (688 | )
Recognition of restricted stock compensation expense |  | — |  |  |  | 2,353 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,353 |
Balance at September 30, 2017 |  | $ | 90,326 |  |  |  | $ | 215,451 |  |  |  | $ | 626,283 |  |  |  | $ | (12,604 | ) |  |  | $ | (31,880 | ) |  |  | $ | 887,576 |
Balance at January 1, 2018 |  | $ | 90,326 |  |  |  | $ | 216,106 |  |  |  | $ | 628,107 |  |  |  | $ | (18,427 | ) |  |  | $ | (32,081 | ) |  |  | $ | 884,031 |
Net income for nine months ended September 30, 2018 |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 78,480 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 78,480 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,537 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,537 | )
Reclassification of tax effects from the Tax Act(1) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,427 |  |  |  | (3,427 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Reclassification of net unrealized gains on equity securities(2) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 862 |  |  |  | (862 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cash dividends declared ($0.72 per share) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (25,115 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (25,115 | )
Treasury stock issued for restricted awards (75,608 shares, net of 40,950 forfeitures) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,400 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 743 |  |  |  | (657 | )
Repurchase of warrant |  | — |  |  |  | (7,652 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,652 | )
Recognition of restricted stock compensation expense |  | — |  |  |  | 1,231 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,231 |
Balance at September 30, 2018 |  | $ | 90,326 |  |  |  | $ | 209,685 |  |  |  | $ | 684,361 |  |  |  | $ | (33,253 | ) |  |  | $ | (31,338 | ) |  |  | $ | 919,781 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(1)Reclassification due to the adoption of ASU No. 2018-02, $(3,660) relates to funded status of pension and $233 relates to net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities.
(2)Reclassification due to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01.
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 78,480 |  |  |  | $ | 63,674 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Provision for loan losses |  | 12,279 |  |  |  | 12,901 |
Recovery for unfunded loan commitments |  | (39 | ) |  |  | (546 | )
Net depreciation, amortization and accretion |  | 3,309 |  |  |  | 1,597 |
Net amortization of discounts and premiums on securities |  | 2,387 |  |  |  | 3,065 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 1,231 |  |  |  | 2,353 |
Gain on sale of securities |  | — |  |  |  | (3,987 | )
Mortgage loans originated for sale |  | (68,898 | ) |  |  | (66,535 | )
Proceeds from the sale of mortgage loans |  | 70,371 |  |  |  | 66,604 |
Gain on the sale of mortgage loans, net |  | (1,195 | ) |  |  | (1,061 | )
Gain on the sale of majority interest of insurance business |  | (1,873 | ) |  |  | — |
Pension contribution |  | (20,420 | ) |  |  | — |
Net increase in interest receivable |  | (1,506 | ) |  |  | (3,886 | )
Net increase in interest payable |  | 803 |  |  |  | 448 |
Net decrease in other assets |  | 352 |  |  |  | 8,735 |
Net increase in other liabilities |  | 9,904 |  |  |  | 69 |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities |  | 85,185 |  |  |  | 83,431 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of securities |  | (79,068 | ) |  |  | (69,699 | )
Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls of securities |  | 71,433 |  |  |  | 58,601 |
Proceeds from sales of securities |  | — |  |  |  | 7,751 |
Net (purchases) sales of Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | (1,909 | ) |  |  | 1,304 |
Net increase in loans |  | (64,387 | ) |  |  | (268,132 | )
Proceeds from sale of loans not originated for resale |  | 7,695 |  |  |  | 3,581 |
Purchases of premises and equipment |  | (2,588 | ) |  |  | (3,646 | )
Proceeds from the sale of premises and equipment |  | 135 |  |  |  | 376 |
Proceeds from the sale of majority interest of insurance business |  | 4,540 |  |  |  | — |
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities |  | (64,149 | ) |  |  | (269,864 | )
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in core deposits |  | 127,917 |  |  |  | 109,637 |
Net (decrease) increase in certificates of deposit |  | (88,203 | ) |  |  | 61,048 |
Net decrease in securities sold under repurchase agreements |  | (4,961 | ) |  |  | (10,909 | )
Net (decrease) increase in short-term borrowings |  | (5,000 | ) |  |  | 25,000 |
Repayments of long-term borrowings |  | (1,867 | ) |  |  | (1,802 | )
Treasury shares issued-net |  | (657 | ) |  |  | (688 | )
Cash dividends paid to common shareholders |  | (25,115 | ) |  |  | (20,899 | )
Repurchase of warrant |  | (7,652 | ) |  |  | — |
Net Cash (Used) Provided by Financing Activities |  | (5,538 | ) |  |  | 161,387 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | 15,498 |  |  |  | (25,046 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 117,152 |  |  |  | 139,486 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period |  | $ | 132,650 |  |  |  | $ | 114,440 |
Supplemental Disclosures |  |  |  |  |
Loans transferred to held for sale |  | $ | 7,695 |  |  |  | $ | 43,151 |
Deposits transferred to held for sale |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 38,960 |
Interest paid |  | $ | 37,838 |  |  |  | $ | 24,682 |
Income taxes paid, net of refunds |  | $ | 15,728 |  |  |  | $ | 21,096 |
Transfer net assets to investment in insurance company partnership |  | $ | 1,917 |  |  |  | $ | — |
Transfers of loans to other real estate owned |  | $ | 647 |  |  |  | $ | 2,116 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Principles of Consolidation
The interim Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of S&T Bancorp, Inc., or S&T, and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Investments of 20 percent to 50 percent of the outstanding common stock of investees are accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements of S&T have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, in the United States for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on March 1, 2018. In the opinion of management, the accompanying interim financial information reflects all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly our financial position and the results of operations for each of the interim periods presented. Results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that may be expected for a full year or any future period.
On January 1, 2018, we sold a 70 percent majority interest in the assets of our wholly-owned subsidiary S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC. We transferred our remaining 30 percent ownership interest in the net assets of S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC to a new entity for a 30 percent ownership interest in a new insurance entity (see Note 13: Sale of a Majority Interest of Insurance Business). We use the equity method of accounting to recognize our partial ownership interest in the new entity.
Reclassification
A mounts in prior period financial statements and footnotes are reclassified whenever necessary to conform to the current period presentation. Reclassifications had no effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
We earn revenue from contracts with our customers when we have completed our performance obligations and recognize that revenue when services are provided to our customers. Our contracts with customers are primarily in the form of account agreements. Generally our services are transferred at a point in time in response to transactions initiated and controlled by our customers under service agreements with an expected duration of one year or less. Our customers have the right to terminate their services agreements at any time.
We do not defer incremental direct costs to obtain contracts with customers that would be amortized in one year or less. These costs are primarily salaries and employee benefits recognized as expense in the period incurred.
Service charges on deposit accounts - We recognize monthly service charges for both commercial and personal banking customers based on account fee schedules. Our performance obligation is generally satisfied and the related revenue recognized over the period in which the service is provided. Other fees are earned based on specific transactions or customer activity within the customers' deposit accounts. These are earned at the time the transaction or customer activity occurs.
Debit and credit card services - Interchange fees are earned whenever debit and credit cards are processed through third-party card payment networks. ATM fees are based on transactions by our customers' and other customers' use of our ATMs or other ATMs. Debit and credit card revenue is recognized at a point in time when the transaction is settled.
Wealth management services - Wealth management services is primarily comprised of fees earned from the management and administration of trusts, assets under management, brokerage and other financial advisory services. Fees are earned over a period of time per the related fee schedules. The fees are based on a fixed amount or a scale based on the level of services provided or assets under management.
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION - continued
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Updates, or ASU or Update
Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
In February 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The amendments in this Update allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income, or AOCI, to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or Tax Act. The amendments eliminate the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act and will improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users and will require certain disclosures about the stranded tax effects. This Update is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period, for public business entities for reporting periods for which financial statements have not been issued or made available for issuance. We have elected to reclassify all tax effects related to the Tax Act from AOCI to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. As such, we have early adopted this Update and reclassified $3.4 million for the release of stranded income tax effects relating to unrealized gains and losses on our securities portfolio and our pension plan from AOCI to retained earnings as of March 31, 2018. The adoption of this ASU had no impact on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Our policy for releasing income tax effects from AOCI is to release them as investments are sold or mature and liabilities are extinguished.
Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Costs and Net Periodic Post Retirement Benefit Costs
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation Retirement Benefits - Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Costs and Net Periodic Post Retirement Benefit Costs (Topic 715). The main objective of this ASU is to provide financial statement users with clearer and disaggregated information related to the components of net periodic benefit cost and improve transparency of the presentation of net periodic benefit cost in the financial statements. This Update was effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption was permitted as of the beginning of an annual period for which financial statements have not been issued or made available for issuance. Effective March 31, 2016, our qualified and nonqualified defined benefit plans were amended to freeze benefit accruals for all persons entitled to benefits under the plan; as such, the adoption of this ASU had no impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets - Clarifying the Scope of Assets Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets
In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-05, Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20). The main objective of this ASU is to provide greater detail on what types of transactions should be accounted for as partial sales of nonfinancial assets. This ASU, as originally issued in ASU No. 2014-09, is intended to reduce the complexity of current GAAP requirements by clarifying which accounting guidance applies to various types of contracts that transfer assets or ownership interests to another entity. This Update was effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 which is the same time that ASU No. 2014-09 was effective. Early adoption was permitted, but only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The adoption of this ASU was applied to the partial sale of our insurance subsidiary in January 2018. As such, the subsidiary is no longer included in our Consolidated Financial Statements and we recognized a $1.9 million gain on the transaction.
Business Combinations - Clarifying the Definition of a Business
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations - Clarifying the Definition of a Business (Topic 805). The main objective of this ASU is to help financial statement preparers evaluate whether a set of transferred assets and activities (either acquired or disposed of) is a business under Topic 805, Business Combinations by changing the definition of a business. The revised definition results in fewer acquisitions being accounted for as business combinations than under previous guidance. The definition of a business is significant because it affects the accounting for acquisitions, the identification of reporting units, consolidation evaluations and the accounting for dispositions. This Update was effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption was permitted for transactions not
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yet reflected in financial statements that have been issued or made available for issuance. The adoption of this ASU had no impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Income Taxes - Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. The main objective of this ASU is to require companies to recognize the income tax effects of intercompany sales and transfers of assets other than inventory in the period in which the transfer occurs. This represents a change from previous guidance, which required companies to defer the income tax effects of intercompany transfers of assets until the asset has been sold to an outside party or otherwise recognized. The new guidance requires companies to defer the income tax effects only of intercompany transfers of inventory. This Update was effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption was permitted as of the beginning of an annual period. If an entity chose to early adopt the amendments in the ASU, it had to do so in the first interim period of its annual financial statements. That is, an entity could not have adopted the amendments in the ASU in a later interim period and apply them as if they were in effect as of the beginning of the year. The adoption of this ASU had no impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Statement of Cash Flows - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. The main objective of this ASU is to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this Update provide guidance on the following eight specific cash flow issues: debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, proceeds from the settlement of bank-owned life insurance (BOLI) policies, distributions received from equity method investments, beneficial interests in securitization transactions, and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. This Update was effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption was permitted, provided that all of the amendments are adopted in the same period. The adoption of this ASU had no material impact to the presentation of activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). This revenue pronouncement established a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and superseded most previous revenue recognition guidance in GAAP. We adopted the new standard as of January 1, 2018. Our primary sources of revenue are derived from interest and dividends earned on loans, investment securities and other financial instruments that are not within the scope of ASU No. 2014-09. We evaluated the nature of our contracts with customers and related revenue streams, including service charges on deposit accounts, debit and credit cards and wealth management and determined that revenue recognition did not change significantly from current practice. We evaluated certain costs related to these revenue streams to determine whether such costs should be presented as expenses or contra-revenue. The adoption of this ASU had no material impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Accounting for Financial Instruments - Overall: Classification and Measurement
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Accounting for Financial Instruments - Overall: Classification and Measurement (Subtopic 825-10). The amendments in this ASU address the following: 1. require equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income; 2. simplify the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily-determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment; 3. eliminate the requirement to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet; 4. require entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes; 5. require separate presentation in other comprehensive income for the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments; 6. require separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset (that is, securities or loans and receivables) on the balance sheet or in the accompanying notes to the financial statements; and 7. clarify that an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities in combination with the entity's other deferred tax assets. This ASU was
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effective for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted ASU No. 2016-01 as of January 1, 2018 and have concluded that the provisions of this ASU did not materially impact our Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The new guidance resulted in a change in the fair value measurement of our loan portfolio as of March 31, 2018 using an exit price notion (see Note 3: Fair Value Measurements). The new guidance also resulted in a cumulative-effect adjustment of $0.9 million from AOCI to retained earnings at January 1, 2018 for net unrealized gains on our marketable equities portfolio. As a result of the new guidance, we recognized $0.1 million of net unrealized losses during the three months ended September 30, 2018 and $0.2 million of net unrealized gains during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 on our marketable equity securities portfolio in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted
Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. The amendments in this ASU apply to entities that are a customer in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract. These amendments relate to accounting for implementation costs (e.g. implementation, setup and other upfront costs.) These amendments require an entity in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract to follow the guidance in Subtopic 350-40 to determine which cost to capitalize and which costs to expense. These amendments require the entity to expense the capitalized implementation costs of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract over the term of the hosting arrangement. This ASU is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption of the amendments is permitted, including adoption in any interim period. We are evaluating the amendments in this ASU; however, we do not anticipate that these amendments will materially impact our Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Subtopic 715-20): Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Subtopic 715-20): Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans. The amendments in this ASU apply to all employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. These amendments remove certain disclosures from Topic 715-20 and require additional disclosures. The amendments in this ASU will require S&T to update our employee benefits disclosures beginning with our Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2021. The amendments in this ASU will have no impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Fair Value Measurement - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. The amendments in this ASU remove certain disclosures from Topic 820, modify and/or require additional disclosures. The amendments in this Update will require us to change our Fair Value disclosures beginning with our Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2020. The amendments in this ASU will have no impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Leases - Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842
In January 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-01, Leases - Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842. The amendments in this ASU permit an entity to elect an optional transition practical expedient to not evaluate under Topic 842 land easements that existed or expired before the entity's adoption of Topic 842 and that were not previously accounted for as leases under Topic 840. This ASU is effective for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. We are evaluating the amendments in this ASU; however, we do not anticipate that these amendments will materially impact our Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
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Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (Topic 350). The main objective of this ASU is to simplify the current requirements for testing goodwill for impairment by eliminating step two from the goodwill impairment test. The amendments are expected to reduce the complexity and costs associated with performing the goodwill impairment test, which could result in recording impairment charges sooner than under the current guidance. This Update is effective for any interim and annual impairment tests in reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We are evaluating the provisions of this ASU; however, we do not anticipate that this ASU will materially impact our Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Financial Instruments - Credit Losses
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The main objective of this ASU is to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit held by a reporting entity at each reporting date. The amendments of this Update replace the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to form credit loss estimates. The collective changes to the recognition and measurement accounting standards for financial instruments and their anticipated impact on the allowance for credit losses modeling have been universally referred to as CECL, or current expected credit loss, model. This Update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We have created a CECL Committee to govern the implementation of these amendments consisting of key stakeholders from Credit Administration, Finance, Risk Management and Internal Audit. We have engaged a third-party to assist us in developing our CECL methodology. We continue to evaluate the provisions of this ASU to determine the potential impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Leases - Section A-Amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification, Section B-Conforming Amendments Related to Leases and Section C-Background Information and Basis for Conclusions
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which requires lessees to recognize a right-to-use asset and a lease obligation for all leases on the balance sheet. Lessor accounting remains substantially similar to current GAAP. ASU No. 2016-02 supersedes Topic 840, Leases. This ASU is effective for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. ASU No. 2016-02 mandates a modified retrospective transition method for all entities. Early adoption of this ASU is permitted. We anticipate that this ASU will impact our financial statements as it relates to the recognition of right-to-use assets and lease obligations on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We have approximately 50 lease agreements for our branch and loan production offices, which are currently accounted for as operating leases. We expect the new guidance will require recognition of right-to-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities in the range of $30 million to $35 million on our Consolidated Balance Sheets in the first quarter of 2019. We expect that these changes to our Consolidated Balance Sheets will have a minor impact to our regulatory capital ratios. We have compiled a preliminary inventory of our leases and continue to evaluate the standard as additional lease accounting guidance continues to be released. We anticipate that this ASU will impact total assets and total liabilities presented on our Balance Sheets; however, we do not believe that it will materially impact our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
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NOTE 2. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Diluted earnings per share is calculated using both the two-class and the treasury stock methods with the more dilutive method used to determine diluted earnings per share. For both the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the treasury stock method is more dilutive and was used to determine diluted earnings per share. The following table reconciles the numerators and denominators of basic and diluted earnings per share calculations for the periods presented.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except share and per share data) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Numerator for Earnings per Share—Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 30,881 |  |  |  | $ | 22,721 |  |  |  | $ | 78,480 |  |  |  | $ | 63,674 |
Less: Income allocated to participating shares |  | 87 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 229 |  |  |  | 214 |
Net Income Allocated to Shareholders |  | $ | 30,794 |  |  |  | $ | 22,648 |  |  |  | $ | 78,251 |  |  |  | $ | 63,460 |
Numerator for Earnings per Share—Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 30,881 |  |  |  | $ | 22,721 |  |  |  | $ | 78,480 |  |  |  | $ | 63,674 |
Net Income Available to Shareholders |  | $ | 30,881 |  |  |  | $ | 22,721 |  |  |  | $ | 78,480 |  |  |  | $ | 63,674 |
Denominators for Earnings per Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding—Basic |  | 34,799,174 |  |  |  | 34,751,266 |  |  |  | 34,783,175 |  |  |  | 34,722,370 |
Add: Potentially dilutive shares |  | 220,118 |  |  |  | 208,873 |  |  |  | 228,909 |  |  |  | 208,139 |
Denominator for Treasury Stock Method—Diluted |  | 35,019,292 |  |  |  | 34,960,139 |  |  |  | 35,012,084 |  |  |  | 34,930,509 |
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding—Basic |  | 34,799,174 |  |  |  | 34,751,266 |  |  |  | 34,783,175 |  |  |  | 34,722,370 |
Add: Average participating shares outstanding |  | 98,579 |  |  |  | 111,821 |  |  |  | 101,808 |  |  |  | 116,969 |
Denominator for Two-Class Method—Diluted |  | 34,897,753 |  |  |  | 34,863,087 |  |  |  | 34,884,983 |  |  |  | 34,839,339 |
Earnings per share—basic |  | $ | 0.89 |  |  |  | $ | 0.65 |  |  |  | $ | 2.26 |  |  |  | $ | 1.83 |
Earnings per share—diluted |  | $ | 0.88 |  |  |  | $ | 0.65 |  |  |  | $ | 2.24 |  |  |  | $ | 1.82 |
Warrants considered anti-dilutive excluded from potentially dilutive shares - exercise price $31.53 per share, expires January 2019 (1) |  | 285,915 |  |  |  | 443,575 |  |  |  | 351,166 |  |  |  | 452,188 |
Restricted stock considered anti-dilutive excluded from potentially dilutive shares |  | 113,451 |  |  |  | 92,577 |  |  |  | 113,390 |  |  |  | 95,707 |

(1)We repurchased our outstanding warrant on September 11, 2018 for $7.7 million. Prior to the repurchase, the warrant provided the holder the right to 517,012 shares of common stock at a strike price of $31.53 per share via cashless exercise.
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NOTE 3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
We use fair value measurements when recording and disclosing certain financial assets and liabilities. Debt securities, equity securities, trading assets and derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, we may be required to record other assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as loans held for sale, impaired loans, other real estate owned, or OREO, and other repossessed assets, mortgage servicing rights, or MSRs, and certain other assets.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. An orderly transaction is a transaction that assumes exposure to the market for a period prior to the measurement date to allow for marketing activities that are usual and customary for transactions involving such assets or liabilities; it is not a forced transaction. In determining fair value, we use various valuation approaches, including market, income and cost approaches. The fair value standard establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, which are developed based on market data that we have obtained from independent sources. Unobservable inputs reflect our estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, which are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.
The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). The fair value hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as follows:
Level 1: valuation is based upon unadjusted quoted market prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.
Level 2: valuation is based upon quoted market prices for similar instruments traded in active markets, quoted market prices for identical or similar instruments traded in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market or can be corroborated by market data.
Level 3: valuation is derived from other valuation methodologies, including discounted cash flow models and similar techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in determining fair value.
A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our policy is to recognize transfers between any of the fair value hierarchy levels at the end of the reporting period in which the transfer occurred.
The following are descriptions of the valuation methodologies that we use for financial instruments recorded at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis.
Recurring Basis
Debt Securities Available-for-Sale
We obtain fair values for debt securities from a third-party pricing service which utilizes several sources for valuing fixed-income securities. We validate prices received from our pricing service through comparison to a secondary pricing service and broker quotes. We review the methodologies of the pricing service which provide us with a sufficient understanding of the valuation models, assumptions, inputs and pricing to reasonably measure the fair value of our debt securities. The market valuation sources for debt securities include observable inputs rather than significant unobservable inputs and are classified as Level 2. The service provider utilizes pricing models that vary by asset class and include available trade, bid and other market information. Generally, the methodologies include broker quotes, proprietary models, vast descriptive terms and conditions databases, and extensive quality control programs.
Equity Securities
Marketable equity securities that have an active, quotable market are classified as Level 1. Marketable equity securities that are quotable, but are thinly traded or inactive, are classified as Level 2. Marketable equity securities that are not readily traded and do not have a quotable market are classified as Level 3.
Trading Assets
We use quoted market prices to determine the fair value of our trading assets. Our trading assets are held in a Rabbi Trust under a deferred compensation plan and are invested in readily quoted mutual funds. Accordingly, these assets are classified as Level 1. Rabbi Trust assets are reported in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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Derivative Financial Instruments
We use derivative instruments, including interest rate swaps for commercial loans with our customers, interest rate lock commitments and the sale of mortgage loans in the secondary market. We calculate the fair value for derivatives using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. Each valuation considers the contractual terms of the derivative, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, such as interest rate curves and implied volatilities. Accordingly, derivatives are classified as Level 2. We incorporate credit valuation adjustments into the valuation models to appropriately reflect both our own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparties' nonperformance risk in calculating fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of our derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, we have considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements and collateral postings.
Nonrecurring Basis
Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for sale consist of 1-4 family residential loans originated for sale in the secondary market and, from time to time, certain loans transferred from the loan portfolio to loans held for sale, all of which are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value of 1-4 family residential loans is based on the principal or most advantageous market currently offered for similar loans using observable market data. The fair value of the loans transferred from the loan portfolio is based on the amounts offered for these loans in currently pending sales transactions. Loans held for sale carried at fair value are classified as Level 3.
Impaired Loans
Impaired loans are carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value. Fair value is determined as the recorded investment balance less any specific reserve. We establish specific reserves based on the following three impairment methods: 1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate; 2) the loan’s observable market price; or 3) the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs when the loan is collateral dependent and we expect to liquidate the collateral. However, if repayment is expected to come from the operation of the collateral, rather than liquidation, then we do not consider estimated selling costs in determining the fair value of the collateral. Collateral values are generally based upon appraisals by approved, independent state certified appraisers. Appraisals may be discounted based on our historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of appraisal or our knowledge of the borrower and the borrower’s business. Impaired loans carried at fair value are classified as Level 3.
OREO and Other Repossessed Assets
OREO and other repossessed assets obtained in partial or total satisfaction of a loan are recorded at the lower of recorded investment in the loan or fair value less cost to sell. Subsequent to foreclosure, these assets are carried at the lower of the amount recorded at acquisition date or fair value less cost to sell. Accordingly, it may be necessary to record nonrecurring fair value adjustments. Fair value, when recorded, is generally based upon appraisals by approved, independent state certified appraisers. Like impaired loans, appraisals on OREO may be discounted based on our historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of appraisal or other information available to us. OREO and other repossessed assets carried at fair value are classified as Level 3.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
The fair value of MSRs is determined by calculating the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, considering expected mortgage loan prepayment rates, discount rates, servicing costs and other economic factors, which are determined based on current market conditions. The expected rate of mortgage loan prepayments is the most significant factor driving the value of MSRs. MSRs are considered impaired if the carrying value exceeds fair value. The valuation model includes significant unobservable inputs; therefore, MSRs are classified as Level 3. MSRs are reported in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are amortized into noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
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Other Assets
We measure certain other assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Fair value is based on the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting, or write-downs of individual assets. Valuation methodologies used to measure fair value are consistent with overall principles of fair value accounting and consistent with those described above.
Financial Instruments
In addition to financial instruments recorded at fair value in our financial statements, fair value accounting guidance requires disclosure of the fair value of all of an entity’s assets and liabilities that are considered financial instruments. The majority of our assets and liabilities are considered financial instruments. Many of these instruments lack an available trading market as characterized by a willing buyer and a willing seller engaged in an exchange transaction. Also, it is our general practice and intent to hold our financial instruments to maturity and to not engage in trading or sales activities with respect to such financial instruments. For fair value disclosure purposes, we substantially utilize the fair value measurement criteria as required and explained above. In cases where quoted fair values are not available, we use present value methods to determine the fair value of our financial instruments.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits, approximate fair value.
Loans
With the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, Accounting for Financial Instruments - Overall: Classification and Measurement, on January 1, 2018, we refined our methodology to estimate the fair value of our loan portfolio to use the exit price notion as required by the standard. The guidance was applied on a prospective basis resulting in prior periods no longer being comparable.
The fair value of variable rate loans that may reprice frequently at short-term market rates is based on carrying values adjusted for liquidity and credit risk. The fair value of variable rate loans that reprice at intervals of one year or longer, such as adjustable rate mortgage products, is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses that utilize interest rates currently being offered for similar loans and adjusted for liquidity and credit risk. The fair value of fixed rate loans is estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis that utilizes interest rates currently being offered for similar loans adjusted for liquidity and credit risk.
Bank Owned Life Insurance
Fair value approximates net cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance, or BOLI.
Federal Home Loan Bank, or FHLB, and Other Restricted Stock
It is not practical to determine the fair value of our FHLB and other restricted stock due to the restrictions placed on the transferability of these stocks; it is presented at carrying value.
Deposits
The fair values disclosed for deposits without defined maturities (e.g., noninterest and interest-bearing demand, money market and savings accounts) are by definition equal to the amounts payable on demand. The carrying amounts for variable rate, fixed-term time deposits approximate their fair values. Estimated fair values for fixed rate and other time deposits are based on discounted cash flow analysis using interest rates currently offered for time deposits with similar terms. The carrying amount of accrued interest approximates fair value.
Short-Term Borrowings
The carrying amounts of securities sold under repurchase agreements, or REPOs, and other short-term borrowings approximate their fair values.
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Long-Term Borrowings
The fair values disclosed for fixed rate long-term borrowings are determined by discounting their contractual cash flows using current interest rates for long-term borrowings of similar remaining maturities. The carrying amounts of variable rate long-term borrowings approximate their fair values.
Junior Subordinated Debt Securities
The interest rate on the variable rate junior subordinated debt securities is reset quarterly; therefore, the carrying values approximate their fair values.
Loan Commitments and Standby Letters of Credit
Off-balance sheet financial instruments consist of commitments to extend credit and letters of credit. Except for interest rate lock commitments, estimates of the fair value of these off-balance sheet items are not made because of the short-term nature of these arrangements and the credit standing of the counterparties.
Other
Estimates of fair value are not made for items that are not defined as financial instruments, including such items as our core deposit intangibles and the value of our trust operations.
Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables present our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis by fair value hierarchy level at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 for items measured at fair value on a recurring basis during the periods presented.

| September 30, 2018
(dollars in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,556 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,556 |
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 136,984 |  |  | — |  |  | 136,984 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 137,660 |  |  | — |  |  | 137,660 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 26,450 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,450 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 244,596 |  |  | — |  |  | 244,596 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 121,975 |  |  | — |  |  | 121,975 |
Total Debt Securities Available-for-Sale | — |  |  | 677,221 |  |  | — |  |  | 677,221 |
Marketable equity securities(1) | — |  |  | 5,314 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,314 |
Total Securities | — |  |  | 682,535 |  |  | — |  |  | 682,535 |
Trading securities held in a Rabbi Trust | 5,377 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,377 |
Derivative financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | — |  |  | 7,448 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,448 |
Interest rate lock commitments | — |  |  | 229 |  |  | — |  |  | 229 |
Forward sale contracts - mortgage loans | — |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |
Total Assets | $ | 5,377 |  |  | $ | 690,273 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 695,650 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,483 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,483 |
Total Liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,483 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,483 |

(1)ASU No. 2016-01 was adopted January 1, 2018, resulting in separate classification of our marketable equity securities previously included in available-for-sale securities.
15

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS – continued

|  | December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 19,789 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 19,789 |
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | — |  |  |  | 162,193 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 162,193 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | — |  |  |  | 108,688 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 108,688 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | — |  |  |  | 32,854 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,854 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | — |  |  |  | 242,221 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 242,221 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | — |  |  |  | 127,402 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 127,402 |
Total Debt Securities Available-for-Sale |  | — |  |  |  | 693,147 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 693,147 |
Marketable equity securities |  | — |  |  |  | 5,144 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,144 |
Total Securities |  | — |  |  |  | 698,291 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 698,291 |
Trading securities held in a Rabbi Trust |  | 5,080 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,080 |
Derivative financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | — |  |  |  | 3,074 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,074 |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | — |  |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 226 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 5,080 |  |  |  | $ | 701,591 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 706,671 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 3,055 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 3,055 |
Forward sale contracts |  | — |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5 |
Total Liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 3,060 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 3,060 |

We classify financial instruments as Level 3 when valuation models are used because significant inputs are not observable in the market.
We may be required to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Nonrecurring assets are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value in our financial statements. There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at either September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.
The following table presents our assets that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis by the fair value hierarchy level as of the dates presented:

|  | September 30, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total
ASSETS(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 3,577 |  |  |  | $ | 3,577 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 6,759 |  |  |  | $ | 6,759 |
Other real estate owned |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,871 |  |  |  | 2,871 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 444 |  |  |  | 444 |
Mortgage servicing rights |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 178 |  |  |  | 178 |
Total Assets |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 6,533 |  |  |  | $ | 6,533 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 7,381 |  |  |  | $ | 7,381 |
(1)This table presents only the nonrecurring items that are recorded at fair value in our financial statements.

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS – continued
The carrying values and fair values of our financial instruments at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are presented in the following tables:

| Carrying Value(1) |  | Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2018
(dollars in thousands) |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits | $ | 132,650 |  |  | $ | 132,650 |  |  | $ | 132,650 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities | 682,535 |  |  | 682,535 |  |  | — |  |  | 682,535 |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale | 4,207 |  |  | 4,377 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,377 |
Portfolio loans, net | 5,747,251 |  |  | 5,585,934 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,585,934 |
Bank owned life insurance | 73,626 |  |  | 73,626 |  |  | — |  |  | 73,626 |  |  | — |
FHLB and other restricted stock | 31,178 |  |  | 31,178 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,178 |
Trading securities held in a Rabbi Trust | 5,377 |  |  | 5,377 |  |  | 5,377 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage servicing rights | 4,421 |  |  | 5,456 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,456 |
Interest rate swaps | 7,448 |  |  | 7,448 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,448 |  |  | — |
Interest rate lock commitments | 229 |  |  | 229 |  |  | — |  |  | 229 |  |  | — |
Forward sale contracts - mortgage loans | 61 |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $ | 5,467,509 |  |  | $ | 5,451,776 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,451,776 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | 45,200 |  |  | 45,200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,200 |
Short-term borrowings | 535,000 |  |  | 535,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 535,000 |
Long-term borrowings | 45,434 |  |  | 45,564 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,564 |
Junior subordinated debt securities | 45,619 |  |  | 45,619 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,619 |
Interest rate swaps | 7,483 |  |  | 7,483 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,483 |  |  | — |
(1) As reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Carrying Value(1) |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits | $ | 117,152 |  |  | $ | 117,152 |  |  | $ | 117,152 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities | 698,291 |  |  | 698,291 |  |  | — |  |  | 698,291 |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale | 4,485 |  |  | 4,583 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,583 |
Portfolio loans, net | 5,705,059 |  |  | 5,690,292 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,690,292 |
Bank owned life insurance | 72,150 |  |  | 72,150 |  |  | — |  |  | 72,150 |  |  | — |
FHLB and other restricted stock | 29,270 |  |  | 29,270 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,270 |
Trading securities held in a Rabbi Trust | 5,080 |  |  | 5,080 |  |  | 5,080 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage servicing rights | 4,133 |  |  | 4,571 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,571 |
Interest rate swaps | 3,074 |  |  | 3,074 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,074 |  |  | — |
Interest rate lock commitments | 226 |  |  | 226 |  |  | — |  |  | 226 |  |  | — |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $ | 5,427,891 |  |  | $ | 5,426,928 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,426,928 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | 50,161 |  |  | 50,161 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50,161 |
Short-term borrowings | 540,000 |  |  | 540,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 540,000 |
Long-term borrowings | 47,301 |  |  | 47,618 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47,618 |
Junior subordinated debt securities | 45,619 |  |  | 45,619 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,619 |
Interest rate swaps | 3,055 |  |  | 3,055 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,055 |  |  | — |
Forward sales contracts | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
(1) As reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 4. SECURITIES
The following table presents the fair values of our securities portfolio at the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Debt securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 677,221 |  |  |  | $ | 693,147 |
Marketable equity securities |  | 5,314 |  |  |  | 5,144 |
Total Securities |  | $ | 682,535 |  |  |  | $ | 698,291 |

Debt Securities Available-for-Sale
The following tables present the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities available-for-sale as of September 30, 2018 and debt and equity securities available-for-sale as of December 31, 2017:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 9,956 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | (400 | ) |  |  | $ | 9,556 |  |  |  | $ | 19,943 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | (154 | ) |  |  | $ | 19,789 |
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 139,272 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,288 | ) |  |  | 136,984 |  |  |  | 162,045 |  |  |  | 341 |  |  |  | (193 | ) |  |  | 162,193 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 141,283 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,623 | ) |  |  | 137,660 |  |  |  | 109,916 |  |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | (1,321 | ) |  |  | 108,688 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 26,837 |  |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | (606 | ) |  |  | 26,450 |  |  |  | 32,388 |  |  |  | 679 |  |  |  | (213 | ) |  |  | 32,854 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies (1) |  | 253,090 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,494 | ) |  |  | 244,596 |  |  |  | 244,018 |  |  |  | 247 |  |  |  | (2,044 | ) |  |  | 242,221 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 120,396 |  |  |  | 1,741 |  |  |  | (162 | ) |  |  | 121,975 |  |  |  | 123,159 |  |  |  | 4,285 |  |  |  | (42 | ) |  |  | 127,402 |
Total Debt Securities Available-for-Sale |  | 690,834 |  |  |  | 1,960 |  |  |  | (15,573 | ) |  |  | 677,221 |  |  |  | 691,469 |  |  |  | 5,645 |  |  |  | (3,967 | ) |  |  | 693,147 |
Total equity securities (2) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,815 |  |  |  | 1,330 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 5,144 |
Total Securities |  | $ | 690,834 |  |  |  | $ | 1,960 |  |  |  | $ | (15,573 | ) |  |  | $ | 677,221 |  |  |  | $ | 695,284 |  |  |  | $ | 6,975 |  |  |  | $ | (3,968 | ) |  |  | $ | 698,291 |

(1) Includes a $5.9 million security purchase that was pending settlement as of December 31, 2017.
(2) ASU No. 2016-01 was adopted January 1, 2018, resulting in separate classification of our marketable equity securities previously included in available-for-sale securities.
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 4. SECURITIES – continued
The following tables present the fair value and the age of gross unrealized losses on debt securities available-for-sale by investment category as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2018
| Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
(dollars in thousands) | Number of Securities |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Number of Securities |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Number of Securities |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 9,556 |  |  |  | $ | (400 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 9,556 |  |  |  | $ | (400 | )
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 17 |  |  | 135,988 |  |  |  | (2,280 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 995 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | 18 |  |  | 136,983 |  |  |  | (2,288 | )
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 10 |  |  | 64,732 |  |  |  | (1,365 | ) |  |  | 8 |  |  | 48,308 |  |  |  | (2,258 | ) |  |  | 18 |  |  | 113,040 |  |  |  | (3,623 | )
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 4 |  |  | 9,361 |  |  |  | (182 | ) |  |  | 2 |  |  | 7,194 |  |  |  | (424 | ) |  |  | 6 |  |  | 16,555 |  |  |  | (606 | )
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 17 |  |  | 148,398 |  |  |  | (4,474 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  | 96,198 |  |  |  | (4,020 | ) |  |  | 27 |  |  | 244,596 |  |  |  | (8,494 | )
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 7 |  |  | 28,998 |  |  |  | (162 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | 28,998 |  |  |  | (162 | )
Total Temporarily Impaired Debt Securities |  | 55 |  |  | $ | 387,477 |  |  |  | $ | (8,463 | ) |  |  | 22 |  |  | $ | 162,251 |  |  |  | $ | (7,110 | ) |  |  | 77 |  |  | $ | 549,728 |  |  |  | $ | (15,573 | )

| December 31, 2017
| Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
(dollars in thousands) | Number of Securities |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Number of Securities |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Number of Securities |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |
U.S. Treasury securities | 3 |  | $ | 19,789 |  |  | $ | (154 | ) |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 3 |  | $ | 19,789 |  |  | $ | (154 | )
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 9 |  | 63,635 |  |  | (144 | ) |  | 1 |  | 10,017 |  |  | (49 | ) |  | 10 |  | 73,652 |  |  | (193 | )
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 7 |  | 47,465 |  |  | (248 | ) |  | 7 |  | 45,809 |  |  | (1,073 | ) |  | 14 |  | 93,274 |  |  | (1,321 | )
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 1 |  | 2,333 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 2 |  | 8,638 |  |  | (203 | ) |  | 3 |  | 10,971 |  |  | (213 | )
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 14 |  | 128,300 |  |  | (775 | ) |  | 5 |  | 48,746 |  |  | (1,269 | ) |  | 19 |  | 177,046 |  |  | (2,044 | )
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 2 |  | 10,330 |  |  | (42 | ) |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | 10,330 |  |  | (42 | )
Total Temporarily Impaired Debt Securities | 36 |  | $ | 271,852 |  |  | $ | (1,373 | ) |  | 15 |  | $ | 113,210 |  |  | $ | (2,594 | ) |  | 51 |  | $ | 385,062 |  |  | $ | (3,967 | )

We do not believe any individual unrealized loss as of September 30, 2018 represents an other than temporary impairment, or OTTI. At September 30, 2018 there were 77 debt securities and at December 31, 2017 there were 51 debt securities in an unrealized loss position. The unrealized losses on debt securities were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and not related to the credit quality of these securities. All debt securities were determined to be investment grade and paying principal and interest according to the contractual terms of the security. We do not intend to sell and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell any of the securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of their amortized cost.
19

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 4. SECURITIES – continued
The following table presents net unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, on debt securities available-for-sale included in accumulated other comprehensive loss, for the periods presented:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Net Unrealized (Losses)/Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) |
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on debt securities available-for-sale (1) | $ | 1,960 |  |  | $ | (15,573 | ) |  | $ | (13,613 | ) |  | $ | 5,645 |  |  | $ | (3,967 | ) |  | $ | 1,678 |
Income tax (expense) benefit | (416 | ) |  | 3,307 |  |  | 2,891 |  |  | (1,982 | ) |  | 1,393 |  |  | (589 | )
Net Unrealized (Losses)/Gains, Net of Tax Included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | $ | 1,544 |  |  | $ | (12,266 | ) |  | $ | (10,722 | ) |  | $ | 3,663 |  |  | $ | (2,574 | ) |  | $ | 1,089 |
(1) Gross unrealized gains and losses of $862 at December 31, 2017 have been restated to reflect the reclassifications from OCI to retained earnings due to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities available-for-sale at September 30, 2018 by contractual maturity are included in the table below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

| September 30, 2018
(dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
Obligations of the U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies, and obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | 20,871 |  |  | $ | 20,878 |
Due after one year through five years | 147,573 |  |  | 146,653 |
Due after five years through ten years | 72,590 |  |  | 71,938 |
Due after ten years | 28,590 |  |  | 29,046 |
Debt Securities Available-for-Sale With Maturities | 269,624 |  |  | 268,515 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 141,283 |  |  | 137,660 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 26,837 |  |  | 26,450 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 253,090 |  |  | 244,596 |
Total Debt Securities Available-for-Sale | $ | 690,834 |  |  | $ | 677,221 |

At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, debt securities with carrying values of $270 million and $249 million were pledged for various regulatory and legal requirements.
Marketable Equity Securities
The following table presents realized and unrealized net gains and losses for our marketable equity securities for the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Marketable Equity Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net market (losses)/gains recognized | $ | (111 | ) |  | $ | 318 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 5,542 |
Less: Net gains recognized for equity securities sold | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,987 |
Unrealized (Losses)/Gains on Equity Securities Still Held | $ | (111 | ) |  | $ | 318 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 1,555 |

Prior to January 1, 2018, net unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, on marketable equity securities were included in AOCI for the periods presented. Net unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, on marketable equity securities of $0.9 million were reclassified from AOCI to retained earnings at January 1, 2018. As of January 1, 2018, gains and losses on marketable equity securities are included in other noninterest income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 5. LOANS AND LOANS HELD FOR SALE
Loans are presented net of unearned income of $5.4 million and $5.2 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
The following table indicates the composition of loans as of the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Commercial |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,826,372 |  |  | $ | 2,685,994 |
Commercial and industrial | 1,451,371 |  |  | 1,433,266 |
Commercial construction | 283,783 |  |  | 384,334 |
Total Commercial Loans | 4,561,526 |  |  | 4,503,594 |
Consumer |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 699,867 |  |  | 698,774 |
Home equity | 472,451 |  |  | 487,326 |
Installment and other consumer | 67,542 |  |  | 67,204 |
Consumer construction | 6,421 |  |  | 4,551 |
Total Consumer Loans | 1,246,281 |  |  | 1,257,855 |
Total Portfolio Loans | 5,807,807 |  |  | 5,761,449 |
Loans held for sale | 4,207 |  |  | 4,485 |
Total Loans | $ | 5,812,014 |  |  | $ | 5,765,934 |

We attempt to limit our exposure to credit risk by diversifying our loan portfolio by segment, geography, collateral and industry and actively managing concentrations. When concentrations exist in certain segments, we mitigate this risk by reviewing the relevant economic indicators and internal risk rating trends and through stress testing of the loans in these segments. Total commercial loans represented 79 percent of total portfolio loans at September 30, 2018 and 78 percent at December 31, 2017. Within our commercial portfolio, the Commercial Real Estate, or CRE, and Commercial Construction portfolios combined comprised $3.1 billion or 68 percent of total commercial loans at both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 and 54 percent of total portfolio loans at September 30, 2018 and 53 percent at December 31, 2017. Further segmentation of the CRE and Commercial Construction portfolios by collateral type reveals no concentration in excess of 14 percent of both total CRE and Commercial Construction loans at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Our market area includes Pennsylvania and the contiguous states of Ohio, West Virginia, New York and Maryland. The majority of our commercial and consumer loans are made to businesses and individuals in this market area, resulting in a geographic concentration. We believe our knowledge and familiarity with customers and conditions locally outweighs this geographic concentration risk. The conditions of the local and regional economies are monitored closely through publicly available data and information supplied by our customers. Our CRE and Commercial Construction portfolios have out-of-market exposure of 5.5 percent of their combined portfolios and 2.9 percent of total portfolio loans at September 30, 2018. This compares to 5.2 percent of their combined portfolios and 2.8 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2017.
We individually evaluate all substandard commercial loans that have experienced a forbearance or change in terms agreement, and all substandard consumer and residential mortgage loans that entered into an agreement to modify their existing loan, to determine if they should be designated as troubled debt restructurings, or TDRs.
All TDRs are considered to be impaired loans and will be reported as impaired loans for the remaining life of the loan, unless the restructuring agreement specifies an interest rate equal to or greater than the rate that would be accepted at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk and it is fully expected that the remaining principal and interest will be collected according to the restructured agreement. Further, all impaired loans are reported as nonaccrual loans unless the loan is a TDR that has met the requirements to be returned to accruing status. TDRs can be returned to accruing status if the ultimate collectability of all contractual amounts due, according to the restructured agreement, is not in doubt and there is a period of a minimum of six months of satisfactory payment performance by the borrower either immediately before or after the restructuring.
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 5. LOANS AND LOANS HELD FOR SALE - continued
The following table summarizes restructured loans as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Performing TDRs |  | Nonperforming TDRs |  | Total TDRs |  | Performing TDRs |  | Nonperforming TDRs |  | Total TDRs
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,095 |  |  | $ | 1,152 |  |  | $ | 3,247 |  |  | $ | 2,579 |  |  | $ | 967 |  |  | $ | 3,546 |
Commercial and industrial | 11,874 |  |  | 2,260 |  |  | 14,134 |  |  | 3,946 |  |  | 3,197 |  |  | 7,143 |
Commercial construction | 2,400 |  |  | 408 |  |  | 2,808 |  |  | 2,420 |  |  | 2,413 |  |  | 4,833 |
Residential mortgage | 2,229 |  |  | 1,913 |  |  | 4,142 |  |  | 2,039 |  |  | 3,585 |  |  | 5,624 |
Home equity | 3,612 |  |  | 1,404 |  |  | 5,016 |  |  | 3,885 |  |  | 979 |  |  | 4,864 |
Installment and other consumer | 16 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 41 |
Total | $ | 22,226 |  |  | $ | 7,143 |  |  | $ | 29,369 |  |  | $ | 14,901 |  |  | $ | 11,150 |  |  | $ | 26,051 |

There were no TDRs that returned to accruing status during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. There were no TDRs that returned to accruing status during the three months ended September 30, 2017 and one TDR that returned to accruing status totaling $2.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
The following tables present the restructured loans by loan segment and by type of concession for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Number of Loans |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment(1) |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment(1) |  | Total Difference in Recorded Investment |  | Number of Loans |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment(1) |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment(1) |  | Total Difference in Recorded Investment
Totals by Loan Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturity date extension | 1 |  |  | $ | 256 |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 400 |  |  | $ | 400 |  |  | $ | — |
Total Commercial Real Estate | 1 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 250 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 400 |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturity date extension | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 274 |  |  | 816 |  |  | 542 |
Total Commercial and Industrial | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 274 |  |  | 816 |  |  | 542 |
Residential Mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2) | 2 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 186 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | 148 |  |  | — |  |  | (148 | )
Total Residential Mortgage | 2 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 186 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | 148 |  |  | — |  |  | (148 | )
Home equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2) | 6 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 191 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 70 |  |  | (2 | )
Total Home Equity | 6 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 191 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 70 |  |  | (2 | )
Installment and other consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2) | 1 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 8 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 185 |  |  | (15 | )
Total Installment and Other Consumer | 1 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 8 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 185 |  |  | (15 | )
Totals by Concession Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturity date extension | 1 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 250 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | 674 |  |  | 1,216 |  |  | 542 |
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2) | 9 |  |  | 393 |  |  | 383 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 13 |  |  | 420 |  |  | 255 |  |  | (165 | )
Total | 10 |  |  | $ | 649 |  |  | $ | 633 |  |  | $ | (16 | ) |  | 15 |  |  | $ | 1,094 |  |  | $ | 1,471 |  |  | $ | 377 |
(1) Excludes loans that were fully paid off or fully charged-off by period end. The pre-modification balance represents the balance outstanding prior to modification. The post-modification balance represents the outstanding balance at period end. (2) Chapter 7 bankruptcy loans where the debt has been legally discharged through the bankruptcy court and not reaffirmed.

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 5. LOANS AND LOANS HELD FOR SALE - continued

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Number of Loans |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment(1) |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment(1) |  | Total Difference in Recorded Investment |  | Number of Loans |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment(1) |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment(1) |  | Total Difference in Recorded Investment
Totals by Loan Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturity date extension | 1 |  |  | $ | 256 |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 400 |  |  | $ | 400 |  |  | $ | — |
Principal deferral | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 100 |  |  | — |
Total Commercial Real Estate | 1 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 250 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | 500 |  |  | 500 |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturity date extension | 2 |  |  | 768 |  |  | 657 |  |  | (111 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | 274 |  |  | 816 |  |  | 542 |
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,799 |  |  | 1,799 |  |  | — |
Principal deferral | 3 |  |  | 4,815 |  |  | 4,466 |  |  | (349 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | 429 |  |  | 429 |  |  | — |
Principal deferral and maturity date extension | 6 |  |  | 5,355 |  |  | 5,225 |  |  | (130 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total Commercial and Industrial | 11 |  |  | 10,938 |  |  | 10,348 |  |  | (590 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | 2,502 |  |  | 3,044 |  |  | 542 |
Residential mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2) | 5 |  |  | 387 |  |  | 380 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 32 |  |  | (149 | )
Total Residential Mortgage | 5 |  |  | 387 |  |  | 380 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 32 |  |  | (149 | )
Home equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2) | 17 |  |  | 798 |  |  | 668 |  |  | (130 | ) |  | 13 |  |  | 380 |  |  | 375 |  |  | (5 | )
Maturity date extension | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 231 |  |  | — |
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction | 2 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 120 |  |  | (53 | )
Total Home Equity | 19 |  |  | 845 |  |  | 715 |  |  | (130 | ) |  | 15 |  |  | 784 |  |  | 726 |  |  | (58 | )
Installment and other consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2) | 1 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | 237 |  |  | 220 |  |  | (17 | )
Total Installment and Other Consumer | 1 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | 237 |  |  | 220 |  |  | (17 | )
Totals by Concession Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturity date extension | 3 |  |  | 1,024 |  |  | 907 |  |  | (117 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | 905 |  |  | 1,447 |  |  | 542 |
Principal deferral | 3 |  |  | 4,815 |  |  | 4,466 |  |  | (349 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | 529 |  |  | 529 |  |  | — |
Principal deferral and maturity date extension | 6 |  |  | 5,355 |  |  | 5,225 |  |  | (130 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction | 2 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1,972 |  |  | 1,919 |  |  | (53 | )
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2) | 23 |  |  | 1,197 |  |  | 1,054 |  |  | (143 | ) |  | 25 |  |  | 798 |  |  | 627 |  |  | (171 | )
Total | 37 |  |  | $ | 12,438 |  |  | $ | 11,699 |  |  | $ | (739 | ) |  | 33 |  |  | $ | 4,204 |  |  | $ | 4,522 |  |  | $ | 318 |
(1) Excludes loans that were fully paid off or fully charged-off by period end. The pre-modification balance represents the balance outstanding prior to modification. The post-modification balance represents the outstanding balance at period end. (2) Chapter 7 bankruptcy loans where the debt has been legally discharged through the bankruptcy court and not reaffirmed.

As of September 30, 2018, we had 12 commitments to lend an additional $6.5 million on TDRs. Defaulted TDRs are defined as loans having a payment default of 90 days or more after the restructuring takes place. There were no TDRs that defaulted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 that were restructured within the last 12 months prior to defaulting.
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 5. LOANS AND LOANS HELD FOR SALE - continued
The following table is a summary of nonperforming assets as of the dates presented:

|  | Nonperforming Assets
(dollars in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2017 |
Nonperforming Assets |  |  |  |  |
Nonaccrual loans |  | $ | 13,596 |  |  |  | $ | 12,788 |
Nonaccrual TDRs |  | 7,143 |  |  |  | 11,150 |
Total Nonaccrual Loans |  | 20,739 |  |  |  | 23,938 |
OREO |  | 3,068 |  |  |  | 469 |
Total Nonperforming Assets |  | $ | 23,807 |  |  |  | $ | 24,407 |

Other real estate owned, or OREO increased $2.6 million since December 31, 2017. The increase in OREO relates to land lots owned by us that are no longer intended to be future branch locations for $2.5 million. These land lots were reclassified from other assets to OREO during the three months ended March 31, 2018.
NOTE 6. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES
We maintain an allowance for loan losses, or ALLL, at a level determined to be adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses inherent within the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. We develop and document a systematic ALLL methodology based on the following portfolio segments: 1) CRE, 2) Commercial and Industrial, or C&I, 3) Commercial Construction, 4) Consumer Real Estate and 5) Other Consumer.
The following are key risks within each portfolio segment:
CRE—Loans secured by commercial purpose real estate, including both owner-occupied properties and investment properties for various purposes such as hotels, strip malls and apartments. Operations of the individual projects and global cash flows of the debtors are the primary sources of repayment for these loans. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the collateral type and the business prospects of the lessee, if the project is not owner-occupied.
C&I—Loans made to operating companies or manufacturers for the purpose of production, operating capacity, accounts receivable, inventory or equipment financing. Cash flow from the operations of the company is the primary source of repayment for these loans. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the industry of the company. Collateral for these types of loans often does not have sufficient value in a distressed or liquidation scenario to satisfy the outstanding debt.
Commercial Construction—Loans made to finance construction of buildings or other structures, as well as to finance the acquisition and development of raw land for various purposes. While the risk of these loans is generally confined to the construction period, if there are problems, the project may not be completed, and as such, may not provide sufficient cash flow on its own to service the debt or have sufficient value in a liquidation to cover the outstanding principal. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the type of project and the experience and resources of the developer.
Consumer Real Estate—Loans secured by first and second liens such as home equity loans, home equity lines of credit and 1-4 family residential mortgages, including purchase money mortgages. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk for this segment. The state of the local housing market can also have a significant impact on this segment because low demand and/or declining home values can limit the ability of borrowers to sell a property and satisfy the debt.
Other Consumer—Loans made to individuals that may be secured by assets other than 1-4 family residences, as well as unsecured loans. This segment includes auto loans, unsecured loans and lines and credit cards. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk for this segment. The value of the collateral, if there is any, is less likely to be a source of repayment due to less certain collateral values.
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 6. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES – continued
We further assess risk within each portfolio segment by pooling loans with similar risk characteristics. For the commercial loan classes, the most important indicator of risk is the internally assigned risk rating, including pass, special mention and substandard. Consumer loans are pooled by type of collateral, lien position and loan to value, or LTV, for Consumer Real Estate loans. Historical loss rates are applied to these loan pools to determine the reserve for loans collectively evaluated for impairment.
The ALLL methodology for groups of loans collectively evaluated for impairment is comprised of both a quantitative and qualitative analysis. A key assumption in the quantitative component of the reserve is the loss emergence period, or LEP. The LEP is an estimate of the average amount of time from the point at which a loss is incurred on a loan to the point at which the loss is confirmed. Another key assumption is the look-back period which represents the historical data period utilized to calculate loss rates.
Management monitors various credit quality indicators for both the commercial and consumer loan portfolios, including delinquency, nonperforming status and changes in risk ratings on a monthly basis.
The following tables present the age analysis of past due loans segregated by class of loans as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2018
(dollars in thousands) | Current |  |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | Non - performing |  |  | Total Past Due Loans |  |  | Total Loans |
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,820,689 |  |  | $ | 664 |  |  | $ | 424 |  |  | $ | 4,595 |  |  | $ | 5,683 |  |  | $ | 2,826,372 |
Commercial and industrial | 1,445,433 |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 4,367 |  |  | 5,938 |  |  | 1,451,371 |
Commercial construction | 282,489 |  |  | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,228 |  |  | 1,294 |  |  | 283,783 |
Residential mortgage | 689,464 |  |  | 2,242 |  |  | 1,440 |  |  | 6,721 |  |  | 10,403 |  |  | 699,867 |
Home equity | 465,625 |  |  | 2,590 |  |  | 453 |  |  | 3,783 |  |  | 6,826 |  |  | 472,451 |
Installment and other consumer | 67,291 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 67,542 |
Consumer construction | 6,421 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,421 |
Loans held for sale | 4,207 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,207 |
Total | $ | 5,781,619 |  |  | $ | 7,097 |  |  | $ | 2,559 |  |  | $ | 20,739 |  |  | $ | 30,395 |  |  | $ | 5,812,014 |

| December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Current |  |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | Non - performing |  |  | Total Past Due Loans |  |  | Total Loans |
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,681,395 |  |  | $ | 997 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 3,468 |  |  | $ | 4,599 |  |  | $ | 2,685,994 |
Commercial and industrial | 1,426,754 |  |  | 420 |  |  | 446 |  |  | 5,646 |  |  | 6,512 |  |  | 1,433,266 |
Commercial construction | 377,968 |  |  | 2,473 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 3,873 |  |  | 6,366 |  |  | 384,334 |
Residential mortgage | 687,195 |  |  | 2,975 |  |  | 1,439 |  |  | 7,165 |  |  | 11,579 |  |  | 698,774 |
Home equity | 480,956 |  |  | 2,065 |  |  | 590 |  |  | 3,715 |  |  | 6,370 |  |  | 487,326 |
Installment and other consumer | 66,770 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 170 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 434 |  |  | 67,204 |
Consumer construction | 4,551 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,551 |
Loans held for sale | 4,485 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,485 |
Total | $ | 5,730,074 |  |  | $ | 9,123 |  |  | $ | 2,799 |  |  | $ | 23,938 |  |  | $ | 35,860 |  |  | $ | 5,765,934 |

We continually monitor the commercial loan portfolio through an internal risk rating system. Loan risk ratings are assigned based upon the creditworthiness of the borrower and are reviewed on an ongoing basis according to our internal policies. Loans within the pass rating generally have a lower risk of loss than loans risk rated as special mention or substandard.
Our risk ratings are consistent with regulatory guidance and are as follows:
Pass—The loan is currently performing and is of high quality.
Special Mention—A special mention loan has potential weaknesses that warrant management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or in the strength of our credit position at some future date. Economic and market conditions, beyond the borrower’s control, may in the future necessitate this classification.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 6. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES – continued
Substandard—A substandard loan is not adequately protected by the net worth and/or paying capacity of the borrower or by the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that we will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
The following tables present the recorded investment in commercial loan classes by internally assigned risk ratings as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2018
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate | % of Total |  | Commercial and Industrial | % of Total |  | Commercial Construction | % of Total |  | Total | % of Total
Pass | $ | 2,665,516 |  | 94.3 | % |  | $ | 1,356,159 |  | 93.4 | % |  | $ | 256,227 |  | 90.3 | % |  | $ | 4,277,902 |  | 93.8 | %
Special mention | 76,906 |  | 2.7 | % |  | 38,306 |  | 2.6 | % |  | 9,914 |  | 3.5 | % |  | 125,126 |  | 2.7 | %
Substandard | 83,950 |  | 3.0 | % |  | 56,906 |  | 4.0 | % |  | 17,642 |  | 6.2 | % |  | 158,498 |  | 3.5 | %
Total | $ | 2,826,372 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,451,371 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 283,783 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 4,561,526 |  | 100.0 | %
| December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate | % of Total |  | Commercial and Industrial | % of Total |  | Commercial Construction | % of Total |  | Total | % of Total
Pass | $ | 2,588,847 |  | 96.4 | % |  | $ | 1,345,810 |  | 93.9 | % |  | $ | 368,105 |  | 95.8 | % |  | $ | 4,302,762 |  | 95.5 | %
Special mention | 66,436 |  | 2.5 | % |  | 54,320 |  | 3.8 | % |  | 9,345 |  | 2.4 | % |  | 130,101 |  | 2.9 | %
Substandard | 30,711 |  | 1.1 | % |  | 33,136 |  | 2.3 | % |  | 6,884 |  | 1.8 | % |  | 70,731 |  | 1.6 | %
Total | $ | 2,685,994 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,433,266 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 384,334 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 4,503,594 |  | 100.0 | %

Substandard loans increased $87.8 million from December 31, 2017 mainly due to the receipt of updated financial information from the borrowers that resulted in the loans being downgraded.
We monitor the delinquent status of the consumer portfolio on a monthly basis. Loans are considered nonperforming when interest and principal are 90 days or more past due or management has determined that a material deterioration in the borrower’s financial condition exists. The risk of loss is generally highest for nonperforming loans.
The following tables present the recorded investment in consumer loan classes by performing and nonperforming status as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2018
(dollars in thousands) | Residential Mortgage | % of Total |  | Home Equity | % of Total |  | Installment and Other Consumer | % of Total |  | Consumer Construction | % of Total |  | Total | % of Total
Performing | $ | 693,146 |  | 99.0 | % |  | $ | 468,668 |  | 99.2 | % |  | $ | 67,497 |  | 99.9 | % |  | $ | 6,421 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,235,732 |  | 99.2 | %
Nonperforming | 6,721 |  | 1.0 | % |  | 3,783 |  | 0.8 | % |  | 45 |  | 0.1 | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | 10,549 |  | 0.8 | %
Total | $ | 699,867 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 472,451 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 67,542 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 6,421 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,246,281 |  | 100.0 | %
| December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Residential Mortgage | % of Total |  | Home Equity | % of Total |  | Installment and Other Consumer | % of Total |  | Consumer Construction | % of Total |  | Total | % of Total
Performing | $ | 691,609 |  | 99.0 | % |  | $ | 483,611 |  | 99.2 | % |  | $ | 67,133 |  | 99.9 | % |  | $ | 4,551 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,246,904 |  | 99.1 | %
Nonperforming | 7,165 |  | 1.0 | % |  | 3,715 |  | 0.8 | % |  | 71 |  | 0.1 | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | 10,951 |  | 0.9 | %
Total | $ | 698,774 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 487,326 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 67,204 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 4,551 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,257,855 |  | 100.0 | %

We individually evaluate all substandard and nonaccrual commercial loans greater than $0.5 million for impairment. Loans are considered to be impaired when based upon current information and events it is probable that we will be unable to collect all principal and interest payments due according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement. A TDR will be reported as an impaired loan for the remaining life of the loan, unless the restructuring agreement specifies an interest rate equal to or greater than the rate that would be accepted at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk and it is expected that the remaining principal and interest will be fully collected according to the restructured agreement. For each TDR or other impaired loan, we conduct further analysis to determine the probable loss and assign a specific reserve to the loan if deemed appropriate.
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 6. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES – continued
The following table summarizes investments in loans considered to be impaired and related information on those impaired loans as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Recorded Investment |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Related Allowance |  | Recorded Investment |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Related Allowance
With a related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial and industrial | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,735 |  |  | 1,787 |  |  | 29 |
Commercial construction | 490 |  |  | 489 |  |  | 268 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer real estate | 15 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 21 |
Other consumer | 15 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 27 |
Total with a Related Allowance Recorded | 520 |  |  | 520 |  |  | 294 |  |  | 1,783 |  |  | 1,835 |  |  | 77 |
Without a related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 3,703 |  |  | 4,069 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,546 |  |  | 3,811 |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | 14,548 |  |  | 16,271 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,549 |  |  | 7,980 |  |  | — |
Commercial construction | 2,808 |  |  | 4,318 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,464 |  |  | 8,132 |  |  | — |
Consumer real estate | 9,142 |  |  | 10,138 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,467 |  |  | 11,357 |  |  | — |
Other consumer | 7 |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |
Total without a Related Allowance Recorded | 30,208 |  |  | 34,811 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,040 |  |  | 31,302 |  |  | — |
Total: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 3,703 |  |  | 4,069 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,546 |  |  | 3,811 |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | 14,548 |  |  | 16,271 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,284 |  |  | 9,767 |  |  | 29 |
Commercial construction | 3,298 |  |  | 4,807 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 5,464 |  |  | 8,132 |  |  | — |
Consumer real estate | 9,157 |  |  | 10,153 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10,488 |  |  | 11,378 |  |  | 21 |
Other consumer | 22 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 27 |
Total | $ | 30,728 |  |  | $ | 35,331 |  |  | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 26,823 |  |  | $ | 33,137 |  |  | $ | 77 |

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 6. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES – continued
The following tables summarize average recorded investment in and interest income recognized on loans considered to be impaired for the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized
With a related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial and industrial | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,406 |  |  | 37 |
Commercial construction | 496 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer real estate | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | 1 |
Other consumer | 17 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 2 |
Total with a Related Allowance Recorded | 528 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2,461 |  |  | 40 |
Without a related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 3,744 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 6,415 |  |  | 105 |
Commercial and industrial | 14,412 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 9,074 |  |  | 130 |
Commercial construction | 2,809 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 7,140 |  |  | 154 |
Consumer real estate | 9,320 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 11,149 |  |  | 250 |
Other consumer | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 28 |  |  | — |
Total without a Related Allowance Recorded | 30,298 |  |  | 287 |  |  | 33,806 |  |  | 639 |
Total: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 3,744 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 6,415 |  |  | 105 |
Commercial and industrial | 14,412 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 11,480 |  |  | 167 |
Commercial construction | 3,305 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 7,140 |  |  | 154 |
Consumer real estate | 9,335 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 11,172 |  |  | 251 |
Other consumer | 30 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 2 |
Total | $ | 30,826 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 36,267 |  |  | $ | 679 |

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 6. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES – continued

| Nine Months Ended
| September 30, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized
With a related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial and industrial | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,218 |  |  | 44 |
Commercial construction | 585 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer real estate | 16 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 1 |
Other consumer | 21 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 1 |
Total with a Related Allowance Recorded | 622 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,277 |  |  | 46 |
Without a related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 3,895 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 6,577 |  |  | 140 |
Commercial and industrial | 11,567 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 11,001 |  |  | 164 |
Commercial construction | 2,813 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 7,222 |  |  | 194 |
Consumer real estate | 10,031 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 11,488 |  |  | 382 |
Other consumer | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | 1 |
Total without a Related Allowance Recorded | 28,321 |  |  | 862 |  |  | 36,321 |  |  | 881 |
Total: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 3,895 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 6,577 |  |  | 140 |
Commercial and industrial | 11,567 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 12,219 |  |  | 208 |
Commercial construction | 3,398 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 7,222 |  |  | 194 |
Consumer real estate | 10,047 |  |  | 371 |  |  | 11,512 |  |  | 383 |
Other consumer | 36 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 2 |
Total | $ | 28,943 |  |  | $ | 864 |  |  | $ | 37,598 |  |  | $ | 927 |

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 6. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES – continued
The following tables detail activity in the ALLL for the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Commercial Construction |  | Consumer Real Estate |  | Other Consumer |  | Total Loans
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 31,232 |  |  | $ | 10,874 |  |  | $ | 11,676 |  |  | $ | 5,241 |  |  | $ | 1,494 |  |  | $ | 60,517 |
Charge-offs | (141 | ) |  | (181 | ) |  | — |  |  | (487 | ) |  | (425 | ) |  | (1,234 | )
Recoveries | 64 |  |  | 504 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 811 |
Net (Charge-offs)/ Recoveries | (77 | ) |  | 323 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (417 | ) |  | (256 | ) |  | (423 | )
Provision for loan losses | 1,735 |  |  | (971 | ) |  | (765 | ) |  | 214 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 462 |
Balance at End of Period | $ | 32,890 |  |  | $ | 10,226 |  |  | $ | 10,915 |  |  | $ | 5,038 |  |  | $ | 1,487 |  |  | $ | 60,556 |
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Commercial Construction |  | Consumer Real Estate |  | Other Consumer |  | Total Loans
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 24,358 |  |  | $ | 9,256 |  |  | $ | 13,944 |  |  | $ | 5,803 |  |  | $ | 1,990 |  |  | $ | 55,351 |
Charge-offs | (37 | ) |  | (644 | ) |  | (1,453 | ) |  | (101 | ) |  | (425 | ) |  | (2,660 | )
Recoveries | 182 |  |  | 243 |  |  | 473 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 1,171 |
Net (Charge-offs)/ Recoveries | 145 |  |  | (401 | ) |  | (980 | ) |  | (10 | ) |  | (243 | ) |  | (1,489 | )
Provision for loan losses | 472 |  |  | 859 |  |  | 1,951 |  |  | (262 | ) |  | (170 | ) |  | 2,850 |
Balance at End of Period | $ | 24,975 |  |  | $ | 9,714 |  |  | $ | 14,915 |  |  | $ | 5,531 |  |  | $ | 1,577 |  |  | $ | 56,712 |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Commercial Construction |  | Consumer Real Estate |  | Other Consumer |  | Total Loans
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 27,235 |  |  | $ | 8,966 |  |  | $ | 13,167 |  |  | $ | 5,479 |  |  | $ | 1,543 |  |  | $ | 56,390 |
Charge-offs | (373 | ) |  | (8,403 | ) |  | (321 | ) |  | (916 | ) |  | (1,298 | ) |  | (11,311 | )
Recoveries | 293 |  |  | 985 |  |  | 1,134 |  |  | 393 |  |  | 393 |  |  | 3,198 |
Net (Charge-offs)/Recoveries | (80 | ) |  | (7,418 | ) |  | 813 |  |  | (523 | ) |  | (905 | ) |  | (8,113 | )
Provision for loan losses | 5,735 |  |  | 8,678 |  |  | (3,065 | ) |  | 82 |  |  | 849 |  |  | 12,279 |
Balance at End of Period | $ | 32,890 |  |  | $ | 10,226 |  |  | $ | 10,915 |  |  | $ | 5,038 |  |  | $ | 1,487 |  |  | $ | 60,556 |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Commercial Construction |  | Consumer Real Estate |  | Other Consumer |  | Total Loans
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 19,976 |  |  | $ | 10,810 |  |  | $ | 13,999 |  |  | $ | 6,095 |  |  | $ | 1,895 |  |  | $ | 52,775 |
Charge-offs | (2,100 | ) |  | (4,041 | ) |  | (2,097 | ) |  | (1,957 | ) |  | (1,228 | ) |  | (11,423 | )
Recoveries | 415 |  |  | 499 |  |  | 842 |  |  | 270 |  |  | 433 |  |  | 2,459 |
Net Charge-offs | (1,685 | ) |  | (3,542 | ) |  | (1,255 | ) |  | (1,687 | ) |  | (795 | ) |  | (8,964 | )
Provision for loan losses | 6,684 |  |  | 2,446 |  |  | 2,171 |  |  | 1,123 |  |  | 477 |  |  | 12,901 |
Balance at End of Period | $ | 24,975 |  |  | $ | 9,714 |  |  | $ | 14,915 |  |  | $ | 5,531 |  |  | $ | 1,577 |  |  | $ | 56,712 |

Net charge-offs and provision for loan losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were significantly impacted by a $5.2 million loan charge-off in the second quarter of 2018 for a commercial customer arising from a participation loan agreement with a lead bank and other participating banks. The loss resulted from fraudulent activities believed to be perpetrated by one or more executives employed by the borrower and its related entities. S&T’s total exposure consisted of the participation loan of $4.9 million and a direct exposure of $950 thousand which is secured by vehicles and equipment liens. During the third quarter of 2018, we received a $0.1 million recovery on this relationship and do not expect to incur any further charge-offs.
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 6. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES – continued
The following tables present the ALLL and recorded investments in loans by category as of the periods presented:

| September 30, 2018
| Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Portfolio Loans
(dollars in thousands) | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |  |  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,890 |  |  | $ | 32,890 |  |  | $ | 3,703 |  |  | $ | 2,822,669 |  |  | $ | 2,826,372 |
Commercial and industrial | — |  |  | 10,226 |  |  | 10,226 |  |  | 14,548 |  |  | 1,436,823 |  |  | 1,451,371 |
Commercial construction | 268 |  |  | 10,647 |  |  | 10,915 |  |  | 3,298 |  |  | 280,485 |  |  | 283,783 |
Consumer real estate | 10 |  |  | 5,028 |  |  | 5,038 |  |  | 9,157 |  |  | 1,169,582 |  |  | 1,178,739 |
Other consumer | 16 |  |  | 1,471 |  |  | 1,487 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 67,520 |  |  | 67,542 |
Total | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 60,262 |  |  | $ | 60,556 |  |  | $ | 30,728 |  |  | $ | 5,777,079 |  |  | $ | 5,807,807 |
| December 31, 2017
| Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Portfolio Loans
(dollars in thousands) | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |  |  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,235 |  |  | $ | 27,235 |  |  | $ | 3,546 |  |  | $ | 2,682,448 |  |  | $ | 2,685,994 |
Commercial and industrial | 29 |  |  | 8,937 |  |  | 8,966 |  |  | 7,284 |  |  | 1,425,982 |  |  | 1,433,266 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | 13,167 |  |  | 13,167 |  |  | 5,464 |  |  | 378,870 |  |  | 384,334 |
Consumer real estate | 21 |  |  | 5,458 |  |  | 5,479 |  |  | 10,488 |  |  | 1,180,163 |  |  | 1,190,651 |
Other consumer | 27 |  |  | 1,516 |  |  | 1,543 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 67,163 |  |  | 67,204 |
Total | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 56,313 |  |  | $ | 56,390 |  |  | $ | 26,823 |  |  | $ | 5,734,626 |  |  | $ | 5,761,449 |

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 7. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
Interest Rate Swaps
In accordance with applicable accounting guidance for derivatives and hedging, all derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet at fair value. Interest rate swaps are contracts in which a series of interest rate flows (fixed and variable) are exchanged over a prescribed period. The notional amounts on which the interest payments are based are not exchanged. These derivative positions relate to transactions in which we enter into an interest rate swap with a commercial customer while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap with another financial institution. In connection with each transaction, we agree to pay interest to the customer on a notional amount at a variable interest rate and receive interest from the customer on the same notional amount at a fixed rate. At the same time, we agree to pay another financial institution the same fixed interest rate on the same notional amount and receive the same variable interest rate on the same notional amount. The transaction allows our customer to effectively convert a variable rate loan to a fixed rate loan with us receiving a variable rate. These agreements could have floors or caps on the contracted interest rates.
Pursuant to our agreements with various financial institutions, we may receive collateral or may be required to post collateral based upon mark-to-market positions. Beyond unsecured threshold levels, collateral in the form of cash or securities may be made available to counterparties of interest rate swap transactions. Based upon our current positions and related future collateral requirements relating to them, we believe any effect on our cash flow or liquidity position to be immaterial.
Derivatives contain an element of credit risk, the possibility that we will incur a loss because a counterparty, which may be a financial institution or a customer, fails to meet its contractual obligations. All derivative contracts with financial institutions may be executed only with counterparties approved by our Asset and Liability Committee, or ALCO, and derivatives with customers may only be executed with customers within credit exposure limits approved by our Senior Loan Committee. Interest rate swaps are considered derivatives, but are not accounted for using hedge accounting. As such, changes in the estimated fair value of the derivatives are recorded in current earnings and included in other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Interest Rate Lock Commitments and Forward Sale Contracts
In the normal course of business, we sell originated mortgage loans into the secondary mortgage loan market. We also offer interest rate lock commitments to potential borrowers. The commitments are generally for a period of 60 days and guarantee a specified interest rate for a loan if underwriting standards are met, but the commitment does not obligate the potential borrower to close on the loan. Accordingly, some commitments expire prior to becoming loans. We may encounter pricing risks if interest rates increase significantly before the loan can be closed and sold. We may utilize forward sale contracts in order to mitigate this pricing risk. Whenever a customer desires these products, a mortgage originator quotes a secondary market rate guaranteed for that day by the investor. The rate lock is executed between the mortgagee and us and in turn a forward sale contract may be executed between us and the investor. Both the rate lock commitment and the corresponding forward sale contract for each customer are considered derivatives, but are not accounted for using hedge accounting. As such, changes in the estimated fair value of the derivatives during the commitment period are recorded in current earnings and included in mortgage banking in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
The following table indicates the amounts representing the value of derivative assets and derivative liabilities as of the dates presented:

|  | Derivatives (included in Other Assets) |  |  | Derivatives (included in Other Liabilities)
(dollars in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | September 30, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2017 |
Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swap Contracts - Commercial Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value |  | $ | 7,448 |  |  |  | $ | 3,074 |  |  |  | $ | 7,483 |  |  |  | $ | 3,055 |
Notional amount |  | 247,817 |  |  |  | 263,841 |  |  |  | 247,817 |  |  |  | 263,841 |
Collateral received/posted |  | 5,530 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,448 |
Interest Rate Lock Commitments - Mortgage Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value |  | 229 |  |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Notional amount |  | 9,084 |  |  |  | 6,860 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Forward Sale Contracts - Mortgage Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value |  | 61 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5 |
Notional amount |  | $ | 11,250 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 6,580 |

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 7. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES – continued
Presenting offsetting derivatives that are subject to legally enforceable netting arrangements with the same party is permitted. For example, we may have a derivative asset and a derivative liability with the same counterparty to a swap transaction and are permitted to offset the asset position and the liability position resulting in a net presentation.
The following table indicates the gross amounts of commercial loan swap derivative assets and derivative liabilities, the amounts offset and the carrying values in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of the dates presented:

| Derivatives (included in Other Assets) |  | Derivatives (included in Other Liabilities)
(dollars in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross amounts recognized |  | $ | 8,188 |  |  |  | $ | 4,974 |  |  |  | $ | 8,223 |  |  |  | $ | 4,955 |
Gross amounts offset |  | (740 | ) |  |  | (1,900 | ) |  |  | (740 | ) |  |  | (1,900 | )
Net Amounts Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | 7,448 |  |  |  | 3,074 |  |  |  | 7,483 |  |  |  | 3,055 |
Gross amounts not offset(1) |  | (5,530 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,448 | )
Net Amount |  | $ | 1,918 |  |  |  | $ | 3,074 |  |  |  | $ | 7,483 |  |  |  | $ | 1,607 |

(1) Amounts represent collateral received for the periods presented.
The following table indicates the gain or loss recognized in income on derivatives for the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts—commercial loans |  | $ | 31 |  |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  |  | $ | (55 | ) |  |  | $ | 25 |
Interest rate lock commitments—mortgage loans |  | (169 | ) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 216 |
Forward sale contracts—mortgage loans |  | 99 |  |  |  | (30 | ) |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 10 |
Total Derivatives (Loss)/Gain |  | $ | (39 | ) |  |  | $ | (25 | ) |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  |  | $ | 251 |

NOTE 8. BORROWINGS
Short-term borrowings are for terms under or equal to one year and are comprised of securities sold under repurchase agreements, or REPOs, and Federal Home Loan Bank, or FHLB, advances. All REPOs are overnight short-term investments and are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC. Securities pledged as collateral under these REPO financing arrangements cannot be sold or repledged by the secured party and, therefore, the REPOs are accounted for as secured borrowings. Mortgage-backed securities with amortized cost of $52.8 million and carrying value of $50.9 million at September 30, 2018 and amortized cost of $57.5 million and carrying value of $56.8 million at December 31, 2017 were pledged as collateral for these secured transactions. The pledged securities are held in safekeeping at the Federal Reserve. Due to the overnight short-term nature of REPOs, potential risk due to a decline in the value of the pledged collateral is low. Collateral pledging requirements with REPOs are monitored daily. FHLB advances are for various terms and are secured by a blanket lien on residential mortgages and other real estate secured loans.
Long-term borrowings are for original terms greater than one year and are comprised of FHLB advances, a capital lease and junior subordinated debt securities. Long-term FHLB advances are secured by the same loans as short-term FHLB advances. We had total long-term borrowings outstanding of $7.3 million at a fixed rate and $38.1 million at a variable rate at September 30, 2018, excluding our capital lease.
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 8. BORROWINGS - continued
Information pertaining to borrowings is summarized in the table below as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Balance | Weighted Average Rate |  | Balance | Weighted Average Rate
Short-term Borrowings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  | $ | 45,200 |  |  | 0.50 | % |  |  | $ | 50,161 |  |  | 0.39 | %
Short-term borrowings |  | 535,000 |  |  | 2.37 | % |  |  | 540,000 |  |  | 1.47 | %
Total Short-term Borrowings |  | 580,200 |  |  | 2.22 | % |  |  | 590,161 |  |  | 1.38 | %
Long-term Borrowings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term borrowings |  | 45,434 |  |  | 2.39 | % |  |  | 47,301 |  |  | 1.88 | %
Junior subordinated debt securities |  | 45,619 |  |  | 4.79 | % |  |  | 45,619 |  |  | 3.78 | %
Total Long-term Borrowings |  | 91,053 |  |  | 3.59 | % |  |  | 92,920 |  |  | 2.81 | %
Total Borrowings |  | $ | 671,253 |  |  | 2.41 | % |  |  | $ | 683,081 |  |  | 1.57 | %

We had total borrowings at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 at the FHLB of Pittsburgh of $581 million and $587 million. The $581 million at September 30, 2018 consisted of $535 million in short-term borrowings and $45.4 million in long-term borrowings. Our maximum borrowing capacity with the FHLB of Pittsburgh was $2.5 billion at September 30, 2018. We utilized $746 million of our borrowing capacity at September 30, 2018 consisting of $581 million for borrowings and $165 million for letters of credit to collateralize public funds. Our remaining borrowing availability at September 30, 2018 is $1.7 billion.
NOTE 9. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Commitments
In the normal course of business, we offer off-balance sheet credit arrangements to enable our customers to meet their financing objectives. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the financial statements. Our exposure to credit loss, in the event the customer does not satisfy the terms of the agreement, equals the contractual amount of the obligation less the value of any collateral. We apply the same credit policies in making commitments and standby letters of credit that are used for the underwriting of loans to customers. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates, annual renewals or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Because many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Our allowance for unfunded commitments totaled $2.2 million at both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The allowance for unfunded commitments is included in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The allowance for unfunded commitments is determined using a similar methodology as our ALLL methodology. The reserve is calculated by applying historical loss rates and qualitative adjustments to our unfunded commitments.
Estimates of the fair value of these off-balance sheet items were not made because of the short-term nature of these arrangements and the credit standing of the counterparties.
The following table sets forth our commitments and letters of credit as of the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2017 |
Commitments to extend credit |  | $ | 1,430,863 |  |  |  | $ | 1,420,428 |
Standby letters of credit |  | 72,758 |  |  |  | 80,918 |
Total |  | $ | 1,503,621 |  |  |  | $ | 1,501,346 |

Litigation
In the normal course of business, we are subject to various legal and administrative proceedings and claims. While any type of litigation contains a level of uncertainty, we believe that the outcome of such proceedings or claims pending will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 10. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
The following tables present the change in components of other comprehensive loss for the periods presented, net of tax effects.

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Pre-Tax Amount |  |  | Tax (Expense) Benefit |  |  | Net of Tax Amount |  |  | Pre-Tax Amount |  |  | Tax (Expense) Benefit |  |  | Net of Tax Amount |
Change in net unrealized (losses)/gains on debt securities available-for-sale (1) |  | $ | (3,521 | ) |  |  | $ | 748 |  |  |  | $ | (2,773 | ) |  |  | $ | (148 | ) |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  |  | $ | (96 | )
Reclassification adjustment for net (gains)/losses on debt securities available-for-sale included in net income |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Adjustment to funded status of employee benefit plans |  | 590 |  |  |  | (125 | ) |  |  | 465 |  |  |  | 539 |  |  |  | (189 | ) |  |  | 350 |
Other Comprehensive (Loss)/Income |  | $ | (2,931 | ) |  |  | $ | 623 |  |  |  | $ | (2,308 | ) |  |  | $ | 391 |  |  |  | $ | (137 | ) |  |  | $ | 254 |
(1) Due to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, net unrealized gains on marketable equity securities were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings during the three months ended March 31, 2018. The prior period data was not restated; as such, the change in unrealized gains on marketable securities is combined with the change in net unrealized gains on debt securities for the period ended September 30, 2017.
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Pre-Tax Amount |  |  | Tax (Expense) Benefit |  |  | Net of Tax Amount |  |  | Pre-Tax Amount |  |  | Tax (Expense) Benefit |  |  | Net of Tax Amount |
Change in net unrealized (losses)/gains on debt securities available-for-sale (1) |  | $ | (15,291 | ) |  |  | $ | 3,247 |  |  |  | $ | (12,044 | ) |  |  | $ | 4,186 |  |  |  | $ | (1,470 | ) |  |  | $ | 2,716 |
Reclassification adjustment for net (gains)/losses on debt securities available-for-sale included in net income (2) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,987 | ) |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | (2,587 | )
Adjustment to funded status of employee benefit plans |  | 1,913 |  |  |  | (406 | ) |  |  | 1,507 |  |  |  | 1,617 |  |  |  | (566 | ) |  |  | 1,051 |
Other Comprehensive (Loss)/Income |  | $ | (13,378 | ) |  |  | $ | 2,841 |  |  |  | $ | (10,537 | ) |  |  | $ | 1,816 |  |  |  | $ | (636 | ) |  |  | $ | 1,180 |
(1) Due to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, net unrealized gains on marketable equity securities were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings during the three months ended March 31, 2018. The prior period data was not restated; as such, the change in unrealized gains on marketable securities is combined with the change in net unrealized gains on debt securities for the period ended September 30, 2017.
(2) Reclassification adjustments are comprised of realized security gains or losses. The realized gains or losses have been reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) and have affected certain lines in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income as follows: the pre-tax amount is included in securities gains/losses-net, the tax expense amount is included in the provision for income taxes and the net of tax amount is included in net income.

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued
NOTE 11. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
Our qualified and nonqualified defined benefit plans were amended to freeze benefit accruals for all persons entitled to benefits under the plan in 2016. We will continue recording pension expense related to these plans, primarily representing interest costs on the accumulated benefit obligation and amortization of actuarial losses accumulated in the plan, as well as income from expected investment returns on pension assets. Since the plans have been frozen, no service costs are included in net periodic pension expense. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is 7.50 percent.
We made a $20.4 million contribution to our qualified defined benefit plan on September 7, 2018. The fair value of the plan was not re-measured for the impact of the contribution. The pension contribution was deducted on our 2017 Consolidated Federal Income Tax Return and we recognized a return to provision discrete tax benefit of $2.9 million due to the decrease in the federal statutory rate of 35 percent to 21 percent resulting from tax legislation in December 2017.
The following table summarizes the components of net periodic pension cost for the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation |  | $ | 978 |  |  |  | $ | 1,025 |  |  |  | $ | 2,912 |  |  |  | $ | 3,075 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (1,566 | ) |  |  | (1,582 | ) |  |  | (4,700 | ) |  |  | (4,746 | )
Net amortization |  | 512 |  |  |  | 475 |  |  |  | 1,601 |  |  |  | 1,424 |
Net Periodic Pension Expense |  | $ | (76 | ) |  |  | $ | (82 | ) |  |  | $ | (187 | ) |  |  | $ | (247 | )

The components of net periodic pension expense are included in salaries and employee benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
NOTE 12. QUALIFIED AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROJECTS
We invest in affordable housing projects primarily to satisfy our Community Reinvestment Act requirements. As a limited partner in these operating partnerships, we receive tax credits and tax deductions for losses incurred by the underlying properties. We use the cost method to account for these partnerships. Our total investment in qualified affordable housing projects was $6.7 million at September 30, 2018 and $8.7 million at December 31, 2017. Amortization expense, included in other noninterest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, was $0.7 million and $2.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and $0.8 million and $2.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. The amortization expense was offset by tax credits of $0.8 million and $2.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and $0.9 million and $2.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 as a reduction to our federal tax provision.
NOTE 13. SALE OF A MAJORITY INTEREST OF INSURANCE BUSINESS
On November 9, 2017, we entered into an asset purchase agreement to sell a 70 percent ownership interest in the assets of our subsidiary, S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC. The partial sale was accounted for as the sale of a business. At the date of the sale, January 1, 2018, we ceased to have a controlling financial interest, deconsolidated the subsidiary and recognized a gain of $1.9 million. We transferred our remaining 30 percent share of net assets from S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC to a new entity for a 30 percent partnership interest in a new insurance entity. We use the equity method of accounting to recognize changes in the value of our investment in the new insurance entity for our proportional share of income and losses of the new insurance entity.
NOTE 14. SHARE REPURCHASE PLAN
On March 19, 2018, our Board of Directors authorized a $50 million share repurchase plan. This repurchase authorization, which is effective through August 31, 2019, permits us to repurchase from time to time up to $50 million in aggregate value of shares of our common stock through a combination of open market and privately negotiated repurchases. The specific timing, price and quantity of repurchases will be at our discretion and will depend on a variety of factors, including general market conditions, the trading price of the common stock, legal and contractual requirements and our financial performance. The repurchase plan does not obligate us to repurchase any particular number of shares. We expect to fund any repurchases from cash on hand and internally generated funds. There were no open market repurchases under the plan during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2018.
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, or MD&A, represents an overview of our consolidated results of operations and financial condition and highlights material changes in our financial condition and results of operations at and for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. Our MD&A should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes. The results of operations reported in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in future periods.
Important Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This quarterly report on Form 10-Q contains or incorporates statements that we believe are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements generally relate to our financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, outlook for earnings, revenues, expenses, capital and liquidity levels and ratios, asset levels, asset quality, financial position, and other matters regarding or affecting S&T and its future business and operations. Forward looking statements are typically identified by words or phrases such as “will likely result”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “forecast”, “project”, “intend”, “ believe”, “assume”, “strategy”, “trend”, “plan”, “outlook”, “outcome”, “continue”, “remain”, “potential”, “opportunity”, “believe”, “comfortable”, “current”, “position”, “maintain”, “sustain”, “seek”, “achieve” and variations of such words and similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs such as will, would, should, could or may. Although we believe the assumptions upon which these forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, any of these assumptions could prove to be inaccurate and the forward-looking statements based on these assumptions could be incorrect. The matters discussed in these forward-looking statements are subject to various risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and trends to differ materially from those made, projected, or implied in or by the forward-looking statements depending on a variety of uncertainties or other factors including, but not limited to: credit losses; cyber-security concerns; rapid technological developments and changes; sensitivity to the interest rate environment including a prolonged period of low interest rates, a rapid increase in interest rates or a change in the shape of the yield curve; a change in spreads on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities; regulatory supervision and oversight; legislation affecting the financial services industry as a whole, and S&T, in particular; the outcome of pending and future litigation and governmental proceedings; increasing price and product/service competition; the ability to continue to introduce competitive new products and services on a timely, cost-effective basis; managing our internal growth and acquisitions; the possibility that the anticipated benefits from acquisitions cannot be fully realized in a timely manner or at all, or that integrating the acquired operations will be more difficult, disruptive or costly than anticipated; containing costs and expenses; reliance on significant customer relationships; general economic or business conditions; deterioration of the housing market and reduced demand for mortgages; deterioration in the overall macroeconomic conditions or the state of the banking industry that could warrant further analysis of the carrying value of goodwill and could result in an adjustment to its carrying value resulting in a non-cash charge to net income; and re-emergence of turbulence in significant portions of the global financial and real estate markets that could impact our performance, both directly, by affecting our revenues and the value of our assets and liabilities and indirectly, by affecting the economy generally and access to capital in the amounts, at the times and on the terms required to support our future businesses. Many of these factors, as well as other factors, are described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, including Part I, Item 1A-"Risk Factors" and any of our subsequent filings with the SEC. Forward-looking statements are based on beliefs and assumptions using information available at the time the statements are made. We caution you not to unduly rely on forward-looking statements because the assumptions, beliefs, expectations and projections about future events may and often do, differ materially from actual results. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as to the date on which it is made and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect developments occurring after the statement is made.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our critical accounting policies involving significant judgments and assumptions used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements as of September 30, 2018 have remained unchanged from the disclosures presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 under Part II, Item 7-“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Overview
We are a bank holding company headquartered in Indiana, Pennsylvania with assets of $7.1 billion at September 30, 2018. We operate bank branches in Pennsylvania and Ohio and loan production offices in Pennsylvania, Ohio and New York. We provide a full range of financial services with retail and commercial banking products, cash management services and trust and brokerage services. Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “STBA.”
We earn revenue primarily from interest on loans and securities and fees charged for financial services provided to our customers. We incur expenses for the cost of deposits and other funding sources, provision for loan losses and other operating costs such as salaries and employee benefits, data processing and information technology, occupancy and tax expense.
Our mission is to become the financial services provider of choice within the markets that we serve. We strive to do this by delivering exceptional service and value, one customer at a time. Our strategic plan focuses on organic growth, which includes both growth within our current footprint and growth through market expansion. We also actively evaluate acquisition opportunities as another source of growth. Our strategic plan includes a collaborative model that combines expertise from all areas of our business and focuses on satisfying each customer’s individual financial objectives.
Our focus continues to be on organic loan and deposit growth and implementing opportunities to increase fee income while closely managing our operating expenses and asset quality. We are focused on executing our strategy to successfully build our brand and grow our business in all of our markets. We have benefited from recent increases in short-term interest rates and expect to benefit from any future increases. Our performance has also benefited from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act) which lowered the federal corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent effective January 1, 2018. Our tax expense was reduced by $2.9 million during the third quarter of 2018 due to the tax rate reduction and a tax benefit derived from a contribution to our defined benefit plan in September 2018.
On November 9, 2017, we entered into an asset purchase agreement to sell a 70 percent ownership interest in the assets of our subsidiary, S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC. At the date of the sale, January 1, 2018, we ceased to have a controlling financial interest, deconsolidated the subsidiary and recognized a gain of $1.9 million. We transferred our remaining 30 percent share of net assets from S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC to a new entity for a 30 percent partnership interest in a new insurance entity.
Earnings Summary
Net income increased $8.2 million, or 35.9 percent, for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and increased $14.8 million, or 23.3 percent, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. Net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $30.9 million and $78.5 million, or $0.88 and $2.24 diluted earnings per share, as compared to $22.7 million and $63.7 million, or $0.65 and $1.82 diluted earnings per share for the same periods in 2017.
The increase in net income for the three month period ended September 30, 2018 of $8.2 million was primarily due to a decrease in the provision for income taxes of $6.0 million, a decrease in the provision for loan losses of $2.4 million, an increase in net interest income of $1.8 million offset by a decrease of $1.5 million in noninterest income and an increase of $0.5 million in noninterest expense. The increase to net income for the nine month period ended September 30, 2018 of $14.8 million was primarily due to a decrease in the provision for income taxes of $11.3 million, an increase in net interest income of $6.7 million and decreases in noninterest expense of $0.9 million and the provision for loan losses of $0.6 million offset by a decrease of $4.7 million in noninterest income.
Net interest income increased $1.8 million and $6.7 million to $59.3 million and $175 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to net interest income of $57.5 million and $168 million for the same periods in 2017. Average interest-earning assets decreased $49.4 million and $0.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. Average interest-bearing liabilities decreased $170 million and $120 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. Net interest margin, on a fully taxable-equivalent, or FTE, basis (non-GAAP), increased eight basis points for both periods to 3.67 and 3.63 percent in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to 3.59 and 3.55 percent for the same periods in 2017. The increases in short-term interest rates over the past year positively impacted both net interest income and net interest margin. Net interest margin is reconciled to net interest income adjusted to an FTE basis in the "Results of Operations - Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 - Net Interest Income" section of this MD&A.
The provision for loan losses decreased $2.4 million and $0.6 million to $0.5 and $12.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $2.9 million and $12.9 million for the same periods in 2017. The decreases in the provision for loan losses were mainly due to lower net charge-offs in both periods. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we had net charges-offs of $0.4 million and $8.1 million compared to net charges-offs of $1.5 million and
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
$9.0 million for the same periods in 2017. Net charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were significantly impacted by a $5.2 million loan charge-off in the second quarter of 2018 for a commercial customer arising from a participation loan agreement with a lead bank and other participating banks. The loss resulted from fraudulent activities believed to be perpetrated by one or more executives employed by the borrower and its related entities. Annualized net loan charge-offs to average loans were 0.03 percent and 0.19 percent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to 0.10 percent and 0.21 percent for the same periods in 2017. Impaired loans decreased $1.3 million to $30.7 million at September 30, 2018 compared to $32.0 million at September 30, 2017. Nonperforming loans decreased $8.8 million to $20.7 million at September 30, 2018 compared to $29.5 million at September 30, 2017.
Noninterest income decreased $1.5 million and $4.7 million to $12.0 million and $38.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $13.5 million and $42.8 million for the same periods in 2017. Insurance income decreased $1.2 million and $3.8 million for the three and nine month periods compared to the same periods in 2017 due to the sale of a majority interest in our insurance business in the first quarter of 2018. Net gain on the sale of securities decreased $4.0 million for the nine month period ended September 30, 2018 related to security sales during 2017. Offsetting the decrease in noninterest income for the nine month period was a $1.9 million gain on the sale of our insurance business recognized in the first quarter of 2018, higher debit and credit card fees of $0.5 million, higher services charges on deposit accounts of $0.5 million and higher wealth management fees of $0.5 million.
Noninterest expense increased $0.5 million and decreased $0.9 million to $37.1 million and $109 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $36.6 million and $110 million for the same periods in 2017. Salaries and employee benefits expenses decreased $0.6 million and $3.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017 due to lower incentives and fewer employees due to the sale of our insurance business in the first quarter of 2018. FDIC insurance decreased $0.4 million and $0.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017 due to improvements in the components used to determine the assessment. Offsetting these improvements were increases of $0.1 million and $1.7 million for other taxes for the three and nine month periods compared to the same periods in 2017 related to a state sales tax assessment. Data processing and information technology, or IT, increased $0.6 million and $0.9 million due to a recent outsourcing arrangement for certain components of the IT function.
The provision for income taxes decreased $6.0 million and $11.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. Our effective tax rate decreased to 8.5 percent for the three months and 14.1 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to 28.1 percent and 27.5 percent for the same periods in the prior year. The decreases were primarily due to the Tax Act which lowered the federal corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent effective January 1, 2018 and discrete tax benefits in each period. Included in the effective tax rate of 8.5 percent for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was a discrete tax benefit of $2.9 million related to a $20.4 million pension contribution. Included in the effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was a discrete tax benefit of $2.2 million primarily related to our $20.4 million pension contribution offset by a $1.2 million discrete tax expense related to the sale of a majority interest of our insurance business.
Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to the results of operations presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, in the United States, management uses, and this quarterly report references, net interest income and net interest margin on a fully taxable equivalent, or FTE, basis, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. Management believes net interest income and net interest margin on an FTE basis provides information useful to investors in understanding our underlying business, operational performance and performance trends as it facilitates comparisons with the performance of other companies in the financial services industry. Although management believes that this non-GAAP financial measure enhances investors’ understanding of our business and performance, this non-GAAP financial measure should not be considered an alternative to GAAP or considered to be more important than financial results determined in accordance with GAAP, nor is it necessarily comparable with non-GAAP measures which may be presented by other companies.
We believe the presentation of net interest income and net interest margin on an FTE basis ensures the comparability of net interest income arising from both taxable and tax-exempt sources and is consistent with industry practice. Interest income per the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income is reconciled to net interest income adjusted to an FTE basis and net interest margin is adjusted to an FTE basis in the "Results of Operations - Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 - Net Interest Income" section of this MD&A.
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 Compared to
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Net Interest Income
Our principal source of revenue is net interest income. Net interest income represents the difference between the interest and fees earned on interest-earning assets and the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income is affected by changes in the average balance of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and changes in interest rates and spreads. The level and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities is managed by our ALCO, in order to mitigate interest rate and liquidity risks of the balance sheet. A variety of ALCO strategies were implemented, within prescribed ALCO risk parameters, to produce what we believe is an acceptable level of net interest income.
The interest income on interest-earning assets and the net interest margin are presented on an FTE basis. The FTE basis adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax-exempt loans and securities using the federal statutory tax rate of 21 percent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and the federal statutory tax rate of 35 percent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and the dividend-received deduction for equity securities. We believe this to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income that provides a relevant comparison between taxable and non-taxable sources of interest income.
The following table reconciles interest income per the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income to net interest income and rates on an FTE basis for the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Total interest income |  | $ | 73,627 |  |  |  | $ | 66,723 |  |  |  | $ | 213,237 |  |  |  | $ | 192,787 |
Total interest expense |  | 14,365 |  |  |  | 9,267 |  |  |  | 38,641 |  |  |  | 24,882 |
Net Interest Income per Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income |  | 59,262 |  |  |  | 57,456 |  |  |  | 174,596 |  |  |  | 167,905 |
Adjustment to FTE basis |  | 951 |  |  |  | 1,867 |  |  |  | 2,830 |  |  |  | 5,614 |
Net Interest Income on an FTE Basis (Non-GAAP) |  | $ | 60,213 |  |  |  | $ | 59,323 |  |  |  | $ | 177,426 |  |  |  | $ | 173,519 |
Net interest margin |  | 3.62 | % |  |  | 3.48 | % |  |  | 3.58 | % |  |  | 3.44 | %
Adjustment to FTE basis |  | 0.05 | % |  |  | 0.11 | % |  |  | 0.05 | % |  |  | 0.11 | %
Net Interest Margin on an FTE Basis (Non-GAAP) |  | 3.67 | % |  |  | 3.59 | % |  |  | 3.63 | % |  |  | 3.55 | %

Income amounts are annualized for rate calculations.
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Average Balance Sheet and Net Interest Income Analysis (FTE)
The following tables provide information regarding the average balances, interest and rates earned on interest-earning assets and the average balances, interest and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities for the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Average Balance | Interest | Rate |  | Average Balance | Interest | Rate
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks | $ | 57,012 |  |  | $ | 303 |  | 2.13 | % |  | $ | 53,794 |  |  | $ | 168 |  | 1.25 | %
Securities, at fair value(2) | 680,464 |  |  | 4,479 |  | 2.63 | % |  | 690,986 |  |  | 4,255 |  | 2.46 | %
Loans held for sale | 1,571 |  |  | 18 |  | 4.71 | % |  | 15,789 |  |  | 152 |  | 3.88 | %
Commercial real estate | 2,779,019 |  |  | 33,668 |  | 4.81 | % |  | 2,678,835 |  |  | 29,554 |  | 4.38 | %
Commercial and industrial | 1,432,936 |  |  | 17,298 |  | 4.79 | % |  | 1,404,047 |  |  | 15,750 |  | 4.45 | %
Commercial construction | 291,512 |  |  | 3,734 |  | 5.08 | % |  | 425,228 |  |  | 4,574 |  | 4.27 | %
Total Commercial Loans | 4,503,467 |  |  | 54,700 |  | 4.82 | % |  | 4,508,110 |  |  | 49,878 |  | 4.39 | %
Residential mortgage | 696,267 |  |  | 7,517 |  | 4.30 | % |  | 702,702 |  |  | 7,223 |  | 4.10 | %
Home equity | 472,466 |  |  | 5,877 |  | 4.94 | % |  | 485,501 |  |  | 5,354 |  | 4.37 | %
Installment and other consumer | 66,693 |  |  | 1,162 |  | 6.92 | % |  | 70,118 |  |  | 1,161 |  | 6.57 | %
Consumer construction | 5,846 |  |  | 74 |  | 5.04 | % |  | 4,486 |  |  | 51 |  | 4.49 | %
Total Consumer Loans | 1,241,272 |  |  | 14,630 |  | 4.69 | % |  | 1,262,807 |  |  | 13,789 |  | 4.34 | %
Total Portfolio Loans | 5,744,739 |  |  | 69,330 |  | 4.79 | % |  | 5,770,917 |  |  | 63,667 |  | 4.38 | %
Total Loans(1)(2) | 5,746,310 |  |  | 69,348 |  | 4.79 | % |  | 5,786,706 |  |  | 63,819 |  | 4.38 | %
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock | 28,512 |  |  | 448 |  | 6.28 | % |  | 30,184 |  |  | 348 |  | 4.61 | %
Total Interest-earning Assets | 6,512,298 |  |  | 74,578 |  | 4.55 | % |  | 6,561,670 |  |  | 68,590 |  | 4.15 | %
Noninterest-earning assets | 496,268 |  |  |  |  |  | 510,681 |  |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 7,008,566 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,072,351 |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand | $ | 566,579 |  |  | $ | 514 |  | 0.36 | % |  | $ | 647,442 |  |  | $ | 406 |  | 0.25 | %
Money market | 1,330,489 |  |  | 4,932 |  | 1.47 | % |  | 999,892 |  |  | 2,200 |  | 0.87 | %
Savings | 823,215 |  |  | 424 |  | 0.20 | % |  | 979,767 |  |  | 525 |  | 0.21 | %
Certificates of deposit | 1,310,526 |  |  | 5,001 |  | 1.51 | % |  | 1,457,649 |  |  | 3,617 |  | 0.98 | %
Total Interest-bearing Deposits | 4,030,809 |  |  | 10,871 |  | 1.07 | % |  | 4,084,750 |  |  | 6,748 |  | 0.66 | %
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | 42,183 |  |  | 55 |  | 0.52 | % |  | 45,158 |  |  | 18 |  | 0.16 | %
Short-term borrowings | 455,689 |  |  | 2,616 |  | 2.28 | % |  | 600,893 |  |  | 1,975 |  | 1.30 | %
Long-term borrowings | 45,699 |  |  | 272 |  | 2.36 | % |  | 13,162 |  |  | 99 |  | 3.01 | %
Junior subordinated debt securities | 45,619 |  |  | 551 |  | 4.79 | % |  | 45,619 |  |  | 427 |  | 3.71 | %
Total Borrowings | 589,190 |  |  | 3,494 |  | 2.35 | % |  | 704,832 |  |  | 2,519 |  | 1.42 | %
Total Interest-bearing Liabilities | 4,619,999 |  |  | 14,365 |  | 1.23 | % |  | 4,789,582 |  |  | 9,267 |  | 0.77 | %
Noninterest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing liabilities | 1,475,059 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,401,755 |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity | 913,508 |  |  |  |  |  | 881,014 |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | $ | 7,008,566 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,072,351 |  |  |  |
Net Interest Income (2)(3) |  |  | $ | 60,213 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 59,323 |  |
Net Interest Margin (2) (3) |  |  |  | 3.67 | % |  |  |  |  | 3.59 | %

(1) Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
(2) Tax-exempt income is on an FTE basis using the statutory federal corporate income tax rate of 21 percent for 2018 and 35 percent for 2017.
(3) Taxable investment income is adjusted for the dividend-received deduction for equity securities.
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Average Balance | Interest | Rate |  | Average Balance | Interest | Rate
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks | $ | 56,015 |  |  | $ | 754 |  | 1.80 | % |  | $ | 56,126 |  |  | $ | 418 |  | 0.99 | %
Securities, at fair value(2) | 684,146 |  |  | 13,282 |  | 2.59 | % |  | 699,150 |  |  | 12,918 |  | 2.46 | %
Loans held for sale | 1,681 |  |  | 74 |  | 5.90 | % |  | 7,734 |  |  | 210 |  | 3.63 | %
Commercial real estate | 2,748,620 |  |  | 96,592 |  | 4.70 | % |  | 2,623,360 |  |  | 84,559 |  | 4.31 | %
Commercial and industrial | 1,432,133 |  |  | 49,485 |  | 4.62 | % |  | 1,415,941 |  |  | 45,588 |  | 4.30 | %
Commercial construction | 330,219 |  |  | 11,767 |  | 4.76 | % |  | 433,748 |  |  | 13,030 |  | 4.02 | %
Total Commercial Loans | 4,510,972 |  |  | 157,844 |  | 4.68 | % |  | 4,473,049 |  |  | 143,177 |  | 4.28 | %
Residential mortgage | 694,075 |  |  | 22,071 |  | 4.24 | % |  | 700,996 |  |  | 21,520 |  | 4.10 | %
Home equity | 475,450 |  |  | 16,852 |  | 4.74 | % |  | 482,336 |  |  | 15,514 |  | 4.30 | %
Installment and other consumer | 66,913 |  |  | 3,404 |  | 6.80 | % |  | 69,401 |  |  | 3,377 |  | 6.51 | %
Consumer construction | 4,749 |  |  | 173 |  | 4.86 | % |  | 4,807 |  |  | 156 |  | 4.33 | %
Total Consumer Loans | 1,241,187 |  |  | 42,500 |  | 4.57 | % |  | 1,257,540 |  |  | 40,567 |  | 4.31 | %
Total Portfolio Loans | 5,752,159 |  |  | 200,344 |  | 4.66 | % |  | 5,730,589 |  |  | 183,744 |  | 4.29 | %
Total Loans(1)(2) | 5,753,840 |  |  | 200,418 |  | 4.66 | % |  | 5,738,323 |  |  | 183,954 |  | 4.29 | %
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock | 31,277 |  |  | 1,613 |  | 6.88 | % |  | 31,977 |  |  | 1,111 |  | 4.63 | %
Total Interest-earning Assets | 6,525,278 |  |  | 216,067 |  | 4.43 | % |  | 6,525,576 |  |  | 198,401 |  | 4.06 | %
Noninterest-earning assets | 492,428 |  |  |  |  |  | 509,750 |  |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 7,017,706 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,035,326 |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand | $ | 571,040 |  |  | $ | 1,320 |  | 0.31 | % |  | $ | 643,423 |  |  | $ | 1,034 |  | 0.21 | %
Money market | 1,259,071 |  |  | 12,191 |  | 1.29 | % |  | 958,619 |  |  | 5,295 |  | 0.74 | %
Savings | 849,558 |  |  | 1,289 |  | 0.20 | % |  | 1,013,318 |  |  | 1,599 |  | 0.21 | %
Certificates of deposit | 1,320,374 |  |  | 13,083 |  | 1.32 | % |  | 1,439,715 |  |  | 10,175 |  | 0.94 | %
Total Interest-bearing Deposits | 4,000,043 |  |  | 27,883 |  | 0.93 | % |  | 4,055,075 |  |  | 18,103 |  | 0.60 | %
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | 46,292 |  |  | 151 |  | 0.44 | % |  | 48,031 |  |  | 26 |  | 0.07 | %
Short-term borrowings | 556,017 |  |  | 8,304 |  | 2.00 | % |  | 651,494 |  |  | 5,224 |  | 1.07 | %
Long-term borrowings | 46,313 |  |  | 762 |  | 2.20 | % |  | 13,759 |  |  | 305 |  | 2.96 | %
Junior subordinated debt securities | 45,619 |  |  | 1,541 |  | 4.52 | % |  | 45,619 |  |  | 1,224 |  | 3.59 | %
Total Borrowings | 694,241 |  |  | 10,758 |  | 2.07 | % |  | 758,903 |  |  | 6,779 |  | 1.19 | %
Total Interest-bearing Liabilities | 4,694,284 |  |  | 38,641 |  | 1.10 | % |  | 4,813,978 |  |  | 24,882 |  | 0.69 | %
Noninterest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing liabilities | 1,421,276 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,355,636 |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity | 902,146 |  |  |  |  |  | 865,712 |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | $ | 7,017,706 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,035,326 |  |  |  |
Net Interest Income(2)(3) |  |  | $ | 177,426 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 173,519 |  |
Net Interest Margin(2)(3) |  |  |  | 3.63 | % |  |  |  |  | 3.55 | %

(1) Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
(2) Tax-exempt income is on an FTE basis using the statutory federal corporate income tax rate of 21 percent for 2018 and 35 percent for 2017.
(3) Taxable investment income is adjusted for the dividend-received deduction for equity securities.
Net interest income on an FTE basis increased $0.9 million, or 1.5 percent, for the three months and $3.9 million, or 2.3 percent, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. The net interest margin on an FTE basis increased eight basis points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. The increases were primarily due to higher short-term interest rates offset by the decrease in the federal corporate tax rate effective January 1, 2018, which negatively impacted the net interest margin on an FTE basis by six basis points for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017.
Interest income on an FTE basis increased $6.0 million, or 8.7 percent, for the three months and increased $17.7 million, or 8.9 percent, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. The increases were primarily
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due to higher short-term interest rates. Average loan balances decreased $40.4 million for the three months and increased $15.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. The average rate earned on loans increased 41 basis points for the three months and 37 basis points for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017 due to higher short-term interest rates. Average interest-bearing deposits with banks, which is primarily cash at the Federal Reserve, remained relatively flat and the average rates earned increased 88 and 81 basis points due to higher short-term interest rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. Average investment securities decreased $10.5 million and $15.0 million and the average rate increased 17 and 13 basis points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. The decreases in average investment securities were due to declines in the market value of our bond portfolio. The average rates earned on the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) and other restricted stock improved due to an increase in the FHLB’s quarterly dividend rate in 2018. Overall, the FTE rates on interest-earning assets increased 40 and 37 basis points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017.
Interest expense increased $5.1 million and $13.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. The increases were primarily due to higher short-term interest rates. Average interest-bearing deposits decreased $53.9 million and $55.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. Average money market balances increased $331 million and the average rate paid increased 60 basis points for the three months and increased $300 million and 55 basis points for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017 due to higher short-term interest rates. The money market balance increases are partially attributable to a shift in deposit mix, as average interest-bearing demand, savings, and certificates of deposit balances declined. The overall decline in average interest bearing deposits is favorably offset by increased average noninterest-bearing demand deposit balances of $72.7 million and $63.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. Average total borrowings decreased $116 million and $64.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. Over the same periods, short-term borrowings decreased $145 million and $95.5 million and the average rate paid increased 98 and 93 basis points due to higher short-term interest rates. Long-term borrowings increased $32.5 million and $32.6 million and the average rate paid decreased 65 and 76 basis points due to the addition of a long-term variable rate borrowing. Overall, the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 46 and 41 basis points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to same periods in 2017.
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The following table sets forth for the periods presented a summary of the changes in interest earned and interest paid resulting from changes in volume and changes in rates:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 compared to September 30, 2017 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 compared to September 30, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Volume (4) | Rate (4) | Total |  | Volume (4) | Rate (4) | Total
Interest earned on: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks | $ | 10 |  | $ | 125 |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) | $ | 337 |  | $ | 336 |
Securities, at fair value(2)(3) | (65 | ) | 289 |  | 224 |  |  | (277 | ) | 641 |  | 364 |
Loans held for sale | (137 | ) | 3 |  | (134 | ) |  | (164 | ) | 28 |  | (136 | )
Commercial real estate | 1,105 |  | 3,009 |  | 4,114 |  |  | 4,038 |  | 7,995 |  | 12,033 |
Commercial and industrial | 324 |  | 1,224 |  | 1,548 |  |  | 521 |  | 3,376 |  | 3,897 |
Commercial construction | (1,438 | ) | 598 |  | (840 | ) |  | (3,110 | ) | 1,847 |  | (1,263 | )
Total Commercial Loans | (9 | ) | 4,831 |  | 4,822 |  |  | 1,449 |  | 13,218 |  | 14,667 |
Residential mortgage | (66 | ) | 360 |  | 294 |  |  | (212 | ) | 763 |  | 551 |
Home equity | (144 | ) | 667 |  | 523 |  |  | (221 | ) | 1,559 |  | 1,338 |
Installment and other consumer | (57 | ) | 58 |  | 1 |  |  | (121 | ) | 148 |  | 27 |
Consumer construction | 15 |  | 8 |  | 23 |  |  | (2 | ) | 19 |  | 17 |
Total Consumer Loans | (251 | ) | 1,092 |  | 841 |  |  | (557 | ) | 2,489 |  | 1,932 |
Total Portfolio Loans | (260 | ) | 5,923 |  | 5,663 |  |  | 892 |  | 15,707 |  | 16,599 |
Total Loans (1)(2) | (397 | ) | 5,926 |  | 5,529 |  |  | 728 |  | 15,735 |  | 16,463 |
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock | (19 | ) | 119 |  | 100 |  |  | (24 | ) | 526 |  | 502 |
Change in Interest Earned on Interest-earning Assets | $ | (471 | ) | $ | 6,459 |  | $ | 5,988 |  |  | $ | 426 |  | $ | 17,239 |  | $ | 17,665 |
Interest paid on: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand | $ | (51 | ) | $ | 159 |  | $ | 108 |  |  |  | ($116 | ) |  | $402 |  |  | $286 |
Money market | 727 |  | 2,005 |  | 2,732 |  |  | 1,660 |  | 5,236 |  | 6,896 |
Savings | (84 | ) | (17 | ) | (101 | ) |  | (258 | ) | (52 | ) | (310 | )
Certificates of deposit | (365 | ) | 1,749 |  | 1,384 |  |  | (843 | ) | 3,751 |  | 2,908 |
Total Interest-bearing Deposits | 227 |  | 3,896 |  | 4,123 |  |  | 441 |  | 9,340 |  | 9,781 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | (1 | ) | 38 |  | 37 |  |  | (1 | ) | 126 |  | 125 |
Short-term borrowings | (477 | ) | 1,118 |  | 641 |  |  | (766 | ) | 3,846 |  | 3,080 |
Long-term borrowings | 245 |  | (72 | ) | 173 |  |  | 722 |  | (265 | ) | 457 |
Junior subordinated debt securities | — |  | 124 |  | 124 |  |  | — |  | 317 |  | 317 |
Total Borrowings | (233 | ) | 1,208 |  | 975 |  |  | (45 | ) | 4,024 |  | 3,979 |
Change in Interest Paid on Interest-bearing Liabilities | (6 | ) | 5,104 |  | 5,098 |  |  | 396 |  | 13,364 |  | 13,760 |
Change in Net Interest Income | $ | (465 | ) | $ | 1,355 |  | $ | 890 |  |  | $ | 30 |  | $ | 3,875 |  | $ | 3,905 |

(1) Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
(2) Tax-exempt income is on an FTE basis using the statutory federal corporate income tax rate of 21 percent for 2018 and 35 percent for 2017.
(3) Taxable investment income is adjusted for the dividend-received deduction for equity securities.
(4) Changes to rate/volume are allocated to both rate and volume on a proportionate dollar basis.
Provision for Loan Losses
The provision for loan losses is the amount to be added to the allowance for loan losses, or ALLL, after considering loan charge-offs and recoveries to bring the ALLL to a level determined to be appropriate in management's judgment to absorb probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The provision for loan losses decreased $2.4 million and $0.6 million to $0.5 million and $12.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $2.9 million and $12.9 million for the same periods in 2017.
The decreases in the provision for loan losses were mainly due to lower net charge-offs in both periods. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we had net charges-offs of $0.4 million and $8.1 million compared to net charges-offs of $1.5 million and $9.0 million for the same periods in 2017. For the nine months ended September 2018, net charge-offs were significantly impacted by a $5.2 million loan charge-off in the second quarter of 2018 for a commercial customer arising from a participation loan agreement with a lead bank and other participating banks. The loss resulted from fraudulent activities
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believed to be perpetrated by one or more executives employed by the borrower and its related entities. Annualized net loan charge-offs to average loans were 0.03 percent and 0.19 percent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to 0.10 percent and 0.21 percent for the same periods in 2017. Impaired loans decreased $1.3 million to $30.7 million at September 30, 2018 compared to $32.0 million at September 30, 2017. Nonperforming loans decreased $8.8 million to $20.7 million at September 30, 2018 compared to $29.5 million at September 30, 2017 primarily due to $13.2 million in payoffs and charge-offs from the year ago period.
The ALLL at September 30, 2018 was $60.6 million compared to $56.7 million at September 30, 2017. The ALLL as a percent of total portfolio loans was 1.04 percent at September 30, 2018 and 0.97 percent at September 30, 2017. The increase in the ALLL as a percent of total loans is mainly attributed to the increase in substandard commercial loans from the prior year. Refer to “Financial Condition - Allowance for Loan Losses” in this MD&A for additional information.
Noninterest Income

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  |  | 2018 | 2017 | $ Change | % Change
Net gain on sale of securities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,987 |  |  | $ | (3,987 | ) |  | (100.0 | )%
Service charges on deposit accounts |  | 3,351 |  |  | 3,207 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |  | 9,765 |  |  | 9,218 |  |  | 547 |  |  | 5.9 |
Debit and credit card |  | 3,141 |  |  | 3,067 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 9,487 |  |  | 8,952 |  |  | 535 |  |  | 6.0 |
Wealth management |  | 2,483 |  |  | 2,406 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  |  | 7,782 |  |  | 7,237 |  |  | 545 |  |  | 7.5 |
Mortgage banking |  | 700 |  |  | 872 |  |  | (172 | ) |  | (19.7 | ) |  |  | 2,133 |  |  | 2,280 |  |  | (147 | ) |  | (6.4 | )
Insurance |  | 101 |  |  | 1,318 |  |  | (1,217 | ) |  | (92.3 | ) |  |  | 404 |  |  | 4,232 |  |  | (3,828 | ) |  | (90.5 | )
Gain on sale of a majority interest of insurance business |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,873 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,873 |  |  | NM
Other |  | 2,266 |  |  | 2,681 |  |  | (415 | ) |  | (15.5 | ) |  |  | 6,642 |  |  | 6,906 |  |  | (264 | ) |  | (3.8 | )
Total Noninterest Income |  | $ | 12,042 |  |  | $ | 13,551 |  |  | $ | (1,509 | ) |  | (11.1 | )% |  |  | $ | 38,086 |  |  | $ | 42,812 |  |  | $ | (4,726 | ) |  | (11.0 | )%

Noninterest income decreased $1.5 million to $12.0 million and $4.7 million to $38.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. The decrease was primarily related to gains on the sales of securities in 2017 and the sale of a majority interest in S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC in the first quarter of 2018. As a result of this sale in 2018, insurance income decreased $1.2 million for the three months ended and $3.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Also decreasing from the year ago periods was other noninterest income of $0.4 million for the three months and $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 primarily related to a $0.7 million BOLI claim during the third quarter of 2017. The primary offset to these decreases was the gain of $1.9 million from the sale of a majority interest in S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC, which occurred in the first quarter of 2018. Debit and credit card fees increased $0.1 million for the three months ended and $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 related to increased debit card usage and an increase in merchant revenue. Service charges on deposit accounts increased $0.1 million for the three months ended and $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due to increases in fees. Wealth management fees increased $0.1 million for the three months ended and $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due to improvement in market conditions.
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Noninterest Expense

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  |  | 2018 | 2017 | $ Change | % Change
Salaries and employee benefits |  | $ | 19,769 |  |  | $ | 20,325 |  |  | $ | (556 | ) |  | (2.7 | )% |  |  | $ | 57,195 |  |  | $ | 60,770 |  |  | $ | (3,575 | ) |  | (5.9 | )%
Data processing and information technology |  | 2,906 |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | 622 |  |  | 27.2 |  |  |  | 7,610 |  |  | 6,670 |  |  | 940 |  |  | 14.1 |
Net occupancy |  | 2,722 |  |  | 2,692 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 8,399 |  |  | 8,258 |  |  | 141 |  |  | 1.7 |
Furniture, equipment and software |  | 2,005 |  |  | 1,890 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  |  | 6,096 |  |  | 5,746 |  |  | 350 |  |  | 6.1 |
Other taxes |  | 1,341 |  |  | 1,208 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 11.0 |  |  |  | 4,928 |  |  | 3,268 |  |  | 1,660 |  |  | 50.8 |
Professional services and legal |  | 1,181 |  |  | 869 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 35.9 |  |  |  | 3,120 |  |  | 2,868 |  |  | 252 |  |  | 8.8 |
Marketing |  | 1,023 |  |  | 766 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 33.6 |  |  |  | 2,916 |  |  | 2,468 |  |  | 448 |  |  | 18.2 |
FDIC insurance |  | 746 |  |  | 1,152 |  |  | (406 | ) |  | (35.2 | ) |  |  | 2,592 |  |  | 3,461 |  |  | (869 | ) |  | (25.1 | )
Other |  | 5,392 |  |  | 5,367 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 16,174 |  |  | 16,451 |  |  | (277 | ) |  | (1.7 | )
Total Noninterest Expense |  | $ | 37,085 |  |  | $ | 36,553 |  |  | $ | 532 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  |  | $ | 109,030 |  |  | $ | 109,960 |  |  | $ | (930 | ) |  | (0.8 | )%

Noninterest expense increased $0.5 million to $37.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and decreased $0.9 million to $109 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. Salaries and employee benefits expense decreased $0.6 million for the three months ended and $3.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. The decreases were primarily due to lower incentive and commission costs and fewer employees mainly due to the sale of a majority of our insurance business in the first quarter 2018. FDIC insurance decreased $0.4 million for the three months ended and $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017 due to improvements in the components used to determine the assessment. Other noninterest expense remained relatively unchanged for the three months ended but decreased $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017 primarily due to a decrease of $0.6 million in amortization of both our core deposit intangible asset and qualified affordable housing projects offset by an increase of $0.2 million in the reserve for unfunded loan commitments. These decreases were offset by increases in data processing and information technology of $0.6 million for the three months ended and $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017 due to the annual increase with our third-party data processor and the recent outsourcing arrangement for certain components of our IT function. Other taxes also increased $0.1 million for the three months ended and $1.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017 due to a state sales tax assessment. The increase in marketing expense of $0.3 million for the three months ended and $0.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017 related to the timing of various promotions. Lastly, furniture, equipment and software expense increased $0.1 million for the three months ended and $0.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017 due to technology upgrades.
Provision for Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes decreased $6.0 million and $11.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017. The decreases were primarily due to the Tax Act which lowered the federal corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent effective January 1, 2018. Our effective tax rate decreased to 8.5 percent for the three months and 14.1 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to 28.1 percent and 27.5 percent for the same periods in the prior year. Included in the effective tax rate of 8.5 percent for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was a discrete tax benefit of $2.9 million related to a $20.4 million pension contribution. Included in the effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was a discrete tax benefit of $2.2 million primarily related to our $20.4 million pension contribution offset by a $1.2 million discrete tax expense related to the sale of a majority interest of our insurance business.
Financial Condition
September 30, 2018
Total assets were relatively unchanged at $7.1 billion at September 30, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017. Total portfolio loans increased $46.4 million with increases primarily in the commercial loan portfolio. Commercial Real Estate, or CRE, increased $141 million and Commercial and Industrial, or C&I, increased $18.1 million offset by a decrease in commercial construction loans of $100 million. The commercial portfolio has been impacted by higher than usual loan payoffs
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throughout 2018 and an increasingly competitive market. Securities decreased $15.8 million to $683 million at September 30, 2018 from $698 million at December 31, 2017 primarily due to an increase in the unrealized loss of the bond portfolio due to an increase in interest rates.
Our deposits were $5.5 billion at September 30, 2018 compared to $5.4 billion at December 31, 2017, an increase of $39.6 million. Customer deposits increased $15.6 million with growth in money market of $240 million and in noninterest-bearing demand accounts of $24.4 million which was offset by declines in interest-bearing demand, savings and certificates of deposit. Total brokered deposits increased $24.1 million at September 30, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017. Total borrowings decreased $11.8 million from December 31, 2017 to September 30, 2018 due to decreased funding needs.
Total shareholders’ equity increased by $35.8 million at September 30, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to net income of $78.5 million offset partially by dividends of $25.1 million. The $10.5 million decrease in other comprehensive loss compared to December 31, 2017 was due to a $12.0 million increase in unrealized losses on our available-for-sale investment securities and a $1.5 million decrease in the funded status of our employee benefit plans.
Securities Activity

(dollars in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | $ Change |
U.S. treasury securities |  | $ | 9,556 |  |  |  | $ | 19,789 |  |  |  | $ | (10,233 | )
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 136,984 |  |  |  | 162,193 |  |  |  | (25,209 | )
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 137,660 |  |  |  | 108,688 |  |  |  | 28,972 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 26,450 |  |  |  | 32,854 |  |  |  | (6,404 | )
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 244,596 |  |  |  | 242,221 |  |  |  | 2,375 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 121,975 |  |  |  | 127,402 |  |  |  | (5,427 | )
Debt Securities Available-for-Sale |  | 677,221 |  |  |  | 693,147 |  |  |  | (15,926 | )
Marketable equity securities |  | 5,314 |  |  |  | 5,144 |  |  |  | 170 |
Total Securities |  | $ | 682,535 |  |  |  | $ | 698,291 |  |  |  | $ | (15,756 | )

We invest in various securities in order to maintain a source of liquidity, to satisfy various pledging requirements, to increase net interest income, and as a tool of ALCO to reposition the balance sheet for interest rate risk purposes. Securities are subject to market risks that could negatively affect the level of liquidity available to us. Security purchases are subject to an investment policy approved annually by our Board of Directors and administered through ALCO and our treasury function. Securities decreased $15.8 million to $683 million at September 30, 2018 from $698 million at December 31, 2017 primarily due to an increase in the unrealized loss on the bond portfolio.
At September 30, 2018 our bond portfolio was in a net unrealized loss position of $13.6 million compared to a net unrealized gain position of $1.7 million at December 31, 2017. At September 30, 2018 total gross unrealized losses in the bond portfolio were $15.6 million offset by $2.0 million of gross unrealized gains, compared to December 31, 2017, when total gross unrealized gains were $5.7 million offset by gross unrealized losses of $4.0 million. Management evaluates the securities portfolio for other than temporary impairment, or OTTI, on a quarterly basis. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we did not record any OTTI.
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Loan Composition

| September 30, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands) | Amount | % of Loans |  |  | Amount | % of Loans
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,826,372 |  | 48.67 | % |  |  | $ | 2,685,994 |  | 46.62 | %
Commercial and industrial | 1,451,371 |  | 24.99 |  |  |  | 1,433,266 |  | 24.88 |
Construction | 283,783 |  | 4.89 |  |  |  | 384,334 |  | 6.67 |
Total Commercial Loans | 4,561,526 |  | 78.55 | % |  |  | 4,503,594 |  | 78.17 | %
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 699,867 |  | 12.05 | % |  |  | 698,774 |  | 12.13 | %
Home equity | 472,451 |  | 8.13 |  |  |  | 487,326 |  | 8.46 |
Installment and other consumer | 67,542 |  | 1.16 |  |  |  | 67,204 |  | 1.16 |
Construction | 6,421 |  | 0.11 |  |  |  | 4,551 |  | 0.08 |
Total Consumer Loans | 1,246,281 |  | 21.45 | % |  |  | 1,257,855 |  | 21.83 | %
Total Portfolio Loans | 5,807,807 |  | 100.00 | % |  |  | 5,761,449 |  | 100.00 | %
Loans Held for Sale | 4,207 |  |  |  |  | 4,485 |  |
Total Loans | $ | 5,812,014 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,765,934 |  |

Our loan portfolio represents our most significant source of interest income. The risk that borrowers will be unable to pay such obligations is inherent in the loan portfolio. Other conditions such as downturns in the borrower's industry or the overall economic climate can significantly impact the borrower’s ability to pay.
Total portfolio loans increased $46.4 million and remain at $5.8 billion at both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to growth in our commercial loan portfolio. CRE loans increased $141 million, or 5.2 percent, and C&I loans increased $18.1 million, or 1.3 percent, offset by a decrease of $100 million in the commercial construction loans compared to December 31, 2017. New construction loan activity was outpaced by loan payoffs and transfers to CRE upon completion of the construction period. Our commercial loan portfolio has been impacted by higher than usual loan payoffs. Consumer loans decreased $11.6 million compared to December 31, 2017 with the decrease mainly in the home equity portfolio.
Allowance for Loan Losses
We maintain an ALLL at a level determined to be adequate to absorb estimated probable credit losses inherent within the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date, and it is presented as a reserve against loans in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Determination of an adequate ALLL is inherently subjective and may be subject to significant changes from period to period. The methodology for determining the ALLL has two main components: evaluation and impairment tests of individual loans and evaluation and impairment tests of certain groups of homogeneous loans with similar risk characteristics.
An inherent risk to the loan portfolio as a whole is the condition of the economy in our markets. In addition, each loan segment carries with it risks specific to the segment. We develop and document a systematic ALLL methodology based on the following portfolio segments: 1. CRE, 2. C&I, 3. Commercial Construction, 4. Consumer Real Estate and 5. Other Consumer. The following is a discussion of the key risks by portfolio segment that management assesses in preparing the ALLL.
CRE loans are secured by commercial purpose real estate, including both owner occupied properties and investment properties, for various purposes such as hotels, strip malls and apartments. Operations of the individual projects as well as global cash flows of the debtors are the primary sources of repayment for these loans. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the collateral type as well as the business prospects of the lessee, if the project is not owner occupied.
C&I loans are made to operating companies or manufacturers for the purpose of production, operating capacity, accounts receivable, inventory or equipment financing. Cash flow from the operations of the company is the primary source of repayment for these loans. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the industry of the company. Collateral for these types of loans often does not have sufficient value in a distressed or liquidation scenario to satisfy the outstanding debt.
Commercial Construction loans are made to finance construction of buildings or other structures, as well as to finance the acquisition and development of raw land for various purposes. While the risk of these loans is generally confined to the
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construction period, if there are problems, the project may not be completed, and as such, may not provide sufficient cash flow on its own to service the debt or have sufficient value in a liquidation to cover the outstanding principal. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the type of project and the experience and resources of the developer.
Consumer Real Estate loans are secured by first and second liens such as home equity loans, home equity lines of credit and 1-4 family residential mortgages, including purchase money mortgages. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk for this segment. The state of the local housing markets can also have a significant impact on this segment because low demand and/or declining home values can limit the ability of borrowers to sell a property and satisfy the debt.
Other Consumer loans are made to individuals and may be secured by assets other than 1-4 family residences, as well as unsecured loans. This segment includes auto loans and unsecured loans and lines. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk for this segment. The value of the collateral, if there is any, is less likely to be a source of repayment due to less certain collateral values.
The following tables summarize the ALLL and recorded investments in loans by category and the related ratios for the dates presented:

| September 30, 2018
| Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Portfolio Loans
(dollars in thousands) | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |  |  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 32,890 |  |  |  | $ | 32,890 |  |  |  | $ | 3,703 |  |  |  | $ | 2,822,669 |  |  |  | $ | 2,826,372 |
Commercial and industrial |  | — |  |  |  | 10,226 |  |  |  | 10,226 |  |  |  | 14,548 |  |  |  | 1,436,823 |  |  |  | 1,451,371 |
Commercial construction |  | 268 |  |  |  | 10,647 |  |  |  | 10,915 |  |  |  | 3,298 |  |  |  | 280,485 |  |  |  | 283,783 |
Consumer real estate |  | 10 |  |  |  | 5,028 |  |  |  | 5,038 |  |  |  | 9,157 |  |  |  | 1,169,582 |  |  |  | 1,178,739 |
Other consumer |  | 16 |  |  |  | 1,471 |  |  |  | 1,487 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 67,520 |  |  |  | 67,542 |
Total |  | $ | 294 |  |  |  | $ | 60,262 |  |  |  | $ | 60,556 |  |  |  | $ | 30,728 |  |  |  | $ | 5,777,079 |  |  |  | $ | 5,807,807 |

| December 31, 2017
| Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Portfolio Loans
(dollars in thousands) | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |  |  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 27,235 |  |  |  | $ | 27,235 |  |  |  | $ | 3,546 |  |  |  | $ | 2,682,448 |  |  |  | $ | 2,685,994 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 29 |  |  |  | 8,937 |  |  |  | 8,966 |  |  |  | 7,284 |  |  |  | 1,425,982 |  |  |  | 1,433,266 |
Commercial construction |  | — |  |  |  | 13,167 |  |  |  | 13,167 |  |  |  | 5,464 |  |  |  | 378,870 |  |  |  | 384,334 |
Consumer real estate |  | 21 |  |  |  | 5,458 |  |  |  | 5,479 |  |  |  | 10,488 |  |  |  | 1,180,163 |  |  |  | 1,190,651 |
Other consumer |  | 27 |  |  |  | 1,516 |  |  |  | 1,543 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 67,163 |  |  |  | 67,204 |
Total |  | $ | 77 |  |  |  | $ | 56,313 |  |  |  | $ | 56,390 |  |  |  | $ | 26,823 |  |  |  | $ | 5,734,626 |  |  |  | $ | 5,761,449 |

| September 30, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2017 |
Ratio of net charge-offs to average loans outstanding | 0.19 | % | * | 0.18 | %
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans | 1.04 | % |  | 0.98 | %
Allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans | 292 | % |  | 236 | %

* Annualized
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The ALLL was $60.6 million, or 1.04 percent of total portfolio loans, at September 30, 2018 compared to $56.4 million, or 0.98 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2017. The increase in the ALLL of $4.2 million and the 6 basis point increase to the ALLL was primarily due to a $3.9 million increase in the reserve for loans collectively evaluated for impairment compared to December 31, 2017. Commercial special mention, substandard and doubtful loans increased $82.8 million to $284 million compared to $201 million at December 31, 2017, with an increase of $87.8 million in substandard and a decrease of $5.0 million in special mention. The increase in substandard loans from December 31, 2017 was mainly due to the receipt of updated financial information from our borrowers that resulted in the loans being downgraded. Impaired loans increased $3.9 million to $30.7 million at September 30, 2018 with an increase of $0.2 million in specific reserves compared to December 31, 2017.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 there were net loan charge-offs of $0.4 million and $8.1 million compared to net charge-offs of $1.5 million and $9.0 million for the same periods in 2017. Net charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were significantly impacted by a $5.2 million loan charge-off in the second quarter of 2018 for a commercial customer arising from a participation loan agreement with a lead bank and other participating banks. The loss resulted from fraudulent activities believed to be perpetrated by one or more executives employed by the borrower and its related entities. The provision for loan loss was $0.5 million and $12.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $2.9 million and $12.9 million for the same periods in 2017.
We individually evaluate all substandard and nonaccrual commercial loans greater than $0.5 million for impairment. A loan is impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Our methodology for evaluating whether a loan is impaired includes risk-rating credits on an individual basis and consideration of the borrower’s overall financial condition, payment history and available cash resources. In measuring impairment, we primarily utilize fair market value of the collateral; however, we also use discounted cash flow when warranted.
Troubled debt restructurings, or TDRs, whether on accrual or nonaccrual status, are also classified as impaired loans. TDRs are loans where we, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grant a concession to the borrower that we would not otherwise grant. We strive to identify borrowers in financial difficulty early and work with them to modify the terms before their loan reaches nonaccrual status. These modified terms generally include extensions of maturity dates at a stated interest rate lower than the current market rate for a new loan with similar risk characteristics, reductions in contractual interest rates or principal deferment. While unusual, there may be instances of principal forgiveness. These modifications are generally for longer term periods that would not be considered insignificant. Additionally, we classify loans where the debt obligation has been discharged through a Chapter 7 bankruptcy and not reaffirmed by the borrower as TDRs.
An accruing loan that is modified into a TDR can remain in accrual status if, based on a current credit analysis, collection of principal and interest in accordance with the modified terms is reasonably assured, and the borrower has demonstrated sustained historical repayment performance for a reasonable period before the modification. All TDRs are considered to be impaired loans and will be reported as impaired loans for their remaining lives, unless the restructuring agreement specifies an interest rate equal to or greater than the rate that would be accepted at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk and we fully expect that the remaining principal and interest will be collected according to the restructured agreement. For all TDRs, regardless of size, as well as all other impaired loans, we conduct further analysis to determine the probable loss and assign a specific reserve to the loan if deemed appropriate. Further, all impaired loans are reported as nonaccrual loans unless the loan is a TDR that has met the requirements to be returned to accruing status. TDRs can be returned to accruing status if the ultimate collectability of all contractual amounts due, according to the restructured agreement, is not in doubt and there is a period of a minimum of six months of satisfactory payment performance by the borrower either immediately before or after the restructuring.
As an example, consider a substandard commercial construction loan that is currently 90 days past due where the loan is restructured to extend the maturity date for a period longer than would be considered an insignificant period of time. The post-modification interest rate given to the borrower is considered to be lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk and all other terms remain the same according to the original loan agreement. This loan will be considered a TDR as the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and a concession has been granted due to the long extension, resulting in payment delay as well as the rate being lower than current market rate for new debt with similar risk. The loan will be reported as a nonaccrual TDR and an impaired loan. In addition, the loan could be charged down to the fair value of the collateral if a confirmed loss exists. If the loan subsequently performs, by means of making on-time principal and interest payments according to the newly restructured terms for a period of six months, and it is expected that all remaining principal and interest will be collected according to the terms of the restructured agreement, the loan will be returned to accrual status and reported as an accruing TDR. The loan will remain an impaired loan for the remaining life of the loan because the interest rate was not adjusted to be equal to or greater than the rate that would be accepted at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk.
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TDRs increased $3.3 million to $29.4 million at September 30, 2018 compared to $26.1 million at December 31, 2017. The increase is primarily due to new TDRs totaling $11.2 million in 2018, which were offset by principal reductions and charge-offs. Total TDRs of $29.4 million at September 30, 2018 included $22.2 million, or 75.7 percent, that were accruing and $7.2 million, or 24.3 percent, that were nonaccruing.
Our charge-off policy for commercial loans requires that loans and other obligations that are not collectible be promptly charged-off when the loss becomes probable, regardless of the delinquency status of the loan. We may elect to recognize a partial charge-off when management has determined that the value of collateral is less than the remaining investment in the loan. A loan or obligation does not need to be charged-off, regardless of delinquency status, if (i) management has determined there exists sufficient collateral to protect the remaining loan balance and (ii) there exists a strategy to liquidate the collateral. Management may also consider a number of other factors to determine when a charge-off is appropriate. These factors may include, but are not limited to:
•The status of a bankruptcy proceeding;
•The value of collateral and probability of successful liquidation; and/or
•The status of adverse proceedings or litigation that may result in collection.
Consumer unsecured loans and secured loans are evaluated for charge-off after the loan becomes 90 days past due. Unsecured loans are fully charged-off and secured loans are charged-off to the estimated fair value of the collateral less the cost to sell.
Our allowance for lending-related commitments is determined using a methodology similar to that used for the ALLL. Amounts are added to the allowance for lending-related commitments by a charge to current earnings through noninterest expense. The reserve is calculated by applying historical loss rates to unfunded commitments and considering qualitative factors. The allowance for unfunded loan commitments was relatively unchanged at $2.2 million at both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The allowance for unfunded commitments is included in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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Nonperforming assets consist of nonaccrual loans, nonaccrual TDRs and OREO. The following table summarizes nonperforming assets for the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | $ Change |
Nonperforming Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | $ | 3,443 |  |  |  | $ | 2,501 |  |  |  | $ | 942 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 2,107 |  |  |  | 2,449 |  |  |  | (342 | )
Commercial construction |  | 820 |  |  |  | 1,460 |  |  |  | (640 | )
Residential mortgage |  | 4,808 |  |  |  | 3,580 |  |  |  | 1,228 |
Home equity |  | 2,379 |  |  |  | 2,736 |  |  |  | (357 | )
Installment and other consumer |  | 39 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | (23 | )
Consumer construction |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total Nonperforming Loans |  | 13,596 |  |  |  | 12,788 |  |  |  | 808 |
Nonperforming Troubled Debt Restructurings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | 1,152 |  |  |  | 967 |  |  |  | 185 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 2,260 |  |  |  | 3,197 |  |  |  | (937 | )
Commercial construction |  | 408 |  |  |  | 2,413 |  |  |  | (2,005 | )
Residential mortgage |  | 1,913 |  |  |  | 3,585 |  |  |  | (1,672 | )
Home equity |  | 1,404 |  |  |  | 979 |  |  |  | 425 |
Installment and other consumer |  | 6 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | (3 | )
Total Nonperforming Troubled Debt Restructurings |  | 7,143 |  |  |  | 11,150 |  |  |  | (4,007 | )
Total Nonperforming Loans |  | 20,739 |  |  |  | 23,938 |  |  |  | (3,199 | )
OREO |  | 3,068 |  |  |  | 469 |  |  |  | 2,599 |
Total Nonperforming Assets |  | $ | 23,807 |  |  |  | $ | 24,407 |  |  |  | $ | (600 | )
Asset Quality Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonperforming loans as a percent of total loans |  | 0.36 | % |  |  | 0.42 | % |  |  |
Nonperforming assets as a percent of total loans plus OREO |  | 0.41 | % |  |  | 0.42 | % |  |  |

Our policy is to place loans in all categories in nonaccrual status when collection of interest or principal is doubtful, or generally when interest or principal payments are 90 days or more past due.
Nonperforming loans decreased $3.2 million to $20.7 million at September 30, 2018 compared to $23.9 million at December 31, 2017. The $3.2 million decrease in nonperforming loans was mainly due to the payoff of a commercial construction loan for $2.0 million during the first quarter of 2018. The increase in OREO of $2.6 million related to two land lots owned by us that are no longer intended to be future branch locations.
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Deposits

(dollars in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | $ Change |
Customer Deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand |  | $ | 1,412,127 |  |  |  | $ | 1,387,712 |  |  |  | $ | 24,415 |
Interest-bearing demand |  | 554,667 |  |  |  | 599,986 |  |  |  | (45,319 | )
Money market |  | 1,120,225 |  |  |  | 880,330 |  |  |  | 239,895 |
Savings |  | 817,545 |  |  |  | 893,119 |  |  |  | (75,574 | )
Certificates of deposit |  | 1,159,133 |  |  |  | 1,286,988 |  |  |  | (127,855 | )
Total Customer Deposits |  | 5,063,697 |  |  |  | 5,048,135 |  |  |  | 15,562 |
Brokered Deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand |  | 6,524 |  |  |  | 3,155 |  |  |  | 3,369 |
Money market |  | 246,956 |  |  |  | 265,826 |  |  |  | (18,870 | )
Certificates of deposit |  | 150,332 |  |  |  | 110,775 |  |  |  | 39,557 |
Total Brokered Deposits |  | 403,812 |  |  |  | 379,756 |  |  |  | 24,056 |
Total Deposits |  | $ | 5,467,509 |  |  |  | $ | 5,427,891 |  |  |  | $ | 39,618 |

Deposits are our primary source of funds. We believe that our deposit base is stable and that we have the ability to attract new deposits. Total deposits at September 30, 2018 increased $39.6 million from December 31, 2017. Total customer deposits increased $15.6 million from December 31, 2017. Noninterest-bearing demand deposits increased $24.4 million and money market deposits increased $240 million. The increase in money market deposits is related to a competitively-priced indexed product. These increases were offset by declines in interest-bearing demand deposits of $45.3 million, savings deposits of $75.6 million and certificates of deposits of $128 million. These decreases were mainly a result of migration into the indexed money market product and outflows due to repositioning by our customers. Total brokered deposits increased $24.1 million from December 31, 2017. Brokered deposits are an additional source of funds utilized by ALCO as a way to diversify funding sources, as well as manage our funding costs and structure.
Borrowings

(dollars in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | $ Change |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  | $ | 45,200 |  |  |  | $ | 50,161 |  |  |  | $ | (4,961 | )
Short-term borrowings |  | 535,000 |  |  |  | 540,000 |  |  |  | (5,000 | )
Long-term borrowings |  | 45,434 |  |  |  | 47,301 |  |  |  | (1,867 | )
Junior subordinated debt securities |  | 45,619 |  |  |  | 45,619 |  |  |  | — |
Total Borrowings |  | $ | 671,253 |  |  |  | $ | 683,081 |  |  |  | $ | (11,828 | )

Borrowings are an additional source of funding for us. Total borrowings decreased $11.8 million from December 31, 2017 to September 30, 2018 due to reduced funding needs.
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Information pertaining to short-term borrowings is summarized in the tables below for the nine and twelve months period ended September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017

| Securities Sold Under Repurchase Agreements
(dollars in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Balance at the period end | $ | 45,200 |  |  | $ | 50,161 |
Average balance during the period | 46,292 |  |  | 46,662 |
Average interest rate during the period | 0.44 | % |  | 0.12 | %
Maximum month-end balance during the period | $ | 54,579 |  |  | $ | 53,609 |
Average interest rate at the period end | 0.50 | % |  | 0.39 | %
| Short-Term Borrowings
(dollars in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Balance at the period end | $ | 535,000 |  |  | $ | 540,000 |
Average balance during the period | 556,017 |  |  | 644,864 |
Average interest rate during the period | 2.00 | % |  | 1.15 | %
Maximum month-end balance during the period | $ | 690,000 |  |  | $ | 734,600 |
Average interest rate at the period end | 2.37 | % |  | 1.47 | %

Information pertaining to long-term borrowings is summarized in the tables below for nine and twelve month periods ended September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

| Long-Term Borrowings
(dollars in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Balance at the period end | $ | 45,434 |  |  | $ | 47,301 |
Average balance during the period | 46,313 |  |  | 18,057 |
Average interest rate during the period | 2.20 | % |  | 2.57 | %
Maximum month-end balance during the period | $ | 47,096 |  |  | $ | 47,505 |
Average interest rate at the period end | 2.39 | % |  | 1.88 | %
| Junior Subordinated Debt Securities
(dollars in thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Balance at the period end | $ | 45,619 |  |  | $ | 45,619 |
Average balance during the period | 45,619 |  |  | 45,619 |
Average interest rate during the period | 4.52 | % |  | 3.65 | %
Maximum month-end balance during the period | $ | 45,619 |  |  | $ | 45,619 |
Average interest rate at the period end | 4.79 | % |  | 3.78 | %

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued
Liquidity and Capital Resources
L iquidity is defined as a financial institution’s ability to meet its cash and collateral obligations at a reasonable cost. This includes the ability to satisfy the financial needs of depositors who want to withdraw funds or of borrowers needing to access funds to meet their credit needs. In order to manage liquidity risk our Board of Directors has delegated authority to ALCO for formulation, implementation, and oversight of liquidity risk management for S&T. ALCO’s goal is to maintain adequate levels of liquidity at a reasonable cost to meet funding needs in both a normal operating environment and for potential liquidity stress events. ALCO monitors and manages liquidity through various ratios, reviewing cash flow projections, performing stress tests, and by having a detailed contingency funding plan. ALCO policy guidelines define graduated risk tolerance levels. If our liquidity position moves to a level that has been defined as high risk, specific actions are required, such as increased monitoring or the development of an action plan to reduce the risk position.
Our primary funding and liquidity source is a stable customer deposit base. We believe S&T has the ability to retain existing and attract new deposits, mitigating any funding dependency on other more volatile sources. Refer to the "Financial Condition- Deposits" section of this MD&A, for additional discussion on deposits. Although deposits are the primary source of funds, we have identified various other funding sources that can be used as part of our normal funding program when either a structure or cost efficiency has been identified. Additional funding sources accessible to S&T include borrowing availability at the FHLB of Pittsburgh, Federal Funds lines with other financial institutions, the brokered deposit market, and borrowing availability through the Federal Reserve Borrower-In-Custody program.
An important component of our ability to effectively respond to potential liquidity stress events is maintaining a cushion of highly liquid assets. Highly liquid assets are those that can be converted to cash quickly, with little or no loss in value, to meet financial obligations. ALCO policy guidelines define a ratio of highly liquid assets to total assets by graduated risk tolerance levels of minimal, moderate, and high. At September 30, 2018, we had $480 million in highly liquid assets, which consisted of $67.9 million in interest-bearing deposits with banks, $408 million in unpledged securities and $4.2 million in loans held for sale. This resulted in a highly liquid assets to total assets ratio of 6.8 percent at September 30, 2018. Also, at September 30, 2018, we had a remaining borrowing availability of $1.7 billion with the FHLB of Pittsburgh. Refer to Note 8: Borrowings in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and the "Financial Condition- Borrowings" section of this MD&A for more details.
The following table summarizes capital amounts and ratios for S&T and S&T Bank for the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands) | Adequately Capitalized | Well- Capitalized |  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| Amount | Ratio |  | Amount | Ratio
S&T Bancorp, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 leverage | 4.00 | % | 5.00 | % |  | $ | 683,865 |  | 10.13 | % |  | $ | 628,876 |  | 9.17 | %
Common equity tier 1 to risk-weighted assets | 4.50 | % | 6.50 | % |  | 663,865 |  | 11.42 | % |  | 608,876 |  | 10.71 | %
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets | 6.00 | % | 8.00 | % |  | 683,865 |  | 11.76 | % |  | 628,876 |  | 11.06 | %
Total capital to risk-weighted assets | 8.00 | % | 10.00 | % |  | 771,575 |  | 13.27 | % |  | 713,056 |  | 12.55 | %
S&T Bank |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 leverage | 4.00 | % | 5.00 | % |  | $ | 644,719 |  | 9.57 | % |  | $ | 582,929 |  | 8.52 | %
Common equity tier 1 to risk-weighted assets | 4.50 | % | 6.50 | % |  | 644,719 |  | 11.12 | % |  | 582,929 |  | 10.29 | %
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets | 6.00 | % | 8.00 | % |  | 644,719 |  | 11.12 | % |  | 582,929 |  | 10.29 | %
Total capital to risk-weighted assets | 8.00 | % | 10.00 | % |  | 732,429 |  | 12.64 | % |  | 666,560 |  | 11.76 | %

We have filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, with the SEC, which allows for the issuance of a variety of securities including debt and capital securities, preferred and common stock and warrants. We may use the proceeds from the sale of securities for general corporate purposes, which could include investments at the holding company level, investing in, or extending credit to subsidiaries, possible acquisitions and stock repurchases. As of September 30, 2018, we had not issued any securities pursuant to this shelf registration statement.
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Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market risk is defined as the degree to which changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices, or equity prices can adversely affect a financial institution’s earnings or capital. For most financial institutions, including S&T, market risk primarily reflects exposures to changes in interest rates. Interest rate fluctuations affect earnings by changing net interest income and other interest-sensitive income and expense levels. Interest rate changes also affect capital by changing the net present value of a bank’s future cash flows, and the cash flows themselves, as rates change. Accepting this risk is a normal part of banking and can be an important source of profitability and enhancing shareholder value. However, excessive interest rate risk can threaten a bank’s earnings, capital, liquidity and solvency. Our sensitivity to changes in interest rate movements is continually monitored by ALCO. ALCO monitors and manages market risk through rate shock analyses, economic value of equity, or EVE, analyses and by performing stress tests and simulations in order to mitigate earnings and market value fluctuations due to changes in interest rates.
Rate shock analyses results are compared to a base case to provide an estimate of the impact that market rate changes may have on 12 and 24 months of pretax net interest income. The base case and rate shock analyses are performed on a static balance sheet. A static balance sheet is a no growth balance sheet in which all maturing and/or repricing cash flows are reinvested in the same product at the existing product spread. Rate shock analyses assume an immediate parallel shift in market interest rates and also include management assumptions regarding the impact of interest rate changes on non-maturity deposit products (noninterest-bearing demand, interest-bearing demand, money market and savings) and changes in the prepayment behavior of loans and securities with optionality. S&T policy guidelines limit the change in pretax net interest income over 12 and 24 month horizons using rate shocks in increments of +/- 100 basis points. Policy guidelines define the percentage change in pretax net interest income by graduated risk tolerance levels of minimal, moderate and high. Throughout the extended low interest rate environment, we suspended the analyses on downward rate shocks of 300 basis points or more. We believed that the impact to net interest income when evaluating these scenarios did not provide meaningful insight into our interest rate risk position. We reinstated the -200 rate shock in September 2018 because interest rates increased enough for the scenario to become meaningful.
In order to monitor interest rate risk beyond the 24 month time horizon of rate shocks on pretax net interest income, we also perform EVE analyses. EVE represents the present value of all asset cash flows minus the present value of all liability cash flows. EVE change results are compared to a base case to determine the impact that market rate changes may have on our EVE. As with rate shock analyses on pretax net interest income, EVE analyses incorporate management assumptions regarding prepayment behavior of fixed rate loans and securities with optionality and the behavior and value of non-maturity deposit products. S&T policy guidelines limit the change in EVE using rate shocks in increments of +/- 100 basis points. Policy guidelines define the percentage change in EVE by graduated risk tolerance levels of minimal, moderate and high. Similar to the rate shock analyses, the downward rate shocks of 300 basis points or more had been suspended due to the low interest rate environment, however, we also reinstated the -200 rate shock in September 2018.
The table below reflects the rate shock analyses results for the 1 - 12 and 13 - 24 month periods of pretax net interest income and EVE. All results are in the minimal risk tolerance level.

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| 1 - 12 Months |  |  | 13 - 24 Months |  |  | % Change in EVE |  |  | 1 - 12 Months |  |  | 13 - 24 Months |  |  | % Change in EVE |
Change in Interest Rate (basis points) | % Change in Pretax Net Interest Income |  |  | % Change in Pretax Net Interest Income |  |  |  | % Change in Pretax Net Interest Income |  |  | % Change in Pretax Net Interest Income |  |
400 | 10.9 | % |  | 13.4 | % |  | (11.2 | )% |  | 5.5 | % |  | 12.4 | % |  | (9.2 | )%
300 | 8.1 |  |  | 9.9 |  |  | (5.8 | ) |  | 4.2 |  |  | 9.3 |  |  | (3.6 | )
200 | 5.6 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | (1.7 | ) |  | 2.4 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 0.3 |
100 | 2.8 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 1.9 |
(100) | (4.3 | ) |  | (5.8 | ) |  | (7.0 | ) |  | (3.6 | ) |  | (6.5 | ) |  | (8.0 | )
(200) | (9.1 | ) |  | (12.4 | ) |  | (15.7 | ) |  | NA |  |  | NA |  |  | NA |

The results from the rate shock analyses on net interest income are consistent with having an asset sensitive balance sheet. Having an asset sensitive balance sheet means more assets than liabilities will reprice during the measured time frames. The implications of an asset sensitive balance sheet will differ depending upon the change in market interest rates. For example, with an asset sensitive balance sheet in a declining interest rate environment, more assets than liabilities will decrease in rate. This situation could result in a decrease in net interest income and operating income. Conversely, with an asset sensitive balance sheet in a rising interest rate environment, more assets than liabilities will increase in rate. This situation could result in an increase in net interest income and operating income.
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Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our rate shock analyses show an improvement in the percentage change in pretax net interest income in the rates up scenarios in months 1 - 12 and a decline in the rates down scenarios when comparing September 30, 2018 to December 31, 2017. In months 13 - 24, the percentage change in pretax net interest income improved in both the rates up and the rates down scenarios when comparing September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. These changes are mostly due to model enhancements. All rate shock analyses for both the 1 - 12 and 13 - 24 month periods continue to remain within minimal risk tolerance levels.
Our EVE analyses show a decline in the percentage change in EVE in the rates up scenarios and an improvement in the rates down scenario when comparing September 30, 2018 to December 31, 2017. The changes are mainly a result of deposit valuation enhancements and the change in value of our core deposits.
In addition to rate shocks and EVE analyses, we perform a market risk stress test at least annually. The market risk stress test includes sensitivity analyses and simulations. Sensitivity analyses are performed to help us identify which model assumptions cause the greatest impact on pretax net interest income. Sensitivity analyses may include changing prepayment behavior of loans and securities with optionality and the impact of interest rate changes on non-maturity deposit products. Simulation analyses may include the potential impact of rate changes other than the policy guidelines, yield curve shape changes, significant balance mix changes and various growth scenarios. For example, simulations indicate that an increase in rates, particularly if the yield curve steepens, will most likely result in an improvement in pretax net interest income. We realize that some of the benefit reflected in our scenarios may be offset by a change in the competitive environment and a change in product preference by our customers.
Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer, or CEO, and Chief Financial Officer, or CFO (its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, respectively), management has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2018. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives.
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods required by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Based on and as of the date of such evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2018.
Previously Disclosed Material Weakness
As previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2017, management identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
The material weakness was due to a control deficiency that existed related to the inconsistent assessment of internally assigned risk ratings, which is one of several factors used to estimate the allowance for loan losses. In some instances where performing borrowers had experienced a deteriorating financial position or cash flows, our internal Loan Review Department relied upon credit risk mitigants, including guarantor support and/or more recent borrower financial performance when that information did not adequately support the loan risk rating.
Remediation of Previously Disclosed Material Weakness
As previously disclosed, we have provided additional training internally and improved our documentation to strengthen the support for the judgments applied to risk rating conclusions by our internal Loan Review Department. Additionally, an independent third-party completed an engagement that encompassed a review of our loan review policies, procedures and processes, as well as an in-depth examination of judgments supporting risk rating conclusions. Based on the remediation performed by us and the conclusions reached by the independent third-party, Management has concluded that the material weakness described above and first disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 has been remediated as of September 30, 2018.
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Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES - continued
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have been no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting, other than as described above under "Remediation of Previously Disclosed Material Weakness".
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
PART II
OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
None
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the risk factors that we have previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, as filed with the SEC on March 1, 2018.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
On March 19, 2018, the Board of Directors of S&T authorized a $50 million share repurchase plan. This purchase authorization, which is effective through August 31, 2019, permits S&T to repurchase from time to time up to $50 million in aggregate value of shares of S&T's common stock through a combination of open market and privately negotiated repurchases. The specific timing, price and quantity of repurchases will be at the discretion of S&T and will depend on a variety of factors, including general market conditions, the trading price of the common stock, legal and contractual requirements and S&T’s financial performance. The repurchase plan does not obligate S&T to repurchase any particular number of shares. S&T expects to fund any repurchases from cash on hand and internally generated funds. As of September 30, 2018, there were no purchases under the plan and no other purchases of S&T common stock by S&T or an affiliated purchaser.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not Applicable
Item 5. Other Information
None
Item 6. Exhibits

31.1 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer. | Filed herewith
31.2 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer. | Filed herewith
32 | Rule 13a-14(b) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. | Filed herewith
101 | The following financial information from the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018 is formatted in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2018 and Audited Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2017, (ii) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Nine Months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, (iii) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Three and Nine Months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, (iv) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 and (v) Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. | Filed herewith

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| S&T Bancorp, Inc. (Registrant)
October 31, 2018 | /s/ Mark Kochvar
| Mark Kochvar Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Duly Authorized Signatory)

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