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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 0-12508
S&T BANCORP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Pennsylvania |  |  |  | 25-1434426
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
800 Philadelphia Street | Indiana | PA |  | 15701
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (800) 325-2265
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $2.50 per share | STBA | NASDAQ Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
(Title of class)
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of
the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C.
7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☒ No ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter. The aggregate estimated fair value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2023:
Common Stock, $2.50 par value – $1,025,756,372
The number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant's classes of common stock as of February 23, 2024:
Common Stock, $2.50 par value –38,233,365
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement of S&T Bancorp, Inc., to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A for the 2024 annual meeting of shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Table of Contents
S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Part I |  |
Item 1. | Business | 2
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 12
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 21
Item 1 C. | Cybersecurity | 21
Item 2. | Properties | 23
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 23
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 23
Part II. |  |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 24
Item 6. | Reserved | 25
Item 7. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 25
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 48
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 50
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagre ements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures | 106
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 106
Item 9B. | Other Information | 106
Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 106
Part III |  |
Item 10. | D irect ors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 107
Item 11. | E xecutive Compensation | 107
Item 12. | S ecurity Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related St ockholder Matters | 107
Item 13. | C ertain Relationships and R elated Transactions, and Director I ndependence | 107
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 107
Part IV |  |
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 108
| Signatures | 112

1

Table of Contents
S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
PART I
Item 1. BUSINESS
General
S&T Bancorp, Inc. was incorporated on March 17, 1983 under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a bank holding company and is registered with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or the Federal Reserve Board, under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, or the BHCA, as a bank holding company and a financial holding company. S&T Bancorp, Inc. has four active direct wholly-owned subsidiaries including S&T Bank, 9th Street Holdings, Inc., STBA Capital Trust I and DNB Capital Trust II, and owns a 50 percent interest in Commonwealth Trust Credit Life Insurance Company, or CTCLIC. When used in this Report, “S&T,” “we,” “us” or “our” may refer to S&T Bancorp, Inc. individually, S&T Bancorp, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries or certain of S&T Bancorp, Inc.’s subsidiaries or affiliates, depending on the context. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $9.6 billion in assets, $7.7 billion in total loans, $7.5 billion in deposits and $1.3 billion in shareholders’ equity.
S&T Bank is a full-service bank that operates in Pennsylvania and Ohio. S&T Bank deposits are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, to the maximum extent provided by law. S&T Bank has four active wholly-owned operating subsidiaries including S&T Insurance Group, LLC, S&T Bancholdings, Inc., Stewart Capital Advisors, LLC and DN Acquisition Company, Inc.
Through S&T Bank and our non-bank subsidiaries, we offer consumer, commercial and small business banking services, which include accepting time and demand deposits and originating commercial and consumer loans, brokerage services and trust services including serving as executor and trustee under wills and deeds and as guardian and custodian of employee benefits. We also manage private investment accounts for individuals and institutions through our registered investment advisor. Total Wealth Management assets under administration, which are not accounted for as part of our assets, were $2.2 billion at December 31, 2023.
The main office of both S&T Bancorp, Inc. and S&T Bank is located at 800 Philadelphia Street, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and our phone number is (800) 325-2265.
Human Capital Management
Our commitment to every customer starts with a talented team. To attract and retain our talented team, we strive to make S&T an inclusive, safe and healthy workplace that provides our employees with opportunities to grow and develop. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 1,244 full time equivalent employees.
Our Team and Culture
Our purpose is building a better future together through people-forward banking. We believe that all banking should be personal. We cultivate relationships rooted in trust, strengthened by going above and beyond and renewed with every interaction. We move banking forward, building better lives together by always putting people first.
Our team strives to embody values to encourage a culture that has enabled us to be named a top workplace. The following are our five core values that support our Purpose:
Make People our Purpose
Humility, empathy and a sincere desire to uplift each other and our community guide our actions every day. We are people in service of people, committed to constantly improving our communication and connection and delivering the right solutions.
Do the Right Thing
We are built on trust and following through on our promises. We hold ourselves accountable by delivering results, continuously learning and striving for better every day.
Go Above and Beyond
We go as far as we possibly can to help advance the cause of our colleagues, customers and communities. In every case, we seek the right solutions based on a holistic understanding of the opportunities ahead of us.
Value Every Voice
We stand for inclusivity, accessibility and opportunity. We listen for forward-looking ideas to better ourselves and improve our experience. And we always welcome an honest and open dialogue with our colleagues, customers and the community at large.
2

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Win as One Team
We function as one connected team working together to deliver a seamless experience. We communicate, collaborate and care enough to go the extra mile for the colleagues we work alongside, the customers we serve and the communities where we live.
Diversity and Inclusion
S&T fosters a diverse work culture where employees work together to better our company, services and community.
We are committed to promoting a diverse workforce and developing all people through:
•Equal Opportunity Employment
•Educating our employees and board of directors
•Fostering a culture to address employees’ and customers’ needs
•Partnering with diverse vendors
The S&T mindset is to encourage, develop and inspire all employees to achieve their best, motivated by their own personal development. Our commitment is to a diverse, equitable and inclusive workplace where everyone utilizes their knowledge, skills, abilities and unique interests to help each other find success and drive positive results. Our Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors oversees our diversity and inclusion strategy, and at least annually, measures the success of diversity and inclusion initiatives by reviewing S&T’s strategies and statistics from S&T’s Human Capital Management System.
Diversity, equity and inclusion, or DEI, is a commitment that we are focused on through various avenues to create awareness, provide education, support our colleagues and communities, develop and improve products and services, partner with diverse vendors and drive results tied to our overall organizational strategy. As part of our DEI strategy, we launched our DEI Advisory Council during 2022. The DEI Advisory Council is co-chaired by our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Human Resources Officer and is made up of colleagues from departments across our organization. We conduct an ongoing S&T Commemorates webinar series that is designed to explore a wide scope of DEI topics.
Talent Development and Training
Our training plan strives to provide all departments with access to comprehensive training to enhance all job positions. Our Corporate Training Department maintains oversight of all training to ensure that it is implemented and monitored properly and encourages career development for our employees. Our training program offers a blended learning approach comprised of classroom and online course delivery. We have many training sessions that are a virtual format through webinars and learning management system delivery for regulatory, compliance, skill-based, technology, leadership and career development. Certain trainings are conducted live based on the needs of the program. In 2023, our employees logged approximately 78,532 training hours, on average 63 hours per employee, which is an increase of approximately 7 percent compared to 2022.
Safety, Health and Wellness
The safety, health and well-being of our employees is a top priority. We offer our employees and their families access to a variety of flexible and convenient health and welfare programs that provide resources to help them maintain and/or improve their physical and mental health. We also have a financial wellness program that assists our employees and their families with budgeting and various personal financial content consisting of an online personal financial program and internally produced webinars. We believe in the education and offering of programs and initiatives that make lasting positive impacts in the lives of our employees.
Access to United States Securities and Exchange Commission Filings
All of our reports filed electronically with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, including this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, our prior annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and our annual proxy statements, as well as any amendments to those reports, are accessible at no cost on our website at www.stbancorp.com under Financials, SEC Filings. These filings are also accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The charters of the Audit Committee, the Compensation and Benefits Committee, the Credit Risk Committee, the Executive Committee, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and the Risk Committee as well as the Complaints Regarding Accounting, Internal Accounting Controls or Auditing Matters ("Whistleblower Policy"), the Code of Conduct for the CEO and CFO, the General Code of Conduct, the Shareholder Communications Policy, and the Corporate Governance Guidelines are also available at www.stbancorp.com under Governance.
3

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Supervision and Regulation
General
S&T is extensively regulated under federal and state law. Regulation of bank holding companies and banks is intended primarily for the protection of consumers, depositors, borrowers, the Federal Deposit Insurance Fund, or DIF, and the banking system as a whole, and not for the protection of shareholders or creditors. The following describes certain aspects of that regulation and does not purport to be a complete description of all regulations that affect S&T, or all aspects of any regulation discussed here. To the extent statutory or regulatory provisions are described, the description is qualified in its entirety by reference to the particular statutory or regulatory provisions. The discussion of the regulations applicable to S&T provided below is based on our status as an institution with less than $10 billion in assets. If S&T’s assets cross the $10 billion threshold, we will be subject to different and additional regulations than those described below.
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or Dodd-Frank Act, enacted in July 2010, has had and will continue to have a broad impact on the financial services industry, including significant regulatory and compliance changes addressing, among other things: (i) enhanced resolution authority of troubled and failing banks and their holding companies; (ii) increased capital and liquidity requirements; (iii) increased regulatory examination fees; (iv) changes to assessments to be paid to the FDIC for federal deposit insurance; (v) enhanced corporate governance and executive compensation requirements and disclosures; and (vi) numerous other provisions designed to improve supervision and oversight of, and strengthen safety and soundness for, the financial services sector. Additionally, the Dodd-Frank Act established a new framework for systemic risk oversight within the financial system to be distributed among new and existing federal regulatory agencies, including the Financial Stability Oversight Council, the Federal Reserve Board, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the FDIC. While many requirements called for in the Dodd-Frank Act have been implemented, these regulations are subject to continuing interpretation and potential amendment. Given the continued uncertainty associated with the ongoing implementation of the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act by the various regulatory agencies, including the manner in which the remaining provisions will be implemented and the interpretation of and potential amendments to existing regulations, the full extent of the impact of such requirements on financial institutions’ operations remains unclear, but management expects will continue to affect us in some way. The continuing changes resulting from the Dodd-Frank Act may impact the profitability of our business activities, require changes to certain of our business practices, increase our operating and compliance costs, or otherwise adversely affect our business. These changes may also require us to invest significant management attention and resources to evaluate and make necessary changes in order to comply with new statutory and regulatory requirements.
In addition, proposals to change the laws and regulations governing the banking industry are frequently raised in Congress, in state legislatures and before the various bank regulatory agencies that may impact S&T. Such initiatives to change the laws and regulations may include proposals to expand or contract the powers of bank holding companies and depository institutions or proposals to substantially change the financial institution regulatory system. Any such legislation could change bank statutes and our operating environment in substantial and unpredictable ways. If enacted, such legislation could affect how S&T and S&T Bank operate and could significantly increase costs, impede the efficiency of internal business processes, limit our ability to pursue business opportunities in an efficient manner, or affect the competitive balance among banks, credit unions and other financial institutions, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The likelihood and timing of any changes and the impact such changes might have on S&T is impossible to determine with any certainty.
S&T
We are a bank holding company subject to regulation under the BHCA and the examination and reporting requirements of the Federal Reserve Board. Under the BHCA, a bank holding company may not directly or indirectly acquire ownership or control of more than five percent of the voting shares or substantially all of the assets of any additional bank, or merge or consolidate with another bank holding company, without the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board.
As a bank holding company, we are expected under statutory and regulatory provisions to serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to our subsidiary bank. A bank holding company is also expected to commit resources, including capital and other funds, to support its subsidiary bank.
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We elected to become a financial holding company under the BHCA in 2001 and thereby may engage in a broader range of financial activities than are permissible for traditional bank holding companies. In order to maintain our status as a financial holding company, we must remain “well-capitalized” and “well-managed” and the depository institutions controlled by us must remain “well-capitalized,” “well-managed” (as defined in federal law) and have at least a “satisfactory” Community Reinvestment Act, or CRA, rating. Refer to Note 23 Regulatory Matters to the consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Report for information concerning the current capital ratios of S&T and S&T Bank. No prior regulatory approval is required for a financial holding company with total consolidated assets less than $50 billion to acquire a company, other than a bank or savings association, engaged in activities that are financial in nature or incidental to activities that are financial in nature, as determined by the Federal Reserve Board, unless the total consolidated assets to be acquired exceed $10 billion. The BHCA identifies several activities as “financial in nature” including, among others, securities underwriting; dealing and market making; sponsoring mutual funds and investment companies; insurance underwriting and sales agency; investment advisory activities; merchant banking activities and activities that the Federal Reserve Board has determined to be closely related to banking. Banks may also engage in, subject to limitations on investment, activities that are financial in nature, other than insurance underwriting, insurance company portfolio investment, real estate development and real estate investment, through a financial subsidiary of the bank, if the bank is “well-capitalized,” “well-managed” and has at least a “satisfactory” CRA rating.
If S&T or S&T Bank ceases to be “well-capitalized” or “well-managed,” we will not be in compliance with the requirements of the BHCA regarding financial holding companies or requirements regarding the operation of financial subsidiaries by insured banks.
If a financial holding company is notified by the Federal Reserve Board of such a change in the ratings of any of its subsidiary banks, it must take certain corrective actions within specified time frames. Furthermore, if S&T Bank was to receive a CRA rating of less than “satisfactory,” then we would be prohibited from engaging in certain new activities or acquiring companies engaged in certain financial activities until the rating is raised to “satisfactory” or better.
We are presently engaged in non-banking activities through the following six entities:
•9 th Street Holdings, Inc. was formed in June 1988 to hold and manage a group of investments previously owned by S&T Bank and to give us additional latitude to purchase other investments.
•S&T Bancholdings, Inc. was formed in August 2002 to hold and manage a group of investments previously owned by S&T Bank and to give us additional latitude to purchase other investments.
•CTCLIC is a joint venture with another financial institution, and acts as a reinsurer of credit life, accident and health insurance policies that were sold by S&T Bank and the other institution. S&T Bank and the other institution each have ownership interests of 50 percent in CTCLIC.
•S&T Insurance Group, LLC distributes life insurance and long-term disability income insurance products. During 2001, S&T Insurance Group, LLC and Attorneys Abstract Company, Inc. entered into an agreement to form S&T Settlement Services, LLC, or STSS, with respective ownership interests of 55 percent and 45 percent. STSS is a title insurance agency servicing commercial customers. We also have a 30 percent partnership interest in Evergreen Insurance, LLC.
•Stewart Capital Advisors, LLC was formed in August 2005 and is a registered investment advisor that manages private investment accounts for individuals and institutions.
•DN Acquisition Company, Inc. was acquired with the DNB First merger on November 30, 2019. DN Acquisition Company, Inc. was formed to acquire and hold Other Real Estate Owned acquired through foreclosure or deed in-lieu-of foreclosure, as well as Bank-occupied real estate.
S&T Bank
As a Pennsylvania-chartered, FDIC-insured non-member commercial bank, S&T Bank is subject to the supervision and regulation of the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities, or PADBS, and the FDIC. We are also subject to various requirements and restrictions under federal and state law, including requirements to maintain reserves against deposits, restrictions on the types, amount and terms and conditions of loans that may be granted and limits on the types of other activities in which S&T Bank may engage and the investments it may make. In addition, pursuant to the federal Bank Merger Act, S&T Bank must obtain the prior approval of the FDIC before it can merge or consolidate with or acquire the assets or assume the deposit liabilities of another bank.
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S&T Bank is subject to affiliate transaction rules in Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act as implemented by the Federal Reserve Board's Regulation W, that limit the amount of transactions between itself and S&T or any other company or entity that controls or is under common control with any company or entity that controls S&T Bank, including for most purposes any financial or depository institution subsidiary of S&T Bank. Under these provisions, “covered” transactions, including making loans, purchasing assets, issuing guarantees and other similar transactions, between a bank and its parent company or any other affiliate, generally are limited to 10 percent of the bank subsidiary’s capital and surplus, and with respect to all transactions with affiliates, are limited to 20 percent of the bank subsidiary’s capital and surplus. Loans and extensions of credit from a bank to an affiliate generally are required to be secured by eligible collateral in specified amounts, and in general all affiliated transactions must be on terms consistent with safe and sound banking practices. Furthermore, in general, transactions between a bank and its affiliates must be on terms and conditions that are at least as favorable to the bank as the terms that would apply in comparable transactions between the bank and a third party. The Dodd-Frank Act expanded the affiliate transaction rules to broaden the definition of affiliate to include as covered transactions securities borrowing or lending, repurchase or reverse repurchase agreements and derivative activities, and to strengthen collateral requirements and limit Federal Reserve exemptive authority.
Federal law also constrains the types and amounts of loans that S&T Bank may make to its executive officers, directors and principal shareholders. Among other things, these loans are limited in amount, must be approved by the bank’s board of directors in advance, and must be on terms and conditions as favorable to the bank as those available to an unrelated person. The Dodd-Frank Act strengthened restrictions on loans to insiders and expanded the types of transactions subject to the various limits to include credit exposure arising from a derivative transaction, a repurchase or reverse repurchase agreement and a securities lending or borrowing transaction. The Dodd-Frank Act also placed restrictions on certain asset sales to and from an insider to an institution, including requirements that such sales be on market terms and, in certain circumstances, approved by the institution’s board of directors.
Insurance of Accounts; Depositor Preference
The deposits of S&T Bank are insured up to applicable limits per insured depositor by the Deposit Insurance Fund, or DIF, as administered by the FDIC. The Dodd-Frank Act codified FDIC deposit insurance coverage per separately insured depositor for all account types at $250,000.
As an FDIC-insured bank, S&T Bank is subject to FDIC insurance assessments, which are imposed based upon the calculated risk the institution poses to the DIF.
Under the current assessment system, for an institution with less than $10 billion in assets, assessment rates are determined based on a combination of financial ratios and CAMELS (capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings, liquidity and sensitivity) composite ratings. The assessment rate schedule can change from time to time, at the discretion of the FDIC, subject to certain limits. Under the current system, premiums are assessed quarterly. Assessments are calculated as a percentage of average consolidated total assets less average tangible equity during the assessment period. As part of its semiannual update of the restoration plan established by the FDIC to facilitate restoration of the reserve ratio of the DIF to the statutory minimum in the mandated time frame the FDIC adopted a final rule in October 2022. The new rule, applicable to all insured depository institutions, increased the initial base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules uniformly by 2 basis points, beginning in the first quarterly assessment period of 2023 (January 1 through March 31, 2023). The increase in assessment rate schedules is intended to increase the likelihood that the reserve ratio of the DIF reaches the statutory minimum of 1.35 percent by the statutory deadline of September 30, 2028. Second, the proposed change in assessment rates is further intended to support growth in the DIF in progressing toward the 2 percent Designated Reserve Ratio, or DRR, established by the FDIC. The FDIC has indicated that the new assessment rate schedules will remain in effect unless and until the DRR meets or exceeds 2 percent, absent further FDIC action. Under the new rule, the total base assessment rates on an annualized basis range from 2.5 basis points for certain “well-capitalized,” “well-managed” banks, with the highest ratings, to 42 basis points for complex institutions posing the most risk to the DIF, compared to the 2022 rates that ranged from 1.5 to 40. S&T’s total assets were below $10 billion at December 31, 2023.
In November 2023, the FDIC approved a final rule to implement special assessments to recover the loss to the DIF associated with protecting uninsured depositors following the closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. The assessment base for the special assessment is equal to estimated uninsured deposits reported as of December 31, 2022, adjusted to exclude the first $5 billion. The special assessment will be collected at an annual rate of approximately 13.4 basis points for an anticipated total of eight quarterly assessment periods, beginning in the first quarterly assessment period of 2024 (January 1 through March 31, 2024). Because the Bank's uninsured deposits were below $5 billion at December. 31, 2022, this special assessment is not applicable to S&T.
The FDIC may terminate the deposit insurance of any insured depository institution if it determines, after hearing that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, that the institution is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC or the Federal Reserve Board. It also may suspend deposit insurance temporarily during the hearing process if the institution has no tangible capital. If insurance of accounts is terminated, the accounts at the institution at the time of termination, less subsequent withdrawals, will continue to be insured for a period of six months to two years, as determined by the FDIC.
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Under federal law, deposits and certain claims for administrative expenses and employee compensation against insured depository institutions are afforded a priority over other general unsecured claims against such an institution, including federal funds and letters of credit, in the liquidation or other resolution of such an institution by a receiver. Such priority creditors would include the FDIC.
Capital
The Federal Reserve Board and the FDIC have issued substantially similar minimum risk-based and leverage capital rules applicable to the banking organizations they supervise. On December 31, 2023, both S&T and S&T Bank met the applicable minimum regulatory capital requirements.
The following table summarizes the leverage and risk-based capital ratios for S&T and S&T Bank:

| Actual |  | Minimum Regulatory Capital Requirements |  | To be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
(dollars in thousands) | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
As of December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | $ | 1,034,828 |  |  | 11.21 | % |  | $ | 369,297 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 461,621 |  |  | 5.00 | %
S&T Bank | 995,824 |  |  | 10.79 | % |  | 369,133 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | 461,416 |  |  | 5.00 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 1,010,828 |  |  | 13.37 | % |  | 340,159 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 491,341 |  |  | 6.50 | %
S&T Bank | 995,824 |  |  | 13.18 | % |  | 339,954 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 491,045 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 1,034,828 |  |  | 13.69 | % |  | 453,545 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 604,727 |  |  | 8.00 | %
S&T Bank | 995,824 |  |  | 13.18 | % |  | 453,272 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 604,362 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 1,154,376 |  |  | 15.27 | % |  | 604,727 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | 755,909 |  |  | 10.00 | %
S&T Bank | 1,115,315 |  |  | 14.76 | % |  | 604,362 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | 755,453 |  |  | 10.00 | %

The banking regulatory agencies may from time to time require that a banking organization maintain capital above the minimum prescribed levels, whether because of its financial condition or actual or anticipated growth.
The risk-based capital standards establish a systematic, analytical framework that makes regulatory capital requirements more sensitive to differences in risk profiles among banking organizations, takes off-balance sheet exposures explicitly into account in assessing capital adequacy and minimizes disincentives to holding liquid, low-risk assets. For purposes of the risk-based ratios, assets and specified off-balance sheet instruments are assigned to broad risk categories, each with appropriate weights. The resulting capital ratios represent capital as a percentage of total risk-weighted assets and off-balance sheet items. The leverage ratio represents capital as a percentage of total average assets adjusted as specified in the guidelines.
In July 2013, the federal banking agencies issued final regulatory capital rules that replaced the then existing general risk-based capital and related rules, broadly revising the basic definitions and elements of regulatory capital and making substantial changes to the risk weightings for banking and trading book assets. These regulatory capital rules are designed to implement Basel III (which were agreements reached in July 2010 by the international oversight body of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to require more and higher-quality capital) as well as the minimum leverage and risk-based capital requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. These capital standards apply to all banks, regardless of size, and to all bank holding companies with consolidated assets greater than $500 million and became effective on January 1, 2015. For smaller banking organizations such as S&T and S&T Bank, the rules were subject to a transition period providing for full implementation as of January 1, 2019.
Generally, under the guidelines, common equity Tier 1 capital consists of common stock instruments that meet the eligibility criteria in the rule, retained earnings, accumulated other comprehensive income and common equity Tier 1 minority interest, less applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions including goodwill, intangible assets subject to limitation and certain deferred tax assets subject to limitation. Tier 1 capital is comprised of common equity Tier 1 capital plus generally non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, Tier 1 minority interests and, for bank holding companies with less than $15 billion in consolidated assets at December 31, 2009, certain restricted capital instruments including qualifying cumulative perpetual preferred stock and grandfathered trust preferred securities, up to a limit of 25 percent of Tier 1 capital, less applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions. Tier 2, or supplementary, capital generally includes portions of trust preferred securities and cumulative perpetual preferred stock not otherwise counted in Tier 1 capital, as well as preferred stock, subordinated debt, total capital minority interests not included in Tier 1, and the allowance for credit losses, or ACL, in an amount not exceeding
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1.25 percent of standardized risk-weighted assets, less applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions. Total capital is the sum of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital.
After a phase in period beginning in 2016, these regulatory capital rules also require a banking organization to maintain a capital conservation buffer composed of common equity Tier 1 capital in an amount greater than 2.50 percent of total risk-weighted assets beginning in 2019. As a result, since 2019, a banking organization has been required to maintain a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio greater than 7.00 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio greater than 8.50 percent and a Total risk-based capital ratio greater than 10.50 percent; otherwise, it will be subject to restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments. Since 2019, the minimum capital requirements plus the capital conservation buffer exceed the regulatory capital ratios required for an insured depository institution to be well-capitalized under prompt corrective action law, described in "Other Safety and Soundness Regulations."
These regulatory capital rules also revise the calculation of risk-weighted assets, including a new framework under which the risk weight will increase for most credit exposures that are 90 days or more past due or on nonaccrual, high-volatility commercial real estate loans, mortgage servicing and deferred tax assets that are not deducted from capital and certain equity exposures. The rules include changes to the credit conversion factors of off-balance sheet items, such as the unused portion of a loan commitment.
Federal regulators periodically propose amendments to the regulatory capital rules and the related regulatory framework and consider changes to the capital standards that could significantly increase the amount of capital needed to meet applicable standards. The timing of adoption, ultimate form and effect of any such proposed amendments cannot be predicted.
Payment of Dividends
S&T is a legal entity separate and distinct from its banking and other subsidiaries. A substantial portion of our revenues consist of dividend payments we receive from S&T Bank. The payment of common dividends by S&T is subject to certain requirements and limitations of Pennsylvania law. S&T Bank, in turn, is subject to federal and state laws and regulations that limit the amount of dividends it can pay to S&T. In addition, both S&T and S&T Bank are subject to various general regulatory policies relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. The Federal Reserve Board has indicated that banking organizations should generally pay dividends only if (i) the organization’s net income available to common shareholders over the past year has been sufficient to fully fund the dividends and (ii) the prospective rate of earnings retention appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. Thus, under certain circumstances based upon our financial condition, our ability to declare and pay quarterly dividends may require consultation with the Federal Reserve Board and may be prohibited by applicable Federal Reserve Board guidance.
Other Safety and Soundness Regulations
There are a number of obligations and restrictions imposed on bank holding companies such as us and our depository institution subsidiary by federal law and regulatory policy. These obligations and restrictions are designed to reduce potential loss exposure to the FDIC’s DIF in the event an insured depository institution becomes in danger of default or is in default. Under current federal law, for example, the federal banking agencies possess broad powers to take prompt corrective action to resolve problems of insured depository institutions. The extent of these powers depends upon whether the institution in question is “well-capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” or “critically undercapitalized,” as defined by the law. As of December 31, 2023, S&T Bank was classified as “well-capitalized.” New definitions of these categories, as set forth in the federal banking agencies’ final rule to implement Basel III and the minimum leverage and risk-based capital requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act, became effective as of January 1, 2015. Refer to the above section titled Capital within this Item 1. Business section for capital requirements. The classification of depository institutions is primarily for the purpose of applying the federal banking agencies’ prompt corrective action provisions and is not intended to be and should not be interpreted as a representation of overall financial condition or prospects of any financial institution.
The federal banking agencies’ prompt corrective action powers, which increase depending upon the degree to which an institution is undercapitalized, can include, among other things, requiring an insured depository institution to adopt a capital restoration plan, which cannot be approved unless guaranteed by the institution’s parent company; placing limits on asset growth and restrictions on activities, including restrictions on transactions with affiliates; restricting the interest rates the institution may pay on deposits; restricting the institution from accepting brokered deposits; prohibiting the payment of principal or interest on subordinated debt; prohibiting the holding company from making capital distributions, including payment of dividends, without prior regulatory approval; and, ultimately, appointing a receiver for the institution.
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The federal banking agencies have also adopted guidelines prescribing safety and soundness standards relating to internal controls and information systems, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, fees and compensation and benefits. In general, the guidelines require appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage specified risks and exposures. The guidelines prohibit excessive compensation as an unsafe and unsound practice and characterize compensation as excessive when the amounts paid are unreasonable or disproportionate to the services performed by an executive officer, employee, director or principal shareholder. In addition, the agencies have adopted regulations that authorize, but do not require, an agency to order an institution that has been given notice by an agency that it is not in compliance with any of such safety and soundness standards to submit a compliance plan. If, after being so notified, an institution fails to submit an acceptable compliance plan, the agency must issue an order directing action to correct the deficiency and may issue an order directing other actions of the types to which an “undercapitalized” institution is subject under the prompt corrective action provisions described above.
Regulatory Enforcement Authority
The enforcement powers available to federal banking agencies are substantial and include, among other things and in addition to other powers described herein, the ability to assess civil money penalties and impose other civil and criminal penalties, to issue cease-and-desist or removal orders, to appoint a conservator to conserve the assets of an institution for the benefit of its depositors and creditors and to initiate injunctive actions against banks and bank holding companies and “institution affiliated parties,” as defined in the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of laws and regulations, and engagement in unsafe or unsound practices. Other actions or inactions may provide the basis for enforcement action, including misleading or untimely reports filed with regulatory authorities.
At the state level, the PADBS also has broad enforcement powers over S&T Bank, including the power to impose fines and other penalties and to appoint a conservator or receiver.
Interstate Banking and Branching
The BHCA currently permits bank holding companies from any state to acquire banks and bank holding companies located in any other state, subject to certain conditions, including certain nationwide and state-imposed deposit concentration limits. In addition, because of changes to law made by the Dodd-Frank Act, S&T Bank may now establish de novo branches in any state to the same extent that a bank chartered in that state could establish a branch.
Community Reinvestment, Fair Lending and Consumer Protection Laws
In connection with its lending activities, S&T Bank is subject to a number of state and federal laws and regulations designed to protect consumers and promote lending to various sectors of the economy and population. The federal laws include, among others, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Truth-in-Lending Act, the Truth-in-Savings Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act and the CRA. In addition, federal rules require disclosure of privacy policies to consumers.
The purpose of the CRA is to help address inequities in credit access for low- and moderate-income (LMI) individuals and communities. It is designed to encourage regulated banks to help meet the credit needs of the local communities in which they are chartered. The FRB, the FDIC and the OCC implement the CRA through their CRA regulations, which establish the framework for how the agencies assess a bank’s record of helping to meet the credit needs of the communities that they serve, including LMI neighborhoods, consistent with safe and sound operations. The CRA requires the appropriate federal banking agency, in connection with its examination of a bank, to assess the bank’s record in meeting the credit needs of the communities served by the bank, including LMI neighborhoods. Furthermore, such assessment is required of any bank that has applied, among other things, to merge or consolidate with or acquire the assets or assume the liabilities of an insured depository institution, or to open or relocate a branch office. In the case of a bank holding company, including a financial holding company, applying for approval to acquire a bank or bank holding company, the Federal Reserve Board will assess the record of each subsidiary bank of the applicant bank holding company in considering the application. Under the CRA, institutions are assigned a rating of “outstanding,” “satisfactory,” “needs to improve” or “unsatisfactory.” S&T Bank was rated “satisfactory” in its most recent CRA performance evaluation.
More recently, on October 24, 2023, the FDIC, OCC and FRB jointly issued a final rule to the CRA designed to strengthen and modernize the regulations implementing the CRA. The changes are designed to encourage banks to expand access to credit, investment and banking services in LMI communities, adapt to changes in the banking industry, including mobile and internet banking, provide greater clarity and consistency in the application of the CRA regulations and tailor CRA evaluations and data collection to bank size and type. Most of the final rule’s requirements will be applicable beginning in January 2026, while the remaining requirements, including data reporting requirements, will be applicable in January 2027.
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With respect to consumer protection, the Dodd-Frank Act created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or the CFPB, which took over rulemaking responsibility on July 21, 2011 for the principal federal consumer financial protection laws, such as those identified above. Institutions that have assets of $10 billion or less, such as S&T Bank, are subject to the rules established by the CFPB, but will continue to be supervised in this area by their state and primary federal regulators, which in the case of S&T Bank is the FDIC.
Fair lending laws prohibit discrimination in the provision of bank's lending practices, and the enforcement of these laws has been a focus for bank regulators. Fair lending laws include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act, which outlaw discrimination in credit transactions and residential real estate on the basis of prohibited factors including, among others, race, color, national origin, sex and religion. A lender may be liable for policies that result in a disparate treatment of or have a disparate impact on a protected class of applicants or borrowers. If a pattern or practice of lending discrimination is alleged by a regulator, then that agency is required to refer the matter to the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, for investigation. S&T Bank is required to have a fair lending program that is of sufficient scope to monitor the inherent fair lending risk of the institution and that appropriately remediates issues which are identified.
During 2013, the CFPB issued a series of final rules related to mortgage loan origination and mortgage loan servicing, which became effective in 2014. In particular, on January 10, 2013, the CFPB issued a final rule implementing the ability-to-repay and qualified mortgage (QM) provisions of the Truth-in-Lending Act, as amended by the Dodd-Frank Act (“QM Rule.”) The ability-to-repay provision requires creditors to make reasonable, good-faith determinations that borrowers are able to repay their mortgage loans before extending the credit, based on a number of factors and consideration of financial information about the borrower from reasonably reliable third-party documents. Under the Dodd-Frank Act and the QM Rule, loans meeting the definition of “qualified mortgage” are entitled to a presumption that the lender satisfied the ability-to-repay requirements. The presumption is a conclusive presumption/safe harbor for prime loans meeting the QM requirements, and a rebuttable presumption for higher-priced/subprime loans meeting the QM requirements. The QM Rule also adds an explicit maximum
43 percent debt-to-income ratio (DTI) for borrowers if the loan is to meet the QM definition, though some mortgages that meet government-sponsored enterprise, or GSE, Federal Housing Administration, or FHA, and Veterans Affairs, or VA, underwriting guidelines may, for a period not to exceed seven years, meet the QM definition without being subject to the
43 percent DTI limits (GSE Patch). In December 2020, the CFPB published a final rule that replaced the 43 percent DTI ratio limit in the general QM definition (the “General QM Rule”) with a limit based on the loan’s pricing. The final rule also created a new category of qualified mortgage, called a seasoned qualified mortgage, for first lien, fixed rate covered loans that meet certain performance requirements, are held in portfolio by the originating creditor or first purchaser for a 36-month period, comply with general restrictions on product features and points and fees, and meet certain underwriting requirements. The compliance date of the final rules was October 1, 2022. These rules did not have a material impact on our mortgage business.
Anti-Money Laundering Rules
S&T Bank is subject to the Bank Secrecy Act, its implementing regulations and other anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including the USA Patriot Act of 2001. Among other things, these laws and regulations require S&T Bank to take steps to prevent the bank from being used to facilitate the flow of illegal or illicit money, to report large currency transactions and to file suspicious activity reports. S&T Bank is also required to develop and implement a comprehensive anti-money laundering compliance program. Banks must also have in place appropriate “know your customer” policies and procedures which includes requirements to (1) identify and verify, subject to certain exceptions, the identity of the beneficial owners of all legal entity customers at the time a new account is opened, and (2) include in its anti-money laundering program, risk-based procedures for conducting ongoing customer due diligence, which are to include procedures that (a) assist in understanding the nature and purpose of customer relationships for the purpose of developing a customer risk profile, and (b) require ongoing monitoring to identify and report suspicious transactions and, on a risk basis, to maintain and update customer information. Violations of these requirements can result in substantial civil and criminal sanctions. In addition, provisions of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 require the federal financial institution regulatory agencies to consider the effectiveness of a financial institution’s anti-money laundering activities when considering applications for bank mergers and bank holding company acquisitions.
Other Dodd-Frank Provisions
In December 2013, federal regulators adopted final regulations regarding the Volcker Rule established in the Dodd-Frank Act. The Volcker Rule generally prohibits banks and their affiliates from engaging in proprietary trading and investing in and sponsoring certain unregistered investment companies generally covering hedge funds and private equity funds, subject to certain exemptions. Banking entities had until July 21, 2017 to conform their activities to the requirements of the rule. Since S&T generally does not engage in the activities prohibited by the Volcker Rule, the effectiveness of the rule has not had a material effect on S&T Bank or its affiliates.
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In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act provides that the amount of any interchange fee charged for electronic debit transactions by debit card issuers having assets over $10 billion must be reasonable and proportional to the actual cost of a transaction to the issuer. The Federal Reserve Board has adopted a rule which limits the maximum permissible interchange fees that such issuers can receive for an electronic debit transaction. This rule, Regulation II, was effective October 1, 2011, and then amended on October 3, 2022 to require debit card issuers to provide at least two unaffiliated payment card networks to process card-not-present debit card transactions. Regulation II does not apply to a bank that, together with its affiliates, has less than $10 billion in assets, which includes S&T.
Cybersecurity
We are subject to a variety of regulatory expectations and requirements regarding cybersecurity and data privacy. Federal regulators have issued statements regarding cybersecurity addressing the controls that financial institutions should design and business continuity planning and recovery processes that should be in place. Additionally, the FDIC, OCC and Federal Reserve Board issued a final rule that became effective in May 2022, requiring banking organizations that experience a computer-security incident to notify certain entities and its federal regulator of the computer-security incident as soon as possible and no later than 36 hours after the bank determines a computer-security incident has occurred. This rule also requires banking organizations to notify their customers of a computer-security incident that has caused, or is reasonably likely to cause, a material service disruption or degradation for four or more hours. Moreover, in March 2022, the Cyber Incident Reporting for Critical Infrastructure Act was enacted and once final rules are adopted, will require certain covered entities to report a covered cyber incident to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency, or CISA, within 72 hours after a covered entity reasonably believes an incident has occurred. Separate reporting to CISA will also be required within 24 hours if a ransom payment is made as a result of a ransomware attack. Furthermore, in September 2023, the SEC’s Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, Governance and Incident Disclosure rules went into effect now requiring, among other disclosure obligations, companies to publicly disclose the occurrence of a material cybersecurity incident, including the material aspects of the nature, scope and timing of the incident and the material impact on the company including financial condition and results of operation beginning with any material cybersecurity incidents occurring on or after December 18, 2023.
State regulators have also been increasingly active in implementing privacy and cybersecurity standards and regulations, including data breach notification requirements. We actively monitor developments regarding regulatory expectations and federal and state requirements with respect to cybersecurity and data breach notifications.
Competition
S&T Bank competes with other local, regional and national financial services providers, such as other financial holding companies, commercial banks, credit unions, finance companies, brokerage and insurance firms and financial technology companies, including competitors that provide their products and services online and through mobile devices. Some of our competitors are not subject to the same level of regulation and oversight that is required of banks and bank holding companies and are thus able to operate under lower cost structures. Our wealth management business competes with trust companies, mutual fund companies, investment advisory firms, law firms, brokerage firms and other financial services companies.
Changes in bank regulation, such as changes in the products and services banks can offer and permitted involvement in non-banking activities by bank holding companies, as well as bank mergers and acquisitions, can affect our ability to compete with other financial services providers. Our ability to do so will depend upon how successfully we can respond to the evolving competitive, regulatory, technological and demographic developments affecting our operations.
Our customers are primarily in Pennsylvania and the contiguous states of Ohio, New York, West Virginia, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. The majority of our commercial and consumer loans are made to businesses and individuals in these states resulting in a geographic concentration. Our market area has a high density of financial institutions, some of which are significantly larger institutions with greater financial resources than us, and many of which are our competitors to varying degrees. Our competition for loans comes principally from commercial banks, mortgage banking companies, credit unions, online lenders and other financial service companies. Our most direct competition for deposits has historically come from commercial banks and credit unions. We face additional competition for deposits from non-depository competitors such as the mutual fund industry, securities and brokerage firms, insurance companies and financial technology companies. Since larger competitors have advantages in attracting business from larger corporations, we do not generally attempt to compete for that business. Instead, we concentrate our efforts on attracting the business of individuals, and small and medium-size businesses. We consider our competitive advantages to be customer service and responsiveness to customer needs, the convenience of banking offices and hours, access to electronic banking services and the availability and pricing of our customized banking solutions. We emphasize personalized banking and the advantage of local decision-making in our banking business.
The financial services industry is likely to become more competitive as further technological advances enable more companies to provide financial services on a more efficient and convenient basis. Technological innovations have lowered traditional barriers to entry and enabled many companies to compete in financial services markets. Many customers now expect
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a choice of banking options for the delivery of services, including traditional banking offices, telephone, internet, mobile, ATMs, self-service branches, in-store branches and/or digital and technology based solutions. These delivery channels are offered by traditional banks and savings associations, credit unions, brokerage firms, asset management groups, financial technology companies, finance and insurance companies, internet-based companies and mortgage banking firms.
Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
Investments in our common stock involve risk. The following discussion highlights the risks that we believe are material to S&T, potentially impacting our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. However, other factors not discussed below or elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K could adversely affect our businesses, results of operations and financial condition. Therefore, the risk factors below do not necessarily include all risks that we may face.
Risks Related to Credit
Our ability to assess the credit-worthiness of our customers may diminish, which may adversely affect our results of operations.
We incur credit risk by virtue of making loans and extending loan commitments and letters of credit. Credit risk is one of our most significant risks. We manage our exposure to credit risk through the use of consistent underwriting standards that emphasize “in-market” lending while avoiding excessive industry and other concentrations. Our credit administration function employs risk management techniques to ensure that loans adhere to corporate policy and problem loans are promptly identified. There can be no assurance that such measures will be effective in avoiding undue credit risk. If the models and approaches that we use to select, manage and underwrite our consumer and commercial loan products change and our underwriting standards do not reflect or capture the rapid changes in the economy, we may have higher credit losses.
The value of the collateral used to secure our loans may not be sufficient to compensate for the amount of unpaid loans and we may be unsuccessful in recovering the remaining balances from our customers.
Decreases in real estate values, particularly with respect to our commercial real estate, or CRE, and mortgage activities, could adversely affect the value of property used as collateral for our loans and our customers’ ability to repay these loans, which in turn could impact our profitability. Repayment of our commercial loans is often dependent on the cash flow of the borrower, which may become unpredictable. If the value of the assets, such as real estate, serving as collateral for the loan portfolio were to decline materially, a significant part of the loan portfolio could become under-collateralized. If the loans that are secured by real estate become troubled when real estate market conditions are declining or have declined, in the event of foreclosure, we may not be able to realize the amount of collateral that was anticipated at the time of originating the loan. This could result in higher charge-offs which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.
Changes in the overall credit quality of our portfolio can have a significant impact on our earnings.
Like other lenders, we face the risk that our customers will not repay their loans. We reserve for losses in our loan portfolio based on our assessment of expected credit losses. Management determines the amount of ACL through undergoing a periodic review of the loan portfolio, where it considers historical losses, the national unemployment forecast produced by the Federal Reserve combined with qualitative factors around current conditions including changes in lending policies and practices, economic conditions, changes in the loan portfolio, changes in lending management, results of internal loan reviews, asset quality trends, collateral values, concentrations of credit risk and other external factors. This process, which is critical to our financial results and condition, requires complex judgment including our assessment of economic conditions, which are difficult to predict. The amount of future losses is difficult to predict because it is susceptible to changes in economic, operating and other conditions, including changes in interest rates, which may be beyond our control. Although we have policies and procedures in place to determine future losses, due to the subjective nature of this area, there can be no assurance that our management has accurately assessed the level of allowances reflected in our consolidated financial statements. We may underestimate our expected credit losses and fail to hold an ACL sufficient to account for these losses. Incorrect assumptions could lead to material underestimates of expected losses and an inadequate ACL. As our assessment of expected losses changes, we may need to increase or decrease our ACL, which could significantly impact our financial results and profitability.
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Our loan portfolio is concentrated within our market area, and our lack of geographic diversification increases our risk profile.
The regional economic conditions within our market area affect the demand for our products and services as well as the ability of our customers to repay their loans and the value of the collateral securing these loans. A significant decline in the regional economy caused by inflation, recession, unemployment or other factors could negatively affect our customers, the quality of our loan portfolio and the demand for our products and services. Any sustained period of increased payment delinquencies, foreclosures or losses caused by adverse market or economic conditions in our market area could adversely affect the value of our assets, revenues, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, we cannot give any assurance that we will benefit from any market growth or favorable economic conditions in our primary market area.
Our loan portfolio has a significant concentration of commercial loans that have a higher risk of loss.
The majority of our loans are to commercial borrowers including commercial and industrial, or C&I, CRE, and construction loans. The commercial loan portfolio typically involves a higher degree of credit risk than other types of loans. For the C&I segment this is due to the customer’s repayment ability being based upon the success of its business operations, the susceptibility of the customer’s business to changing economic conditions, the dependence of our customer on maintaining sufficient cash flow to make payments on the loan and our reliance on the underlying collateral, which is usually only the business assets that may not have sufficient value when the borrower encounters financial difficulties. For the CRE segment higher risk is due to higher loan principal amounts, where the repayment of these loans is generally dependent, in large part, on sufficient income from the properties securing the loans to cover operating expenses and debt service. Because payments on loans secured by CRE often depend upon the successful operation and management of the properties, repayment of these loans may be affected by factors outside the borrower’s control, including adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. Additionally, we have a number of significant credit exposures to commercial borrowers, and while the majority of these borrowers have numerous projects that make up the total aggregate exposure, if one or more of these borrowers default or have financial difficulties, we could experience higher credit losses, which could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. Further, an individual commercial loan balance is typically larger than other loans in our portfolio, creating the potential for larger credit losses on an individual loan. The deterioration of one or a few of these loans could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to General Economic Conditions
General economic conditions may adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Various aspects of our business could be impacted by general macroeconomic conditions including, among others, inflation, which has increased to levels not experienced in years, interest rates, rising or elevated unemployment, declines in GDP, consumer spending, property values, supply chain complications and economic uncertainty. These conditions generally have a negative impact on businesses, financial markets and consumers, which may impact the underlying credit quality of our customers. The following could increase the risk of our customers defaulting or becoming delinquent in their obligations to us, which could increase credit losses and adversely affect our credit portfolios and provision for credit losses: (i) increased cost of borrowings, (ii) additional borrowings and increased leverage, (iii) drawdown from savings due to business disruption, (iv) financial difficulties, or (v) business losses, particularly for borrowers in our C&I or CRE portfolio. If the macroeconomic environment worsens, our credit portfolio and allowance for credit losses could be adversely impacted. These unfavorable economic conditions could also impact the demand for loans and other products and services offered by us, the level of customer deposits, the value of our investment securities, loans held for sale or other assets secured by residential or commercial real estate, or the level of net interest income or net interest margin. Any of these developments could adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
We may not accurately predict the nature and timing of the policies of the Federal Reserve and other governmental agencies and their impact on interest rates and financial markets, which could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.
The monetary policies of the Federal Reserve have a significant impact on interest rates, the value of financial instruments and other assets and liabilities, and overall financial market performance. These policies have a significant impact on the activities and results of operations of banks and bank holding companies such as S&T. An important function of the Federal Reserve is to monitor the national supply of bank credit and set certain interest rates. The actions of the Federal Reserve influence the rates of interest that we charge on loans and that we pay on borrowings and interest-bearing deposits. In addition, monetary policy actions by governmental authorities in the European Union or other countries could have an impact on global interest rates, which could affect rates in the U.S. We may not accurately predict the nature or timing of future changes in
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monetary policies and interest rates or the precise effects that they may have on our activities and financial results, which could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.
Financial challenges at other banking institutions and further adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, and the soundness of financial institutions, and further disruption to the economy and U.S. banking system may adversely affect our business, results of operations, liquidity and stock price.
Several bank receiverships in 2023 caused a state of volatility in the financial services industry and uncertainty with respect to liquidity and the health of the U.S. banking system. Although we were not directly affected by these bank receiverships, this news caused fear among depositors, which caused them to withdraw or attempt to withdraw their funds from these and other financial institutions. Uncertainty may be compounded by the reach and depth of media attention, including social media, and its ability to disseminate concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, and have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Additionally, the stock prices of many financial institutions dropped and became volatile. While the FDIC resolution of these banks was done in a manner that protected depositors, there remains concern over the U.S. banking system as a result of continued economic volatility. Furthermore, financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships, which may expose us to credit risk and losses in the event of a default by a counterparty or client. As a result of these recent events, we face the potential for reputational risk, deposit outflows and increased credit risk which, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and liquidity.
Furthermore, if such levels of financial market and economic disruption and volatility continue, if actual events or concerns or rumors involving limited liquidity, defaults, or other adverse developments, or if other banks and financial institutions enter receivership or become insolvent in the future in response to financial conditions affecting the banking system and financial markets, our ability to access our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments may be threatened due to market-wide liquidity problems. While we maintain liquidity primarily through customer deposits and through access to other short-term funding sources, including advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB), our efforts to monitor and manage liquidity risk may not be successful or sufficient to deal with dramatic or unanticipated increase or reductions in our liquidity, particularly in light of the impact of increased interest rates on the market value of investment securities. This situation could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
Additionally, regulatory pressures and additional regulation of financial institutions as a result of the industry developments could have material adverse effects on our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects.
Geopolitical tensions and conflicts between nations has created significant economic and financial disruptions and uncertainties, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In late February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale military attack on Ukraine. In response to the military action by Russia, government actions, including broad-ranging economic sanctions against Russia, have been taken by the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union and other countries. The U.S. and global markets have experienced volatility and disruption as a result of this military conflict and imposition of sanctions, impacting the financial and commodities markets. The continued impact on financial markets, including the level and volatility of interest rates, could impact our earnings. Russian military actions and the resulting sanctions could further adversely affect the global economy and financial markets and lead to instability and lack of liquidity in capital markets. In addition, Russia may take retaliatory actions and other counter measures including cyberattacks against the U.S., its government, infrastructure and businesses, including S&T.
Additionally, an armed conflict began in October 2023 involving Hamas and Israel. This conflict, as well as further escalation of tensions between Israel and various countries in the Middle East and North Africa may cause additional detrimental effects on the global economy, including capital markets.
Although the extent and duration of these military conflicts and any future escalation of such hostilities, market disruptions and volatility, and the result of any diplomatic negotiations remains uncertain, these consequences, including those we cannot yet predict, may cause our business, financial condition, results of operations and the price of our common stock to be adversely affected.
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Risks Related to Our Operations
Failure to keep pace with technological changes could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
The financial services industry is constantly undergoing rapid technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better service customers and reduce costs. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy their demands, as well as create additional efficiencies within our operations. Many of our large competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services quickly or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological change affecting the financial services industry could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A cyber attack, information or security breach, or a failure of ours or of a third-party's infrastructure, computer and data management systems could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business or manage our exposure to risk, result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, increase our costs to maintain and update our operational and security systems and infrastructure, and adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition, as well as cause reputational harm.
Our business is highly dependent on the security and efficacy of our infrastructure, computer and data management systems, as well as those of third parties with whom we interact. Cyber security risks for financial institutions have significantly increased in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, terrorists and other external parties, including foreign state actors. Our operations rely on the secure processing, transmission, storage and retrieval of confidential, proprietary and other information in our computer and data management systems and networks, and in the computer and data management systems and networks of third parties. We rely on digital technologies, computer, database and email systems, software, and networks to conduct our operations. In addition, to access our network and products and services, our customers and third parties may use personal mobile devices or computing devices that are outside of our network environment. We have taken measures to implement backup systems and other safeguards to support our operations, but our ability to conduct business may be adversely affected by any significant disruptions to us or to third parties with whom we interact.
Financial services institutions, and third parties whom they conduct business with, have been subject to, and are likely to continue to be the target of, cyber attacks, including computer viruses, malicious or destructive code, phishing attacks, denial of service or other security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of confidential, proprietary and other information of the institution, its employees or customers or of third parties, or otherwise materially disrupt network access or business operations. For example, denial of service attacks have been launched against a number of large financial institutions and several large retailers have disclosed substantial cyber security breaches affecting debit accounts of their customers. We have experienced cyber security incidents in the past, such as vendor malware attacks, phishing and other social engineering schemes designed to gain access to confidential information from our employees,customers or vendors and, although not material, we anticipate that we could experience further incidents. There can be no assurance that we will not suffer material losses or other material consequences relating to technology failure, cyber incidents or other information or security breaches.
In addition to external threats, insider threats also present a risk to us. Insiders, having legitimate access to our systems and the information contained in them, have the opportunity to make inappropriate use of the systems and information, or as a result of human error, misconduct or malfeasance, expose us to risk. We have policies, procedures, and controls in place designed to prevent or limit this risk, but we cannot guarantee that these policies, procedures and controls fully mitigate this risk. Additionally, a number of our employees have shifted to working from remote locations, which we expect to remain high for the foreseeable future, increasing the number of surfaces that require protection and the overall risks and exposures to cyber threats.
Moreover, we are subject to laws and regulations in the United States and other jurisdictions regarding privacy, data protection and data security and there continues to be heightened legislative and regulatory focus in this area. These laws and regulations are rapidly evolving and increasing in complexity and will require us to incur costs, some of which may be significant, to achieve and maintain compliance and could restrict our ability to provide certain products and services which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, as cybersecurity incidents increase in frequency and magnitude, we may be unable to obtain cybersecurity insurance in amounts and on terms we view as adequate for our operations.
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As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify and enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities or incidents. Any of these matters could result in our loss of customers and business opportunities, significant disruption to our operations and business, misappropriation or destruction of our confidential information and/or that of our customers, or damage to our customers’ and/or third parties’ computers or systems, and could result in a violation of applicable privacy laws and other laws, litigation exposure, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, loss of confidence in our security measures, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, and additional compliance costs. In addition, any of the matters described above could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
Fraudulent activity associated with our products and services could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and stock price, negatively impact our brand and reputation and result in regulatory intervention or sanctions.
As a financial institution we are exposed to operational risk in the form of fraudulent activity that may be committed by customers, other third parties, or employees, targeting us and our customers. The risk of fraud continues to increase for the financial services industry. Fraudulent activity has escalated, become more sophisticated, and continues to evolve, as there are more options to access financial services. While we believe we have operational risk controls in place to prevent or detect
fraud or to mitigate the impact of any fraud, we cannot provide assurance that we can prevent or detect fraud or that we will not experience future fraud losses or incur costs or other damage related to such fraud, at levels that adversely affect our results of operation, financial condition or stock price. Furthermore, fraudulent activity could negatively impact our brand and reputation, which could also adversely affect our results of operation, financial condition or stock price. Fraudulent activity could also lead to regulatory intervention or regulatory sanctions.
We rely on certain critical third-party providers for a number of services that are important to our business. An interruption or cessation of an important service by any critical third-party provider could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We are dependent for the majority of our technology, including our core operating system, on certain critical third-party providers. If these companies were to discontinue providing services to us, we may experience significant disruption to our business. In addition, each of these third parties faces the risk of cyber attack, information breach or loss, or technology failure. If any of our critical third-party service providers experience such difficulties, or if there is any other disruption in our relationships with them, we may be required to find alternative sources of such services. We are dependent on these critical third-party providers securing their information systems, over which we have limited control, and a breach of their information systems could adversely affect our ability to process transactions, service our clients or manage our exposure to risk and could result in the disclosure of sensitive, personal customer information, which could have a material adverse impact on our business through damage to our reputation, loss of business, remedial costs, additional regulatory scrutiny or exposure to civil litigation and possible financial liability. Assurance cannot be provided that we could negotiate terms with alternative service sources that are as favorable or could obtain services with similar functionality as found in existing systems without the need to expend substantial resources, if at all, thereby resulting in a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.
Failure to continue to attract, develop, and maintain a highly skilled workforce may have an adverse effect on our business.
Our business requires that we attract, develop, and maintain a highly skilled workforce. Competition for qualified employees and personnel in the banking industry is strong, and there are a limited number of qualified persons with knowledge of, and experience in, the banking industry where we conduct our business. Our ability to attract and retain skilled personnel cost effectively is subject to a variety of external factors, including the limited availability of qualified personnel in the workforce in the local markets in which we operate, unemployment levels within those markets, prevailing wage rates, which have increased significantly, health and other insurance costs, and changes in employment and labor laws. Furthermore, the complexities introduced into the labor market as a result of the transition to increased work-from-home arrangements have impacted the competitive landscape in our labor market. Based on current conditions in the labor market, we have experienced some difficulty in retaining and attracting personnel and there is no assurance that we will be able to continue to successfully do so.
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Risks Related to Our Business Strategy
Our strategy includes growth plans through organic growth and by means of acquisitions. Our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively.
We intend to continue pursuing a growth strategy through organic growth within our current footprint and through market expansion. We also actively evaluate acquisition opportunities as another source of growth. We cannot give assurance that we will be able to expand our existing market presence, or successfully enter new markets or that any such expansion will not adversely affect our results of operations. Failure to manage our growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, future prospects, financial condition or results of operations and could adversely affect our ability to successfully implement our business strategy.
Our failure to find suitable acquisition candidates, or successfully bid against other competitors for acquisitions, could adversely affect our ability to fully implement our business strategy. If we are successful in acquiring other entities, the process of integrating such entities will divert significant management time and resources. We may not be able to integrate efficiently or operate profitably any entity we may acquire. We may experience disruption and incur unexpected expenses in integrating acquisitions. These failures could adversely impact our future prospects and results of operation.
We are subject to competition from both banks and non-banking companies.
The financial services industry is highly competitive, and we encounter strong competition for deposits, loans and other financial services in our market area, including online providers of these products and services. Our principal competitors include other local, regional and national financial services providers, such as other financial holding companies, commercial banks, credit unions, finance companies and brokerage and insurance firms, including competitors that provide their products and services online. Many of our non-bank competitors are not subject to the same degree of regulation that we are and have advantages over us in providing certain services. Additionally, many of our competitors are significantly larger than we are and have greater access to capital and other resources. Failure to compete effectively for deposit, loan and other financial services customers in our markets could cause us to lose market share, slow our growth rate and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We may be required to raise capital in the future, but that capital may not be available or may not be on acceptable terms when it is needed.
We are required by federal regulatory authorities to maintain adequate capital levels to support operations. While we believe we currently have sufficient capital, if we cannot raise additional capital when needed, we may not be able to meet these requirements. In addition, our ability to further expand our operations through organic growth, which includes growth within our current footprint and growth through market expansion, may be adversely affected by any inability to raise necessary capital. Our ability to raise additional capital at any given time is dependent on capital market conditions at that time and on our financial performance and outlook.
Risks Related to Interest Rates and Investments
Our net interest income could be negatively affected by interest rate changes which may adversely affect our financial condition.
Our results of operations are largely dependent on net interest income, which is the difference between the interest and fees earned on interest-earning assets and the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Therefore, any change in general market interest rates, including changes resulting from the Federal Reserve Board’s policies, can have a significant effect on our net interest income and total income. There may be mismatches between the maturity and repricing of our assets and liabilities that could cause the net interest rate spread to compress, depending on the level and type of changes in the interest rate environment. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and the policies of various governmental agencies. In addition, some of our customers often have the ability to prepay loans or redeem deposits with either no penalties or penalties that are insufficient to compensate us for the lost income. A significant reduction in our net interest income will adversely affect our business and results of operations. If we are unable to manage interest rate risk effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially harmed.
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Declines in the value of investment securities held by us could require write-downs, which would reduce our earnings.
In order to diversify earnings and enhance liquidity, we own debt instruments of government agencies and municipalities. We may be required to record impairment charges on our debt securities if they suffer a decline in value due to the underlying credit of the issuer. Additionally, the value of these investments may fluctuate depending on the interest rate environment, general economic conditions and circumstances specific to the issuer. Volatile market conditions may detrimentally affect the value of these securities, such as through reduced valuations due to the perception of heightened credit or liquidity risks. Changes in the value of these instruments may result in a reduction to earnings and/or capital, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Related to Regulatory Compliance and Legal Matters
We are subject to extensive governmental regulation and supervision.
As discussed above, under :Supervision and regulation" in Item 1, we are subject to extensive state and federal regulation, supervision and legislation that govern nearly every aspect of our operations. The regulations are primarily intended to protect depositors, customers and the banking system as a whole, not shareholders. These regulations affect our lending practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy and growth, among other things. Congress and federal regulatory agencies continually review banking laws, regulations and policies for possible changes. The Dodd-Frank Act, enacted in July 2010, instituted major changes to the banking and financial institutions regulatory regimes. Other changes to statutes, regulations or policies could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways. The regulatory environment of the current administration may take a more active approach to financial services regulation with respect to its major policy goals, such as climate change, racial equity, and consumer protection. Any regulatory changes could subject us to additional costs of regulatory compliance and of doing business, limit the types of financial services and products we may offer and/or increase the ability of non-banks to offer competing financial services and products, among other things, and could divert management’s time from other business activities. Failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies or supervisory guidance could lead to enforcement and other legal actions by federal or state authorities, including criminal or civil penalties, the loss of FDIC insurance, the revocation of a banking charter, other sanctions by regulatory agencies, and/or damage to our reputation. The ramifications and uncertainties of the level of government intervention in the U.S. financial system could also adversely affect us.
Our controls and policies and procedures may fail or be circumvented, which may result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Management regularly reviews and updates our internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures and operating, risk management and corporate governance policies and procedures. Any system of controls, policies and procedures, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Any failure or circumvention of internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, or operating, risk management and corporate governance policies and procedures, whether as a result of human error, misconduct or malfeasance, or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and policies and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Furthermore, we may in the future discover areas of our internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, or operating, risk management and corporate governance policies and procedures that need improvement. Failure to maintain effective controls or to timely implement any necessary improvement of our internal and disclosure controls, or operating, risk management and corporate governance policies and procedures, could, among other things, result in losses from errors, harm our reputation, or cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
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Negative public opinion could damage our reputation and adversely impact our earnings and liquidity.
Reputational risk, or the risk to our business, earnings, liquidity and capital from negative public opinion, is inherent in our operations. Negative public opinion could result from our actual or alleged conduct in a variety of areas, including legal and regulatory compliance, lending practices, corporate governance, litigation, ethical issues or inadequate protection of customer information. Financial companies are highly vulnerable to reputational damage when they are found to have harmed customers, particularly retail customers, through conduct that is illegal or viewed as unfair, deceptive, manipulative or otherwise wrongful. We are dependent on third-party providers for a number of services that are important to our business. Refer to the risk factor titled, “We rely on certain critical third-party providers for a number of services that are important to our business. An interruption or cessation of an important service by any third-party provider could have a material adverse effect on our business.” for additional information. A failure by any of these third-party service providers could cause a disruption in our operations, which could result in negative public opinion about us or damage to our reputation. We expend significant resources to comply with regulatory requirements, and the failure to comply with such regulations could result in reputational harm or significant legal or remedial costs. Damage to our reputation could adversely affect our ability to retain and attract new customers and employees, expose us to litigation and regulatory action and adversely impact our earnings and liquidity.
Our ability to pay dividends on our common stock may be limited.
Holders of our common stock will be entitled to receive only such dividends as our Board of Directors may declare out of funds legally available for such payments. The payment of common stock dividends by S&T is subject to certain requirements and limitations of Pennsylvania law. Although we have historically declared cash dividends on our common stock, we are not required to do so and our Board of Directors could reduce, suspend or eliminate our dividend at any time. Substantial portions of our revenue consist of dividend payments we receive from S&T Bank. The payment of common dividends by S&T Bank is subject to certain requirements and limitations under federal and state laws and regulations that limit the amount of dividends it can pay to S&T. In addition, both S&T and S&T Bank are subject to various general regulatory policies relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. Any decrease to or elimination of the dividends on our common stock could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
We are subject to remaining uncertainty associated with the transition away from LIBOR.
Following publication on June 30, 2023, no settings of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) continue to be published on a representative basis and publication of many non-U.S. dollar LIBOR settings has been entirely discontinued. We had a significant number of loans, derivative contracts, borrowings and other financial instruments with attributes that were either directly or indirectly dependent on LIBOR. While we believe that we have successfully managed our transition from LIBOR to alternative reference rates, given the inherent difference between LIBOR and the alternative reference rates, there remain some uncertainties regarding the transition from LIBOR. In addition, due in part to the limited history of the alternative reference rates, and continued uncertainty regarding their future performance, the impact on interest income and expense, the return on and market value of assets and the impact on certain derivative financial instruments may vary from expectations. While we do not expect the transition from LIBOR and the risks related thereto to have a material adverse effect on us, there remains some uncertainty as to the ultimate impact on our business and results of operations.
Our business could be negatively impacted by environmental, social and governance (ESG) matters, including climate change and related legislative and regulatory initiatives.
There has been an increased focus from regulators, investors, customers, employees and other stakeholders concerning environmental, social and governance, or ESG, practices and disclosure, including climate change, hiring practices, the diversity of the work force, racial and social justice issues and shareholder rights.
With respect to environmental in particular, increased focus and concern over the effects of climate change have resulted in increased political and social initiatives directed toward climate change. Governments have entered into international agreements with respect to climate change, and U.S. federal and state legislatures, regulatory agencies, and supervisory authorities, including those with oversight of financial institutions, have proposed initiatives seeking to mitigate the effects of climate change. While many of the current regulatory proposals do not apply directly to S&T, continued focus on climate change may lead to the promulgation of new regulations or supervisory guidance applicable to S&T and, as a result, we may experience increased compliance costs and other compliance-related risks. Furthermore, our customers could be impacted by regulatory initiatives focused on addressing and mitigating the effects of climate change resulting in an adverse impact on their financial condition and creditworthiness. Depending on the nature of the initiative, the business impacted, and the composition of loan portfolio, our business and results of operations could be negatively impacted by climate change initiatives directed at our customers. Additionally, our business and the business of our customers could be negatively impacted by disruptions in economic activity resulting from the physical impacts of climate change.
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Furthermore, new government regulations with respect to other ESG matters could also result in new or more stringent forms of ESG oversight and expanded mandatory and voluntary reporting, diligence, disclosure and ESG-related compliance costs. In addition, we could be criticized for the scope of such initiatives or goals or perceived as not acting responsibly in connection with these matters. Failure to adapt to or comply with regulatory requirements or investor or stakeholder expectations and standards with respect to ESG matters could have a material adverse impact on our future results of operations, financial position, cash flows, ability to do business with certain third parties and our stock price.
Risks Related to Liquidity
We rely on a stable core deposit base as our primary source of liquidity.
We are dependent for our funding on a stable base of core deposits. Our ability to maintain a stable core deposit base is a function of our financial performance, our reputation and the security provided by FDIC insurance, which combined, gives customers confidence in us. If any of these considerations deteriorates, the stability of our core deposits could be harmed. In addition, deposit levels may be affected by factors such as general interest rate levels, rates paid by competitors, returns available to customers on alternative investments and general economic conditions. Accordingly, we may be required from time to time to rely on other sources of liquidity to meet withdrawal demands or otherwise fund operations. Additional funding sources accessible to S&T include borrowing availability at the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh, or FHLB, federal funds lines with other financial institutions, the Federal Reserve Borrower-in-Custody Program and the Federal Reserve Bank Term Funding Program, or BTFP.
Our ability to meet contingency funding needs, in the event of a crisis that causes a disruption to our core deposit base, is dependent on access to wholesale markets, including funds provided by the FHLB of Pittsburgh and other short-term
funding sources, including the Federal Reserve Discount Window and brokered deposits.
We own stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh, or FHLB, in order to qualify for membership in the FHLB system, which enables us to borrow on our line of credit with the FHLB that is secured by a blanket lien on a significant portion of our loan portfolio. Changes or disruptions to the FHLB or the FHLB system in general may materially impact our ability to meet short and long-term liquidity needs or meet growth plans. Additionally, we cannot be assured that the FHLB will be able to provide funding to us when needed, nor can we be certain that the FHLB will provide funds specifically to us, should our financial condition and/or our regulators prevent access to our line of credit. We have other funding sources that
can be used such as the Federal Reserve Borrower-in-Custody Program, as well as the Federal Reserve BTFP which is available to us through March 11, 2024 and brokered deposits. The inability to access this source of funds could have a materially adverse effect on our ability to meet our customer’s needs. Our financial flexibility could be severely constrained if we were unable to maintain our access to funding or if adequate financing is not available at acceptable interest rates.
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Risks Related to Owning Our Stock
The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors.
Our quarterly and annual operating results have varied significantly in the past and could vary significantly in the future, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. Our operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including the changing U.S. economic environment and changes in the commercial and residential real estate market, any of which may cause our stock price to fluctuate. If our operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Additionally, our stock price can fluctuate significantly in response to a variety of factors including, among other things:
•volatility of stock market prices and volumes in general;
•changes in market valuations of similar companies;
•the nature and composition of our ownership base;
•investor views on the attractiveness of a given sector in the market;
•the flow of capital among market sectors;
•changes in the conditions of credit markets;
•changes in accounting policies or procedures as required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, or other regulatory agencies;
•legislative and regulatory actions, including the impact of the Dodd-Frank Act and related regulations, that may subject us to additional regulatory oversight which may result in increased compliance costs and/or require us to change our business model;
•government intervention in the U.S. financial system and the effects of and changes in trade and monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board;
•additions or departures of key members of management;
•fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results; and
•changes in analysts’ estimates of our financial performance.
General Risk Factors
We may be a defendant from time to time in a variety of litigation and other actions, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
From time to time, customers and others make claims and take legal action pertaining to the performance of our responsibilities. Whether customer claims and legal action related to the performance of our responsibilities are founded or unfounded, if such claims and legal actions are not resolved in a manner favorable to us, they may result in significant expenses, attention from management and financial liability. Any financial liability or reputational damage could have a material adverse effect on our business, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
There are no unresolved SEC staff comments.
Item 1C. CYBERSECURITY
Risk Management and Strategy
S&T’s Information Security Program provides policies, procedures, controls and technical measures to assess, identify and manage material cybersecurity risks. The Information Security Program is a part of S&T’s overall Enterprise Risk Management, or ERM Program. The Information Security Program is designed to achieve the following objectives:
a.Protecting data through the use of automated and manual processes;
b.Periodically assessing and updating the program to address an evolving threat environment;
c.Maintaining a team of IT security professionals that continually monitor, detect, analyze, investigate and report cybersecurity threats; and
d.Ensuring business continuity and disaster recovery.
We based and tailored our framework on the National Institute of Standards and Technology, or NIST, Cybersecurity Framework and the Center for Internet Security, or CIS, Critical Security Controls.
The S&T Information Security Program utilizes a defense in depth strategy that leverages multiple security measures to protect the bank's assets. We encrypt and leverage data loss prevention technology for sensitive data and use advanced transport
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layer security encryption for our applications. S&T employees are required to undergo annual information security awareness training, which includes information regarding evolving threats such as phishing, malware and social engineering testing.
S&T performs periodic risk assessments that seek to identify both technical and physical risks to information systems. The assessments incorporate cybersecurity-related principles from the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, or FFIEC, Information Technology Examination Handbook, regulatory guidance and concepts from other industry standards, including the NIST Cybersecurity Framework. An assessment typically includes:
a.Identifying reasonably foreseeable internal and external threats that could result in a cybersecurity incident;
b.Assessing the likelihood and potential impact of those threats; and
c.Assessing the sufficiency of policies, procedures, practices, and technical measures in place to manage risks.
In addition to periodic risk assessments, S&T evaluates changes to IT systems or physical systems for any information security impacts. S&T utilizes staff and independent third parties to conduct annual penetration testing and IT security health assessments. We engage third parties to facilitate tabletop incident response and business continuity exercises. Additionally, we participate in various cybersecurity industry forums and have access to law enforcement analysis regarding current threats.
Our third-party risk management program is integrated into our Information Security Program within our ERM Program. The policies, procedures and practices applicable to the cybersecurity components of the third-party risk management program were developed and are maintained consistent with the FFEIC IT Examination Handbook, as well as guidance from our prudential regulators. We perform a risk assessment, including cyber threats, associated with use of third-party vendors and exercise appropriate due diligence before entering into a vendor arrangement. We also engage a third-party to actively monitor our cybersecurity risks and gather threat intelligence of select vendors and their products and services. Additionally, we conduct information security assessments before sharing or allowing the hosting of sensitive data in computing environments managed by third parties. Our contracts governing third party engagements require certain security and privacy protections where applicable. All third parties with access to our information systems must review and acknowledge our Acceptable Use Policy before access is granted.
When a cybersecurity incident occurs, whether detected internally or from third-party cybersecurity incidents, we evaluate the incident for criticality across a range of contributing indicators, including service availability, impact to operations, reputational impact, regulatory and legal considerations, data sensitivity and direct financial impact. The potential impact of the incident, individually or in aggregate, is evaluated by the Chief Security Officer, or CSO, continuously across these criteria. We have escalation procedures to notify members of senior and executive management, the Board (or an applicable subset) and regulators in a timely manner based on the criticality of the cybersecurity incident. S&T also has in place incident response and business continuity plans. The Incident Response Program outlines the policies, procedures and technical measures for identifying an incident, assessing its nature and scope, minimizing and containing the impact, investigating the root cause and reporting, as applicable. S&T uses data from incidents to reassess risk, evaluate and implement any additional controls deemed necessary and measure the success of the incident response team. The Incident Response Program also includes staff training, annual updates and testing. The Business Continuity Plan defines the policies, procedures and technical measures to restore systems and critical operations. S&T also maintains business continuity plans for critical systems and applications managed or hosted by third-party vendors.
To date, risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have not materially affected us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. We may nevertheless be unsuccessful in the future in preventing or mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could have a material impact on our business, results of operations or financial condition. At December 31, 2023, management has assessed known cybersecurity incidents for potential materiality and disclosure using formal documented processes and has determined that there have been no material cybersecurity incidents, individually or in aggregate.
Governance
Board Oversight
The Risk Committee is appointed by the Board and is authorized to perform its functions in assisting the Board with fulfilling its fiduciary responsibilities with respect to its oversight and assessment of S&T’s enterprise-wide risk management framework. The Risk Committee oversees risk from cybersecurity threats as a part of its oversight of the ERM Program. The Risk Committee regularly reviews reports from, and has discussions with, S&T’s Chief Risk Officer, or CRO, Chief Operating Officer, or COO, CSO, Chief Information and Technology Officer and Director of Operational Risk Management regarding cybersecurity risks, the threat landscape, updates on incidents and reports on our investments in cybersecurity risk mitigation and governance. The Risk Committee chairperson reports activities and recommendations with respect to such matters to the Board as are relevant and deemed appropriate by the Risk Committee. In the event of a material cybersecurity event, the CSO is responsible for promptly reporting such incidents to the CRO, executive management and the Board. A special meeting of the Board will be held, as deemed necessary by the Chairperson of the Board in consultation with the Chair of the Risk Committee.
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Management’s Role
At the management level, the ERM Committee, CRO, COO, CSO, Chief Information and Technology Officer, Director of Information Technology and Director of Operational Risk Management are responsible for assessing and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. The ERM Committee reports information to the Risk Committee on a quarterly basis, or more often as needed.
Risk Management leadership, which assists the ERM Committee in assessing and managing cybersecurity threats, include our CRO, COO, CSO, Chief Information and Technology Officer, Director of Information Technology and Director of Operational Risk Management. Our CRO who oversees the risk management information security program reports to our CEO, but has direct access to the Risk Committee. Our CRO is a Certified Public Accountant, holds a Certification in Risk Management Assurance and has over 25 years of financial services experience. Our COO has over 20 years of banking technology and operations experience, including serving as head of digital for a business unit at a large national bank. Our CSO reports to the CRO and has 17 years of information technology and cybersecurity experience, including prior roles as chief information officer, assistant director of information technology, chief information security officer and chief security officer in federal law enforcement and banking organizations. Our Chief Information and Technology Officer has nine years of information technology and cybersecurity experience. Our Director of Information Technology has 25 years of information technology and cybersecurity experience. Our Director of Operational Risk Management has 10 years of information technology and cybersecurity experience, including serving as a former chief information officer for a financial institution.
For more information regarding the risks associated with cybersecurity that may impact our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, see “ Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form10-K.
Item 2. PROPERTIES
S&T Bancorp, Inc. headquarters is located in Indiana, Pennsylvania. We operate in Pennsylvania and Ohio. At December 31, 2023, we operate 73 banking branches and four loan production offices, of which 43 are leased facilities.
Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The nature of our business generates a certain amount of litigation that arises in the ordinary course of business. However, in management’s opinion, there are no proceedings pending that we are a party to or to which our property is subject that would be material in relation to our financial condition or results of operations. In addition, no material proceedings are pending nor are known to be threatened or contemplated against us by governmental authorities or other parties.
Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Stock Prices and Dividend Information
Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market System, or NASDAQ, under the symbol STBA. As of the close of business on January 31, 2024, we had approximately 2,539 shareholders of record. The number of record-holders does not reflect the number of persons or entities holding stock in nominee name through banks, brokerage firms and other nominees.
As discussed under "Our ability to pay dividends on our common stock may be limited." included in Item 1A. Risk Factors in Part I, the amount and timing of dividends is subject to the discretion of the Board and depends upon business conditions and regulatory requirements. The Board has the discretion to change the dividend at any time for any reason. The Board of Directors presently intends to continue the policy of paying quarterly cash dividends. The amount of any future dividends will depend on economic and market conditions, our financial condition and operating results and other factors, including applicable government regulations and policies. S&T’s Board of Directors approved a quarterly cash dividend of $0.33 per share on January 24, 2024.
Certain information relating to securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans is set forth under the heading Equity Compensation Plan Information in Part III, Item 12 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters of this Report.
Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table is a summary of our purchases of common stock during the fourth quarter of 2023:

Period | Total number of shares purchased |  | Average price paid per share |  | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plan (1) |  | Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plan (2)
10/1/2023 - 10/31/2023 | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | $ | 9,807,925 |
11/1/2023 - 11/30/2023 | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,807,925 |
12/1/2023 - 12/31/2023 | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,807,925 |
Total | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | $ | 9,807,925 |

(1) On January 25, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized an extension of its $50 million share repurchase plan, which was set to expire March 31, 2023. This authorization extended the expiration date of the repurchase plan through March 31, 2024. The plan permitted S&T to repurchase shares up to the previously authorized $50 million in aggregate value of S&T's common stock through a combination of open market and privately negotiated repurchases. On January 24, 2024, our Board of Directors authorized a new $50 million share repurchase plan.The new plan replaced the existing share repurchase plan effective immediately and is set to expire May 30, 2025. This repurchase authorization permits S&T to repurchase shares of S&T's common stock from time to time through a combination of open market and privately negotiated repurchases up to the authorized $50 million aggregate value of S&T's common stock. The specific timing, price and quantity of repurchases will be at the discretion of S&T and will depend on a variety of factors, including general market conditions, the trading price of the common stock, legal and contractual requirements and S&T’s financial performance. The repurchase plan does not obligate S&T to repurchase any particular number of shares. S&T expects to fund any repurchases from cash on hand and internally generated funds. Any share repurchases will not begin until permissible under applicable laws.
(2)Includes excise tax on repurchases, net of issuances for restricted stock awards.
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Five-Year Cumulative Total Return
The following chart compares the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock with the cumulative total shareholder return of the NASDAQ Composite Index(1) and the NASDAQ Bank Index(2) assuming a $100 investment in each on December 31, 2018 and the reinvestment of dividends.
Source: Bloomberg

| Period Ending
Index | 12/31/2018 |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2020 |  | 12/31/2021 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 12/31/2023
S&T Bancorp, Inc. | 100.00 |  |  | 109.49 |  |  | 70.73 |  |  | 93.13 |  |  | 104.88 |  |  | 107.06 |
NASDAQ Composite(1) | 100.00 |  |  | 136.73 |  |  | 198.33 |  |  | 242.38 |  |  | 163.58 |  |  | 236.70 |
NASDAQ Bank(2) | 100.00 |  |  | 124.38 |  |  | 115.04 |  |  | 164.41 |  |  | 137.65 |  |  | 132.92 |

(1)The NASDAQ Composite Index measures all NASDAQ domestic and international based common type stocks listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market.
(2)The NASDAQ Bank Index contains securities of NASDAQ-listed companies classified according to the Industry Classification Benchmark as Banks. These companies include banks providing a broad range of financial services, including retail banking, loans and money transmissions.
Item 6. [RESERVED]
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This section reviews our financial condition for each of the past two fiscal years and results of operations for each of the past three fiscal years. The Company's discussion and analysis focuses on significant factors impacting the financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data and related notes within this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A similar discussion and analysis that compares the year ended December 31, 2022 to the year ended December 31, 2021 may be found in Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” on our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on February 24, 2023. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior periods to place them on a basis comparable with the current period presentation.
Important Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains or incorporates statements that we believe are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements generally relate to our financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, outlook for earnings, revenues, expenses, capital and liquidity levels and ratios, asset levels, asset quality, financial position and other matters regarding or affecting S&T and its future business and operations. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words or phrases such as “will likely result,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “project,” “intend,” “believe,” “assume,” “strategy,” “trend,” “plan,” “outlook,” “outcome,” “continue,” “remain,” “potential,” “opportunity,” “comfortable,” “current,” “position,” “maintain,” “sustain,” “seek,” “achieve,” and variations of such words and similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs such as will, would, should, could or may. Although we believe the assumptions upon which these forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, any of these assumptions could prove to be inaccurate and the forward-looking statements based on these assumptions could be incorrect. The matters discussed in these forward-looking statements are subject to various risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and trends to differ materially from those made, projected, or implied in or by the forward-looking statements depending on a variety of uncertainties or other factors including, but not limited to: credit losses and the credit risk of our commercial and consumer loan products; changes in the level of charge-offs and changes in estimates of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, or ACL; cyber-security concerns; rapid technological developments and changes; operational risks or risk management failures by us or critical third parties, including fraud risk; our ability to manage our reputational risks; sensitivity to the interest rate environment, a rapid increase in interest rates or a change in the shape of the yield curve; a change in spreads on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities; any remaining uncertainties with the transition from LIBOR as a reference rate; regulatory supervision and oversight, including changes in regulatory capital requirements and our ability to address those requirements; unanticipated changes in our liquidity position; unanticipated changes in regulatory and governmental policies impacting interest rates and financial markets; changes in accounting policies, practices or guidance; legislation affecting the financial services industry as a whole, and S&T, in particular; developments affecting the industry and the soundness of financial institutions and further disruption to the economy and U.S. banking system; the outcome of pending and future litigation and governmental proceedings; increasing price and product/service competition; the ability to continue to introduce competitive new products and services on a timely, cost-effective basis; managing our internal growth and acquisitions; the possibility that the anticipated benefits from acquisitions cannot be fully realized in a timely manner or at all, or that integrating the acquired operations will be more difficult, disruptive or costly than anticipated; containing costs and expenses; reliance on significant customer relationships; an interruption or cessation of an important service by a third-party provider; our ability to attract and retain talented executives and employees; general economic or business conditions, including the strength of regional economic conditions in our market area; ESG practices and disclosures, including climate change, hiring practices, the diversity of the work force, and racial and social justice issues; deterioration of the housing market and reduced demand for mortgages; deterioration in the overall macroeconomic conditions or the state of the banking industry that could warrant further analysis of the carrying value of goodwill and could result in an adjustment to its carrying value resulting in a non-cash charge to net income; the stability of our core deposit base and access to contingency funding; re-emergence of turbulence in significant portions of the global financial and real estate markets that could impact our performance, both directly, by affecting our revenues and the value of our assets and liabilities, and indirectly, by affecting the economy generally and access to capital in the amounts, at the times and on the terms required to support our future businesses and geopolitical tensions and conflicts between nations.
Many of these factors, as well as other factors, are described elsewhere in this report, including Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors and any of our subsequent filings with the SEC. Forward-looking statements are based on beliefs and assumptions using information available at the time the statements are made. We caution you not to unduly rely on forward-looking statements because the assumptions, beliefs, expectations and projections about future events may, and often do, differ materially from actual results. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as to the date on which it is made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect developments occurring after the statement is made.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the consolidated financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the consolidated financial statements could reflect different estimates, assumptions and judgments. Certain policies are based, to a greater extent, on estimates, assumptions and judgments of management and, as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported.
Our most significant accounting policies are presented in Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report. These policies, along with the disclosures presented in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the consolidated financial statements and how those values are determined.
We view critical accounting policies to be those which are highly dependent on subjective or complex estimates, assumptions and judgments and where changes in those estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements. Further, we view critical accounting estimates as those estimates made in accordance with
GAAP that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. We currently view the determination of the ACL and goodwill and other intangible assets to be critical accounting policies. We did not significantly change the manner in which we applied our critical accounting policies or developed related assumptions or estimates during 2023. We have reviewed these critical accounting estimates and related disclosures with the Audit Committee.
Allowance for Credit Losses
Our expected credit loss methodology requires consideration of a broader range of information to estimate expected credit losses over the lifetime of an asset. The ACL is a valuation reserve established and maintained by charges against operating income. It is an estimate of expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of a loan, that considers historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions.
Management’s evaluation process used to determine the appropriateness of the ACL is complex and requires the use of estimates, assumptions and judgments which are inherently subject to high uncertainty. The evaluation process combines several factors: historical loan loss experience, managements ongoing review of lending policies and practices, experience and depth of staff, quality of the loan grading system, the fair value of underlying collateral, concentration of loans to specific borrowers or industries, existing economic conditions and forecasts, segment specific risks and other quantitative and qualitative factors which could affect future credit losses. Our reasonable and supportable forecast is based primarily on the national unemployment forecast produced by the Federal Reserve and is for a period of two years. For periods beyond our two-year forecast, we revert to historical loss rates utilizing a straight-line method over a one-year reversion period. Because current economic conditions and forecasts can change and future events are inherently difficult to predict, the anticipated amount of estimated credit losses on loans and the appropriateness of the ACL could change significantly. It is challenging to estimate how potential changes in any one economic factor or input might affect the overall allowance because a wide variety of factors and inputs may be directionally inconsistent, such that improvement in one factor may offset deterioration in others.
In conjunction with our capital stress testing process, we consider different economic scenarios that impact the ACL. Among other balance sheet and income statement changes, our severely adverse scenario would have resulted in an increase to the ACL of approximately 70 percent. This severely adverse scenario shows how sensitive the ACL can be to key qualitative and quantitative assumptions underlying the overall ACL calculation. To the extent actual losses are higher than management estimates, additional provision for credit losses could be required and could adversely affect our earnings or financial position in future periods.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
As a result of acquisitions, we have recorded goodwill and identifiable intangible assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired.
The acquisition method of accounting requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations are recorded at their fair values. This often involves estimates based on third-party valuations or internal valuations based on discounted cash flow analyses or other valuation techniques which are inherently subjective. Business combinations also typically result in goodwill which is subject to ongoing periodic impairment tests based on the fair values of the reporting units to which the acquired goodwill relates.
The carrying value of goodwill is tested annually for impairment each October 1st or more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that it may be impaired. We test for impairment by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
carrying amount. An impairment charge would be recognized if the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value. A qualitative assessment is performed to determine whether it is more likely than not that the reporting unit's fair value is less than it's carrying value. We perform a quantitative impairment test only if we conclude that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's fair value is less than the carrying amount. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit is judgmental and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. The fair value of the reporting unit is determined by using both a discounted cash flow model and market based models. The discounted cash flow model has many assumptions including future earnings projections, a long-term growth rate and discount rate. The market based method calculates the fair value based on observed price multiples for similar companies. The fair values of each method are then weighted based on the relevance and reliability in the current economic environment.
Based upon our qualitative assessment performed for our annual impairment analysis as of October 1, 2023, we concluded that goodwill is not impaired.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Developments
Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, which is included in Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Report, discusses new accounting pronouncements that we have adopted and the expected impact of accounting pronouncements recently issued or proposed, but not yet required to be adopted.
Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to traditional financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP, our management uses, and this report contains or references, certain non-GAAP financial measures discussed below. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide information useful to investors in understanding our underlying business, operational performance and performance trends as they facilitate comparisons with the performance of other companies in the financial services industry. Although we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures enhance investors’ understanding of our business and performance, these non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered alternatives to GAAP or considered to be more important than financial results determined in accordance with GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable with non-GAAP measures which may be presented by other companies.
The interest income on interest-earning assets, net interest income and net interest margin are presented on an FTE basis (non-GAAP). The FTE basis (non-GAAP) adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax-exempt loans and securities and the dividend-received deduction for equity securities using the federal statutory tax rate of 21 percent for each period. We believe this to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income that provides a relevant comparison between taxable and non-taxable sources of interest income.
The following table reconciles interest and dividend income and net interest income per the Consolidated Statements of Net Income to interest income, net interest income and net interest margin on an FTE basis (non-GAAP) for the periods presented:

|  |  |  |  |  | Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Interest and dividend income per Consolidated Statements of Net Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 477,901 |  |  |  | $ | 340,751 |  |  |  | $ | 289,262 |
Plus: taxable equivalent adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,550 |  |  |  | 2,052 |  |  |  | 2,316 |
Interest Income on an FTE Basis (Non-GAAP) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 480,451 |  |  |  | $ | 342,803 |  |  |  | $ | 291,578 |
Interest and dividend income per Consolidated Statements of Net Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 477,901 |  |  |  | $ | 340,751 |  |  |  | $ | 289,262 |
Less: Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (128,491) |  |  |  | (24,968) |  |  |  | (13,150) |
Net Interest Income per Consolidated Statements of Net Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 349,410 |  |  |  | 315,783 |  |  |  | 276,112 |
Plus: taxable equivalent adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,550 |  |  |  | 2,052 |  |  |  | 2,316 |
Net Interest Income on an FTE Basis (Non-GAAP) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 351,960 |  |  |  | $ | 317,835 |  |  |  | $ | 278,428 |
Net interest margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.10 | % |  |  | 3.74 | % |  |  | 3.19 | %
Plus: taxable equivalent adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.03 | % |  |  | 0.02 | % |  |  | 0.03 | %
Net Interest Margin on an FTE Basis (Non-GAAP) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.13 | % |  |  | 3.76 | % |  |  | 3.22 | %

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The efficiency ratio is noninterest expense divided by noninterest income plus net interest income, on an FTE basis (non-GAAP), which ensures comparability of net interest income arising from both taxable and tax-exempt sources and is consistent with industry practice. Below is a reconciliation of the non-GAAP efficiency ratio.

| Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Efficiency Ratio (Non-GAAP) |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest expense per Consolidated Statements of Net Income | $210,334 |  |  | $196,746 |  |  | $188,925 |
Net interest income per Consolidated Statements of Net Income | $349,410 |  |  | $315,783 |  |  | $276,112 |
Plus: taxable equivalent adjustment | 2,550 |  |  | 2,052 |  |  | 2,316 |
Net interest income (FTE) (non-GAAP) | 351,960 |  |  | 317,835 |  |  | 278,428 |
Noninterest income per Consolidated Statements of Net Income | 57,620 |  |  | 58,259 |  |  | 64,696 |
Less: net gains on sale of securities | — |  |  | (198) |  |  | (29) |
Net interest income (FTE) (non-GAAP) plus noninterest income | $409,580 |  |  | $375,896 |  |  | $343,095 |
Efficiency Ratio (Non-GAAP) | 51.35 | % |  | 52.34 | % |  | 55.06 | %

Return on average tangible shareholders' equity (non-GAAP) is a key profitability metric used by management to measure financial performance. The following table provides a reconciliation of return on average tangible shareholders' equity (non-GAAP) by reconciling net income (GAAP) per the Consolidated Statements of Net Income to net income before amortization and intangibles and average shareholder's equity to average tangible shareholders' equity for the periods presented:

|  |  |  |  |  | Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 144,781 |  |  |  | $ | 135,520 |  |  | $ | 110,343 |
Plus: amortization of intangibles, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,042 |  |  |  | 1,199 |  |  | 1,400 |
Net income before amortization of intangibles |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 145,823 |  |  |  | $ | 136,719 |  |  | $ | 111,743 |
Average shareholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,227,332 |  |  |  | $ | 1,181,788 |  |  | $ | 1,186,161 |
Less: average goodwill and other intangible assets, net of deferred tax liability |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (377,157) |  |  |  | (378,303) |  |  | (379,612) |
Average tangible shareholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 850,175 |  |  |  | $ | 803,485 |  |  | $ | 806,549 |
Return on Average Tangible Shareholders' Equity (non-GAAP) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17.15 | % |  |  | 17.02 | % |  | 13.85 | %

Executive Overview
We are a bank holding company that is headquartered in Indiana, Pennsylvania with assets of $9.6 billion at December 31, 2023. We operate in Pennsylvania and Ohio providing a full range of financial services with retail and commercial banking products, cash management services, trust and brokerage services. Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “STBA”.
We earn revenue primarily from interest on loans and securities and fees charged for financial services provided to our customers. We incur expenses for the cost of deposits and other funding sources, provision for credit losses and other operating costs such as salaries and employee benefits, data processing, occupancy and tax expense.
Our purpose is building a better future together through people-forward banking. We believe that all banking should be personal. We cultivate relationships rooted in trust, strengthened by going above and beyond and renewed with every interaction. Our strategic priorities for 2024 and beyond will be focused on our deposit franchise, core profitability, asset quality and talent and engagement.
During the first quarter of 2023, the banking industry experienced significant volatility with several high-profile bank failures and industry wide concerns related to liquidity, deposit outflows, unrealized securities losses and eroding consumer confidence in the banking system. Despite these negative industry developments, our liquidity position and balance sheet remain well-positioned. We have a well-diversified deposit base with a balance mix of 56.4 percent personal, 34.1 percent business, 4.5 percent public funds and 5.0 percent brokered deposits at December 31, 2023. We have total uninsured deposits of $2.3 billion, or 30 percent of our total deposit base. At December 31, 2023, we had remaining borrowing availability of $4.1 billion, which includes $2.7 billion with the FHLB of Pittsburgh, $769.7 million from the Federal Reserve Borrower-in-Custody Program and $637.0 million from the Federal Reserve Bank Term Funding Program, or BTFP. Furthermore, our capital remains strong with a Common Equity Tier 1 Ratio of 13.37 percent and a total capital ratio of 15.27 percent at December 31, 2023.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Earnings Summary
The following table presents a summary of key profitability metrics for the periods presented:

|  |  |  |  |  | Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 144,781 |  |  |  | $ | 135,520 |  |  |  | $ | 110,343 |
Earnings per share - diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3.74 |  |  |  | $ | 3.46 |  |  |  | $ | 2.81 |
Return on average assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.56 | % |  |  | 1.48 | % |  |  | 1.18 | %
Return on average shareholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11.80 | % |  |  | 11.47 | % |  |  | 9.30 | %
Return on average tangible shareholders' equity (non-GAAP)(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17.15 | % |  |  | 17.02 | % |  |  | 13.85 | %
(1) Reconciled to GAAP in the "Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section of this MD&A. |  |  |

We earned record net income of $144.8 million for the second consecutive year, representing an increase of $9.3 million or 6.83 percent, compared to net income of $135.5 million in 2022. Earnings per diluted share increased 8.1 percent to a record $3.74 in 2023 compared to $3.46 in 2022. The increase in net income was primarily due to higher net interest income related to higher interest rates. Return on average assets increased 8 basis points to 1.56 percent for 2023 compared to 1.48 percent for 2022. Return on average shareholders' equity increased 33 basis points to 11.80 percent for 2023 compared to 11.47 percent for 2022.
Net interest income increased $33.6 million, or 10.65 percent, to $349.4 million compared to $315.8 million in 2022. Interest and dividend income increased $137.2 million and interest expense increased $103.5 million compared to 2022. The net interest margin, or NIM, on an FTE basis (non-GAAP) increased 37 basis points to 4.13 percent compared to 3.76 percent in 2022. The increases in net interest income and NIM on an FTE basis (non-GAAP) were primarily due to higher interest rates during 2023 and an asset sensitive balance sheet. NIM is reconciled to net interest margin adjusted to an FTE basis (non-GAAP) above in the "Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis, or MD&A.
The provision for credit losses increased $9.5 million to $17.9 million for 2023 compared to $8.4 million for 2022. The increase in the provision for credit losses was mainly due to an increase in net charge-offs in 2023 and our qualitative reserve. Net loan charge-offs were $13.2 million, or 0.18 percent of average loans, in 2023 compared to $2.6 million, or 0.04 percent of average loans, in 2022.
Noninterest income was relatively consistent at $57.6 million compared to $58.3 million in 2022. Mortgage banking income decreased $1.1 million due to a decline in loan sale activity caused by rising interest rates and a shift to holding originated mortgage loans on the balance sheet. Various other customer fees were down compared to the prior year due to lower activity. Offsetting these decreases was an increase of $2.5 million in other noninterest income primarily related to valuation adjustments and a $0.8 million increase in net gain on the sale of OREO partially offset by a $0.8 million decrease in fees on commercial loan swaps.
Noninterest expense increased $13.6 million to $210.3 million compared to $196.7 million in 2022. Salaries and employee benefits increased $8.2 million primarily due to higher salaries related to inflationary wage pressure, the acquisition of new talent and a change in the valuation adjustment on a nonqualified benefit plan. Loan-related expense increased $2.1 million primarily due to an increase in loan collection and legal expenses for the workout of criticized and classified loans. Furniture, equipment and software expense increased $1.3 million due to new software implemented in 2023. FDIC insurance increased $1.3 million due to a two basis point increase in the assessment rate. The efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) for 2023 improved to 51.35 percent compared to 52.34 percent for 2022 due to higher revenue in 2023. A reconciliation of the efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) is provided above in the "Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section of this MD&A.
The provision for income taxes increased $0.6 million to $34.0 million in 2023 compared to $33.4 million in 2022. The increase in our income tax provision was primarily due to a $9.9 million increase in pretax income in 2023 compared to 2022. The effective tax rate decreased 0.8 percent to 19.0 percent in 2023 compared to 19.8 percent in 2022. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily due to an increase in Low Income Housing Tax Credits, or LIHTCs, in 2023 compared to 2022.
Net Interest Income
Our principal source of revenue is net interest income. Net interest income represents the difference between the interest and fees earned on interest-earning assets and the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income is affected by changes in the average balance of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and changes in interest rates and
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spreads. The level and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities is managed by our Asset and Liability Committee, or ALCO, in order to mitigate interest rate and liquidity risks of the balance sheet. A variety of ALCO strategies were implemented, within prescribed ALCO risk parameters, to produce what we believe is an acceptable level of net interest income.
As part of our interest rate risk management strategy, we use interest rate swaps to add stability to net interest income by managing our exposure to interest rate movements. During 2022, we entered into interest rate swaps with a total notional amount of $500.0 million with original maturities ranging from three to five years. There were no new interest rates swaps entered into in 2023. Our strategy is to reduce our exposure to variability in expected future cash flows related to interest payments on commercial loans that are currently indexed to the 1-month SOFR rate. Interest rates have increased substantially in 2022 and 2023 resulting in an unrealized loss on the cash flow hedges of $11.6 million, which is reported in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), or OCI, net of applicable taxes.
Average Balance Sheet and Net Interest Income Analysis (FTE) (non-GAAP)
The following tables provide information regarding the average balances, interest and rates earned on interest-earning assets and the average balances, interest and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities for the periods presented:
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| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
(dollars in thousands) | Average Balance | Interest | Rate |  | Average Balance | Interest | Rate |  | Average Balance | Interest | Rate
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks | $ | 141,954 |  |  | $ | 7,344 |  | 5.17 | % |  | $ | 378,323 |  |  | $ | 2,952 |  | 0.78 | % |  | $ | 722,057 |  |  | $ | 973 |  | 0.13 | %
Securities, at fair value(1)(2) | 976,095 |  |  | 25,445 |  | 2.61 | % |  | 1,017,471 |  |  | 22,880 |  | 2.25 | % |  | 832,304 |  |  | 18,135 |  | 2.18 | %
Loans held for sale | 121 |  |  | 8 |  | 6.71 | % |  | 1,115 |  |  | 49 |  | 4.38 | % |  | 4,094 |  |  | 124 |  | 3.03 | %
Commercial real estate | 3,216,593 |  |  | 183,204 |  | 5.70 | % |  | 3,182,821 |  |  | 139,575 |  | 4.39 | % |  | 3,249,559 |  |  | 119,594 |  | 3.68 | %
Commercial and industrial | 1,665,630 |  |  | 118,221 |  | 7.10 | % |  | 1,706,861 |  |  | 83,568 |  | 4.90 | % |  | 1,829,563 |  |  | 75,860 |  | 4.15 | %
Commercial construction | 381,838 |  |  | 28,835 |  | 7.55 | % |  | 401,780 |  |  | 18,795 |  | 4.68 | % |  | 471,286 |  |  | 15,443 |  | 3.28 | %
Total Commercial Loans | 5,264,061 |  |  | 330,260 |  | 6.27 | % |  | 5,291,462 |  |  | 241,938 |  | 4.57 | % |  | 5,550,407 |  |  | 210,897 |  | 3.80 | %
Residential mortgage | 1,282,078 |  |  | 59,170 |  | 4.62 | % |  | 980,134 |  |  | 40,146 |  | 4.10 | % |  | 881,494 |  |  | 36,211 |  | 4.11 | %
Home equity | 648,525 |  |  | 43,158 |  | 6.65 | % |  | 611,134 |  |  | 25,887 |  | 4.24 | % |  | 543,777 |  |  | 18,822 |  | 3.46 | %
Installment and other consumer | 117,807 |  |  | 9,929 |  | 8.43 | % |  | 119,703 |  |  | 7,177 |  | 6.00 | % |  | 90,129 |  |  | 5,351 |  | 5.94 | %
Consumer construction | 51,146 |  |  | 2,462 |  | 4.81 | % |  | 33,922 |  |  | 1,198 |  | 3.53 | % |  | 14,748 |  |  | 668 |  | 4.53 | %
Total Consumer Loans | 2,099,556 |  |  | 114,719 |  | 5.46 | % |  | 1,744,893 |  |  | 74,408 |  | 4.26 | % |  | 1,530,148 |  |  | 61,052 |  | 3.99 | %
Total Portfolio Loans | 7,363,617 |  |  | 444,979 |  | 6.04 | % |  | 7,036,355 |  |  | 316,346 |  | 4.50 | % |  | 7,080,555 |  |  | 271,949 |  | 3.84 | %
Total Loans(1)(3) | 7,363,738 |  |  | 444,987 |  | 6.04 | % |  | 7,037,470 |  |  | 316,395 |  | 4.50 | % |  | 7,084,649 |  |  | 272,073 |  | 3.84 | %
Total other earning assets | 37,988 |  |  | 2,675 |  | 7.04 | % |  | 12,694 |  |  | 576 |  | 4.54 | % |  | 10,363 |  |  | 397 |  | 3.83 | %
Total Interest-earning Assets | 8,519,775 |  |  | $ | 480,451 |  | 5.64 | % |  | 8,445,958 |  |  | $ | 342,803 |  | 4.06 | % |  | 8,649,372 |  |  | $ | 291,578 |  | 3.37 | %
Noninterest-earning assets | 756,481 |  |  |  |  |  | 721,080 |  |  |  |  |  | 726,478 |  |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 9,276,256 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,167,038 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,375,850 |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand | $ | 844,588 |  |  | $ | 6,056 |  | 0.72 | % |  | $ | 918,222 |  |  | $ | 1,025 |  | 0.11 | % |  | $ | 956,211 |  |  | $ | 809 |  | 0.08 | %
Money market | 1,677,584 |  |  | 39,480 |  | 2.33 | % |  | 1,909,208 |  |  | 11,948 |  | 0.63 | % |  | 2,033,631 |  |  | 3,651 |  | 0.18 | %
Savings | 1,020,314 |  |  | 4,352 |  | 0.43 | % |  | 1,121,818 |  |  | 1,121 |  | 0.10 | % |  | 1,047,855 |  |  | 366 |  | 0.03 | %
Certificates of deposit | 1,302,478 |  |  | 42,948 |  | 3.30 | % |  | 993,722 |  |  | 5,813 |  | 0.58 | % |  | 1,255,370 |  |  | 5,930 |  | 0.47 | %
Total Interest-bearing Deposits | 4,844,964 |  |  | 92,836 |  | 1.92 | % |  | 4,942,970 |  |  | 19,907 |  | 0.40 | % |  | 5,293,066 |  |  | 10,757 |  | 0.20 | %
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | — |  |  | — |  | — | % |  | 35,836 |  |  | 36 |  | 0.10 | % |  | 69,964 |  |  | 79 |  | 0.11 | %
Short-term borrowings | 500,421 |  |  | 27,238 |  | 5.44 | % |  | 40,013 |  |  | 1,659 |  | 4.15 | % |  | 6,301 |  |  | 12 |  | 0.19 | %
Long-term borrowings | 31,706 |  |  | 1,332 |  | 4.20 | % |  | 19,090 |  |  | 411 |  | 2.15 | % |  | 22,995 |  |  | 458 |  | 1.99 | %
Junior subordinated debt securities | 52,215 |  |  | 4,110 |  | 7.87 | % |  | 54,420 |  |  | 2,395 |  | 4.40 | % |  | 61,653 |  |  | 1,843 |  | 2.99 | %
Total Borrowings | 584,342 |  |  | 32,680 |  | 5.59 | % |  | 149,359 |  |  | 4,501 |  | 3.01 | % |  | 160,913 |  |  | 2,392 |  | 1.49 | %
Other interest-bearing liabilities | 58,135 |  |  | 2,975 |  | 5.12 | % |  | 15,163 |  |  | 560 |  | 3.69 | % |  |  |  |  |
Total Interest-bearing Liabilities | 5,487,441 |  |  | 128,491 |  | 2.34 | % |  | 5,107,492 |  |  | 24,968 |  | 0.49 | % |  | 5,453,979 |  |  | 13,150 |  | 0.24 | %
Noninterest-bearing liabilities | 2,561,483 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,877,758 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,735,710 |  |  |  |
Shareholders' equity | 1,227,332 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,181,788 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,186,161 |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity | $ | 9,276,256 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,167,038 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,375,850 |  |  |  |
Net Interest Income(1)(2) |  |  | $ | 351,960 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 317,835 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 278,428 |  |
Net Interest Margin(1)(2) |  |  |  | 4.13 | % |  |  |  |  | 3.76 | % |  |  |  |  | 3.22 | %

(1) Tax-exempt interest income is on an FTE basis (non-GAAP) using the statutory federal corporate income tax rate of 21 percent.
(2) Taxable investment income is adjusted for the dividend-received deduction for equity securities.
(3) Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
Net interest income on an FTE basis (non-GAAP) increased $34.1 million, or 10.7 percent, compared to 2022. The net interest margin, or NIM, on an FTE basis (non-GAAP) increased 37 basis points to 4.13 percent compared to 3.76 percent in 2022. The increases in net interest income and NIM on an FTE basis (non-GAAP) were primarily due to higher interest rates during 2023.
Interest income on an FTE basis (non-GAAP) increased $137.6 million compared to 2022. The increase in interest income on an FTE basis (non-GAAP) was primarily due to higher interest rates. Average loan balances increased $326.3 million compared to 2022. The average yield on loan balances increased 154 basis points compared to 2022 due to higher interest rates. Average interest-bearing deposits with banks decreased $236.4 million compared to 2022 due to declines in deposit balances and loan growth. The average yield on interest-bearing deposits with banks increased 439 basis points compared to 2022 due to
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increased interest rates. Overall, the FTE rate (non-GAAP) on interest-earning assets increased 158 basis points compared to 2022.
Interest expense increased $103.5 million compared to 2022. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to higher interest rates and a shift in our funding mix to higher cost certificates of deposits and borrowings. Average interest-bearing deposits decreased $98.0 million compared to 2022 due to the competitive market driven by rising interest rates. The average rate paid on interest-bearing deposits increased 152 basis points due to higher interest rates. Certificates of deposit increased $308.8 million compared to 2022. The increase in certificates of deposits was primarily due to higher interest rates resulting in customers moving deposits to higher yield accounts. Average borrowings increased $435.0 million compared to 2022 primarily due to decreased deposit balances and increased loans. The average rate paid on borrowings increased 258 basis points compared to 2022 due to higher interest rates. Overall, the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 185 basis points compared to 2022.
The following table sets forth for the periods presented a summary of the changes in interest earned and interest paid resulting from changes in volume and changes in rates:

| 2023 Compared to 2022 Increase (Decrease) Due to |  | 2022 Compared to 2021 Increase (Decrease) Due to
(dollars in thousands) | Volume (4) | Rate (4) | Total |  | Volume (4) | Rate (4) | Total
Interest earned on: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks | $ | (1,845) |  | $ | 6,236 |  | $ | 4,392 |  |  | $ | (463) |  | $ | 2,443 |  | $ | 1,980 |
Securities, at fair value(2)(3) | (930) |  | 3,495 |  | 2,565 |  |  | 4,035 |  | 710 |  | 4,745 |
Loans held for sale | (44) |  | 3 |  | (41) |  |  | (90) |  | 15 |  | (75) |
Commercial real estate | 1,481 |  | 42,149 |  | 43,630 |  |  | (2,456) |  | 22,437 |  | 19,981 |
Commercial and industrial | (2,019) |  | 36,671 |  | 34,653 |  |  | (5,088) |  | 12,796 |  | 7,708 |
Commercial construction | (933) |  | 10,973 |  | 10,040 |  |  | (2,278) |  | 5,630 |  | 3,352 |
Total Commercial Loans | (1,471) |  | 89,793 |  | 88,322 |  |  | (9,822) |  | 40,863 |  | 31,041 |
Residential mortgage | 12,368 |  | 6,656 |  | 19,024 |  |  | 4,052 |  | (117) |  | 3,935 |
Home equity | 1,584 |  | 15,688 |  | 17,272 |  |  | 2,332 |  | 4,733 |  | 7,065 |
Installment and other consumer | (114) |  | 2,866 |  | 2,752 |  |  | 1,756 |  | 70 |  | 1,826 |
Consumer construction | 608 |  | 654 |  | 1,263 |  |  | 868 |  | (338) |  | 530 |
Total Consumer Loans | 14,446 |  | 25,864 |  | 40,311 |  |  | 9,008 |  | 4,348 |  | 13,356 |
Total Portfolio Loans | 12,976 |  | 115,657 |  | 128,633 |  |  | (814) |  | 45,211 |  | 44,397 |
Total Loans(1)(2) | 12,932 |  | 115,660 |  | 128,592 |  |  | (904) |  | 45,226 |  | 44,322 |
Total other earning assets | 1,149 |  | 950 |  | 2,099 |  |  | 89 |  | 90 |  | 179 |
Change in Interest Earned on Interest-earning Assets | $ | 11,306 |  | $ | 126,341 |  | $ | 137,647 |  |  | $ | 2,757 |  | $ | 48,469 |  | $ | 51,226 |
Interest paid on: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand | $ | (82) |  | $ | 5,114 |  | $ | 5,031 |  |  | $ | (32) |  | $ | 248 |  | $ | 216 |
Money market | (1,449) |  | 28,981 |  | 27,532 |  |  | (224) |  | 8,520 |  | 8,296 |
Savings | (101) |  | 3,332 |  | 3,231 |  |  | 26 |  | 728 |  | 754 |
Certificates of deposit | 1,806 |  | 35,329 |  | 37,135 |  |  | (1,236) |  | 1,119 |  | (117) |
Total Interest-bearing Deposits | 173 |  | 72,756 |  | 72,929 |  |  | (1,466) |  | 10,615 |  | 9,149 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements | (36) |  | — |  | (36) |  |  | (38) |  | (5) |  | (43) |
Short-term borrowings | 19,095 |  | 6,484 |  | 25,578 |  |  | 65 |  | 1,582 |  | 1,647 |
Long-term borrowings | 272 |  | 650 |  | 921 |  |  | (78) |  | 31 |  | (47) |
Junior subordinated debt securities | (97) |  | 1,811 |  | 1,714 |  |  | (216) |  | 768 |  | 552 |
Total Borrowings | 19,233 |  | 8,945 |  | 28,178 |  |  | (267) |  | 2,376 |  | 2,109 |
Other interest-bearing liabilities | 1,587 |  | 829 |  | 2,416 |  |  | 560 |  | — |  | 560 |
Change in Interest Paid on Interest-bearing Liabilities | 20,993 |  | 82,530 |  | 103,523 |  |  | (1,173) |  | 12,991 |  | 11,818 |
Change in Net Interest Income | $ | (9,687) |  | $ | 43,812 |  | $ | 34,124 |  |  | $ | 3,930 |  | $ | 35,478 |  | $ | 39,408 |

(1)Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
(2)Tax-exempt income is on an FTE basis using the statutory federal corporate income tax rate of 21 percent.
(3)Taxable investment income is adjusted for the dividend-received deduction for equity securities.
(4)Changes to rate/volume are allocated to both rate and volume on a proportionate dollar basis.
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Provision for Credit Losses
The provision for credit losses includes a provision for losses on loans and on unfunded commitments. The provision for credit losses fluctuates based on changes in loan balances, risk ratings, net loan charge-offs/recoveries, the macro environment and our Current Expected Credit Loss, or CECL, forecast. The provision for credit losses increased $9.5 million to $17.9 million for 2023 compared to $8.4 million for 2022. The provision for credit losses included a reduction of $1.4 million for the reserve for unfunded commitments for 2023 compared to an increase of $3.0 million for 2022.
The increase in the provision for credit losses for 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to increases in net loan charge-offs and our qualitative reserve. Net loan charge-offs for 2023 were $13.2 million, or 0.18 percent of average loans, compared to $2.6 million, or 0.04 percent of average loans for 2022. Offsetting loan charge-offs during 2023 were $11.5 million of loan recoveries which included a $9.3 million recovery related to a 2020 customer fraud compared to $9.0 million of loan recoveries during 2022. The increase in qualitative reserve was primarily due to deterioration in the CRE Price Index and our qualitative reserve capturing additional expected losses in commercial loans that are not included in the model. Offsetting the increase in provision for credit losses during 2023 was a $4.4 million decrease in the provision for unfunded loan commitments primarily due to a decrease in loss rates and unused commitments in the construction portfolio.
Refer to the "Credit Quality" section of this MD&A for further details.
Noninterest Income

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Years Ended December 31,
|  |  | Twelve Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 | 2022 | $ Change | % Change
Net gain on sale of securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | (198) |  |  | (100.0) | %
Debit and credit card |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,248 |  |  | 19,008 |  |  | (760) |  |  | (4.0) | %
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,193 |  |  | 16,829 |  |  | (636) |  |  | (3.8) | %
Wealth management |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,186 |  |  | 12,717 |  |  | (531) |  |  | (4.2) | %
Mortgage banking |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,164 |  |  | 2,215 |  |  | (1,051) |  |  | (47.4) | %
Other noninterest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,829 |  |  | 7,292 |  |  | 2,537 |  |  | 34.8 | %
Total Noninterest Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 57,620 |  |  | $ | 58,259 |  |  | $ | (639) |  |  | (1.1) | %
NM - not meaningful |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Noninterest income decreased $0.6 million to $57.6 million compared to $58.2 million in 2022. Mortgage banking income decreased $1.1 million due to a decline in loan sale activity caused by rising interest rates and a shift to holding originated mortgage loans on the balance sheet. Debit and credit card income decreased by $0.8 million due to decreased customer activity. Service charges on deposit accounts decreased by $0.6 million due to decreases in returned check and the elimination of non-sufficient funds, or NSF, fees. Other noninterest income increased $2.5 million primarily related to a $3.3 million increase in the fair value of assets in a nonqualified benefit plan, which has a corresponding offset in salaries and benefits resulting in no impact to net income, and an increase in net gain on the sale of OREO of $0.8 million, partially offset by a $0.7 million decrease in the valuation of our commercial loan swaps and a $0.8 million decrease in fees on our commercial loan swaps.
Noninterest Expense

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 | 2022 | $ Change | % Change
Salaries and employee benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 111,462 |  |  | $ | 103,221 |  |  | $ | 8,241 |  |  | 8.0 | %
Data processing and information technology |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,437 |  |  | 16,918 |  |  | 519 |  |  | 3.1 | %
Occupancy |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,814 |  |  | 14,812 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — | %
Furniture, equipment and software |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,912 |  |  | 11,606 |  |  | 1,306 |  |  | 11.3 | %
Professional services and legal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,823 |  |  | 8,318 |  |  | (495) |  |  | (6.0) | %
Other taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,813 |  |  | 6,620 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 2.9 | %
Marketing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,488 |  |  | 5,600 |  |  | 888 |  |  | 15.9 | %
FDIC insurance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,122 |  |  | 2,854 |  |  | 1,268 |  |  | 44.4 | %
Loan-related expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,391 |  |  | 3,337 |  |  | 2,054 |  |  | 61.6 | %
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23,072 |  |  | 23,460 |  |  | (388) |  |  | (1.7) | %
Total Noninterest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 210,334 |  |  | $ | 196,746 |  |  | $ | 13,588 |  |  | 6.9 | %

Noninterest expense increased $13.6 million to $210.3 million compared to $196.7 million in 2022. Salaries and employee benefits increased $8.2 million during 2023 primarily due to inflationary wage pressure, the acquisition of new talent, higher
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
medical costs and an increase in the fair value of assets in a nonqualified benefit plan, partially offset by a decrease in incentives. Loan-related expense increased $2.1 million primarily due to an increase in loan collection and legal expenses for the workout of criticized and classified loans. Furniture, equipment and software expense increased $1.3 million mainly due to new software implemented in 2023. FDIC insurance increased $1.3 million due to a two basis point increase in the assessment rate.
Provision for Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes increased $0.6 million to $34.0 million in 2023 compared to $33.4 million for 2022. The increase in our income tax provision was primarily due to a $9.9 million increase in income before taxes in 2023 compared to 2022.
The effective tax rate, which is total tax expense as a percentage of income before taxes, decreased to 19.0 percent in 2023 compared to 19.8 percent in 2022. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily due to an increase in LIHTCs in 2023 compared to 2022. We have generated an annual effective tax rate that is less than the statutory rate of 21 percent due to benefits resulting from tax-exempt interest, excludable dividend income, tax-exempt income on Bank Owned Life Insurance, or BOLI, and tax benefits associated with LIHTCs.
Financial Condition as of December 31, 2023
Total assets increased $441.0 million to $9.6 billion at December 31, 2023 compared to $9.1 billion at December 31, 2022. Total portfolio loans increased $469.4 million to $7.7 billion at December 31, 2023 compared to $7.2 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase in loans is primarily related to consumer loan growth of $352.9 million with an increase in consumer real estate of $362.9 million compared to December 31, 2022. The commercial loan portfolio increased $116.5 million at December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 due to an increase of $229.4 million in CRE loans offset by decreases of $76.9 million in C&I and $36.1 million in construction.
Securities remained relatively unchanged at $970.4 million at December 31, 2023 compared to $1.0 billion at December 31, 2022. The bond portfolio was in a net unrealized loss position of $82.0 million at December 31, 2023 compared to a net unrealized loss position of $102.3 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease in the net unrealized loss portion of the bond portfolio of $20.3 million was due to a change in interest rates.
Our deposits increased $301.8 million to $7.5 billion at December 31, 2023 compared to $7.2 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase related to the addition of $375.7 million of brokered deposits, including $200.7 million of brokered money market accounts and $175.0 million of brokered certificates of deposit. Customer deposits decreased $73.9 million compared to the prior year with decreases in noninterest-bearing demand deposits of $366.8 million and savings of $168.0 million partially offset by an increase in certificates of deposit of $472.1 million. Customer deposits decreased primarily due to lower commercial and consumer deposits due to the competitive pricing in this higher interest rate environment. Additionally, noninterest-bearing demand decreased due to the shift into interest-bearing deposits as a result of the elevated interest rate environment.
Total borrowings increased $64.4 million to $503.6 million at December 31, 2023 compared to $439.2 million at December 31, 2022 primarily due to loan growth.
Total shareholders’ equity increased by $98.8 million to $1.3 billion at December 31, 2023 compared to $1.2 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to net income of $144.8 million and other comprehensive income of $21.2 million, offset by dividends of $49.9 million and common stock repurchases of $20.0 million.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Securities Activity
The balances and average rates of our securities portfolio are presented below as of December 31:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) | Balance | Weighted-Average Yield |  | Balance | Weighted-Average Yield |  | Balance | Weighted-Average Yield |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 133,786 |  | 1.71 | % |  |  | $ | 131,695 |  | 1.71 | % |  |  | $ | 95,327 |  | 1.26 | % |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 32,513 |  | 2.28 | % |  |  | 41,811 |  | 2.32 | % |  |  | 70,348 |  | 2.29 | % |  |  |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 460,939 |  | 3.04 | % |  |  | 428,407 |  | 2.56 | % |  |  | 270,294 |  | 1.97 | % |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 38,177 |  | 1.86 | % |  |  | 41,587 |  | 1.86 | % |  |  | 56,793 |  | 1.57 | % |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 273,425 |  | 2.42 | % |  |  | 327,313 |  | 2.28 | % |  |  | 341,300 |  | 2.09 | % |  |  |
Corporate obligations |  | — |  | — | % |  |  | 500 |  | 7.67 | % |  |  | 500 |  | 3.22 | % |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 30,468 |  | 3.34 | % |  |  | 30,471 |  | 3.35 | % |  |  | 75,089 |  | 3.28 | % |  |  |
Available-for-Sale Debt Securities |  | 969,308 |  |  |  |  | 1,001,784 |  |  |  |  | 909,651 |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities |  | 1,083 |  | 3.06 | % |  |  | 994 |  | 3.32 | % |  |  | 1,142 |  | 2.93 | % |  |  |
Total Securities Available for Sale |  | $ | 970,391 |  | 2.62 | % |  |  | $ | 1,002,778 |  | 2.34 | % |  |  | $ | 910,793 |  | 2.05 | % |  |  |

We invest in various securities in order to maintain a source of liquidity, to satisfy various pledging requirements, to increase net interest income and as a tool of ALCO to reposition the balance sheet for interest rate risk purposes. Securities are subject to market risks that could negatively affect the level of liquidity available to us. Security purchases are subject to an investment policy approved annually by our Board of Directors and administered through ALCO and our treasury function. Our securities portfolio represents 10.2 percent of total assets and is classified as available for sale.The portfolio primarily consists of structured agency backed fixed income securities with limited credit exposure. Securities decreased $32.4 million to $970.4 million at December 31, 2023 compared to $1.0 billion at December 31, 2022.
At December 31, 2023, our bond portfolio was in a net unrealized loss position of $82.0 million compared to a net unrealized loss position of $102.3 million at December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2023, our bond portfolio had gross unrealized losses of $83.8 million offset by $1.8 million in gross unrealized gains, compared to December 31, 2022, when total gross unrealized losses were $102.6 million offset by gross unrealized gains of $0.3 million.
Management evaluates the securities portfolio to determine if an ACL is needed each quarter. We did not record an ACL related to the securities portfolio at December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022. The unrealized losses on debt securities were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and not related to the credit quality of these securities. All debt securities were determined to be investment grade and paying principal and interest according to the contractual terms of the security at December 31, 2023. We do not intend to sell and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell any of the securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of their amortized cost. We did not recognize any impairment charges on our securities portfolio in 2023, 2022 or 2021. The securities portfolio could generate impairments in future periods requiring realized losses to be reported.
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The following table sets forth the maturities of securities at December 31, 2023 and the weighted average yields of such securities. Taxable-equivalent adjustments for 2023 have been made in calculating yields on obligations of state and political subdivisions.

| Maturing
| Within One Year |  | After One But within Five Years |  | After Five But Within Ten Years |  | After Ten Years |  | No Fixed Maturity
(dollars in thousands) | Amount | Yield |  | Amount | Yield |  | Amount | Yield |  | Amount | Yield |  | Amount | Yield
Available-for-Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | — |  | — | % |  | $ | 133,786 |  | 1.71 | % |  | $ | — |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  | — | %
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 17,719 |  | 2.40 | % |  | 14,794 |  | 2.14 | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | %
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  | — | % |  | 11,127 |  | 2.86 | % |  | 48,724 |  | 3.66 | % |  | 401,088 |  | 2.97 | % |  | — |  | — | %
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 8 |  | 5.00 | % |  | 1,458 |  | 2.79 | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | 36,711 |  | 1.82 | % |  | — |  | — | %
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 41,495 |  | 2.61 | % |  | 171,483 |  | 2.11 | % |  | 60,447 |  | 3.16 | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | %
Obligations of states and political subdivisions (1) | — |  | — | % |  | 2,656 |  | 3.22 | % |  | 16,368 |  | 3.48 | % |  | 11,444 |  | 3.18 | % |  | — |  | — | %
Corporate bonds | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | %
Marketable equity securities | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | — |  | — | % |  | 1,083 |  | 3.06 | %
Total | $ | 59,222 |  |  |  | $ | 335,304 |  |  |  | $ | 125,539 |  |  |  | $ | 449,243 |  |  |  | $ | 1,083 |  |
Weighted Average Yield |  | 2.55 | % |  |  | 1.99 | % |  |  | 3.40 | % |  |  | 2.88 | % |  |  | 3.06 | %

(1) Weighted-average yields are calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 21 percent for 2023.
Lending Activity
The following table summarizes our loan portfolio as of December 31:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) | Amount | % of Total |  | Amount | % of Total |  | Amount | % of Total |  | Amount | % of Total |  | Amount | % of Total |  |  |  |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 3,357,603 |  | 43.9 | % |  | $ | 3,128,187 |  | 43.5 | % |  | $ | 3,236,653 |  | 46.2 | % |  | $ | 3,244,974 |  | 44.9 | % |  | $ | 3,416,518 |  | 47.9 | % |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 1,642,106 |  | 21.5 | % |  | 1,718,976 |  | 23.9 | % |  | $ | 1,728,969 |  | 24.7 | % |  | $ | 1,954,453 |  | 27.0 | % |  | $ | 1,720,833 |  | 24.1 | % |  |  |  |
Commercial construction | 363,284 |  | 4.7 | % |  | 399,371 |  | 5.6 | % |  | 440,962 |  | 6.3 | % |  | 474,280 |  | 6.6 | % |  | 375,445 |  | 5.3 | % |  |  |  |
Total Commercial Loans | 5,362,993 |  | 70.1 | % |  | 5,246,534 |  | 73.0 | % |  | 5,406,584 |  | 77.2 | % |  | 5,673,706 |  | 78.5 | % |  | 5,512,796 |  | 77.2 | % |  |  |  |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer real estate | 2,175,451 |  | 28.4 | % |  | 1,812,539 |  | 25.2 | % |  | 1,485,478 |  | 21.2 | % |  | 1,471,238 |  | 20.4 | % |  | 1,545,323 |  | 21.7 | % |  |  |  |
Other consumer | 114,897 |  | 1.5 | % |  | 124,896 |  | 1.7 | % |  | 107,928 |  | 1.5 | % |  | 80,915 |  | 1.1 | % |  | 79,033 |  | 1.1 | % |  |  |  |
Total Consumer Loans | 2,290,348 |  | 29.9 | % |  | 1,937,435 |  | 27.0 | % |  | 1,593,406 |  | 22.8 | % |  | 1,552,153 |  | 21.5 | % |  | 1,624,356 |  | 22.8 | % |  |  |  |
Total Portfolio Loans | $ | 7,653,341 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 7,183,969 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 6,999,990 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 7,225,859 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 7,137,152 |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |

The loan portfolio represents the most significant source of interest income for us. The risk that borrowers will be unable to pay such obligations is inherent in the loan portfolio. Other conditions such as downturns in the borrower’s industry or the overall economic climate can significantly impact the borrower’s ability to pay.
We maintain a General Lending Policy to control the quality of our loan portfolio. The policy delegates the authority to extend loans under specific guidelines and underwriting standards. The General Lending Policy is formulated by management and reviewed and ratified annually by the Board of Directors.
We attempt to limit our exposure to credit risk by diversifying our loan portfolio by segment, geography, collateral and industry and actively managing concentrations. When concentrations exist in certain segments, we assess the credit risk within those segments to determine if additional reserve is needed in the qualitative portion of the ACL. Total commercial loans represented 70.1 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2023 compared to 73.0 percent at December 31, 2022. Within our commercial portfolio, the CRE and commercial construction portfolios combined comprised $3.7 billion, or 69.4 percent, of total commercial loans and 48.6 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2023 compared to $3.5 billion, or 67.2 percent, of total commercial loans and 49.1 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2022.
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Our multi-family and office segments are the most significant CRE and commercial construction concentrations for us. The multi-family segment was $658.9 million, or 8.6 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2023 compared to $568.3 million, or 7.9 percent at December 31, 2022. Criticized and classified loans in the multi-family segment are minimal at only $7.4 million at December 31, 2023. The office segment represents $516.5 million, or 6.7 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2023 compared to $511.8 million, or 7.1 percent at December 31, 2022. Criticized and classified loans in the office segment were only $11.6 million at December 31, 2023. Approximately 85 percent of the office portfolio is located in non central business districts, or CBD, with the remaining 15 percent in CBD within our direct markets. We completed a target review of the office portfolio in the third quarter of 2023 and did not identify any material credit risk.
We lend primarily in Pennsylvania and the contiguous states of Ohio, New York, West Virginia, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. The majority of our commercial and consumer loans are made to businesses and individuals in these states resulting in a geographic concentration. We believe our knowledge of these markets outweighs the geographic concentration risk. Our operating knowledge at the local and regional level is derived from our front-line connection to the customer and our understanding of their businesses. We also have a portfolio management group that utilizes multiple data sources including customer information, publicly available data and subscription service data to assess risk on an on-going basis and strong overall risk management practices which help us understand and evaluate concentration risk. Our CRE and commercial construction portfolios have exposure outside this geography of 3.9 percent of the combined portfolios and 1.9 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2023. This compares to 5.8 percent of the combined portfolios and 2.9 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2022.
Total portfolio loans increased $469.4 million, or 6.5 percent, to $7.7 billion at December 31, 2023 compared to $7.2 billion at December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, 65.0 percent of our total loans were variable rate loans and 35.0 percent were fixed rate loans.
Commercial loans increased $116.5 million related to an increase of $229.4 million in CRE offset by decreases of $76.9 million in C&I and $36.1 million in commercial construction compared to December 31, 2022. Our loan demand was influenced by the uncertain macroeconomic environment during 2023.
Consumer loans represent 29.9 percent of our total portfolio loans at December 31, 2023 and 27.0 percent at December 31, 2022. Consumer loans increased $352.9 million compared to December 31, 2022 primarily due to an increase of $343.2 million in the residential real estate portfolio and $19.7 million in consumer construction. Portfolio consumer real estate loans increased in 2023 based on a shift from mortgage loans sold to loans held in the portfolio on our balance sheet due to increased jumbo loans and the pricing of loans in the secondary market compared to December 31, 2022.
We originate traditional fixed rate mortgage loans and adjustable rate mortgages with a maximum amortization term of 30 years. The loan to value, or LTV, policy guideline is 80 percent for residential first lien mortgages. Higher LTV loans may be approved within unique program guidelines. We may originate home equity loans with a lien position that is second to unrelated third-party lenders, but normally only to the extent that the combined LTV considering both the first and second liens does not exceed 100 percent of the fair value of the property. Combo mortgage loans consisting of a residential first mortgage and a home equity second mortgage are also available.
We typically originate and sell loans into the secondary market, primarily to Fannie Mae. We sell these loans in order to mitigate interest-rate risk associated with holding lower rate, long-term residential mortgages in the loan portfolio and to generate fee revenue from sales and servicing of the loans. During 2023, our strategy changed whereby we held more mortgages on our balance sheet versus selling these loans in the secondary market. This shift in strategy was mainly due to loan pricing in the secondary market and the desire to reduce our variable rate loan exposure in this interest rate environment. We continue to monitor this strategy and could shift back to selling more residential mortgages into the secondary market in future periods. We sold $0.2 million of 1-4 family mortgages in 2023 and $28.6 million in 2022 to Fannie Mae. Our servicing portfolio of mortgage loans that we had originated and sold into the secondary market was $707.8 million at December 31, 2023 compared to $772.9 million at December 31, 2022. We also offer a variety of unsecured and secured consumer loan products.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following table presents the maturity of commercial and consumer loans outstanding as of December 31, 2023:

| Maturity
(dollars in thousands) | Within One Year |  | After One But Within Five Years |  | After Five Years through 15 years |  | After 15 years |  | Total
Fixed interest rates | $ | 307,894 |  |  | $ | 833,408 |  |  | $ | 391,828 |  |  | $ | 5,750 |  |  | $ | 1,538,880 |
Variable interest rates | 824,171 |  |  | 1,958,597 |  |  | 972,491 |  |  | 68,854 |  |  | 3,824,113 |
Total Commercial Loans | $ | 1,132,065 |  |  | $ | 2,792,005 |  |  | $ | 1,364,319 |  |  | $ | 74,604 |  |  | $ | 5,362,993 |
Fixed interest rates | $ | 183,841 |  |  | $ | 525,698 |  |  | $ | 330,538 |  |  | $ | 88,373 |  |  | $ | 1,128,450 |
Variable interest rates | 191,615 |  |  | 441,854 |  |  | 438,758 |  |  | 89,671 |  |  | 1,161,898 |
Total Consumer Loans | $ | 375,456 |  |  | $ | 967,552 |  |  | $ | 769,296 |  |  | $ | 178,044 |  |  | $ | 2,290,348 |
Total Portfolio Loans | $ | 1,507,521 |  |  | $ | 3,759,557 |  |  | $ | 2,133,615 |  |  | $ | 252,648 |  |  | $ | 7,653,341 |

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the normal course of business, we offer off-balance sheet credit arrangements to enable our customers to meet their financing objectives. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the financial statements. Our exposure to credit loss, in the event the customer does not satisfy the terms of the agreement, equals the contractual amount of the obligation less the value of any collateral. We apply the same credit policies in making commitments and standby letters of credit that are used for the underwriting of loans to customers. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates, annual renewals or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Because many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.
The following table sets forth our commitments and letters of credit as of the dates presented:

| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Commitments to extend credit | $ | 2,566,154 |  |  | $ | 2,713,586 |
Standby letters of credit | 61,889 |  |  | 64,356 |
Total | $ | 2,628,043 |  |  | $ | 2,777,942 |

See Note 16 Commitments and Contingencies in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Report for details on allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments.
Credit Quality
On a quarterly basis, a criticized asset meeting is held to monitor all special mention and substandard loans greater than $1.5 million and all business banking special mention and substandard loans greater than $0.5 million to establish action plans for these loans. These loans typically represent the highest risk of loss to us. We monitor these loans through regular contact with the borrower, review of current financial information and other documentation, review of all loan or potential loan restructures or modifications and the regular re-evaluation of assets held as collateral.
Additional credit risk management practices include periodic review, at least annually, and updates of our lending policies and procedures to support sound underwriting practices and portfolio management through portfolio stress testing. We have a portfolio monitoring group that performs an annual review of all commercial relationships greater than $1.5 million and a quarterly review of our Watch rated portfolio. Business banking relationships less than $1.5 million are monitored through portfolio management software that identifies credit risk indicators. Our credit risk review process serves to independently monitor credit quality and assess the effectiveness of credit risk management practices to provide oversight of all corporate lending activities. The credit risk review function has the primary responsibility for assessing commercial credit administration and credit decision functions of consumer and mortgage underwriting, as well as providing input to the loan risk rating process.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Nonperforming assets, or NPAs, consist of nonaccrual loans and OREO. The following represents NPAs as of December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonaccrual Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 7,267 |  |  | $ | 7,323 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 3,244 |  |  | 2,974 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction | 4,960 |  |  | 384 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer real estate | 7,146 |  |  | 8,093 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other consumer | 330 |  |  | 278 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Nonaccrual Loans | 22,947 |  |  | 19,052 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OREO | 75 |  |  | 3,065 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Nonperforming Assets | $ | 23,022 |  |  | $ | 22,117 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonaccrual loans as a percent of total loans | 0.30 | % |  | 0.27 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonperforming assets as a percent of total loans plus OREO | 0.30 | % |  | 0.31 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Our policy is to place loans in all categories in nonaccrual status when collection of interest or principal is doubtful, or generally when interest or principal payments are 90 days or more past due.
Nonperforming assets increased $0.9 million, or 4.1 percent, resulting in a nonperforming assets to total loans plus OREO ratio of 0.30% at December 31, 2023 compared to 0.31% at December 31, 2022. Nonaccrual loans increased $3.9 million, or 20.4 percent, to $22.9 million at December 31, 2023 compared to $19.1 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease in OREO related to the sale of a commercial property that resulted in a gain on sale of OREO of $3.9 million, which is included in other noninterest income.
The following represents delinquency as of December 31:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) | Amount | % of Loans |  | Amount | % of Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
90 days or more: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 7,267 |  | 0.22 | % |  | $ | 7,323 |  | 0.23 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 3,244 |  | 0.20 | % |  | 2,974 |  | 0.17 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction | 4,960 |  | 1.37 | % |  | 384 |  | 0.10 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer real estate | 7,146 |  | 0.33 | % |  | 8,093 |  | 0.45 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other consumer | 330 |  | 0.29 | % |  | 278 |  | 0.22 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Loans | $ | 22,947 |  | 0.30 | % |  | $ | 19,052 |  | 0.27 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
30 to 89 days: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 7,665 |  | 0.23 | % |  | $ | 8,772 |  | 0.28 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 710 |  | 0.04 | % |  | 5,076 |  | 0.30 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction | 22 |  | 0.01 | % |  | — |  | — | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer real estate | 6,295 |  | 0.29 | % |  | 6,268 |  | 0.35 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other consumer | 429 |  | 0.37 | % |  | 225 |  | 0.18 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Loans | $ | 15,121 |  | 0.20 | % |  | $ | 20,341 |  | 0.28 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Closed-end installment loans, amortizing loans secured by real estate and any other loans with payments scheduled monthly are reported past due when the borrower is in arrears two or more monthly payments. Other multi-payment obligations with payments scheduled other than monthly are reported past due when one scheduled payment is due and unpaid for 30 days or more. We monitor delinquency on a monthly basis, including early-stage delinquencies of 30 to 89 days past due for early identification of potential problem loans. Loans past due 90 days or more increased $3.9 million compared to December 31, 2022 and represented 0.30 percent of total loans at December 31, 2023. Loans past due by 30 to 89 days decreased $5.2 million and represented 0.20 percent of total loans at December 31, 2023.
Allowance for Credit Losses
We maintain an ACL at a level determined to be adequate to absorb estimated expected credit losses within the loan portfolio over the contractual life of a loan that considers our historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions as of the balance sheet date. We develop and document a systematic ACL methodology based on
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
the following portfolio segments: 1) CRE, 2) C&I, 3) Commercial Construction, 4) Business Banking, 5) Consumer Real Estate and 6) Other Consumer.
Our charge-off policy for commercial loans requires that loans and other obligations that are not collectible be promptly charged-off when the loss is confirmed, regardless of the delinquency status of the loan. We may elect to recognize a partial charge-off when management has determined that the value of collateral or present value of expected future cash flows is less than the remaining investment in the loan. A loan or obligation does not need to be charged-off, regardless of delinquency status, if (i) management has determined that sufficient collateral exists to protect the remaining loan balance and a strategy exists to liquidate the collateral, or (ii) management has determined that the present value of expected future cash flows is sufficient to protect the remaining loan balance. Management may also consider a number of other factors to determine when a charge-off is appropriate. These factors may include, but are not limited to:
•The status of a bankruptcy proceeding;
•The value of collateral and probability of successful liquidation; and/or
•The status of adverse proceedings or litigation that may result in collection.
Consumer loans are evaluated for charge-off after the loan becomes 90 days past due. Unsecured loans are fully charged off and secured loans are charged down to the estimated fair value of the collateral less the cost to sell.
The following table presents activity in the ACL for each of the three years presented below:

| Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
ACL Balance at Beginning of Year: | $ | 101,340 |  |  | $ | 98,576 |  |  | $ | 117,612 |
Charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | (1,706) |  |  | (1,820) |  |  | (13,493) |
Commercial and industrial | (20,535) |  |  | (7,801) |  |  | (22,305) |
Commercial construction | (451) |  |  | — |  |  | (55) |
Consumer real estate | (446) |  |  | (621) |  |  | (719) |
Other consumer | (1,500) |  |  | (1,375) |  |  | (952) |
Total | (24,638) |  |  | (11,617) |  |  | (37,524) |
Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 1,084 |  |  | 1,052 |  |  | 1,196 |
Commercial and industrial | 9,796 |  |  | 7,366 |  |  | 822 |
Commercial construction | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 14 |
Consumer real estate | 214 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 310 |
Other consumer | 360 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 652 |
Total | 11,456 |  |  | 9,022 |  |  | 2,994 |
Net Charge-offs | (13,182) |  |  | (2,595) |  |  | (34,530) |
Impact of adoption of ASU 2022-02 | 568 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Provision for credit losses | 19,240 |  |  | 5,359 |  |  | 15,494 |
ACL Balance at End of Year: | $ | 107,966 |  |  | $ | 101,340 |  |  | $ | 98,576 |

Net loan charge-offs for 2023 were $13.2 million, or 0.18 percent of average loans, compared to $2.6 million, or 0.04 percent of average loans for 2022. The most significant charge-offs during 2023 were for three C&I relationships totaling $16.9 million. Offsetting loan charge-offs during 2023 were $11.5 million of loan recoveries, which included a $9.3 million recovery related to a 2020 customer fraud compared to $9.0 million of loan recoveries during 2022.
The following table summarizes net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans for the years presented:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 0.02 | % |  | 0.02 | % |  | 0.38 | % |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 0.64 | % |  | 0.03 | % |  | 1.17 | % |  |  |  |
Commercial construction | 0.12 | % |  | — | % |  | 0.01 | % |  |  |  |
Consumer real estate | 0.01 | % |  | 0.03 | % |  | 0.03 | % |  |  |  |
Other consumer | 0.97 | % |  | 0.81 | % |  | 0.33 | % |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs to average loans outstanding | 0.18 | % |  | 0.04 | % |  | 0.49 | % |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total portfolio loans | 1.41 | % |  | 1.41 | % |  | 1.41 | % |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses to total nonaccrual loans | 471 | % |  | 532 | % |  | 149 | % |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses as a percentage of net loan charge-offs | 146 | % |  | 207 | % |  | 45 | % |  |  |  |

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following is the ACL balance by portfolio segment as of December 31:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) | Amount |  | % of Total |  | Amount |  | % of Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 37,886 |  |  | 35.1 | % |  | $ | 41,428 |  |  | 40.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 34,538 |  |  | 32.0 | % |  | 25,710 |  |  | 25.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial construction | 5,382 |  |  | 5.0 | % |  | 6,264 |  |  | 6.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Business banking | 12,858 |  |  | 11.9 | % |  | 12,547 |  |  | 12.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer real estate | 14,663 |  |  | 13.6 | % |  | 12,105 |  |  | 11.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other consumer | 2,639 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | 3,286 |  |  | 3.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 107,966 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 101,340 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Significant to our ACL is a higher concentration of commercial loans. The ability of borrowers to repay commercial loans is dependent upon the success of their business and general economic conditions. Due to the greater potential for loss within our commercial portfolio, we monitor the commercial loan portfolio through an internal risk rating system. Loan risk ratings are assigned based upon the creditworthiness of the borrower and are reviewed on an ongoing basis according to our internal policies. Loans rated special mention or substandard have potential or well-defined weaknesses not generally found in high quality, performing loans, and require attention from management to limit loss.
The ACL was $108.0 million, or 1.41 percent of total portfolio loans, at December 31, 2023, compared to $101.3 million, or 1.41 percent of total portfolio loans, at December 31, 2022. The increase in the ACL of $6.7 million was primarily due to a $7.7 million increase in our qualitative reserve mainly related to deterioration in the Commercial Real Estate Price Index and a higher C&I segment specific reserve which captures additional expected losses that are not included in the quantitative model. Our quantitative reserve decreased $1.0 million primarily due to a reduction in criticized and classified loans mainly in our CRE healthcare and CRE hotel portfolios partially offset by higher C&I substandard loans and loan growth during 2023.
Federal Home Loan Bank and Other Restricted Stock
At December 31, 2023, we held FHLB of Pittsburgh stock of $24.0 million compared to $22.0 million at December 31, 2022. This investment is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. We hold FHLB stock because we are a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh. The FHLB requires members to purchase and hold a specified level of FHLB stock based upon the members’ asset values, level of borrowings and participation in other programs offered. Stock in the FHLB is non-marketable and is redeemable at the discretion of the FHLB. Members do not purchase stock in the FHLB for the same reasons that traditional equity investors acquire stock in an investor-owned enterprise. Rather, members purchase stock to obtain access to the products and services offered by the FHLB. Unlike equity securities of traditional for-profit enterprises, the stock of the FHLB does not provide its holders with an opportunity for capital appreciation because, by regulation, FHLB stock can only be purchased, redeemed and transferred at par value. We reviewed and evaluated the FHLB capital stock for impairment at December 31, 2023. The FHLB exceeds all required capital ratios. Additionally, we considered that the FHLB has been paying dividends and actively redeeming stock throughout 2023 and 2022. Accordingly, we believe sufficient evidence exists to conclude that no impairment existed at December 31, 2023.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Deposits
Deposits are our primary source of funds. We have a well-diversified deposit base with a balance mix of 56.4 percent personal, 34.1 percent business, 4.5 percent public funds and 5.0 percent brokered at December 31, 2023.

| December 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) | Amount | % of Deposits |  |  | Amount | % of Deposits |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Personal | $ | 4,244,386 |  | 56.4 | % |  |  | $ | 4,171,701 |  | 57.8 | % |  | $ | 72,685 |  |  | 1.0 | %
Business | 2,565,853 |  | 34.1 | % |  |  | 2,666,995 |  | 36.9 | % |  | (101,142) |  |  | (1.4) | %
Public funds | 335,876 |  | 4.5 | % |  |  | 381,274 |  | 5.3 | % |  | (45,398) |  |  | (0.6) | %
Brokered | 375,654 |  | 5.0 | % |  |  | — |  | — | % |  | 375,654 |  |  | 5.2 | %
Total Deposits | $ | 7,521,769 |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | $ | 7,219,970 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 301,799 |  |  | 4.2 | %

The following table presents the composition of deposits at December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change
Customer deposits |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand | $ | 2,221,942 |  |  | $ | 2,588,692 |  |  | $ | (366,750) |
Interest-bearing demand | 825,787 |  |  | 846,653 |  |  | (20,866) |
Money market | 1,741,189 |  |  | 1,731,521 |  |  | 9,668 |
Savings | 950,546 |  |  | 1,118,511 |  |  | (167,965) |
Certificates of deposit | 1,406,652 |  |  | 934,593 |  |  | 472,059 |
Total customer deposits | 7,146,116 |  |  | 7,219,970 |  |  | (73,854) |
Brokered deposits |  |  |  |  |
Money market | 200,653 |  |  | — |  |  | 200,653 |
Certificates of deposit | 175,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 175,000 |
Total brokered deposits | 375,653 |  |  | — |  |  | 375,653 |
Total Deposits | $ | 7,521,769 |  |  | $ | 7,219,970 |  |  | $ | 301,799 |

Total deposits increased $301.8 million, or 4.18 percent, at December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022. Total customer deposits decreased $73.9 million from December 31, 2022 primarily due to lower commercial and consumer deposits due to the competitive pricing in this higher interest rate environment. Additionally, noninterest-bearing demand decreased due to the shift into interest-bearing deposits as a result of the elevated interest rate environment. Total brokered deposits increased $375.7 million from December 31, 2022. Brokered deposits are an additional source of funds utilized by ALCO as a way to diversify funding sources, as well as manage our funding costs and structure.
As a member of the IntraFi network, we are able to offer our customers insurance coverage on interest-bearing demand, money market and certificate of deposit balances in excess of the FDIC insurance limits. IntraFi balances increased $210.4 million to $277.7 million at December 31, 2023 compared to $67.3 million at December 31, 2022.
We have total uninsured deposits of $2.3 billion, or 30.0 percent of our total deposit base, compared to $2.5 billion, or 34.0 percent, at December 31, 2022. Included in uninsured deposits is $296.0 million, or 4.0 percent of our total deposit base, of municipal deposits which are fully collateralized.
The daily average balance of deposits and rates paid on deposits are summarized in the following table for the years ended December 31:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
(dollars in thousands) | Amount |  | Rate |  | Amount |  | Rate |  | Amount |  | Rate
Noninterest-bearing demand | $ | 2,349,919 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 2,705,210 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 2,594,152 |  |  | — |
Interest-bearing demand | 844,588 |  |  | 0.72 | % |  | 918,222 |  |  | 0.11 | % |  | 956,211 |  |  | 0.08 | %
Money market | 1,638,947 |  |  | 2.28 | % |  | 1,909,209 |  |  | 0.63 | % |  | 2,026,083 |  |  | 0.18 | %
Savings | 1,020,314 |  |  | 0.43 | % |  | 1,121,818 |  |  | 0.10 | % |  | 1,047,855 |  |  | 0.03 | %
Certificates of deposit | 1,226,989 |  |  | 3.17 | % |  | 991,396 |  |  | 0.58 | % |  | 1,246,499 |  |  | 0.46 | %
Brokered deposits | 114,322 |  |  | 5.43 | % |  | 2,323 |  |  | 2.10 | % |  | 16,419 |  |  | 1.15 | %
Total | $ | 7,195,079 |  |  | 1.29 | % |  | $ | 7,648,178 |  |  | 0.26 | % |  | $ | 7,887,219 |  |  | 0.14 | %

CDs of $250,000 and over accounted for 4.7 percent and 3.0 percent of total deposits at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. These primarily represent deposit relationships with local customers in our market area.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Maturities of CDs of $250,000 or more outstanding at December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows:

(dollars in thousands) | 2023
Three months or less | $ | 199,437 |
Over three through six months | 60,757 |
Over six through twelve months | 61,953 |
Over twelve months | 28,580 |
Total | $ | 350,727 |

Borrowings

(dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | $ Change
Short-term borrowings |  | $ | 415,000 |  |  |  | $ | 370,000 |  |  |  | $ | 45,000 |
Long-term borrowings |  | 39,277 |  |  |  | 14,741 |  |  |  | 24,536 |
Junior subordinated debt securities |  | 49,358 |  |  |  | 54,453 |  |  |  | (5,095) |
Total Borrowings |  | $ | 503,635 |  |  |  | $ | 439,194 |  |  |  | $ | 64,441 |

Borrowings are an additional source of funding for us. Total borrowings increased $64.4 million to $503.6 million compared to $439.2 million at December 31, 2022 primarily due to loan growth.
Information pertaining to short-term borrowings is summarized in the table below for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

| Short-Term Borrowings
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Balance at the period end | $ | 415,000 |  |  | $ | 370,000 |  |
Average balance during the period | $ | 500,421 |  |  | $ | 40,013 |  |
Average interest rate during the period | 5.44 | % |  | 4.15 | % |
Maximum month-end balance during the period | $ | 630,000 |  |  | $ | 370,000 |  |
Average interest rate at the period end | 5.65 | % |  | 4.49 | % |

Information pertaining to long-term borrowings and junior subordinated debt securities is summarized in the tables below for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

| Long-Term Borrowings
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Balance at the period end | $ | 39,277 |  |  | $ | 14,741 |  |
Average balance during the period | $ | 31,706 |  |  | $ | 19,090 |  |
Average interest rate during the period | 4.20 | % |  | 2.15 | % |
Maximum month-end balance during the period | $ | 39,589 |  |  | $ | 22,344 |  |
Average interest rate at the period end | 4.52 | % |  | 2.61 | % |
| Junior Subordinated Debt Securities
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Balance at the period end | $ | 49,358 |  |  | $ | 54,453 |  |
Average balance during the period | $ | 52,215 |  |  | $ | 54,421 |  |
Average interest rate during the period | 7.87 | % |  | 4.40 | % |
Maximum month-end balance during the period | $ | 54,483 |  |  | $ | 54,453 |  |
Average interest rate at the period end | 7.98 | % |  | 7.09 | % |

In 2023, we redeemed $5.0 million of junior subordinated debt securities, along with $0.2 million in common equity issued by DNB Capital Trust I and held by us.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Wealth Management Assets
The fair value of the S&T Bank Wealth Management assets under administration, which are not accounted for as part of our assets, remained unchanged at $2.2 billion at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Assets under administration consisted of $1.0 billion in S&T Trust, $1.0 billion in S&T Financial Services and $0.2 billion in Stewart Capital Advisors.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is defined as a financial institution’s ability to meet its cash and collateral obligations at a reasonable cost. Our primary future cash needs are centered on the ability to (i) satisfy the financial needs of depositors who may want to withdraw funds or of borrowers needing to access funds to meet their credit needs and (ii) to meet our future cash commitments under contractual obligations with third parties. In order to manage liquidity risk, our Board of Directors has delegated authority to ALCO for the formulation, implementation and oversight of liquidity risk management for S&T. The ALCO’s goal is to maintain adequate levels of liquidity at a reasonable cost to meet funding needs in both a normal operating environment and for potential liquidity stress events. The ALCO monitors and manages liquidity through various ratios, reviewing cash flow projections, performing stress tests and having a detailed contingency funding plan. The ALCO policy guidelines define graduated risk tolerance levels. If our liquidity position moves to a level that has been defined as high risk, specific actions are required, such as increased monitoring or the development of an action plan to reduce the risk position.
Our primary funding and liquidity source is a stable customer deposit base. We believe S&T has the ability to retain existing deposits and attract new deposits, mitigating any funding dependency on other more volatile funding sources. Refer to the "Financial Condition as of December 31, 2023 - Deposits" section of this MD&A, for additional discussion on deposits. Although deposits are the primary source of funds, we have identified various other funding sources that can be used as part of our normal funding program. Additional funding sources accessible to S&T include borrowing availability at the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh, or FHLB, federal funds lines with other financial institutions and the brokered deposit market. Additionally, S&T has borrowing availability through the Federal Reserve Borrower-in-Custody Program and the Federal Reserve BTFP.
In response to recent bank failures, the Federal Reserve authorized additional funding availability to eligible depository institutions through the BTFP. The program is intended to help assure depositors that their institutions have an additional source of liquidity to meet their needs. Under the BTFP, any collateral eligible for purchase by the Federal Reserve Banks in open market operations can be pledged including U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. Agencies and U.S. Agency mortgage-backed securities. Collateral advances will be equal to 100 percent of the par value of the collateral pledged with a term of up to one year. Interest was charged at a fixed rate equal to the one-year overnight index swap rate plus 10 basis points with no prepayment penalty. The rate on new advances, beginning on January 25, 2024, is set to be no lower than the interest rate on reserve balances in effect on the day the loan is made. As of December 31, 2023, we have $637.0 million of collateral available to pledge under the program and no outstanding balance. The Federal Reserve has announced that it is ending the BTFP and will cease making new loans under this program on March 11, 2024.
Available borrowing capacity exceeds uninsured deposits of $2.3 billion at December 31, 2023 and $2.5 billion at December 31, 2022. The following table summarizes borrowing funding sources available as of the dates presented:

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands) | Borrowing Capacity | Balance | Available |  | Borrowing Capacity | Balance | Available
FHLB | $ | 3,241,098 |  | $ | 552,136 |  | $ | 2,688,962 |  |  | $ | 2,925,614 |  | $ | 491,288 |  | $ | 2,434,326 |
Borrower-in-Custody Program | $ | 769,653 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 769,653 |  |  | 839,836 |  | — |  | 839,836 |
Federal Reserve BTFP(1) | $ | 636,963 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 636,963 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 4,647,714 |  | $ | 552,136 |  | $ | 4,095,578 |  |  | $ | 3,765,450 |  | $ | 491,288 |  | $ | 3,274,162 |
(1) Emergency lending program created by the Federal Reserve in March 2023.

At December 31, 2023, we had available borrowing capacity of $4.1 billion, of which $2.7 billion was remaining borrowing availability with the FHLB of Pittsburgh. We believe that these funding sources will provide adequate resources to fund our short-term and long-term operating and financing needs. In addition, our ability to access capital markets provides additional sources of funding with respect to strategic investing opportunities. Our access to and the availability of funds in the future will be affected by many factors, including, but not limited to our financial condition and prospects, the liquidity of the overall capital markets and the current state of the economy.
In the normal course of business, we enter into various contractual obligations, which require future payments that could impact our liquidity and capital resources. We also utilize interest rate swaps to add stability and manage exposure to interest rate movements, under which we are required to either receive cash from, or pay cash to, counterparties depending on changes
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
in interest rates. Derivative contracts are carried at fair value representing the net present value of expected future cash receipts or payments based on market rates as of the balance sheet date.
The following table summarizes our material contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023:

| Payments Due In
(dollars in thousands) | 2024 |  | 2025-2026 |  | 2027-2028 |  | Later Years |  | Total
Certificates of deposit(1) | 1,320,588 |  |  | 239,190 |  |  | 19,099 |  |  | 2,775 |  |  | 1,581,652 |
Short-term borrowings(1) | 415,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 415,000 |
Long-term borrowings(1) | 38,381 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 187 |  |  | 542 |  |  | 39,277 |
Junior subordinated debt securities(1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 49,358 |  |  | 49,358 |
Operating and finance leases | 4,995 |  |  | 9,881 |  |  | 9,302 |  |  | 59,550 |  |  | 83,728 |
Funding commitments on Low Income Housing Partnerships | 7,262 |  |  | 4,727 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,989 |
Total | $ | 1,786,226 |  |  | $ | 253,965 |  |  | $ | 28,588 |  |  | $ | 112,225 |  |  | $ | 2,181,004 |

(1)Excludes interest
An important component of our ability to effectively respond to potential liquidity stress events is maintaining a cushion of highly liquid assets. Highly liquid assets are those that can be converted to cash quickly, with little or no loss in value, to meet financial obligations. ALCO policy guidelines define a ratio of highly liquid assets to total assets by graduated risk tolerance levels of minimal, moderate and high. At December 31, 2023, S&T Bank had $897.4 million in highly liquid assets, which consisted primarily of $160.3 million in interest-bearing deposits with banks and $736.9 million in unpledged securities. This resulted in a highly liquid assets to total assets ratio of 9.4 percent at December 31, 2023 compared to 9.6 percent at December 31, 2022. Highly liquid assets have increased by $27.3 million when comparing December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2022. The majority of the increase in liquid assets is attributed to increases in cash balances. Refer to Note 12. Qualified Affordable Housing, Note 13 Deposits, Note 14 Short Term Borrowings, Note 15 Long Term Borrowings and Subordinated Debt and Note 7 Right-Of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, and the Deposits and Borrowings section of this MD&A, for more details.
Capital Resources
Shareholders’ equity increased $98.8 million, or 8.3 percent, to $1.3 billion at December 31, 2023 compared to $1.2 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to net income of $144.8 million and other comprehensive income of $21.2 million, partially offset by dividends of $49.9 million and common stock repurchases of $20.0 million. The other comprehensive income was primarily due to a $15.9 million improvement in unrealized losses on our available-for-sale debt securities, net of tax and an improvement of $5.2 million in unrealized losses on our interest rate swaps, net of tax.
We continue to maintain a strong capital position with a leverage ratio of 11.21 percent as compared to the regulatory guideline of 5.00 percent to be well-capitalized and a risk-based Common Equity Tier 1 ratio of 13.37 percent compared to the regulatory guideline of 6.50 percent to be well-capitalized. Our risk-based Tier 1 and Total capital ratios were 13.69 percent and 15.27 percent, which places us above the federal bank regulatory agencies’ well-capitalized guidelines of 8.00 percent and 10.00 percent, respectively. Our ratios are also above the required minimum ratios after the capital conservation buffer, discussed further below, of common equity tier 1 risk-based capital ratio greater than 7.00 percent, tier 1 risk-based capital ratio greater than 8.50 percent and a total risk-based capital ratio greater than 10.50 percent. We believe that we have the ability to raise additional capital, if necessary.
On March 27, 2020, the regulators issued interim final rule, or IFR, “Regulatory Capital Rule: Revised Transition of the Current Expected Credit Losses Methodology for Allowances” in response to the disrupted economic activity from the spread of COVID-19. The IFR provides financial institutions that adopt CECL during 2020 with the option to delay for two years the estimated impact of CECL on regulatory capital, followed by a three-year transition period to phase out the aggregate amount of the capital benefit provided by the initial two-year delay (“five-year transition”). We adopted CECL effective January 1, 2020 and elected to implement the five-year transition.
In July 2013, the federal banking agencies issued a final rule to implement Basel III and the minimum leverage and risk-based capital requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. The rule requires a banking organization to maintain a capital conservation buffer composed of common equity tier 1 capital in an amount greater than 2.50 percent of total risk-weighted assets. Banking organizations must maintain a common equity tier 1 risk-based capital ratio greater than 7.00 percent, a tier 1 risk-based capital ratio greater than 8.50 percent and a total risk-based capital ratio greater than 10.50 percent; otherwise, it will be subject to restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments. The minimum capital requirements plus the capital conservation buffer exceeds the regulatory capital ratios required for an insured depository institution to be well-capitalized under the FDIC's prompt corrective action framework.
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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Federal regulators periodically propose amendments to the regulatory capital rules and the related regulatory framework and consider changes to the capital standards that could significantly increase the amount of capital needed to meet applicable standards. The timing of adoption, ultimate form and effect of any such proposed amendments cannot be predicted.
We have filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act of 1933 as amended, with the SEC, which allows for the issuance of a variety of securities including debt and capital securities, preferred and common stock and warrants. We may use the proceeds from the sale of securities for general corporate purposes, which could include investments at the holding company level, investing in, or extending credit to subsidiaries, possible acquisitions and stock repurchases. As of December 31, 2023, we had not issued any securities pursuant to the shelf registration statement.
Inflation
Inflation can have a significant impact on interest rates and, accordingly, can impact our financial performance. Inflation can influence our asset growth, deposits, noninterest income and expense and credit quality. As a result, we closely monitor the the rate of inflation in the economy. We do so by analyzing our capability to respond to changing interest rates and our ability to manage noninterest income and expense. We monitor the mix of interest-rate sensitive assets and liabilities through our management committee, ALCO, in order to manage the impact of inflation and the level of interest rates on net interest income. We also manage the effects of inflation on S&T by reviewing the prices of our products and services, by introducing new products and services and by controlling overhead expenses. Additionally, management is aware of the potential impacts that inflation can have on our loan portfolio and our customer's ability to operate their businesses. We seek to minimize the various inflationary inputs through a robust annual review process and sensitivity analysis when considering extensions of credit. Additionally, we leverage our internal credit risk review in support of the current economic cycle. We continuously monitor our portfolio for potential and emerging risks. See Risk Factors in Item 1A for further information regarding the impact of inflation on the economy and on S&T.
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Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market risk is defined as the degree to which changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices or equity prices can adversely affect a financial institution’s earnings or capital. For most financial institutions, including S&T, market risk primarily reflects exposures to changes in interest rates. Interest rate fluctuations affect earnings by changing net interest income and other interest-sensitive income and expense levels. Interest rate changes also affect capital by changing the net present value of a bank’s future cash flows, and the cash flows themselves, as rates change. Accepting this risk is a normal part of banking and can be an important source of profitability and enhancing shareholder value. However, excessive interest rate risk can threaten a bank’s earnings, capital, liquidity and solvency. Our sensitivity to changes in interest rate movements is continually monitored by the ALCO. The ALCO monitors and manages market risk through rate shock analyses, economic value of equity, or EVE, analyses and by performing stress tests and simulations to mitigate earnings and market value fluctuations due to changes in interest rates.
Rate shock analyses results are compared to a base case to provide an estimate of the impact that market rate changes may have on 12 and 24 months of pretax net interest income. The base case and rate shock analyses are performed on a static balance sheet. A static balance sheet is a no growth balance sheet in which all maturing and/or repricing cash flows are reinvested in the same product at the existing product spread. Rate shock analyses assume an immediate parallel shift in market interest rates and also include management assumptions regarding the impact of interest rate changes on non-maturity deposit products (noninterest-bearing demand, interest-bearing demand, money market and savings) and changes in the prepayment behavior of loans and securities with optionality. S&T policy guidelines limit the change in pretax net interest income over 12 and 24 month horizons using rate shocks in increments of +/- 100 basis points. Policy guidelines define the percentage change in pretax net interest income by graduated risk tolerance levels of minimal, moderate and high.
In order to monitor interest rate risk beyond the 24 month time horizon of rate shocks on pretax net interest income, we also perform EVE analyses. EVE represents the present value of all asset cash flows minus the present value of all liability cash flows. EVE change results are compared to a base case to determine the impact that market rate changes may have on our EVE. As with rate shock analyses on pretax net interest income, EVE analyses incorporate management assumptions regarding prepayment behavior of fixed rate loans and securities with optionality and the behavior and value of non-maturity deposit products. S&T policy guidelines limit the change in EVE using rate shocks in increments of +/- 100 basis points. Policy guidelines define the percentage change in EVE by graduated risk tolerance levels of minimal, moderate and high.
The table below reflects the rate shock analyses results for the 1-12 and 13-24 month periods of pretax net interest income and EVE.

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| 1 - 12 Months |  | 13 - 24 Months |  | % Change in EVE |  | 1 - 12 Months |  | 13 - 24 Months |  | % Change in EVE
Change in Interest Rate (basis points) | % Change in Pretax Net Interest Income |  | % Change in Pretax Net Interest Income |  |  | % Change in Pretax Net Interest Income |  | % Change in Pretax Net Interest Income |
400 | 3.5 |  |  | 7.6 |  |  | (31.4) |  |  | 14.6 |  |  | 22.0 |  |  | (13.2) |
300 | 2.4 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | (23.5) |  |  | 11.0 |  |  | 16.6 |  |  | (8.5) |
200 | 1.2 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | (15.2) |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | 11.2 |  |  | (4.6) |
100 | 0.2 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | (7.3) |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | (1.5) |
-100 | (3.5) |  |  | (5.1) |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | (6.1) |  |  | (8.8) |  |  | (2.6) |
-200 | (4.2) |  |  | (6.7) |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | (10.2) |  |  | (14.8) |  |  | (7.7) |
-300 | (6.6) |  |  | (11.2) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (14.1) |  |  | (21.0) |  |  | (17.0) |
-400 | (9.3) |  |  | (15.1) |  |  | (13.7) |  |  | (21.1) |  |  | (30.1) |  |  | (32.7) |

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Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The results from the rate shock analyses on net interest income are consistent with having an asset sensitive balance sheet. Having an asset sensitive balance sheet means more assets than liabilities will reprice during the measured time frames. The implications of an asset sensitive balance sheet will differ depending upon the change in market interest rates. For example, with an asset sensitive balance sheet in a declining interest rate environment, more assets than liabilities will decrease in rate. This situation could result in a decrease in net interest income and operating income. Conversely, with an asset sensitive balance sheet in a rising interest rate environment, more assets than liabilities will increase in rate. This situation could result in an increase in net interest income and operating income.
Our rate shock analyses show less improvement in the percentage change in pretax net interest income in the rates up scenarios when comparing December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2022 primarily because we have a different deposit mix, more short-term borrowings and a larger fixed-rate loan portfolio. The percentage change in pretax net interest income in the rates down scenario shows an improvement when comparing December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2022 because of our increased ability to cut liability costs as deposit rates have increased and we have more short-term borrowings. The changes in our percentage changes in pretax net interest income reflect our strategic efforts to reduce our exposure to changes in interest rates. Our EVE analyses show a decline in the percentage change in EVE in the rates up scenarios and an improvement in rates down scenarios when comparing December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2022. These changes are mainly the result of the impact of interest rates on the value of nonmaturity deposits and deposit valuation methodology enhancements that recognize changes in customer behavior.
In addition to rate shocks and EVE analyses, we perform a market risk stress test at least annually. The market risk stress test includes sensitivity analyses and simulations. Sensitivity analyses are performed to help us identify which model assumptions cause the greatest impact on pretax net interest income. Sensitivity analyses may include changing prepayment behavior of loans and securities with optionality and the impact of interest rate changes on non-maturity deposit products. Simulation analyses may include the potential impact of rate changes other than the policy guidelines, yield curve shape changes, significant balance mix changes and various growth scenarios.
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Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Balance Sheets | 51
Consolidated Statements of Net Income | 52
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 53
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity | 54
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 55
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 57
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Consolidated Financial Statements (PCAOB ID: 42) | 103
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting | 105

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

| December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data) | 2023 |  | 2022
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits of $160,802 and $138,149 at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 233,612 |  |  |  | $ | 210,009 |
Securities available for sale, at fair value |  | 970,391 |  |  |  | 1,002,778 |
Loans held for sale |  | 153 |  |  |  | 16 |
Portfolio loans, net of unearned income |  | 7,653,341 |  |  |  | 7,183,969 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | (107,966) |  |  |  | (101,340) |
Portfolio loans, net |  | 7,545,375 |  |  |  | 7,082,629 |
Bank owned life insurance |  | 84,008 |  |  |  | 85,185 |
Premises and equipment, net |  | 49,006 |  |  |  | 49,285 |
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock, at cost |  | 25,082 |  |  |  | 23,035 |
Goodwill |  | 373,424 |  |  |  | 373,424 |
Other intangible assets, net |  | 4,059 |  |  |  | 5,378 |
Other assets |  | 266,416 |  |  |  | 278,828 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 9,551,526 |  |  |  | $ | 9,110,567 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand |  | $ | 2,221,942 |  |  |  | $ | 2,588,692 |
Interest-bearing demand |  | 825,787 |  |  |  | 846,653 |
Money market |  | 1,941,842 |  |  |  | 1,731,521 |
Savings |  | 950,546 |  |  |  | 1,118,511 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 1,581,652 |  |  |  | 934,593 |
Total Deposits |  | 7,521,769 |  |  |  | 7,219,970 |
Short-term borrowings |  | 415,000 |  |  |  | 370,000 |
Long-term borrowings |  | 39,277 |  |  |  | 14,741 |
Junior subordinated debt securities |  | 49,358 |  |  |  | 54,453 |
Other liabilities |  | 242,677 |  |  |  | 266,744 |
Total Liabilities |  | 8,268,081 |  |  |  | 7,925,908 |
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Common stock ($2.50 par value) Authorized—50,000,000 shares Issued—41,449,444 shares at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 Outstanding—38,232,806 shares at December 31, 2023 and 38,999,733 shares at December 31, 2022 |  | 103,623 |  |  |  | 103,623 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 409,034 |  |  |  | 406,283 |
Retained earnings |  | 959,604 |  |  |  | 863,948 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (90,901) |  |  |  | (112,125) |
Treasury stock — 3,216,638 shares at December 31, 2023 and 2,449,711 shares at December 31, 2022, at cost |  | (97,915) |  |  |  | (77,070) |
Total Shareholders’ Equity |  | 1,283,445 |  |  |  | 1,184,659 |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  | $ | 9,551,526 |  |  |  | $ | 9,110,567 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF NET INCOME

|  |  |  |  |  | Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 443,124 |  |  |  | $ | 314,866 |  |  |  | $ | 270,460 |
Investment Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 31,611 |  |  |  | 23,743 |  |  |  | 15,706 |
Tax-exempt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 852 |  |  |  | 1,579 |  |  |  | 2,593 |
Dividends |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,314 |  |  |  | 563 |  |  |  | 503 |
Total Interest and Dividend Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 477,901 |  |  |  | 340,751 |  |  |  | 289,262 |
INTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 92,836 |  |  |  | 19,907 |  |  |  | 10,757 |
Borrowings, junior subordinated debt securities and other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 35,655 |  |  |  | 5,061 |  |  |  | 2,393 |
Total Interest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 128,491 |  |  |  | 24,968 |  |  |  | 13,150 |
NET INTEREST INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 349,410 |  |  |  | 315,783 |  |  |  | 276,112 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,892 |  |  |  | 8,366 |  |  |  | 16,215 |
Net Interest Income After Provision for Credit Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 331,518 |  |  |  | 307,417 |  |  |  | 259,897 |
NONINTEREST INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gain on sale of securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | 29 |
Debit and credit card |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,248 |  |  |  | 19,008 |  |  |  | 17,952 |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,193 |  |  |  | 16,829 |  |  |  | 15,040 |
Wealth management |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,186 |  |  |  | 12,717 |  |  |  | 12,889 |
Mortgage banking |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,164 |  |  |  | 2,215 |  |  |  | 9,734 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,829 |  |  |  | 7,292 |  |  |  | 9,052 |
Total Noninterest Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 57,620 |  |  |  | 58,259 |  |  |  | 64,696 |
NONINTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 111,462 |  |  |  | 103,221 |  |  |  | 100,214 |
Data processing and information technology |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,437 |  |  |  | 16,918 |  |  |  | 16,681 |
Occupancy |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,814 |  |  |  | 14,812 |  |  |  | 14,544 |
Furniture, equipment and software |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,912 |  |  |  | 11,606 |  |  |  | 10,684 |
Professional services and legal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,823 |  |  |  | 8,318 |  |  |  | 6,368 |
Other taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,813 |  |  |  | 6,620 |  |  |  | 6,644 |
Marketing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,488 |  |  |  | 5,600 |  |  |  | 4,553 |
FDIC insurance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,122 |  |  |  | 2,854 |  |  |  | 4,224 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 28,463 |  |  |  | 26,797 |  |  |  | 25,013 |
Total Noninterest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 210,334 |  |  |  | 196,746 |  |  |  | 188,925 |
Income Before Taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 178,804 |  |  |  | 168,930 |  |  |  | 135,668 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 34,023 |  |  |  | 33,410 |  |  |  | 25,325 |
Net Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 144,781 |  |  |  | $ | 135,520 |  |  |  | $ | 110,343 |
Earnings per share—basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3.76 |  |  |  | $ | 3.47 |  |  |  | $ | 2.81 |
Earnings per share—diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3.74 |  |  |  | $ | 3.46 |  |  |  | $ | 2.81 |
Dividends declared per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.29 |  |  |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  |  | $ | 1.13 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

|  | Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021
Net Income |  | $ | 144,781 |  |  |  | $ | 135,520 |  |  |  | $ | 110,343 |
Available-for-Sale Debt Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in fair value of available-for-sale debt securities |  | 20,317 |  |  |  | (111,539) |  |  |  | (23,972) |
Tax effect |  | (4,407) |  |  |  | 23,805 |  |  |  | 5,115 |
Net available-for-sale securities gains reclassified into earnings(1) |  | — |  |  |  | (198) |  |  |  | — |
Tax effect |  | — |  |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | — |
Net effect on other comprehensive income |  | 15,910 |  |  |  | (87,890) |  |  |  | (18,857) |
Interest Rate Swaps |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in fair value of interest rate swaps |  | (5,753) |  |  |  | (21,459) |  |  |  | — |
Tax effect |  | 1,237 |  |  |  | 4,581 |  |  |  | — |
Net interest rate swap losses reclassified into earnings(2) |  | 12,382 |  |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | — |
Tax effect |  | (2,662) |  |  |  | (19) |  |  |  | — |
Net effect on other comprehensive income |  | 5,204 |  |  |  | (16,806) |  |  |  | — |
Employee Benefit Plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment to funded status of employee benefit plans |  | 142 |  |  |  | (2,526) |  |  |  | 363 |
Tax effect |  | (32) |  |  |  | 608 |  |  |  | (78) |
Net employee benefit plan losses reclassified into earnings(3) |  | — |  |  |  | 2,080 |  |  |  | 3,198 |
Tax effect |  | — |  |  |  | (501) |  |  |  | (687) |
Net effect on other comprehensive income |  | 110 |  |  |  | (339) |  |  |  | 2,796 |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | 21,224 |  |  |  | (105,035) |  |  |  | (16,061) |
Comprehensive Income |  | $ | 166,005 |  |  |  | $ | 30,485 |  |  |  | $ | 94,282 |

(1) Reclassification adjustments are comprised of realized security gains or losses. The realized gains or losses have been recorded in net gain on sale of securities in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
(2) Reclassification adjustments have been recorded in interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
(3) Reclassification adjustments are comprised of realized actuarial gains or losses and settlement charges. These gains or losses and settlement charges have been recorded in salaries and employee benefits in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total
Balance at January 1, 2021 |  | $ | 103,623 |  |  |  | $ | 400,668 |  |  |  | $ | 710,061 |  |  |  | $ | 8,971 |  |  |  | $ | (68,612) |  |  |  | $ | 1,154,711 |
Net income for the year ended December 31, 2021 |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 110,343 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 110,343 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (16,061) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (16,061) |
Cash dividends declared ($1.13 per share) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (44,336) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (44,336) |
Treasury stock issued for restricted stock awards (130,670 shares) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,163) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,163 |  |  |  | — |
Forfeitures of restricted stock awards (77,483 shares) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,754 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,384) |  |  |  | (630) |
Recognition of restricted stock compensation expense |  | — |  |  |  | 2,427 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,427 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 103,623 |  |  |  | $ | 403,095 |  |  |  | $ | 773,659 |  |  |  | $ | (7,090) |  |  |  | $ | (66,833) |  |  |  | $ | 1,206,454 |
Net income for the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 135,520 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 135,520 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (105,035) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (105,035) |
Cash dividends declared ($1.20 per share) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (47,023) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (47,023) |
Treasury stock issued for restricted stock awards (4,250 shares) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (135) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | — |
Forfeitures of restricted stock awards (87,208 shares) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,927 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,735) |  |  |  | (808) |
Repurchase of S&T stock (268,503 shares) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,637) |  |  |  | (7,637) |
Recognition of restricted stock compensation expense |  | — |  |  |  | 3,188 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,188 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 103,623 |  |  |  | $ | 406,283 |  |  |  | $ | 863,948 |  |  |  | $ | (112,125) |  |  |  | $ | (77,070) |  |  |  | $ | 1,184,659 |
Net income for the year ended December 31, 2023 |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 144,781 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 144,781 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 21,224 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 21,224 |
Impact of adoption of ASU 2022-02 |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (447) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (447) |
Cash dividends declared ($1.29 per share) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (49,850) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (49,850) |
Treasury stock issued for restricted stock awards (36,166 shares) |  | — |  |  |  | (1,123) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,123 |  |  |  | — |
Forfeitures of restricted stock awards (63,667 shares) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,172 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,970) |  |  |  | (798) |
Repurchase of S&T Stock (739,426 shares) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (19,998) |  |  |  | (19,998) |
Recognition of restricted stock compensation expense |  | — |  |  |  | 3,874 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,874 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 103,623 |  |  |  | $ | 409,034 |  |  |  | $ | 959,604 |  |  |  | $ | (90,901) |  |  |  | $ | (97,915) |  |  |  | $ | 1,283,445 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 144,781 |  |  | $ | 135,520 |  |  | $ | 110,343 |  |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses |  | 17,892 |  |  | 8,366 |  |  | 16,215 |  |
Net depreciation, amortization and accretion |  | 7,520 |  |  | 9,027 |  |  | 11,480 |  |
Net amortization of discounts and premiums on securities |  | 4,666 |  |  | 6,062 |  |  | 5,482 |  |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 3,874 |  |  | 3,188 |  |  | 2,427 |  |
Gain on sale of securities |  | — |  |  | (198) |  |  | (29) |  |
Deferred income taxes |  | 601 |  |  | (2,932) |  |  | 2,383 |  |
(Gain) loss on sale of fixed assets |  | (100) |  |  | 61 |  |  | 30 |  |
Gain on sale of loans, net |  | (81) |  |  | (1,229) |  |  | (8,856) |  |
(Gain) loss on sale and fair value adjustments of other real estate owned, net |  | (3,898) |  |  | (3,119) |  |  | 420 |  |
Proceeds from the sale of mortgage loans |  | 3,839 |  |  | 38,583 |  |  | 311,479 |  |
Mortgage loans originated for sale |  | (3,895) |  |  | (35,848) |  |  | (286,257) |  |
Net change in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (increase) decrease in interest receivable |  | (7,094) |  |  | (10,033) |  |  | 3,561 |  |
Net increase (decrease) in interest payable |  | 17,763 |  |  | 2,901 |  |  | (2,087) |  |
Net decrease (increase) in other assets |  | 14,311 |  |  | (24,628) |  |  | 83,830 |  |
Net (decrease) increase in other liabilities |  | (28,430) |  |  | 114,804 |  |  | (35,569) |  |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities |  | $ | 171,749 |  |  | $ | 240,525 |  |  | $ | 214,852 |  |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of securities |  | (99,583) |  |  | (401,054) |  |  | (313,617) |  |
Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls of securities |  | 147,710 |  |  | 160,830 |  |  | 144,905 |  |
Proceeds from sales of securities |  | — |  |  | 30,490 |  |  | 1,917 |  |
(Purchases) redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | (2,047) |  |  | (13,515) |  |  | 3,511 |  |
Net (increase) decrease in loans |  | (492,795) |  |  | (192,403) |  |  | 173,401 |  |
Proceeds from sale of portfolio loans |  | 11,641 |  |  | 8,024 |  |  | 5,107 |  |
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned |  | 7,051 |  |  | 12,529 |  |  | 1,259 |  |
Purchases of premises and equipment |  | (6,219) |  |  | (3,863) |  |  | (3,611) |  |
Proceeds from the sale of premises and equipment |  | 710 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 14 |  |
Proceeds from life insurance settlement |  | 1,696 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 353 |  |
Net payments from cash flow hedge |  | (12,383) |  |  | (91) |  |  | — |  |
Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Investing Activities |  | (444,219) |  |  | (398,678) |  |  | 13,239 |  |
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (decrease) increase in demand, money market and savings deposits |  | (345,260) |  |  | (623,076) |  |  | 875,378 |  |
Net increase (decrease) in certificates of deposit |  | 647,111 |  |  | (153,400) |  |  | (299,292) |  |
Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings |  | 45,000 |  |  | 285,509 |  |  | (55,672) |  |
Proceeds from long-term borrowings |  | 25,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Repayments on long-term borrowings |  | (5,464) |  |  | (7,689) |  |  | (11,001) |  |
Repurchase of shares for taxes on restricted stock |  | (798) |  |  | (808) |  |  | (630) |  |
Cash dividends paid to common shareholders |  | (49,708) |  |  | (46,952) |  |  | (44,325) |  |
Repurchase of common stock |  | (19,808) |  |  | (7,637) |  |  | — |  |
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities |  | 296,073 |  |  | (554,053) |  |  | 464,458 |  |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and due from banks |  | 23,603 |  |  | (712,206) |  |  | 692,549 |  |
Cash and due from banks at beginning of period |  | 210,009 |  |  | 922,215 |  |  | 229,666 |  |
Cash and Due From Banks at End of Period |  | $ | 233,612 |  |  | $ | 210,009 |  |  | $ | 922,215 |  |
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Supplemental Disclosures |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans transferred to portfolio from held for sale |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,467 |  |
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations |  | $ | 2,009 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,987 |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 111,303 |  |  | $ | 22,068 |  |  | $ | 15,236 |  |
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds |  | $ | 36,886 |  |  | $ | 31,175 |  |  | $ | 24,213 |  |
Transfers of loans to other real estate owned |  | $ | 163 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 12,392 |  |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Nature of Operations
S&T Bancorp, Inc., or S&T, was incorporated on March 17, 1983 under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a bank holding company and has four active direct wholly owned subsidiaries, S&T Bank, 9th Street Holdings, Inc., STBA Capital Trust I and DNB Capital Trust II, and owns a 50 percent interest in Commonwealth Trust Credit Life Insurance Company, or CTCLIC.
We are presently engaged in non-banking activities through the following six entities: 9th Street Holdings, Inc.; S&T Bancholdings, Inc.; CTCLIC; S&T Insurance Group, LLC; Stewart Capital Advisors, LLC; and DN Acquisition Company, Inc.
Our investment holding companies are 9th Street Holdings, Inc. and S&T Bancholdings, Inc. CTCLIC, which is a joint venture with another financial institution, acts as a reinsurer of credit life, accident and health insurance policies sold by S&T Bank and the other institution. S&T Insurance Group, LLC, through its subsidiaries, offers a variety of insurance products. Stewart Capital Advisors, LLC is a registered investment advisor that manages private investment accounts for individuals and institutions. DN Acquisition Company, Inc. was acquired with the DNB merger and was incorporated for the purpose of acquiring and holding OREO acquired through foreclosure or deed in-lieu-of foreclosure, as well as Bank-occupied real estate.
Accounting Policies
Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as well as disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the dates of the balance sheets and revenues and expenses for the periods then ended. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Our significant accounting policies are described below.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of S&T and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Investments of 20 percent to 50 percent of the outstanding common stock of investees are accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
Reclassification
Amounts in prior years' financial statements and footnotes are reclassified whenever necessary to conform to the current period presentation. Reclassifications had no effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
Business Combinations
We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. All identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree are recognized and measured as of the acquisition date at fair value. We record goodwill for the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired. Results of operations of the acquired entities are included in the Consolidated Statement of Net Income from the date of acquisition.
Acquired loans are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition with no carryover of the related ACL. Determining the fair value of acquired loans involves estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. In estimating the fair value of our acquired loans, we consider a number of factors including loss rates, internal risk rating, delinquency status, loan type, loan term, prepayment rates, recovery periods and the current interest rate environment. The premium or discount estimated through the loan fair value calculation is recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining life of the loans.
Acquired loans, including those acquired in a business combination, are evaluated to determine if they have experienced more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination. When the condition exists, these loans are referred to as purchased credit deteriorated, or PCD. An allowance is recognized for a PCD loan by adding it to the purchase price or fair value in a business combination. There is no provision for credit losses, or PCL, recognized upon acquisition of a PCD loan since the initial allowance is established through the purchase accounting. After initial recognition, the accounting for a PCD loan follows the credit loss model that applies to that type of asset. Purchased financial loans that do not have a more-than-significant deterioration in credit quality since origination are accounted for in a manner consistent with originated loans. An ACL is recorded with a corresponding charge to PCL. Subsequent to the acquisition date, the methods utilized to estimate the required ACL for these loans is similar to the method used for originated loans.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Fair Value Measurements
We use fair value measurements when recording and disclosing certain financial assets and liabilities. Available-for-sale debt securities, equity securities, trading securities held in a deferred compensation plan and derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, we may be required to record other assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as loans held for sale, individually assessed loans, other real estate owned, or OREO, and other repossessed assets, mortgage servicing rights, or MSRs, and certain other assets.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. An orderly transaction is a transaction that assumes exposure to the market for a period prior to the measurement date to allow for marketing activities that are usual and customary for transactions involving such assets or liabilities; it is not a forced transaction. In determining fair value, we use various valuation approaches, including market, income and cost approaches. The fair value standard establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, which are developed based on market data we have obtained from independent sources. Unobservable inputs reflect our estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, which are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.
The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). The fair value hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as follows:
Level 1: valuation is based upon unadjusted quoted market prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.
Level 2: valuation is based upon quoted market prices for similar instruments traded in active markets, quoted market prices for identical or similar instruments traded in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market or can be corroborated by market data.
Level 3: valuation is derived from other valuation methodologies, including discounted cash flow models and similar techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in determining fair value.
A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our policy is to recognize transfers between any of the fair value hierarchy levels at the end of the reporting period in which the transfer occurred.
The following are descriptions of the valuation methodologies that we use for financial instruments recorded at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis.
Recurring Basis
Available-for-Sale Debt Securities
We obtain fair values for debt securities from a third-party pricing service which utilizes several sources for valuing fixed-income securities. We validate prices received from our pricing service through comparison to a secondary pricing service and broker quotes. We review the methodologies of the pricing services which provide us with a sufficient understanding of the valuation models, assumptions, inputs and pricing to reasonably measure the fair value of our debt securities. The fair value of U.S. treasury securities are based on quoted market prices in active markets and are classified as Level 1. The market valuation sources for other debt securities include observable inputs rather than significant unobservable inputs and are classified as Level 2. The service provider utilizes pricing models that vary by asset class and include available trade, bid and other market information. Generally, the methodologies include broker quotes, proprietary models and extensive quality control programs.
Equity Securities
Marketable equity securities with quoted prices in active markets for identical assets are classified as Level 1. Marketable equity securities in markets that are not active are classified as Level 2.
Securities Held in a Deferred Compensation Plan
Securities Held in a Deferred Compensation Plan are reported at fair value with the gains and losses included in other noninterest income in our Consolidated Statements of Net Income. These assets are held in a deferred compensation plan and are invested in readily quoted mutual funds. Accordingly, these assets are classified as Level 1. Deferred compensation plan assets are reported in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Derivative Financial Instruments
We use derivative instruments, including interest rate swaps that qualify as cash flow hedges, interest rate swaps for commercial loans with our customers, interest rate lock commitments and forward commitments related to the sale of mortgage loans in the secondary market. We calculate the fair value for derivatives using accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. Each valuation considers the contractual terms of the derivative, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, such as interest rate curves and implied volatilities. We incorporate credit valuation adjustments into the valuation models to appropriately reflect both our own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparties’ nonperformance risk in calculating fair value measurements. We consider the impact of master netting agreements and collateral postings with our counterparties to determine the credit valuation adjustment. Interest rate swaps are classified as Level 2. Interest rate lock commitments and forward commitments related to mortgage loans are classified as Level 3 due to significant unobservable inputs.
Nonrecurring Basis
Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for sale consist of 1-4 family residential loans originated for sale in the secondary market and, from time to time, certain loans transferred from the loan portfolio to loans held for sale, all of which are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value of 1-4 family residential loans, when marked to fair value, is based on the principal or most advantageous market currently offered for similar loans using observable market data. Loans held for sale marked to fair value are classified as Level 2 if the fair value is determined using a sales or market approach and Level 3 if the fair value is determined using an income approach.
Loans Individually Evaluated
Loans that are individually evaluated to determine whether a specific allocation of ACL is needed are reported at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. Fair value is determined using either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's original effective interest rate, the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs when the loan is collateral dependent and we expect to liquidate the collateral. However, if repayment is expected to come from the operation of the collateral, rather than liquidation, then we do not consider estimated selling costs in determining the fair value of the collateral. Collateral values are generally based upon appraisals by approved, independent state certified appraisers. Appraisals may be discounted based on our historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of appraisal or our knowledge of the borrower and the borrower’s business. If the fair value of loans individually evaluated is determined based on an independent market based appraisal less estimated costs to sell, it is classified as Level 2. If the fair value of loans individually evaluated is determined using an internal valuation, it is classified as Level 3.
OREO and Other Repossessed Assets
OREO and other repossessed assets obtained in partial or total satisfaction of a loan are recorded at fair value less cost to sell. Fair value, when recorded, is generally based upon appraisals by approved, independent state certified appraisers. Appraisals on OREO may be discounted based on our historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of appraisal or other information available to us. If the fair value for OREO is determined based on an independent market-based appraisal less estimated costs to sell or an executed sales agreement, it is classified as Level 2. If the fair value for OREO is determined using an internal valuation, it is classified as Level 3.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
MSRs are reported using the amortization method and are evaluated for impairment quarterly by comparing the carrying value to the fair value of the MSRs. The fair value of MSRs is determined by calculating the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, considering expected mortgage loan prepayment rates, discount rates, servicing costs and other economic factors, which are determined based on current market conditions. The expected rate of mortgage loan prepayments is the most significant factor driving the value of MSRs. MSRs are considered impaired if the carrying value exceeds fair value. The valuation model includes significant unobservable inputs; therefore, MSRs are classified as Level 3 when marked to fair value.
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Financial Instruments
Fair value accounting guidance requires disclosure of the fair value of all of an entity’s assets and liabilities that are considered financial instruments. The majority of our assets and liabilities are considered financial instruments. Many of these instruments lack an available trading market as characterized by a willing buyer and willing seller engaged in an exchange transaction. Also, it is our general practice and intent to hold our financial instruments to maturity and to not engage in trading or sales activities with respect to such financial instruments. For fair value disclosure purposes, we substantially utilize the fair value measurement criteria as required and explained above. In cases where quoted fair values are not available, we use present value methods to determine the fair value of our financial instruments.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits approximate fair value.
Loans
Our methodology to fair value loans includes an exit price notion. The fair value of loans is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses that utilize interest rates currently being offered for similar loans and adjusted for liquidity and credit risk. The valuation models include significant unobservable inputs; therefore, loans are classified as Level 3. The carrying amount of interest receivable approximates fair value.
Federal Home Loan Bank, or FHLB, and Other Restricted Stock
It is not practical to determine the fair value of our FHLB and other restricted stock due to the restrictions placed on the transferability of these stocks; it is presented at carrying value.
Collateral Receivable
Collateral receivable is cash that is made available to counterparties as collateral for our interest rate swaps. The carrying amount included in other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets approximates fair value.
Deposits
The fair values disclosed for deposits without defined maturities (e.g., noninterest and interest-bearing demand, money market and savings accounts) are by definition equal to the amounts payable on demand. Deposits without defined maturities are classified as Level 1. The carrying amounts for variable rate, fixed-term time deposits approximate their fair values. Estimated fair values for fixed rate and other time deposits are based on discounted cash flow analysis using interest rates currently offered for time deposits with similar terms. Fixed rate and other time deposits are classified as Level 2. The carrying amount of accrued interest approximates fair value.
Short-Term Borrowings
The carrying amounts of securities sold under repurchase agreements, or REPOs, and other short-term borrowings approximate their fair values. Fair values are based on observable inputs in a secondary market; therefore, these are classified as Level 2.
Long-Term Borrowings
The fair values disclosed for fixed rate long-term borrowings are determined by discounting their contractual cash flows using current interest rates for long-term borrowings of similar remaining maturities. The carrying amounts of variable rate long-term borrowings approximate their fair values. Fair values are based on observable inputs in a secondary market; therefore, these are classified as Level 2.
Junior Subordinated Debt Securities
The interest rate on the variable rate junior subordinated debt securities is reset quarterly; therefore, the carrying values approximate their fair values. Fair values are based on observable inputs in a secondary market; therefore, these are classified as Level 2.
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Collateral Payable
Collateral payable is cash that is received from counterparties as collateral for our interest rate swaps. The carrying amount included in other liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets approximates fair value.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with banks and federal funds sold as cash and cash equivalents.
Securities
We determine the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. Debt securities are classified as available-for-sale with the intent to hold for an indefinite period of time, but may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, prepayment risk, liquidity needs or other factors.
A determination will be made on whether a decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Any impairment that is not credit-related is recognized in OCI, net of applicable taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized as an ACL on the balance sheet with a corresponding adjustment to provision for credit losses in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Both the allowance and the adjustment to net income can be reversed if conditions change. Our policy for credit impairment within the available-for-sale debt securities portfolio is based upon a number of factors, including but not limited to, the financial condition of the underlying issuer, the ability of the issuer to meet contractual obligations, the likelihood of the security’s ability to recover any decline in its estimated fair value and whether management intends to sell the security or if it is more likely than not that management will be required to sell the investment security prior to the security’s recovery of any decline in its estimated fair value.
Realized gains and losses on the sale of these securities are determined using the specific-identification method and are recorded within noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Bond premiums are amortized to the call date, if any, and bond discounts are accreted to the maturity date, both on a level yield basis.
Equity securities are measured at fair value with net unrealized gains and losses recognized in other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for sale consist of 1-4 family residential loans originated for sale in the secondary market and, from time to time, certain loans transferred from the loan portfolio to loans held for sale, all of which are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. If a loan is transferred from the loan portfolio to the held for sale category, any write-down in the carrying amount of the loan at the date of transfer is recorded as a charge-off against the ACL. Subsequent declines in fair value are recognized as a charge to other noninterest income. When a loan is placed in the held for sale category, we stop amortizing the related deferred fees and costs. The remaining unamortized fees and costs are recognized as part of the cost basis of the loan at the time it is sold. Gains and losses on sales of mortgage loans held for sale are included in mortgage banking in noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
Loans
Loans are reported at the principal amount outstanding net of unearned income. Unearned income consists of net deferred loan origination fees and costs and a discount or premium on acquired loans. Loan origination fees and direct loan origination costs are deferred and amortized as an adjustment of loan yield over the lives of the loans without consideration of anticipated prepayments. If a loan is paid off, the remaining unaccreted or unamortized net origination fees and costs are immediately recognized into income. Accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums on loans are included in interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Interest is accrued and interest income is recognized on loans as earned.
Closed-end installment loans, amortizing loans secured by real estate and any other loans with payments scheduled monthly are reported past due when the borrower is in arrears two or more monthly payments. Other multi-payment obligations with payments scheduled other than monthly are reported past due when one scheduled payment is due and unpaid for 30 days or more.
Generally, consumer loans are charged off against the ACL upon the loan reaching 90 days past due. Commercial loans are charged off as management becomes aware of facts and circumstances that raise doubt as to the collectability of all or a portion of the principal and when we believe a confirmed loss exists.
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Nonaccrual Loans
We stop accruing interest on a loan when the borrower’s payment is 90 days past due. Loans are also placed on nonaccrual status when we have doubt about the borrower’s ability to comply with contractual repayment terms, even if payment is not past due. When the interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed against interest income. As a general rule, a nonaccrual loan may be restored to accrual status when its principal and interest is paid current and the bank expects repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest, or when the loan otherwise becomes well secured and in the process of collection.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The ACL is a valuation reserve established and maintained by charges against operating income and is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans, or portions thereof, are charged off against the ACL when they are deemed uncollectible. The ACL is an estimate of expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of a loan, that considers our historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Determination of an appropriate ACL is inherently subjective and may have significant changes from period to period.
The methodology for determining the ACL has two main components: evaluation of expected credit losses for certain groups of homogeneous loans that share similar risk characteristics and evaluation of loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans and are individually evaluated.
The ACL for homogeneous loans is calculated using a life-time loss rate methodology with both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis that is applied on a quarterly basis. The ACL model is comprised of six distinct portfolio segments: 1) Commercial Construction, 2) Commercial Real Estate, or CRE, 3) Commercial and Industrial, or C&I, 4) Business Banking, 5) Consumer Real Estate and 6) Other Consumer. Each segment has a distinct set of risk characteristics monitored by management. We further evaluate the ACL at a disaggregated level which includes type of collateral and our internal risk rating system for the commercial and business banking segments and type of collateral, lien position and FICO score, for the consumer segments. Historical credit loss experience is the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Our quantitative model uses historic data back to the second quarter of 2009. We apply historical loss rates to pools of loans with similar risk characteristics. After consideration of the historic loss calculation, management applies qualitative adjustments to reflect the current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts not already reflected in the historical loss information at the balance sheet date. Our reasonable and supportable forecast is for a period of two years and is based on the unemployment forecast and management judgment. For periods beyond our two year reasonable and supportable forecast, we revert to historical loss rates utilizing a straight-line method over a one year reversion period. The qualitative adjustments for current conditions are based upon changes in lending policies and practices, experience and ability of lending staff, quality of the bank’s loan review system, value of underlying collateral, the existence of and changes in concentrations, other external factors and segment specific risks. These modified historical loss rates are multiplied by the outstanding principal balance of each loan to calculate a required reserve.
The ACL for individual loans begins with the use of normal credit review procedures to identify whether a loan no longer shares similar risk characteristics with other pooled loans and therefore, should be individually assessed. We evaluate all commercial loans greater than $1.0 million that meet the following criteria: 1) when it is determined that foreclosure is probable, 2) substandard, doubtful and nonaccrual loans when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, 3) when it is determined by management that a loan does not share similar risk characteristics with other loans. Specific reserves are established based on the following three acceptable methods for measuring the ACL: 1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate; 2) the loan’s observable market price; or 3) the fair value of the collateral when the loan is collateral dependent. Our individual loan evaluations consist primarily of the fair value of collateral method because most of our loans are collateral dependent. Collateral values are discounted to consider disposition costs when appropriate. A specific reserve is established or a charge-off is taken if the fair value of the loan is less than the loan balance.
Our ACL Committee meets quarterly to verify the overall appropriateness of the ACL. Additionally, on an annual basis, the ACL Committee meets to validate our ACL methodology. This validation includes reviewing the loan segmentation, critical model assumptions, forecast and the qualitative framework. As a result of this ongoing monitoring process, we may make changes to our ACL to be responsive to the economic environment.
Bank Owned Life Insurance
We have purchased life insurance policies on certain executive officers and employees. We receive the cash surrender value of each policy upon its termination or benefits are payable to us upon the death of the insured. Changes in net cash surrender value are recognized in other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
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Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, while improvements that extend an asset’s useful life are capitalized and depreciated over the estimated remaining life of the asset. Depreciation expense is computed by the straight-line method for financial reporting purposes and accelerated methods for income tax purposes over the estimated useful lives of the particular assets. Depreciation expense is included in occupancy on the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Long-lived assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. No events or changes in circumstances occurred during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
The estimated useful lives for the various asset categories are as follows:

1) Land and Land Improvements |  | Non-depreciating assets
2) Buildings |  | 25 years
3) Furniture and Fixtures |  | 5 years
4) Computer Equipment and Software |  | 5 years or term of license
5) Other Equipment |  | 5 years
6) Vehicles |  | 5 years
7) Leasehold Improvements |  | Lesser of estimated useful life of the asset (generally 15 years unless established otherwise) or the remaining term of the lease, including renewal options in the lease that are reasonably assured of exercise

Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities
We determine if a contract is or contains a lease at inception. Leases are classified as either finance or operating leases. We recognize leases on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as right-of-use, or ROU, assets and related lease liabilities. Finance ROU assets are included in premises and equipment and related finance lease liabilities are included in long-term borrowings. Operating lease ROU assets are included in other assets and related operating lease liabilities are included in other liabilities. Our lease liability is calculated as the present value of the lease payments over the lease term discounted using our estimated incremental borrowing rate with similar terms at commencement date. Lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise those options. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term for operating leases. Interest and amortization expenses are recognized for finance leases over the lease term. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet and the related lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term in occupancy on our Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Lease and amortization expenses are included in occupancy expense and interest on finance lease liabilities is included in borrowings interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
Restricted Investment in Bank Stock
FHLB stock is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. We hold FHLB stock because we are a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh. The FHLB requires members to purchase and hold a specified level of FHLB stock based upon on the member's asset value, level of borrowings and participation in other programs offered. Stock in the FHLB is non-marketable and is redeemable at the discretion of the FHLB. Members do not purchase stock in the FHLB for the same reasons that traditional equity investors acquire stock in an investor-owned enterprise. Rather, members purchase stock to obtain access to the low-cost products and services offered by the FHLB. Unlike equity securities of traditional for-profit enterprises, the stock of the FHLB does not provide its holders with an opportunity for capital appreciation because, by regulation, FHLB stock can only be purchased, redeemed and transferred at par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income in taxable investment securities in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. FHLB stock is evaluated for impairment when events and circumstance indicate that impairment could exist.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
As a result of acquisitions, we have recorded goodwill and identifiable intangible assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired. We have one reporting unit.
The carrying value of goodwill is tested annually for impairment each October 1st or more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that it may be impaired. A qualitative assessment is performed to determine whether it is more likely than not that the reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying value. We perform a quantitative impairment test only if we conclude that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's fair value is less than the carrying amount. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit is judgmental and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. The fair value of the
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reporting unit is determined by using both a discounted cash flow model and a market based model. The discounted cash flow model has many assumptions including future earnings projections, a long-term growth rate and discount rate. The market based model calculates fair value based on observed price multiples for similar companies. The fair values of each method are then weighted based on relevance and reliability in the current economic environment.
We determine the amount of identifiable intangible assets based upon independent core deposit and insurance contract valuations at the time of acquisition. Intangible assets with finite useful lives, consisting primarily of core deposit and customer list intangibles, are amortized using straight-line or accelerated methods over their estimated weighted average useful lives, ranging from 10 to 20 years. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. No such events or changes in circumstances occurred during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Variable Interest Entities
Variable interest entities, or VIEs, are legal entities that generally either do not have equity investors with voting rights or that have equity investors that do not provide sufficient financial resources for the entity to support its activities. When an enterprise has both the power to direct the economic activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits of the VIE, the entity has a controlling financial interest in the VIE. A VIE often holds financial assets, including loans, receivables or other property. The company with a controlling financial interest, the primary beneficiary, is required to consolidate the VIE into its Consolidated Balance Sheets. S&T has two wholly-owned trust subsidiaries, STBA Capital Trust I and DNB Capital Trust II, or the Trusts, for which it does not absorb a majority of expected losses or receive a majority of the expected residual returns. DNB Capital Trust II was acquired with the DNB merger. At inception, these Trusts issued floating rate trust preferred securities to the Trustees and used the proceeds from the sale to invest in junior subordinated debt securities issued by us. The Trusts pay dividends on the trust preferred securities at the same rate as the interest we pay on the junior subordinated debt held by the Trusts. The Trusts are VIEs with the third-party investors as their primary beneficiaries, and accordingly, the Trusts and their net assets are not included in our consolidated financial statements. However, the junior subordinated debt securities issued by S&T are included in liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Qualified Affordable Housing
We have made investments directly in Low Income Housing Tax Credit, or LIHTC, partnerships formed with third parties. As a limited partner in these operating partnerships, we receive tax credits and tax deductions for losses incurred by the underlying properties. These investments are amortized over a maximum of 10 years, which represents the period over which the tax credits will be utilized. Our investments in Low Income Housing Partnerships, or LIHPs, represent unconsolidated VIEs and the assets and liabilities of the partnerships are not recorded on our balance sheet. We have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the partnership nor do we have both the obligation to absorb expected losses and the right to receive benefits. We use the cost method to account for these partnerships. These investments are recorded in other assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amortization expense is included in other noninterest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
OREO and Other Repossessed Assets
OREO and other repossessed assets are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are comprised of properties acquired through foreclosure proceedings or acceptance of a deed in lieu of a foreclosure. OREO and other repossessed assets are recorded at fair value less cost to sell at the time of acquisition and when subsequent declines in fair value occur. Subsequent declines in the fair value of OREO are recorded through a valuation allowance. Subsequent increases in the fair value reduce the valuation allowance, but only to the amount that does not exceed the OREO foreclosure date cost basis. Loan losses arising from the acquisition of any such property initially are charged against the ACL. Gains or losses realized upon disposition of these assets are recorded in other noninterest income or expense in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income depending on whether the net position is a gain or loss.
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Securities Held in a Deferred Compensation Plan
A nonqualified deferred compensation plan is offered to certain management employees providing an opportunity to continue to defer income on a tax deferred basis in excess of annual contribution or compensation limits for qualified plans. The plan assets are held in a grantor trust, are legally assets of S&T and are beneficially owned by the participants. The assets are available to satisfy the claims of general creditors in the event we would need to file bankruptcy. Securities held in the nonqualified deferred compensation plan are recorded in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. A corresponding deferred compensation liability is recorded in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Gains and losses related to the change in value of plan assets are recorded in other noninterest income and salaries and employee benefits expense in our Consolidated Statements of Net Income, resulting in no impact to net income.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
MSRs are recognized as separate assets when a mortgage loan is sold. MSRs represents the estimated fair value of future net cash flows expected to be realized for performing the servicing activities. The fair value of the MSRs is estimated by calculating the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, considering expected mortgage loan prepayment rates, discount rates, servicing costs and other economic factors, which are determined based on current market conditions. The expected rate of mortgage loan prepayments is the most significant factor driving the value of MSRs. Increases in mortgage loan prepayments reduce estimated future net servicing cash flows because the life of the underlying loan is reduced. MSRs are reported in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are amortized into mortgage banking in noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying mortgage loans.
MSRs are evaluated for impairment based on the estimated fair value of those rights. MSRs are stratified by certain risk characteristics, primarily loan term and note rate. If temporary impairment exists within a risk stratification tranche, a valuation allowance is established through a charge to income equal to the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value. If it is later determined that all or a portion of the temporary impairment no longer exists for a particular tranche, the valuation allowance is reduced.
Derivative Financial Instruments
Derivatives are recognized as either other assets or other liabilities on the balance sheet at fair value. All derivatives are evaluated at inception to determine whether it is a hedging or non-hedging activity. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on whether we have elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting based on whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting.
Pursuant to our agreements with various financial institutions, we may receive collateral or may be required to post collateral based upon mark-to-market positions. Beyond unsecured threshold levels, collateral in the form of cash or securities may be made available to counterparties of interest rate swap transactions. Interest income on collateral receivable is included in loan interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Interest expense on collateral payable is included in borrowings, junior subordinated debt securities and other interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
Derivatives contain an element of credit risk, the possibility that we will incur a loss because a counterparty, which may be a financial institution or a customer, fails to meet its contractual obligations. All derivative contracts with financial institutions may be executed only with counterparties approved by our Asset and Liability Committee, or ALCO, and derivatives with customers may only be executed with customers within credit exposure limits approved in accordance with our credit policy. We have entered into agreements with counterparty financial institutions, which include master netting agreements that provide for the net settlement of all contracts with a single counterparty in the event of default. We elect, however, to account for all derivatives with counterparty institutions on a gross basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Interest Rate Swaps Designated as Hedging Instruments
As part of our interest rate risk management strategy, we use interest rate swaps to add stability to interest income and to manage exposure to interest rate movements. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of fixed-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for making variable rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.
Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Hedge accounting generally provides for the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. As long as the cash flow hedge continues to qualify for hedge accounting, the entire change in the fair value of the hedging instrument is recognized in OCI, net of applicable taxes, and reclassified into interest income as interest payments are received. The change in the fair value is included in the change in other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
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Interest Rate Contracts with Customers
Interest rate swaps are contracts in which a series of interest rate flows (fixed and variable) are exchanged over a prescribed period. The notional amounts on which the interest payments are based are not exchanged. These derivative positions relate to transactions in which we enter into an interest rate swap with a commercial customer, while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap with another financial institution. In connection with each transaction, we agree to pay interest to the customer on a notional amount at a variable interest rate and receive interest from the customer on the same notional amount at a fixed rate. At the same time, we agree to pay another financial institution the same fixed interest rate on the same notional amount and receive the same variable interest rate on the same notional amount. The transaction allows our customer to effectively convert a variable rate loan to a fixed rate loan, while we continue to receive a variable amount of interest on the loan. These agreements could have floors or caps on the contracted interest rates.
Interest rate swaps with customers and the corresponding offsetting interest rate swap with a financial institution are considered derivatives, but are not accounted for using hedge accounting. As such, changes in the estimated fair value of the derivatives are recorded in current earnings and included in other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income and included in the change in other assets and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Interest Rate Lock Commitments and Forward Sale Contracts
In the normal course of business, we sell originated mortgage loans into the secondary mortgage loan market. We also offer interest rate lock commitments to potential borrowers. The commitments are generally for a period of 60 days and guarantee a specified interest rate for a loan if underwriting standards are met, but the commitment does not obligate the potential borrower to close on the loan. Accordingly, some commitments expire prior to becoming loans. We may encounter pricing risks if interest rates increase significantly before the loan can be closed and sold. We may utilize forward sale contracts in order to mitigate this pricing risk. Whenever a customer desires these products, a mortgage originator quotes a secondary market rate guaranteed for that day by the investor. The rate lock is executed between the mortgagee and us and in turn a forward sale contract may be executed between us and the investor. Both the rate lock commitment and the corresponding forward sale contract for each customer are considered derivatives, but are not accounted for using hedge accounting. As such, changes in the estimated fair value of the derivatives during the commitment period are recorded in current earnings and included in mortgage banking in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
Treasury Stock
The repurchase of our common stock is recorded at cost. At the time of reissuance, the treasury stock account is reduced using the average cost method. Gains and losses on the reissuance of common stock are recorded in additional paid-in capital. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 created a new excise tax equal to 1 percent of the fair value of shares repurchased, effective after December 31, 2022. The excise tax is included in the cost of treasury stock with an offset to other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The excise tax liability is reduced by the fair market value of any reissuance occurring in the same taxable year.
Revenue Recognition - Contracts with Customers
We earn revenue from contracts with our customers when we have completed our performance obligations and recognize that revenue when services are provided to our customers. Our contracts with customers are primarily in the form of account agreements. Generally, our services are transferred at a point in time in response to transactions initiated and controlled by our customers under service agreements with an expected duration of one year or less. Our customers have the right to terminate their service agreements at any time.
We do not defer incremental direct costs to obtain contracts with customers that would be amortized in one year or less. These costs are primarily salaries and employee benefits recognized as expense in the period incurred.
Service charges on deposit accounts - We recognize monthly service charges for both commercial and personal banking customers based on account fee schedules. Our performance obligation is generally satisfied and the related revenue recognized at a point in time or over time when the services are provided. Other fees are earned based on specific transactions or customer activity within the customers' deposit accounts. These are earned at the time the transaction or customer activity occurs.
Debit and credit card services - Interchange fees are earned whenever debit and credit cards are processed through third-party card payment networks. ATM fees are based on transactions by our customers' and other customers' use of our ATMs or other ATMs. Debit and credit card revenue is recognized at a point in time when the transaction is settled. Our performance obligation to our customers is generally satisfied and the related revenue is recognized at a point in time when the service is provided. Third-party service contracts include annual volume and marketing incentives which are recognized over a period of twelve months when we meet thresholds as stated in the service contract.
Wealth management services - Wealth management services are primarily comprised of fees earned from the management and administration of trusts, assets under administration and other financial advisory services. Generally, wealth
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management fees are earned over a period of time between monthly and annually, per the related fee schedules. Our performance obligations with our customers are generally satisfied when we provide the services as stated in the customers' agreements. The fees are based on a fixed amount or a scale based on the level of services provided or amount of assets under management.
Other fee revenue - Other fee revenue includes a variety of other traditional banking services such as, electronic banking fees, letters of credit origination fees, wire transfer fees, money orders, treasury checks, check sale fees and transfer fees. Our performance obligations are generally satisfied at a point in time and fee revenue is recognized when the services are provided or the transaction is settled.
Wealth Management Fees
Assets held in a fiduciary capacity by our subsidiary bank, S&T Bank, are not our assets and are therefore not included in our consolidated financial statements. Wealth management fee income is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income on an accrual basis.
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation includes restricted stock awards and restricted stock units, which are measured using the fair value at the time of issuance. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate the fair value of performance-based restricted stock with a market condition. The grant date fair value is recognized over the period during which the recipient is required to provide service in exchange for the award. Compensation expense for time-based restricted stock is recognized ratably over the period of service based on fair value on the grant date. Compensation expense for performance-based restricted stock is recognized ratably over the remaining vesting period if the likelihood of meeting the performance measure is probable, based on the fair value on the grant date. We estimate expected forfeitures when stock-based awards are granted and record compensation expense only for awards that are expected to vest.
Pensions
The expense for S&T Bank’s qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans is actuarially determined using the projected unit credit actuarial cost method. It requires us to make economic assumptions regarding future interest rates and asset returns and various demographic assumptions. We estimate the discount rate used to measure benefit obligations by applying the projected cash flow for future benefit payments to a yield curve of high-quality corporate bonds available in the marketplace and by employing a model that matches bonds to our pension cash flows. The expected return on plan assets is an estimate of the long-term rate of return on plan assets, which is determined based on the current asset mix and estimates of return by asset class. We recognize in the Consolidated Balance Sheets an asset for the plan’s overfunded status or a liability for the plan’s underfunded status. Gains or losses related to changes in benefit obligations or plan assets resulting from experience different from that assumed are recognized as OCI in the period in which they occur. To the extent that such gains or losses exceed 10 percent of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or plan assets, they are recognized as a component of pension costs over the future service periods of actively employed plan participants. The funding policy for the qualified plan is to contribute an amount each year that is at least equal to the minimum required contribution, but not more than the maximum amount permissible for taxable plan sponsors. Our nonqualified plans are unfunded.
On January 25, 2016, the Board of Directors approved an amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans effective March 31, 2016. As a result, no additional benefits are earned by participants in those plans based on service or pay after March 31, 2016. The plan was previously closed to new participants effective December 31, 2007.
Marketing Costs
We expense all marketing-related costs, including advertising costs, as incurred.
Income Taxes
We estimate income tax expense based on amounts expected to be owed to the tax jurisdictions where we conduct business. On a quarterly basis, management assesses the reasonableness of our effective tax rate based upon our current estimate of the amount and components of net income, tax credits and the applicable statutory tax rates expected for the full year. We classify interest and penalties as an element of tax expense.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined using the asset and liability method and are reported in other assets or other liabilities, as appropriate, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax basis of assets and liabilities and recognizes enacted changes in tax rate and laws. When deferred tax assets are recognized, they are subject to a valuation allowance based on management’s judgment as to whether realization is more likely than not.
Accrued taxes represent the net estimated amount due to taxing jurisdictions and are reported in other assets or other liabilities, as appropriate, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We evaluate and assess the relative risks and appropriate tax treatment of transactions and filing positions after considering statutes, regulations, judicial precedent and other information and maintain tax accruals consistent with the evaluation of these relative risks and merits. Changes to the estimate of accrued taxes occur periodically due to changes in tax rates, interpretations of tax laws, the status of examinations being conducted by taxing authorities and changes to statutory, judicial and regulatory guidance. These changes, when they occur, can affect deferred taxes, accrued taxes, and the current period’s income tax expense and can be significant to our operating results.
Tax positions are recognized as a benefit only if it is more likely than not that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the more likely than not test, no tax benefit is recorded.
Earnings Per Share
Basic and diluted earnings per share, or EPS, are calculated using the more dilutive of either the treasury stock method or the two-class method. Unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends are considered participating securities under the two-class method. Income allocated to common shareholders is then divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the basic EPS calculation.
Under the treasury stock method, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding is increased by the potentially dilutive common shares. For the two-class method, diluted EPS is calculated for each class of shareholders using the weighted average number of shares attributed to each class. Potentially dilutive common shares are related to restricted stock.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Updates, or ASU, or Updated
Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The amendments in this ASU provided optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for or recognizing the effects of reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments provided optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to loan and lease agreements, derivative contracts and other transactions affected by the anticipated transition away from the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, toward new interest rate benchmarks. The optional guidance generally allowed for the modified contract to be accounted for as a continuation of the existing contract and does not require contract remeasurement at the modification date or reassessment of a previous accounting determination. The amendments in this ASU were effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Addendum (Topic 848) which clarified that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. The guidance was effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU No 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848. The amendments in this ASU defer the sunset date for applying the reference rate reform relief by two years to December 31, 2024. We adopted ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01 on January 1, 2022 and ASU 2022-06 upon issuance. We utilized the LIBOR transition relief as contract modifications were made during the course of the reference rate reform transition period. ASU 2020-04, ASU 2021-01 and ASU 2022-06 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Financial Instruments Credit Losses (Topic 326) Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures
In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructuring and Vintage Disclosures. The guidance eliminates the “once a TDR, always a TDR” requirement for loan disclosures and requires disclosures about the performance of modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in the 12 months following the modification.
The amendments eliminate the recognition and measurement guidance related to TDRs for creditors that have adopted ASC 326 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. We adopted ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, on January 1, 2020. ASC 326 requires the recognition of lifetime
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
expected credit losses when a loan is originated or acquired, so the effect of credit losses that occur in loans modified in TDRs is already included in the allowance for credit losses.
ASU 2022-02 requires a creditor to apply the loan refinancing and restructuring guidance in ASC 310-20 (consistent with the accounting for other loan modifications) to determine whether a modification results in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. It also requires enhanced disclosures for modifications in the form of interest rate reductions, principal forgiveness, other-than-insignificant payment delays or term extensions (or combinations thereof) of loans made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Disclosures are required regardless of whether a modification of a loan to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty results in a new loan. The objective of the disclosures is to provide information about the type and magnitude of modifications and the degree of their success in mitigating potential credit losses.
The amendments in this ASU were effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods therein. We adopted ASU 2022-02, as of January 1, 2023, using a modified retrospective transition approach. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under ASU 2022-02 while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. Under the previously applicable accounting guidance, commercial TDRs were individually assessed to determine if a specific reserve was required in the allowance for credit losses, or ACL. The elimination of TDRs resulted in these loans being included in homogenous pools. The adoption of this ASU resulted in a day one cumulative effective adjustment of $0.6 million which increased our ACL and decreased retained earnings. Refer to Note 6 Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses for additional disclosures related to modifications of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as well as gross charge-off vintage disclosures.
Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted
Investments Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323) Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method
In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, Investments Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method to allow reporting entities to consistently account for equity investments made primarily for the purpose of receiving income tax credits and other income tax benefits. If certain conditions are met, a reporting entity may elect to account for its tax equity investments by using the proportional amortization method regardless of the program from which it receives income tax credits, instead of only low-income-housing tax credit, or LIHTC, structures. This amendment also eliminates certain LIHTC specific guidance aligning the accounting with other equity investments in tax credit structures. Under the proportional amortization method, the equity investment is amortized in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits received, Amortization expense and the income tax benefits are required to be presented on a net basis in income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted this ASU, as of January 1, 2024, using a modified retrospective transition approach, which resulted in an immaterial cumulative effect adjustment being recorded to retained earnings related to the transition of the cost method to the proportional amortization method on LIHTC partnerships. Additional disclosure requirements will have minimal impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Segment Reporting (Topic 280) Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures to improve disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. This update does not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments; however, it does require that an entity that has single reportable segment provide all the disclosures required by the amendments in this update. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. A public entity should apply the amendments in this update retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. Early adoption is permitted. We currently have one reportable operating segment, Community Banking. This ASU will not impact our consolidated financial statements and will have minimal impact to to our disclosures, requiring identification of the chief operating decision maker and the information used to make operating decisions and to allocate resources.
Income Taxes (Topic 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of the disclosures. The amendments in this update address investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual consolidated financial statements that have not yet been issued. This ASU is not expected to have a significant impact on disclosures, and will not impact our consolidated financial statements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 2. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Diluted EPS is calculated using both the two-class and the treasury stock methods with the more dilutive method used to determine diluted EPS. The two-class method was used to determine EPS for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. The following table reconciles the numerators and denominators of basic and diluted EPS calculations for the periods presented:

|  |  | Twelve months ended December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021
Numerator for Earnings per Share—Basic and Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 144,781 |  |  |  | $ | 135,520 |  |  |  | $ | 110,343 |
Less: Income allocated to participating shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 156 |  |  |  | 381 |  |  |  | 492 |
Net Income Allocated to Shareholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 144,625 |  |  |  | $ | 135,139 |  |  |  | $ | 109,851 |
Denominator for Earnings per Share—Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding—Basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 38,432,447 |  |  |  | 38,988,174 |  |  |  | 39,050,241 |
Denominator for Earnings per Share—Two-Class Method—Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding—Basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 38,432,447 |  |  |  | 38,988,174 |  |  |  | 39,050,241 |
Add: Average participating shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 222,958 |  |  |  | 42,760 |  |  |  | 2,720 |
Denominator for Two-Class Method—Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 38,655,405 |  |  |  | 39,030,934 |  |  |  | 39,052,961 |
Earnings per share—basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3.76 |  |  |  | $ | 3.47 |  |  |  | $ | 2.81 |
Earnings per share—diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3.74 |  |  |  | $ | 3.46 |  |  |  | $ | 2.81 |
Restricted stock considered anti-dilutive excluded from potentially dilutive shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 293 |  |  |  | 12,654 |  |  |  | 793 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables present our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis by fair value hierarchy level at the dates presented:

| December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 133,786 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 133,786 |
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 32,513 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,513 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 460,939 |  |  | — |  |  | 460,939 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 38,177 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,177 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 273,425 |  |  | — |  |  | 273,425 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 30,468 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,468 |
Total Available-for-Sale Debt Securities | 133,786 |  |  | 835,522 |  |  | — |  |  | 969,308 |
Equity securities | 1,010 |  |  | 73 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,083 |
Total Securities Available for Sale | 134,796 |  |  | 835,595 |  |  | — |  |  | 970,391 |
Securities held in a deferred compensation plan | 9,399 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,399 |
Derivative financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps - commercial loans | — |  |  | 63,018 |  |  | — |  |  | 63,018 |
Total Assets | $ | 144,195 |  |  | $ | 898,613 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,042,808 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps - commercial loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | 63,554 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 63,554 |
Interest rate swaps - cash flow hedge | — |  |  | 14,739 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,739 |
Total Liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 78,293 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 78,293 |

| December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 131,695 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 131,695 |
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 41,811 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,811 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 428,407 |  |  | — |  |  | 428,407 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 41,587 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,587 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  |  | 327,313 |  |  | — |  |  | 327,313 |
Corporate obligations | — |  |  | 500 |  |  | — |  |  | 500 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 30,471 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,471 |
Total Available-for-Sale Debt Securities | 131,695 |  |  | 870,089 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,001,784 |
Equity securities | 952 |  |  | 42 |  |  | — |  |  | 994 |
Total Securities Available for Sale | 132,647 |  |  | 870,131 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,002,778 |
Securities held in a deferred compensation plan | 8,087 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,087 |
Derivative financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps - commercial loans | — |  |  | 83,449 |  |  | — |  |  | 83,449 |
Interest rate lock commitments | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |
Forward sale contracts - mortgage loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Other Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 140,734 |  |  | $ | 953,580 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 1,094,321 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps - commercial loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | 83,449 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 83,449 |
Interest rate swaps - cash flow hedge | — |  |  | 21,368 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,368 |
Total Liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 104,817 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 104,817 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Assets Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
We may be required to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Nonrecurring assets are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value in our consolidated financial statements. There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at either December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022. There were no Level 3 assets and one Level 2 individually assessed loan measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2023 for $5.9 million. At December 31, 2022, there was one Level 3 OREO property measured at fair value for $3.1 million which was sold in 2023.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following tables present the carrying values and fair values of our financial instruments at the dates presented:

| Carrying Value(1) |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands) |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits | $ | 233,612 |  |  | $ | 233,612 |  |  | $ | 233,612 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities available for sale | 970,391 |  |  | 970,391 |  |  | 134,796 |  |  | 835,595 |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale | 153 |  |  | 153 |  |  | — |  |  | 153 |  |  | — |
Portfolio loans, net | 7,545,375 |  |  | 7,263,270 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,263,270 |
Collateral receivable | 5,356 |  |  | 5,356 |  |  | 5,356 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Securities held in a deferred compensation plan | 9,399 |  |  | 9,399 |  |  | 9,399 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage servicing rights | 6,345 |  |  | 8,704 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,704 |
Interest rate swaps - commercial loans | 63,018 |  |  | 63,018 |  |  | — |  |  | 63,018 |  |  | — |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $ | 7,521,769 |  |  | $ | 7,511,598 |  |  | $ | 5,940,117 |  |  | $ | 1,571,481 |  |  | $ | — |
Collateral payable | 50,920 |  |  | 50,920 |  |  | 50,920 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Short-term borrowings | 415,000 |  |  | 415,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 415,000 |  |  | — |
Long-term borrowings | 39,277 |  |  | 38,995 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,995 |  |  | — |
Junior subordinated debt securities | 49,358 |  |  | 49,358 |  |  | — |  |  | 49,358 |  |  | — |
Interest rate swaps - commercial loans | 63,554 |  |  | 63,554 |  |  | — |  |  | 63,554 |  |  | — |
Interest rate swaps - cash flow hedge | 14,739 |  |  | 14,739 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,739 |  |  | — |
(1) As reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Carrying Value(1) |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands) |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits | $ | 210,009 |  |  | $ | 210,009 |  |  | $ | 210,009 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities available for sale | 1,002,778 |  |  | 1,002,778 |  |  | 132,647 |  |  | 870,131 |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale | 16 |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |
Portfolio loans, net | 7,082,629 |  |  | 6,815,167 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,815,167 |
Collateral receivable | 6,307 |  |  | 6,307 |  |  | 6,307 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Securities held in a deferred compensation plan | 8,087 |  |  | 8,087 |  |  | 8,087 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage servicing rights | 7,147 |  |  | 9,994 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,994 |
Interest rate swaps - commercial loans | 83,449 |  |  | 83,449 |  |  | — |  |  | 83,449 |  |  | — |
Interest rate lock commitments | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Forward sale contracts | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $ | 7,219,970 |  |  | $ | 7,194,225 |  |  | $ | 6,285,377 |  |  | $ | 908,848 |  |  | $ | — |
Collateral payable | 65,065 |  |  | 65,065 |  |  | 65,065 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Short-term borrowings | 370,000 |  |  | 370,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 370,000 |  |  | — |
Long-term borrowings | 14,741 |  |  | 14,174 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,174 |  |  | — |
Junior subordinated debt securities | 54,453 |  |  | 54,453 |  |  | — |  |  | 54,453 |  |  | — |
Interest rate swaps - commercial loans | 83,449 |  |  | 83,449 |  |  | — |  |  | 83,449 |  |  | — |
Interest rate swaps - cash flow hedge | 21,368 |  |  | 21,368 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,368 |  |  | — |
(1) As reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 4. DIVIDEND AND LOAN RESTRICTIONS
S&T is a legal entity separate and distinct from its banking and other subsidiaries. A substantial portion of our revenues consist of dividend payments we receive from S&T Bank. S&T Bank, in turn, is subject to state laws and regulations that limit the amount of dividends it can pay to us. In addition, both S&T and S&T Bank are subject to various general regulatory policies relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. The Federal Reserve has indicated that banking organizations should generally pay dividends only if (i) the organization’s net income available to common shareholders over the past year has been sufficient to fully fund the dividends and (ii) the prospective rate of earnings retention appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition.
Federal law prohibits us from borrowing from S&T Bank unless such loans are collateralized by specific obligations. Further, such loans are limited to 10 percent of S&T Bank’s capital stock and surplus.
NOTE 5. SECURITIES
The following table presents the fair values of our securities portfolio at the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands) |  | December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  | $ | 969,308 |  | $ | 1,001,784 |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities |  | 1,083 |  | 994 |  |  |  |  |
Total Securities Available for Sale |  | $ | 970,391 |  | $ | 1,002,778 |  |  |  |  |

The following tables present the amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities as of the dates presented:

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 144,292 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | (10,506) |  |  |  | $ | 133,786 |  |  |  | $ | 145,416 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | (13,721) |  |  |  | $ | 131,695 |
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 33,342 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (829) |  |  |  | 32,513 |  |  |  | 43,479 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,668) |  |  |  | 41,811 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 507,942 |  |  |  | 1,068 |  |  |  | (48,071) |  |  |  | 460,939 |  |  |  | 482,039 |  |  |  | 203 |  |  |  | (53,835) |  |  |  | 428,407 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 44,707 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (6,537) |  |  |  | 38,177 |  |  |  | 49,418 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (7,834) |  |  |  | 41,587 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | 290,775 |  |  |  | 458 |  |  |  | (17,808) |  |  |  | 273,425 |  |  |  | 352,465 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (25,152) |  |  |  | 327,313 |
Corporate obligations |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 500 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 30,255 |  |  |  | 213 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,468 |  |  |  | 30,788 |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | (372) |  |  |  | 30,471 |
Total Available-for-Sale Debt Securities(1) |  | $ | 1,051,313 |  |  |  | $ | 1,746 |  |  |  | $ | (83,751) |  |  |  | $ | 969,308 |  |  |  | $ | 1,104,105 |  |  |  | $ | 261 |  |  |  | $ | (102,582) |  |  |  | $ | 1,001,784 |

(1) Excludes interest receivable of $3.8 million at December 31, 2023 and $3.7 million at December 31, 2022. Interest receivable is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following tables present the fair value and the age of gross unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities by investment category as of the dates presented:

| December 31, 2023
| Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
(dollars in thousands) | Number of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury securities | 1 |  | $ | 10,036 |  |  | $ | (52) |  |  | 13 |  | $ | 123,750 |  |  | $ | (10,454) |  |  | 14 |  | $ | 133,786 |  |  | $ | (10,506) |
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  | 32,513 |  |  | (829) |  |  | 5 |  | 32,513 |  |  | (829) |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 4 |  | 35,161 |  |  | (318) |  |  | 57 |  | 351,220 |  |  | (47,753) |  |  | 61 |  | 386,381 |  |  | (48,071) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 10 |  | 100 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 14 |  | 37,877 |  |  | (6,536) |  |  | 24 |  | 37,977 |  |  | (6,537) |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  | 249,005 |  |  | (17,808) |  |  | 29 |  | 249,005 |  |  | (17,808) |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | 15 |  | $ | 45,297 |  |  | $ | (371) |  |  | 118 |  | $ | 794,365 |  |  | $ | (83,380) |  |  | 133 |  | $ | 839,662 |  |  | $ | (83,751) |

| December 31, 2022
| Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
(dollars in thousands) | Number of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury securities | 6 |  | $ | 57,057 |  |  | $ | (3,363) |  |  | 8 |  | $ | 74,638 |  |  | $ | (10,358) |  |  | 14 |  | $ | 131,695 |  |  | $ | (13,721) |
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 6 |  | 41,811 |  |  | (1,668) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  | 41,811 |  |  | (1,668) |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 47 |  | 296,509 |  |  | (28,153) |  |  | 13 |  | 112,902 |  |  | (25,682) |  |  | 60 |  | 409,411 |  |  | (53,835) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 25 |  | 7,143 |  |  | (589) |  |  | 3 |  | 34,223 |  |  | (7,245) |  |  | 28 |  | 41,366 |  |  | (7,834) |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 30 |  | 241,009 |  |  | (11,975) |  |  | 7 |  | 86,304 |  |  | (13,177) |  |  | 37 |  | 327,313 |  |  | (25,152) |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 2 |  | 20,127 |  |  | (372) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | 20,127 |  |  | (372) |
Total | 116 |  | $ | 663,656 |  |  | $ | (46,120) |  |  | 31 |  | $ | 308,067 |  |  | $ | (56,462) |  |  | 147 |  | $ | 971,723 |  |  | $ | (102,582) |

We evaluate securities with unrealized losses quarterly to determine if the decline in fair value has resulted from credit impairment or other factors. We do not believe any individual unrealized loss as of December 31, 2023 represents a credit impairment. There were 133 debt securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023 and 147 debt securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2022. The unrealized losses on debt securities were attributable to changes in interest rates and not related to the credit quality of the issuers. All debt securities were determined to be investment grade and paying principal and interest according to the contractual terms of the security. We do not intend to sell, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell, the securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of their amortized cost.
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The following table presents net unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, on available-for-sale debt securities included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), for the periods presented:

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands) | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Net Unrealized Losses |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Net Unrealized Losses
Total unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities | $ | 1,746 |  |  | $ | (83,751) |  |  | $ | (82,005) |  |  | $ | 261 |  |  | $ | (102,582) |  |  | $ | (102,321) |
Income tax (expense) benefit | (372) |  |  | 17,824 |  |  | 17,452 |  |  | (56) |  |  | 21,915 |  |  | 21,859 |
Net Unrealized Gains (Losses), Net of Tax Included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | $ | 1,374 |  |  | $ | (65,927) |  |  | $ | (64,553) |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | (80,667) |  |  | $ | (80,462) |

The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities at December 31, 2023 by contractual maturity are included in the table below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

| December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Obligations of the U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies and obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | 17,997 |  |  | $ | 17,719 |
Due after one year through five years | 162,281 |  |  | 151,236 |
Due after five years through ten years | 16,284 |  |  | 16,368 |
Due after ten years | 11,327 |  |  | 11,444 |
Available-for-Sale Debt Securities With Fixed Maturities | 207,889 |  |  | 196,767 |
Debt Securities without a single maturity date |  |  |
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 507,942 |  |  | 460,939 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 44,707 |  |  | 38,177 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 290,775 |  |  | 273,425 |
Total Available-for-Sale Debt Securities | $ | 1,051,313 |  |  | $ | 969,308 |

Debt securities are pledged in order to meet various regulatory and legal requirements. Restricted pledged securities had a carrying value of $18.4 million at December 31, 2023 and $17.9 million at December 31, 2022. Unrestricted pledged securities had a carrying value of $214.0 million at December 31, 2023 and $251.5 million at December 31, 2022. Any changes to restricted pledged securities require approval of the pledge beneficiary. Approval is not required for unrestricted pledged securities.
NOTE 6. LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
Loans and Loans Held for Sale
Loans are presented net of unearned income. Unearned income consisted of net deferred loan fees and costs of $6.6 million at December 31, 2023 and $7.4 million at December 31, 2022 and a discount related to purchase accounting fair value adjustments of $3.1 million at December 31, 2023 and $4.5 million at December 31, 2022.
The following table summarizes the composition of originated and acquired loans as of the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,659,135 |  |  | $ | 2,538,839 |
Commercial and industrial | 1,436,183 |  |  | 1,510,392 |
Commercial construction | 350,583 |  |  | 381,963 |
Business banking | 1,360,765 |  |  | 1,205,944 |
Consumer real estate | 1,731,778 |  |  | 1,421,953 |
Other consumer | 114,897 |  |  | 124,878 |
Total Portfolio Loans | $ | 7,653,341 |  |  | $ | 7,183,969 |
Loans held for sale | 153 |  |  | 16 |
Total Loans(1) | $ | 7,653,494 |  |  | $ | 7,183,985 |

(1) Excludes interest receivable of $35.3 million at December 31, 2023 and $28.3 million at December 31, 2022. Interest receivable is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
The following table presents the amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by portfolio segment and type of modification during the periods presented:

| Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands) | Term Extension |  |  |  |  | Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction | Total | % of Portfolio Segment
Commercial real estate | $ | 13,836 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 13,836 |  | 0.52 | %
Commercial industrial | 16,877 |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | 16,877 |  | 1.18 | %
Commercial construction | — |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | — | %
Business banking | 120 |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | 120 |  | 0.01 | %
Consumer real estate | 61 |  |  |  |  |  | 189 |  | 250 |  | 0.01 | %
Total(1) | $ | 30,894 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 189 |  | $ | 31,083 |  | 0.41 | %
(1) Excludes loans that were fully paid off or fully charged-off by period end.

The following table describes the effect of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the periods presented:

|  |  | Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2023
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted-Average Term Extension (in months) |  | Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Commercial industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Commercial construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Business banking |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Consumer real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 168 |  |  | 2% |  |  |  |

We closely monitor the performance of the loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of the modification efforts. The following table presents the aging analysis of modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in the last 12 months as of the date presented:

| December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands) | Current |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | 90+ Days Past Due |  | Total
Commercial real estate | $ | 13,836 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,836 |
Commercial industrial | 16,468 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 409 |  |  | 16,877 |
Commercial construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Business banking | 120 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 120 |
Consumer real estate | 250 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250 |
Total | $ | 30,674 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 409 |  |  | $ | 31,083 |

A payment default is defined as a loan having a payment past due 90 days or more after a modification took place. There were no loans that were modified within the last 12 months that had a payment default during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023. Additionally, we had three commitments to lend an additional $1.6 million to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that had a modification during 2023.
The effect of modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the ACL because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the ACL, therefore, a change to the ACL is generally not recorded upon modification. If principal forgiveness is provided, that portion of the loan will be charged-off, resulting in a reduction of the amortized cost basis and a corresponding adjustment to the ACL. An assessment of whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
Prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructuring and Vintage Disclosures , we evaluated all substandard commercial and consumer loans that had experienced a forbearance or modification of existing terms to determine if they should be designated as troubled debt restructurings, or TDRs.
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TDRs were returned to accruing status when the ultimate collectability of all contractual amounts due, according to the restructured agreement, was not in doubt and there was a period of a minimum of six months of satisfactory payment performance by the borrower either immediately before or after the restructuring. There was one $0.2 million TDR returned to accruing status during 2022.
The following table summarizes TDRs as of the date presented:

| December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands) | Accruing TDRs |  | Nonaccruing TDRs |  | Total TDRs
Commercial real estate | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial and industrial | 626 |  |  | — |  |  | 626 |
Commercial construction | 1,655 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,655 |
Business banking | 438 |  |  | 1,087 |  |  | 1,525 |
Consumer real estate | 6,168 |  |  | 1,798 |  |  | 7,966 |
Other consumer | 4 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 13 |
Total | $ | 8,891 |  |  | $ | 2,894 |  |  | $ | 11,785 |

The following table presents the TDRs by portfolio segment and type of concession for the periods presented:

| Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2022
| Number of Contracts | Type of Modification | Total Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment(2) | Total Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment(2)
(dollars in thousands) | Bankruptcy(1) | Other | Extend Maturity | Modify Rate | Modify Payments
Commercial real estate | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Commercial industrial | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Commercial construction | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Business banking | 2 |  | — |  | 154 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 154 |  | 203 |
Consumer real estate | 23 |  | 1,436 |  | — |  | 610 |  | — |  | — |  | 2,046 |  | 2,558 |
Other consumer | 2 |  | 11 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 11 |  | 15 |
Total | 27 |  | $ | 1,447 |  | $ | 154 |  | $ | 610 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,211 |  | $ | 2,776 |
(1) Bankruptcy is consumer bankruptcy loans where the debt has been legally discharged through the bankruptcy court and not reaffirmed. (2) Excludes loans that were fully paid off or fully charged-off by period end. The pre-modification balance represents the balance outstanding prior to modification. The post-modification balance represents the outstanding balance at period end.

As of December 31, 2022, we had 16 commitments to lend an additional $0.4 million on TDRs.
Defaulted TDRs were defined as loans having a payment default of 90 days or more after the restructuring takes place that were restructured within the last 12 months prior to defaulting. There were no TDRs that defaulted during 2022.
The following table is a summary of nonperforming assets as of the dates presented:

| Nonperforming Assets
(dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Nonperforming Assets |  |  |  |  |
Nonaccrual Loans |  | $ | 22,947 |  |  |  | $ | 19,052 |
OREO |  | 75 |  |  |  | 3,065 |
Total Nonperforming Assets |  | $ | 23,022 |  |  |  | $ | 22,117 |

The following table presents a summary of the aggregate amount of loans to certain officers and directors of S&T or any affiliates of such persons as of the dates presented:

| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 4,128 |  |  | $ | 6,157 |
New loans | 936 |  |  | 1,085 |
Repayments or no longer considered a related party | (881) |  |  | (3,114) |
Balance at End of Year | $ | 4,183 |  |  | $ | 4,128 |

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Allowance for Credit Losses
We maintain an ACL at a level determined to be adequate to absorb estimated expected credit losses within the loan portfolio over the contractual life of an instrument that considers our historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions as of the balance sheet date. We develop and document a systematic ACL methodology based on the following portfolio segments: 1) CRE, 2) C&I, 3) Commercial Construction, 4) Business Banking, 5) Consumer Real Estate and 6) Other Consumer.
The following are key risks within each portfolio segment:
CRE—Loans secured by commercial purpose real estate, including both owner-occupied properties and investment properties for various purposes such as hotels, retail, multifamily and health care. Operations of the individual projects and global cash flows of the debtors are the primary sources of repayment for these loans. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the collateral type and the business prospects of the lessee, if the project is not owner-occupied.
C&I—Loans made to operating companies or manufacturers for the purpose of production, operating capacity, accounts receivable, inventory or equipment financing. Cash flow from the operations of the company is the primary source of repayment for these loans. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the industry of the company. Collateral for these types of loans often does not have sufficient value in a distressed or liquidation scenario to satisfy the outstanding debt.
Commercial Construction—Loans made to finance construction of buildings or other structures, as well as to finance the acquisition and development of raw land for various purposes. While these loans are generally confined to the construction/development period, if there are problems, the project may not be completed, and as such, may not provide sufficient cash flow on its own to service the debt or have sufficient value in a liquidation to cover the outstanding principal. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the type of project and the experience and resources of the developer.
Business Banking—Commercial purpose loans made to small businesses that are standard, non-complex products evaluated through a streamlined credit approval process that has been designed to maximize efficiency while maintaining high credit quality standards that meet small business market customers’ needs. The business banking portfolio is monitored by utilizing a standard and closely managed process focusing on behavioral and performance criteria. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the collateral type and business.
Consumer Real Estate—Loans secured by first and second liens such as 1-4 family residential mortgages, home equity loans and home equity lines of credit. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk for this segment. The state of the local housing market can also have a significant impact on this segment because low demand and/or declining home values can limit the ability of borrowers to sell a property and satisfy the debt.
Other Consumer—Loans made to individuals that may be secured by assets other than 1-4 family residences, as well as unsecured loans. This segment includes auto loans, unsecured loans and lines of credit. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk for this segment. The value of the collateral, if there is any, is less likely to be a source of repayment due to less certain collateral values.
Management monitors various credit quality indicators for the commercial, business banking and consumer loan portfolios, including changes in risk ratings, nonperforming status and delinquency on a monthly basis.
We monitor the commercial loan portfolio through an internal risk rating system. Loan risk ratings are assigned based upon the creditworthiness of the borrower and are reviewed on an ongoing basis according to our internal policies. Loans within the pass rating generally have a lower risk of loss than loans risk rated as special mention or substandard.
Our risk ratings are consistent with regulatory guidance and are as follows:
Pass—The loan is currently performing and is of high quality.
Special Mention—A special mention loan has potential weaknesses that warrant management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or in the strength of our credit position at some future date.
Substandard—A substandard loan is not adequately protected by the net worth and/or paying capacity of the borrower or by the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of
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the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that we will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
Doubtful—Loans classified doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently known facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable.
The following tables present loan balances by year of origination and internally assigned risk rating for our portfolio segments as of the dates presented:
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| December 31, 2023
| Risk Rating
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 and Prior | Revolving | Revolving-Term | Total
Commercial Real Estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 276,677 |  | $ | 323,463 |  | $ | 433,308 |  | $ | 237,901 |  | $ | 383,799 |  | $ | 781,465 |  | $ | 32,418 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,469,031 |
Special mention | — |  | 1,006 |  | 6,000 |  | — |  | 24,887 |  | 75,428 |  | — |  | — |  | 107,321 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,355 |  | 10,685 |  | 69,743 |  | — |  | — |  | 82,783 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Commercial Real Estate | 276,677 |  | 324,469 |  | 439,308 |  | 240,256 |  | 419,371 |  | 926,636 |  | 32,418 |  | — |  | 2,659,135 |
Year-to-date Gross Charge-offs | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,706 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,706 |
Commercial and Industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 171,672 |  | 231,114 |  | 185,884 |  | 53,101 |  | 47,063 |  | 183,165 |  | 482,490 |  | — |  | 1,354,489 |
Special mention | 189 |  | 620 |  | 10,242 |  | — |  | — |  | 8,848 |  | 4,126 |  | — |  | 24,025 |
Substandard | — |  | 244 |  | 14,510 |  | 1,595 |  | 5,795 |  | 1,892 |  | 33,633 |  | — |  | 57,669 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Commercial and Industrial | 171,861 |  | 231,978 |  | 210,636 |  | 54,696 |  | 52,858 |  | 193,905 |  | 520,249 |  | — |  | 1,436,183 |
Year-to-date Gross Charge-offs | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 3,412 |  | 15,842 |  | — |  | — |  | 19,254 |
Commercial Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 75,596 |  | 154,456 |  | 82,313 |  | 14,845 |  | 151 |  | 4,054 |  | 14,208 |  | — |  | 345,623 |
Special mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 4,576 |  | 384 |  | — |  | — |  | 4,960 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Commercial Construction | 75,596 |  | 154,456 |  | 82,313 |  | 14,845 |  | 4,727 |  | 4,438 |  | 14,208 |  | — |  | 350,583 |
Year-to-date Gross Charge-offs | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 451 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 451 |
Business Banking |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 270,129 |  | 262,535 |  | 204,874 |  | 87,346 |  | 96,371 |  | 321,360 |  | 96,618 |  | 523 |  | 1,339,756 |
Special mention | — |  | 55 |  | 251 |  | 224 |  | 33 |  | 3,508 |  | 37 |  | 172 |  | 4,280 |
Substandard | — |  | 16 |  | 2,486 |  | 448 |  | 3,170 |  | 9,898 |  | 99 |  | 612 |  | 16,729 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Business Banking | 270,129 |  | 262,606 |  | 207,611 |  | 88,018 |  | 99,574 |  | 334,766 |  | 96,754 |  | 1,307 |  | 1,360,765 |
Year-to-date Gross Charge-offs | — |  | 67 |  | 43 |  | 1 |  | 88 |  | 1,073 |  | 34 |  | — |  | 1,306 |
Consumer Real Estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 311,887 |  | 334,879 |  | 147,652 |  | 101,999 |  | 67,402 |  | 183,283 |  | 551,368 |  | 22,206 |  | 1,720,676 |
Special mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 189 |  | — |  | — |  | 189 |
Substandard | — |  | 583 |  | 198 |  | 42 |  | 488 |  | 6,322 |  | 712 |  | 2,568 |  | 10,913 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Consumer Real Estate | 311,887 |  | 335,462 |  | 147,850 |  | 102,041 |  | 67,890 |  | 189,794 |  | 552,080 |  | 24,774 |  | 1,731,778 |
Year-to-date Gross Charge-offs | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | 5 |  | 1 |  | 43 |  | 75 |  | 296 |  | 421 |
Other Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 11,286 |  | 11,965 |  | 6,483 |  | 3,842 |  | 1,062 |  | 526 |  | 76,426 |  | 3,109 |  | 114,699 |
Special mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 24 |  | 5 |  | 20 |  | 146 |  | — |  | 3 |  | 198 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Other Consumer | 11,286 |  | 11,965 |  | 6,507 |  | 3,847 |  | 1,082 |  | 672 |  | 76,426 |  | 3,112 |  | 114,897 |
Year-to-date Gross Charge-offs | 830 |  | 146 |  | 175 |  | 19 |  | 37 |  | 5 |  | — |  | 288 |  | 1,500 |
Pass | 1,117,247 |  | 1,318,412 |  | 1,060,514 |  | 499,034 |  | 595,848 |  | 1,473,853 |  | 1,253,528 |  | 25,838 |  | 7,344,274 |
Special mention | 189 |  | 1,681 |  | 16,493 |  | 224 |  | 24,920 |  | 87,973 |  | 4,163 |  | 172 |  | 135,815 |
Substandard | — |  | 843 |  | 17,218 |  | 4,445 |  | 24,734 |  | 88,385 |  | 34,444 |  | 3,183 |  | 173,252 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Loan Balance | $ | 1,117,436 |  | $ | 1,320,936 |  | $ | 1,094,225 |  | $ | 503,703 |  | $ | 645,502 |  | $ | 1,650,211 |  | $ | 1,292,135 |  | $ | 29,193 |  | $ | 7,653,341 |
Current Year-to-date Gross Charge-offs | $ | 830 |  | $ | 214 |  | $ | 218 |  | $ | 25 |  | $ | 3,989 |  | $ | 18,669 |  | $ | 109 |  | $ | 584 |  | $ | 24,638 |

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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| December 31, 2022
| Risk Rating
(dollars in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 and Prior | Revolving | Revolving-Term | Total
Commercial Real Estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 292,732 |  | $ | 360,423 |  | $ | 267,743 |  | $ | 422,872 |  | $ | 227,006 |  | $ | 704,600 |  | $ | 21,666 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,297,042 |
Special mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | 13,187 |  | 20,090 |  | 101,112 |  | — |  | — |  | 134,389 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 1,306 |  | 13,434 |  | 14,845 |  | 77,823 |  | — |  | — |  | 107,408 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Commercial Real Estate | 292,732 |  | 360,423 |  | 269,049 |  | 449,493 |  | 261,941 |  | 883,535 |  | 21,666 |  | — |  | 2,538,839 |
Commercial and Industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 253,324 |  | 264,012 |  | 88,544 |  | 63,190 |  | 62,874 |  | 138,250 |  | 559,777 |  | — |  | 1,429,971 |
Special mention | — |  | 25,436 |  | — |  | 5,103 |  | 1,885 |  | 7,132 |  | 19,280 |  | — |  | 58,836 |
Substandard | 372 |  | — |  | — |  | 5,705 |  | 1,152 |  | 1,891 |  | 12,465 |  | — |  | 21,585 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Commercial and Industrial | 253,696 |  | 289,448 |  | 88,544 |  | 73,998 |  | 65,911 |  | 147,273 |  | 591,522 |  | — |  | 1,510,392 |
Commercial Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 120,655 |  | 159,737 |  | 40,762 |  | 6,338 |  | 3,953 |  | 2,297 |  | 27,284 |  | — |  | 361,026 |
Special mention | — |  | 10,954 |  | — |  | 8,104 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 19,058 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,879 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,879 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Commercial Construction | 120,655 |  | 170,691 |  | 40,762 |  | 14,442 |  | 3,953 |  | 4,176 |  | 27,284 |  | — |  | 381,963 |
Business Banking |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 287,520 |  | 233,499 |  | 87,926 |  | 107,819 |  | 80,549 |  | 276,843 |  | 104,354 |  | 645 |  | 1,179,155 |
Special mention | — |  | 157 |  | 146 |  | — |  | 2,790 |  | 3,945 |  | 793 |  | 95 |  | 7,926 |
Substandard | 159 |  | 67 |  | 3,077 |  | 1,912 |  | 1,550 |  | 11,391 |  | 124 |  | 551 |  | 18,831 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 32 |  | — |  | — |  | 32 |
Total Business Banking | 287,679 |  | 233,723 |  | 91,149 |  | 109,731 |  | 84,889 |  | 292,211 |  | 105,271 |  | 1,291 |  | 1,205,944 |
Consumer Real Estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 296,900 |  | 148,790 |  | 91,477 |  | 74,155 |  | 30,658 |  | 191,228 |  | 552,994 |  | 21,547 |  | 1,407,749 |
Special mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 882 |  | — |  | — |  | 882 |
Substandard | 48 |  | 213 |  | 136 |  | 428 |  | 1,373 |  | 8,059 |  | 655 |  | 2,410 |  | 13,322 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Consumer Real Estate | 296,948 |  | 149,003 |  | 91,613 |  | 74,583 |  | 32,031 |  | 200,169 |  | 553,649 |  | 23,957 |  | 1,421,953 |
Other Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 20,046 |  | 10,819 |  | 5,427 |  | 3,242 |  | 1,013 |  | 724 |  | 82,125 |  | 1,404 |  | 124,800 |
Special mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Substandard | 8 |  | — |  | — |  | 28 |  | 21 |  | — |  | — |  | 21 |  | 78 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Other Consumer | 20,054 |  | 10,819 |  | 5,427 |  | 3,270 |  | 1,034 |  | 724 |  | 82,125 |  | 1,425 |  | 124,878 |
Pass | 1,271,177 |  | 1,177,280 |  | 581,879 |  | 677,616 |  | 406,053 |  | 1,313,942 |  | 1,348,200 |  | 23,596 |  | 6,799,743 |
Special Mention | — |  | 36,547 |  | 146 |  | 26,394 |  | 24,765 |  | 113,071 |  | 20,073 |  | 95 |  | 221,091 |
Substandard | 587 |  | 280 |  | 4,519 |  | 21,507 |  | 18,941 |  | 101,043 |  | 13,244 |  | 2,982 |  | 163,103 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 32 |  | — |  | — |  | 32 |
Total Loan Balance | $ | 1,271,764 |  | $ | 1,214,107 |  | $ | 586,544 |  | $ | 725,517 |  | $ | 449,759 |  | $ | 1,528,088 |  | $ | 1,381,517 |  | $ | 26,673 |  | $ | 7,183,969 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We monitor the delinquent status of the commercial and consumer portfolios on a monthly basis. Loans are considered nonaccrual when interest and principal are 90 days or more past due or management has determined that a material deterioration in the borrower’s financial condition exists. The risk of loss is generally highest for nonaccrual loans.
The following tables present loan balances by year of origination and accrual and nonaccrual status for our portfolio segments as of the dates presented:

| December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 and Prior | Revolving | Revolving-Term | Total
Commercial Real Estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrual | $ | 276,677 |  | $ | 324,469 |  | $ | 439,308 |  | $ | 240,256 |  | $ | 419,371 |  | $ | 920,316 |  | $ | 32,418 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,652,815 |
Nonaccrual | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 6,320 |  | — |  | — |  | 6,320 |
Total Commercial Real Estate | 276,677 |  | 324,469 |  | 439,308 |  | 240,256 |  | 419,371 |  | 926,636 |  | 32,418 |  | — |  | 2,659,135 |
Commercial and Industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrual | 171,861 |  | 231,978 |  | 210,636 |  | 54,696 |  | 52,858 |  | 193,257 |  | 520,019 |  | — |  | 1,435,305 |
Nonaccrual | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 648 |  | 230 |  | — |  | 878 |
Total Commercial and Industrial | 171,861 |  | 231,978 |  | 210,636 |  | 54,696 |  | 52,858 |  | 193,905 |  | 520,249 |  | — |  | 1,436,183 |
Commercial Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrual | 75,596 |  | 154,456 |  | 82,313 |  | 14,845 |  | 151 |  | 4,054 |  | 14,208 |  | — |  | 345,623 |
Nonaccrual | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 4,576 |  | 384 |  | — |  | — |  | 4,960 |
Total Commercial Construction | 75,596 |  | 154,456 |  | 82,313 |  | 14,845 |  | 4,727 |  | 4,438 |  | 14,208 |  | — |  | 350,583 |
Business Banking |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrual | 270,129 |  | 262,606 |  | 207,611 |  | 87,979 |  | 99,354 |  | 330,902 |  | 96,754 |  | 1,283 |  | 1,356,618 |
Nonaccrual | — |  | — |  | — |  | 39 |  | 220 |  | 3,864 |  | — |  | 24 |  | 4,147 |
Total Business Banking | 270,129 |  | 262,606 |  | 207,611 |  | 88,018 |  | 99,574 |  | 334,766 |  | 96,754 |  | 1,307 |  | 1,360,765 |
Consumer Real Estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrual | 311,887 |  | 335,086 |  | 147,689 |  | 101,518 |  | 67,577 |  | 186,909 |  | 551,858 |  | 22,942 |  | 1,725,466 |
Nonaccrual | — |  | 376 |  | 161 |  | 523 |  | 313 |  | 2,885 |  | 222 |  | 1,832 |  | 6,312 |
Total Consumer Real Estate | 311,887 |  | 335,462 |  | 147,850 |  | 102,041 |  | 67,890 |  | 189,794 |  | 552,080 |  | 24,774 |  | 1,731,778 |
Other Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrual | 11,286 |  | 11,965 |  | 6,499 |  | 3,656 |  | 1,082 |  | 541 |  | 76,426 |  | 3,112 |  | 114,567 |
Nonaccrual | — |  | — |  | 8 |  | 191 |  | — |  | 131 |  | — |  | — |  | 330 |
Total Other Consumer | 11,286 |  | 11,965 |  | 6,507 |  | 3,847 |  | 1,082 |  | 672 |  | 76,426 |  | 3,112 |  | 114,897 |
Accrual | 1,117,436 |  | 1,320,560 |  | 1,094,056 |  | 502,950 |  | 640,393 |  | 1,635,979 |  | 1,291,683 |  | 27,337 |  | 7,630,394 |
Nonaccrual | — |  | 376 |  | 169 |  | 753 |  | 5,109 |  | 14,232 |  | 452 |  | 1,856 |  | 22,947 |
Total Loan Balance | $ | 1,117,436 |  | $ | 1,320,936 |  | $ | 1,094,225 |  | $ | 503,703 |  | $ | 645,502 |  | $ | 1,650,211 |  | $ | 1,292,135 |  | $ | 29,193 |  | $ | 7,653,341 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 and Prior | Revolving | Revolving-Term | Total
Commercial Real Estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrual | $ | 292,732 |  | $ | 360,423 |  | $ | 269,049 |  | $ | 449,493 |  | $ | 261,941 |  | $ | 876,435 |  | $ | 21,666 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,531,739 |
Nonaccrual | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 7,100 |  | — |  | — |  | 7,100 |
Total Commercial Real Estate | 292,732 |  | 360,423 |  | 269,049 |  | 449,493 |  | 261,941 |  | 883,535 |  | 21,666 |  | — |  | 2,538,839 |
Commercial and Industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrual | 253,696 |  | 289,448 |  | 88,544 |  | 73,998 |  | 65,858 |  | 147,273 |  | 591,292 |  | — |  | 1,510,109 |
Nonaccrual | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 53 |  | — |  | 230 |  | — |  | 283 |
Total Commercial and Industrial | 253,696 |  | 289,448 |  | 88,544 |  | 73,998 |  | 65,911 |  | 147,273 |  | 591,522 |  | — |  | 1,510,392 |
Commercial Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrual | 120,655 |  | 170,691 |  | 40,762 |  | 14,442 |  | 3,953 |  | 3,792 |  | 27,284 |  | — |  | 381,579 |
Nonaccrual | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 384 |  | — |  | — |  | 384 |
Total Commercial Construction | 120,655 |  | 170,691 |  | 40,762 |  | 14,442 |  | 3,953 |  | 4,176 |  | 27,284 |  | — |  | 381,963 |
Business Banking |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrual | 287,679 |  | 233,656 |  | 91,149 |  | 109,479 |  | 83,689 |  | 289,435 |  | 105,172 |  | 1,195 |  | 1,201,454 |
Nonaccrual | — |  | 67 |  | — |  | 252 |  | 1,200 |  | 2,776 |  | 99 |  | 96 |  | 4,490 |
Total Business Banking | 287,679 |  | 233,723 |  | 91,149 |  | 109,731 |  | 84,889 |  | 292,211 |  | 105,271 |  | 1,291 |  | 1,205,944 |
Consumer Real Estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrual | 296,948 |  | 148,868 |  | 91,085 |  | 73,947 |  | 31,646 |  | 196,384 |  | 553,441 |  | 23,108 |  | 1,415,427 |
Nonaccrual | — |  | 135 |  | 528 |  | 636 |  | 385 |  | 3,785 |  | 208 |  | 849 |  | 6,526 |
Total Consumer Real Estate | 296,948 |  | 149,003 |  | 91,613 |  | 74,583 |  | 32,031 |  | 200,169 |  | 553,649 |  | 23,957 |  | 1,421,953 |
Other Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrual | 20,054 |  | 10,819 |  | 5,303 |  | 3,270 |  | 1,034 |  | 593 |  | 82,125 |  | 1,411 |  | 124,609 |
Nonaccrual | — |  | — |  | 124 |  | — |  | — |  | 131 |  | — |  | 14 |  | 269 |
Total Other Consumer | 20,054 |  | 10,819 |  | 5,427 |  | 3,270 |  | 1,034 |  | 724 |  | 82,125 |  | 1,425 |  | 124,878 |
Accrual | 1,271,764 |  | 1,213,905 |  | 585,892 |  | 724,629 |  | 448,121 |  | 1,513,912 |  | 1,380,980 |  | 25,714 |  | 7,164,917 |
Nonaccrual | — |  | 202 |  | 652 |  | 888 |  | 1,638 |  | 14,176 |  | 537 |  | 959 |  | 19,052 |
Total Loan Balance | $ | 1,271,764 |  | $ | 1,214,107 |  | $ | 586,544 |  | $ | 725,517 |  | $ | 449,759 |  | $ | 1,528,088 |  | $ | 1,381,517 |  | $ | 26,673 |  | $ | 7,183,969 |

The following tables present the age analysis of past due loans segregated by class of loans as of the dates presented:

| December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands) | Current |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  |  |  |  | Nonaccrual |  | Total Past Due Loans |  | Total Loans
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,649,412 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,403 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,320 |  |  | $ | 9,723 |  |  | $ | 2,659,135 |
Commercial and industrial | 1,435,301 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 878 |  |  | 882 |  |  | 1,436,183 |
Commercial construction | 345,623 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,960 |  |  | 4,960 |  |  | 350,583 |
Business banking | 1,351,048 |  |  | 3,525 |  |  | 2,045 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,147 |  |  | 9,717 |  |  | 1,360,765 |
Consumer real estate | 1,719,751 |  |  | 3,352 |  |  | 2,363 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,312 |  |  | 12,027 |  |  | 1,731,778 |
Other consumer | 114,138 |  |  | 366 |  |  | 63 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 330 |  |  | 759 |  |  | 114,897 |
Total | $ | 7,615,273 |  |  | $ | 7,247 |  |  | $ | 7,874 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,947 |  |  | $ | 38,068 |  |  | $ | 7,653,341 |

| December 31, 2022 |  |
(dollars in thousands) | Current |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  |  | Nonaccrual |  | Total Past Due Loans |  | Total Loans |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 2,523,315 |  |  | $ | 8,424 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,100 |  |  | $ | 15,524 |  |  | $ | 2,538,839 |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 1,505,805 |  |  | 4,304 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 283 |  |  | 4,587 |  |  | 1,510,392 |  |  |
Commercial construction | 381,579 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 384 |  |  | 384 |  |  | 381,963 |  |  |
Business banking | 1,199,586 |  |  | 1,583 |  |  | 285 |  |  |  |  | 4,490 |  |  | 6,358 |  |  | 1,205,944 |  |  |
Consumer real estate | 1,409,907 |  |  | 3,617 |  |  | 1,903 |  |  |  |  | 6,526 |  |  | 12,046 |  |  | 1,421,953 |  |  |
Other consumer | 124,384 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 60 |  |  |  |  | 269 |  |  | 494 |  |  | 124,878 |  |  |
Total | $ | 7,144,576 |  |  | $ | 18,093 |  |  | $ | 2,248 |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,052 |  |  | $ | 39,393 |  |  | $ | 7,183,969 |  |  |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following tables present loans on nonaccrual status by class of loan for the year-to-date periods presented:

| December 31, 2023 |  |
(dollars in thousands) | Beginning of Period Nonaccrual |  | End of Period Nonaccrual |  | Nonaccrual With No Related Allowance |  |  |  |  |  | Interest Income Recognized on Nonaccrual(1) |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 7,100 |  |  | $ | 6,320 |  |  | $ | 5,940 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 283 |  |  | 878 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |
Commercial construction | 384 |  |  | 4,960 |  |  | 4,576 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Business banking | 4,490 |  |  | 4,147 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 209 |  |  |
Consumer real estate | 6,526 |  |  | 6,312 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 308 |  |  |
Other consumer | 269 |  |  | 330 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |
Total | $ | 19,052 |  |  | $ | 22,947 |  |  | $ | 10,516 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 603 |  |  |

(1) Represents only cash payments received and applied to interest on nonaccrual loans.

| December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands) | Beginning of Period Nonaccrual |  | End of Period Nonaccrual |  | Nonaccrual With No Related Allowance |  |  |  | Interest Income Recognized on Nonaccrual(1)
Commercial real estate | $ | 31,488 |  |  | $ | 7,100 |  |  | $ | 5,649 |  |  |  |  | $ | 580 |
Commercial and industrial | 15,239 |  |  | 283 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 148 |
Commercial construction | 2,471 |  |  | 384 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 171 |
Business banking | 9,641 |  |  | 4,490 |  |  | 933 |  |  |  |  | 228 |
Consumer real estate | 7,294 |  |  | 6,526 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 257 |
Other consumer | 158 |  |  | 269 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Total | $ | 66,291 |  |  | $ | 19,052 |  |  | $ | 6,582 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,385 |

(1) Represents only cash payments received and applied to interest on nonaccrual loans.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table presents collateral-dependent loans as of December 31, 2023:

| December 31, 2023
| Type of Collateral
(dollars in thousands) | Real Estate |  | Business Assets |  |  | Other
Commercial real estate | $ | 5,940 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | —
Commercial and industrial | — |  | — |  |  | —
Commercial construction | 4,576 |  | — |  |  | —
Business banking | — |  | — |  |  | —
Consumer real estate | — |  | — |  |  | —
Total | $ | 10,516 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | —

The following table presents collateral-dependent loans by class of loans as of December 31, 2022:

| December 31, 2022
| Type of Collateral
(dollars in thousands) | Real Estate |  | Business Assets |  |  | Other
Commercial real estate | $ | 5,649 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | —
Commercial and industrial | — |  | 626 |  |  | —
Commercial construction | 1,655 |  | — |  |  | —
Business banking | 260 |  | 1,112 |  |  | 154
Consumer real estate | 561 |  | — |  |  | —
Total | $ | 8,125 |  | $ | 1,738 |  |  | $ | 154

The following tables present activity in the ACL for the periods presented:

| Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Commercial Construction |  | Business Banking |  | Consumer Real Estate |  | Other Consumer |  | Total Loans
Allowance for credit losses on loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 41,428 |  |  | $ | 25,710 |  |  | $ | 6,264 |  |  | $ | 12,547 |  |  | $ | 12,105 |  |  | $ | 3,286 |  |  | $ | 101,340 |
Impact of ASU 2022-02 | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 278 |  |  | (251) |  |  | 568 |
Provision for credit losses on loans(1) | (2,803) |  |  | 18,366 |  |  | (648) |  |  | 1,088 |  |  | 2,493 |  |  | 744 |  |  | 19,240 |
Charge-offs | (1,706) |  |  | (19,254) |  |  | (451) |  |  | (1,306) |  |  | (421) |  |  | (1,500) |  |  | (24,638) |
Recoveries | 967 |  |  | 9,641 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 278 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 360 |  |  | 11,456 |
Net (Charge-offs)/ Recoveries | (739) |  |  | (9,613) |  |  | (449) |  |  | (1,028) |  |  | (213) |  |  | (1,140) |  |  | (13,182) |
Balance at End of Period | $ | 37,886 |  |  | $ | 34,538 |  |  | $ | 5,382 |  |  | $ | 12,858 |  |  | $ | 14,663 |  |  | $ | 2,639 |  |  | $ | 107,966 |
(1) Excludes the provision for credits losses for unfunded commitments. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Commercial Construction |  | Business Banking |  | Consumer Real Estate |  | Other Consumer |  | Total Loans
Allowance for credit losses on loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 50,700 |  |  | $ | 19,727 |  |  | $ | 5,355 |  |  | $ | 11,338 |  |  | $ | 8,733 |  |  | $ | 2,723 |  |  | $ | 98,576 |
Provision for credit losses on loans(1) | (9,064) |  |  | 4,797 |  |  | 908 |  |  | 3,644 |  |  | 3,536 |  |  | 1,538 |  |  | 5,359 |
Charge-offs | (827) |  |  | (5,797) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,314) |  |  | (304) |  |  | (1,375) |  |  | (11,617) |
Recoveries | 619 |  |  | 6,983 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 879 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 9,022 |
Net (Charge-offs)/Recoveries | (208) |  |  | 1,186 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (2,435) |  |  | (164) |  |  | (975) |  |  | (2,595) |
Balance at End of Period | $ | 41,428 |  |  | $ | 25,710 |  |  | $ | 6,264 |  |  | $ | 12,547 |  |  | $ | 12,105 |  |  | $ | 3,286 |  |  | $ | 101,340 |
(1) Excludes the provision for credits losses for unfunded commitments. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 7. RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS AND LEASE LIABILITIES
We have 42 lease contracts, including 40 operating leases and 2 finance leases at December 31, 2023. These leases are for our branch, loan production and support services facilities. Included in the lease expense for premises are leases with one S&T director, which totaled approximately $0.2 million for each of the three years 2023, 2022 and 2021. One new lease agreement was entered into in 2023.
The following table presents our lease expense for finance and operating leases for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating lease expense |  | $ | 5,199 |  |  | $ | 5,169 |  |  | $ | 5,135 |
Amortization of ROU assets - finance leases |  | 90 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 224 |
Interest on lease liabilities - finance leases |  | 60 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 74 |
Total Lease Expense |  | $ | 5,349 |  |  | $ | 5,413 |  |  | $ | 5,433 |

The following table presents our ROU assets, weighted average term and the discount rates for finance and operating leases as of December 31:

(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Operating Leases |  |  |  |  |  |
ROU assets |  |  |  | $ | 42,100 |  |  | $ | 43,089 |
Operating cash flows |  |  |  | $ | 6,996 |  |  | $ | 6,826 |
Finance Leases |  |  |  |  |  |
ROU assets |  |  |  | $ | 786 |  |  | $ | 876 |
Operating cash flows |  |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 65 |
Financing cash flows |  |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | 160 |
Weighted Average Lease Term - Years |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  |  | 17.8 |  | 17.9
Finance leases |  |  |  | 12.0 |  | 12.7
Weighted Average Discount Rate |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  |  | 5.93 | % |  | 5.83 | %
Finance leases |  |  |  | 6.02 | % |  | 6.01 | %

The following table presents the maturity analysis of lease liabilities for finance and operating leases as of December 31, 2023:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Finance | Operating |  | Total
Maturity Analysis |  |  |  |  |  |
2024 |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | 4,865 |  |  | $ | 4,995 |
2025 |  | 132 |  |  | 4,864 |  |  | 4,996 |
2026 |  | 133 |  |  | 4,752 |  |  | 4,885 |
2027 |  | 135 |  |  | 4,499 |  |  | 4,634 |
2028 |  | 130 |  |  | 4,538 |  |  | 4,668 |
Thereafter |  | 748 |  |  | 58,802 |  |  | 59,550 |
Total |  | 1,408 |  |  | 82,320 |  |  | 83,728 |
Less: Present value discount |  | (437) |  |  | (33,614) |  |  | (34,051) |
Lease Liabilities |  | $ | 971 |  |  | $ | 48,706 |  |  | $ | 49,677 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 8. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT
The following table is a summary of premises and equipment as of the dates presented:

| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Land | $ | 8,651 |  |  | $ | 8,651 |
Premises | 62,150 |  |  | 61,904 |
Furniture and equipment | 52,638 |  |  | 48,941 |
Leasehold improvements | 12,527 |  |  | 12,083 |
| 135,966 |  |  | 131,579 |
Accumulated depreciation | (86,960) |  |  | (82,294) |
Total | $ | 49,006 |  |  | $ | 49,285 |

Depreciation expense related to premises and equipment was $6.5 million in 2023, $6.4 million in 2022 and $6.6 million in 2021.
NOTE 9. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLES
The following table presents goodwill as of the dates presented:

| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 373,424 |  |  | $ | 373,424 |
Additions | — |  |  | — |
Balance at End of Year | $ | 373,424 |  |  | $ | 373,424 |

Goodwill is reviewed for impairment annually or more frequently if it is determined that a triggering event has occurred. In our qualitative assessment performed for our annual impairment analysis as of October 1, 2023, we concluded that it is not more likely than not that fair value is less than carrying value. Based on this conclusion, a quantitative impairment test was not performed and we concluded that goodwill was not impaired. No events or circumstances since the October 1, 2023 annual impairment test were noted that would indicate goodwill was impaired at December 31, 2023.
The following table presents a summary of intangible assets as of the dates presented:

| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Gross carrying amount at beginning of year | $ | 31,340 |  |  | $ | 31,340 |
Additions | — |  |  | — |
Accumulated amortization | (27,281) |  |  | (25,962) |
Balance at End of Year | $ | 4,059 |  |  | $ | 5,378 |

Intangible assets of $4.1 million at December 31, 2023 relate to core deposit and wealth management customer relationships resulting from acquisitions. We determined the amount of identifiable intangible assets for our core deposits based upon an independent valuation. Other intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. There were no triggering events in 2023 requiring an impairment analysis to be completed.
Amortization expense on finite-lived intangible assets totaled $1.3 million, $1.5 million and $1.8 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following is a summary of the expected amortization expense for finite-lived intangible assets, assuming no new additions, for each of the five years following December 31, 2023 and thereafter:

(dollars in thousands) | Amount
2024 | $ | 1,151 |
2025 | $ | 820 |
2026 | $ | 671 |
2027 | $ | 562 |
2028 | $ | 480 |
Thereafter | $ | 375 |
Total | $ | 4,059 |

NOTE 10. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
The following table indicates the amounts representing the value of derivative assets and derivative liabilities as of the dates presented:

| Derivative Assets (Included in Other Assets) |  | Derivative Liabilities (Included in Other Liabilities)
| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands) | Notional Amount | Fair Value |  | Notional Amount | Fair Value |  | Notional Amount | Fair Value |  | Notional Amount | Fair Value
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts - cash flow hedge | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 500,000 |  | $ | 14,739 |  |  | $ | 500,000 |  | $ | 21,368 |
Total Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 500,000 |  | $ | 14,739 |  |  | $ | 500,000 |  | $ | 21,368 |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts - commercial loans | $ | 892,712 |  | $ | 63,018 |  |  | $ | 976,707 |  | $ | 83,449 |  |  | $ | 892,712 |  | $ | 63,554 |  |  | $ | 976,707 |  | $ | 83,449 |
Interest rate lock commitments - mortgage loans | — |  | — |  |  | 126 |  | 5 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Forward sales contracts - mortgage loans | — |  | — |  |  | 130 |  | 2 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | $ | 892,712 |  | $ | 63,018 |  |  | $ | 976,963 |  | $ | 83,456 |  |  | $ | 892,712 |  | $ | 63,554 |  |  | $ | 976,707 |  | $ | 83,449 |
Total Derivatives | $ | 892,712 |  | $ | 63,018 |  |  | $ | 976,963 |  | $ | 83,456 |  |  | $ | 1,392,712 |  | $ | 78,293 |  |  | $ | 1,476,707 |  | $ | 104,817 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table indicates the gross amounts of interest rate swap derivative assets and derivative liabilities, the amounts offset and the carrying values in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at the dates presented:

| Derivatives (included in Other Assets) |  | Derivatives (included in Other Liabilities)
(dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Gross amounts recognized | $ | 63,018 |  |  | $ | 83,449 |  |  | $ | 78,293 |  |  | $ | 104,817 |
Gross amounts offset | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net amounts presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets | 63,018 |  |  | 83,449 |  |  | 78,293 |  |  | 104,817 |
Netting adjustments(1) | (10,424) |  |  | (15,196) |  |  | (10,424) |  |  | (15,196) |
Cash collateral(2) | (50,920) |  |  | (65,065) |  |  | (5,356) |  |  | (6,307) |
Net Amount | $ | 1,674 |  |  | $ | 3,188 |  |  | $ | 62,513 |  |  | $ | 83,314 |
(1) Netting adjustments represent the amounts recorded to convert derivative assets and liabilities from a gross basis to a net basis in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance.
(2) Cash collateral represents the amount that cannot be used to offset our derivative assets and liabilities from a gross basis to a net basis in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance. The application of the cash collateral cannot reduce the net derivative position below zero. Therefore, excess cash collateral, if any, is not reflected above.

The following table presents the effect, net of tax, of the cash flow hedges on OCI and on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years presented:

| Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Interest Income
(dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts - cash flow hedge |  | $ | 5,204 |  |  |  | $ | (16,806) |  |  |  | $ | (9,720) |  |  |  | $ | (72) |
Total |  | $ | 5,204 |  |  |  | $ | (16,806) |  |  |  | $ | (9,720) |  |  |  | $ | (72) |

Amounts reported in OCI related to derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments are reclassified to interest income as interest payments are received on variable rate assets. During the next twelve months, we estimate that an additional $10.6 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest income. Our current interest rate swap agreements have 3-5 year terms with maturity dates extending into 2027.
The following table indicates the gain or loss recognized in income on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments for the periods presented:

|  |  | Twelve months ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts—commercial loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (554) |  |  |  | $ | 103 |  |  |  | $ | 610 |
Interest rate lock commitments—mortgage loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5) |  |  |  | (396) |  |  |  | (2,499) |
Forward sale contracts—mortgage loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  |  | (2) |  |  |  | 389 |
Total Derivatives (Loss) Gain |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (561) |  |  |  | $ | (295) |  |  |  | $ | (1,500) |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 11. MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the 1-4 family mortgage loans that were sold to Fannie Mae amounted to $0.2 million, $28.6 million and $287.9 million. At December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our servicing portfolio unpaid principal balance was $707.8 million, $772.9 million and $841.7 million,.
The following table indicates MSRs and the net carrying values:

(dollars in thousands) | Servicing Rights |  | Valuation Allowance |  | Net Carrying Value
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 7,887 |  |  | $ | (210) |  |  | $ | 7,677 |
Additions | 358 |  |  | — |  |  | 358 |
Amortization | (1,098) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,098) |
Temporary recapture | — |  |  | 210 |  |  | 210 |
Balance at December 2022 | $ | 7,147 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,147 |
Additions | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Amortization | (804) |  |  | — |  |  | (804) |
Temporary recapture | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 6,345 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,345 |

NOTE 12. QUALIFIED AFFORDABLE HOUSING
As part of our responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act and due to their favorable federal income tax benefits, we invest in LIHPs. As a limited partner in these operating partnerships, we receive tax credits and tax deductions for losses incurred by the underlying properties. Our maximum exposure to loss associated with these investments consists of the investments' fair value plus any unfunded commitments as well as the denial of the tax credits if the project is deemed non-compliant. We do not have any loss reserves recorded related to these investments because we believe the likelihood of any loss to be remote. Our investments in LIHPs represent unconsolidated variable interest entities, or VIEs, and the assets and liabilities of the partnerships are not recorded on our balance sheet. We have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance.
Our total investment in qualified affordable housing projects was $33.5 million at December 31, 2023 and $23.6 million at December 31, 2022. Amortization expense, included in other noninterest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income was $2.0 million, $1.4 million and $1.2 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. The amortization expense was offset by tax credits of $2.6 million, $1.2 million and $2.0 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 as a reduction to our federal tax provision.
We did not invest in any new qualified affordable housing projects in 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate commitment for existing projects was $12.0 million. No amortization expense or tax credits will be recognized for these projects until complete.
NOTE 13. DEPOSITS
The following table presents the composition of deposits at December 31 and interest expense for the years ended December 31:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
(dollars in thousands) | Balance |  | Interest Expense |  | Balance |  | Interest Expense |  | Balance |  | Interest Expense
Noninterest-bearing demand | $ | 2,221,942 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,588,692 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,748,586 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest-bearing demand | 825,787 |  |  | 6,056 |  |  | 846,653 |  |  | 1,025 |  |  | 979,133 |  |  | 809 |
Money market | 1,941,842 |  |  | 39,480 |  |  | 1,731,521 |  |  | 11,948 |  |  | 2,070,579 |  |  | 3,652 |
Savings | 950,546 |  |  | 4,352 |  |  | 1,118,511 |  |  | 1,121 |  |  | 1,110,155 |  |  | 366 |
Certificates of deposit | 1,581,652 |  |  | 42,948 |  |  | 934,593 |  |  | 5,813 |  |  | 1,088,071 |  |  | 5,930 |
Total | $ | 7,521,769 |  |  | $ | 92,836 |  |  | $ | 7,219,970 |  |  | $ | 19,907 |  |  | $ | 7,996,524 |  |  | $ | 10,757 |

The aggregate of all certificates of deposits over $250,000, including brokered CDs, were $350.7 million at December 31, 2023 and $219.2 million at December 31, 2022.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table indicates the scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit at December 31, 2023:

(dollars in thousands) | Amount
2024 | $ | 1,320,588 |
2025 | 218,385 |
2026 | 20,805 |
2027 | 11,260 |
2028 | 7,839 |
Thereafter | 2,775 |
Total | $ | 1,581,652 |

NOTE 14. SHORT TERM BORROWINGS
Short-term borrowings are for terms under or equal to one year and at December 31, 2023 are comprised of FHLB advances. FHLB advances are for various terms and are secured by a blanket lien on residential mortgages and other real estate secured loans.
The following table presents the composition of short-term borrowings, the weighted average interest rate as of December 31, 2023 and interest expense for the years ended December 31:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
(dollars in thousands) | Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |  | Interest Expense |  | Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |  | Interest Expense |  | Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |  | Interest Expense
FHLB advances | 415,000 |  |  | 5.65 | % |  | 27,234 |  |  | 370,000 |  |  | 4.49 | % |  | 1,649 |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 12 |
Total Short-term Borrowings | $ | 415,000 |  |  | 5.65 | % |  | $ | 27,234 |  |  | $ | 370,000 |  |  | 4.49 | % |  | $ | 1,649 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 12 |

NOTE 15. LONG TERM BORROWINGS AND SUBORDINATED DEBT
Long-term borrowings are for original terms greater than one year and are comprised of FHLB advances, finance leases and junior subordinated debt securities. Our long-term borrowings were $39.3 million as of December 31, 2023 and $14.7 million as of December 31, 2022. Long-term FHLB advances are secured by the same loans as short-term FHLB advances. Total loans pledged as collateral at the FHLB were $4.6 billion at December 31, 2023. We were eligible to borrow up to an additional $2.7 billion based on qualifying collateral and up to a maximum borrowing capacity of $3.2 billion at December 31, 2023.
The following table represents the balance of long-term borrowings, the weighted average interest rate as of December 31 and interest expense for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousand) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Long-term borrowings | $ | 39,277 |  |  | $ | 14,741 |  |  | $ | 22,430 |
Weighted average interest rate | 4.52 | % |  | 2.61 | % |  | 1.94 | %
Interest expense | $ | 1,332 |  |  | $ | 411 |  |  | $ | 458 |

Scheduled annual maturities and average interest rates for all of our long-term debt for each of the five years subsequent to December 31, 2023 and thereafter are as follows:

(dollars in thousands) | Balance |  | Average Rate
2024 | $ | 38,381 |  |  | 4.49 | %
2025 | 81 |  |  | 5.98 | %
2026 | 86 |  |  | 6.00 | %
2027 | 93 |  |  | 6.02 | %
2028 | 94 |  |  | 6.05 | %
Thereafter | 542 |  |  | 5.89 | %
Total | $ | 39,277 |  |  | 4.52 | %

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Junior Subordinated Debt Securities
The following table represents the composition of junior subordinated debt securities at December 31 and the interest expense for the years ended December 31:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
(dollars in thousands) | Balance |  | Interest Expense |  | Balance |  | Interest Expense |  | Balance |  | Interest Expense
Junior subordinated debt | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 1,738 |  |  | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 850 |  |  | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 756 |
Junior subordinated debt—trust preferred securities | 24,358 |  |  | 2,372 |  |  | 29,453 |  |  | 1,545 |  |  | 29,393 |  |  | 1,087 |
Total | $ | 49,358 |  |  | $ | 4,110 |  |  | $ | 54,453 |  |  | $ | 2,395 |  |  | $ | 54,393 |  |  | $ | 1,843 |

The following table summarizes the key terms of our junior subordinated debt securities:

(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2006 Junior Subordinated Debt |  |
Junior Subordinated Debt |  |  |  |  | $25,000 |  |
Trust Preferred Securities |  |  |  |  | — |  |
Stated Maturity Date |  |  |  |  | 12/15/2036 |  |
Optional redemption date at par |  |  |  |  | Any time after 9/15/2011 |  |
Regulatory Capital |  |  |  |  | Tier 2 |  |
Interest Rate |  |  |  |  | 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 186 bps |  |
Interest Rate at December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  | 7.25% |  |

We have completed three private placements of trust preferred securities to financial institutions. In 2023, we redeemed $5.0 million of junior subordinated debt securities, along with $0.2 million in common equity issued by DNB Capital Trust I and held by us. As a result, DNB Capital Trust I has been paid off in its entirety, and we own 100 percent of the common equity of STBA Capital Trust I and DNB Capital Trust II, or the Trusts. The Trusts were formed to issue mandatorily redeemable capital securities to third-party investors. The proceeds from the sale of the securities and the issuance of the common equity by the Trusts were invested in junior subordinated debt securities issued by us. The third-party investors are considered the primary beneficiaries of the Trusts; therefore, the Trusts qualify as VIEs, but are not consolidated into our financial statements. The Trusts pay dividends on the securities at the same rate as the interest paid by us on the junior subordinated debt held by the Trusts. DNB Capital Trust II was acquired with the DNB merger.
NOTE 16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Commitments
In the normal course of business, we offer off-balance sheet credit arrangements to enable our customers to meet their financing objectives. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated financial statements. Our exposure to credit loss, in the event the customer does not satisfy the terms of the agreement, equals the contractual amount of the obligation less the value of any collateral. We apply the same credit policies in making commitments and standby letters of credit that are used for the underwriting of loans to customers. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates, annual renewals or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Because many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.
The following table sets forth our commitments and letters of credit as of the dates presented:

(dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Commitments to extend credit |  | $ | 2,566,154 |  |  |  | $ | 2,713,586 |
Standby letters of credit |  | 61,889 |  |  |  | 64,356 |
Total |  | $ | 2,628,043 |  |  |  | $ | 2,777,942 |

Allowance for Credit Losses on Unfunded Loan Commitments
We maintain an allowance for credit losses on unfunded commercial and consumer lending commitments and letters of credit to provide for the risk of loss inherent in these arrangements. The allowance is computed using a methodology similar to that used to determine the allowance for credit losses for loans, modified to take into account the probability of a draw-down on the commitment. The provision for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments is included in the provision for credit losses on
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S&T BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
our Consolidated Statements of Net Income. The allowance for unfunded commitments is included in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The following table presents activity in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments for the periods presented:

|  |  | Twelve months ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Balance at beginning of period |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,196 |  |  |  | $ | 5,189 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,348) |  |  |  | 3,007 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,848 |  |  |  | $ | 8,196 |

Litigation
In the normal course of business, we are subject to various legal and administrative proceedings and claims. While any type of litigation contains a level of uncertainty, we believe that the outcome of such proceedings or claims pending will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
NOTE 17. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
The information presented in the following table presents the point of revenue recognition for revenue from contracts with customers. Other revenue streams are excluded such as: interest income, net securities gains and losses, insurance, mortgage banking and other revenues that are accounted for under other GAAP.

|  | Years ended December 31, |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
Revenue Streams(1) | Point of Revenue Recognition |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | Over a period of time | $ | 1,659 |  |  | $ | 1,703 |  |  | $ | 1,880 |  |  |  |  |
| At a point in time | 14,534 |  |  | 15,126 |  |  | 13,160 |  |  |  |  |
|  | $ | 16,193 |  |  | $ | 16,829 |  |  | $ | 15,040 |  |  |  |  |
Debit and credit card | Over a period of time | $ | 1,288 |  |  | $ | 1,709 |  |  | $ | 919 |  |  |  |  |
| At a point in time | 16,960 |  |  | 17,299 |  |  | 17,033 |  |  |  |  |
|  | $ | 18,248 |  |  | $ | 19,008 |  |  | $ | 17,952 |  |  |  |  |
Wealth management | Over a period of time | $ | 7,969 |  |  | $ | 8,714 |  |  | $ | 9,187 |  |  |  |  |
| At a point in time | 4,217 |  |  | 4,003 |  |  | 3,702 |  |  |  |  |
|  | $ | 12,186 |  |  | $ | 12,717 |  |  | $ | 12,889 |  |  |  |  |
Other fee revenue | At a point in time | $ | 1,310 |  |  | $ | 1,550 |  |  | $ | 1,900 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Refer to Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for the types of revenue streams that are included within each category.
NOTE 18. INCOME TAXES
The following table presents the composition of income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Federal |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | 33,070 |  |  | $ | 35,514 |  |  | $ | 22,581 |
Deferred | 459 |  |  | (2,801) |  |  | 2,273 |
Total Federal | 33,529 |  |  | 32,713 |  |  | 24,854 |
State |  |  |  |  |
Current | 352 |  |  | 828 |  |  | 361 |
Deferred | 142 |  |  | (131) |  |  | 110 |
Total State | 494 |  |  | 697 |  |  | 471 |
Total Federal and State | $ | 34,023 |  |  | $ | 33,410 |  |  | $ | 25,325 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The provision for income taxes differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income before income taxes. We ordinarily generate an annual effective tax rate that is less than the statutory rate of 21 percent primarily due to benefits resulting from certain partnership investments, such as low income housing and historic rehabilitation projects, tax-exempt interest, excludable dividend income and tax-exempt income on BOLI.
The following table presents a reconciliation of the statutory tax rate to the effective tax rate for the years ended December 31:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Statutory tax rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
Tax-exempt interest | (0.8) | % |  | (1.0) | % |  | (1.3) | %
Low income housing tax credits | (1.5) | % |  | (0.7) | % |  | (1.5) | %
Bank owned life insurance | (0.2) | % |  | (0.2) | % |  | (0.3) | %
Other | 0.5 | % |  | 0.7 | % |  | 0.8 | %
Effective Tax Rate | 19.0 | % |  | 19.8 | % |  | 18.7 | %

The following table presents significant components of our temporary differences as of the dates presented:

| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred Tax Assets: |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses and other reserves | $ | 24,465 |  |  | $ | 23,421 |
Net unrealized holding losses on securities available-for-sale | 17,452 |  |  | 21,843 |
Lease liabilities | 10,572 |  |  | 10,767 |
State net operating loss carryforwards | 3,464 |  |  | 5,924 |
Net unrealized losses on interest rate swaps | 3,137 |  |  | 4,562 |
Cumulative adjustment to funded status of pension | 3,987 |  |  | 4,029 |
Low income housing partnerships and other investments | 174 |  |  | 2,692 |
Other employee benefits | 3,740 |  |  | 4,181 |
Capital loss carryforward | 2,092 |  |  | 2 |
Other | 1,202 |  |  | 549 |
Deferred Tax Assets | 70,285 |  |  | 77,970 |
Less: Valuation allowance | (3,464) |  |  | (5,924) |
Total Deferred Tax Assets | 66,821 |  |  | 72,046 |
Deferred Tax Liabilities: |  |  |
Right-of-use lease assets | (9,127) |  |  | (9,385) |
Deferred loan income, net | (4,633) |  |  | (4,533) |
Prepaid pension | (3,360) |  |  | (3,706) |
Purchase accounting adjustments | (1,823) |  |  | (1,945) |
Depreciation on premises and equipment | (1,182) |  |  | (629) |
Other | (1,428) |  |  | (240) |
Total Deferred Tax liabilities | (21,553) |  |  | (20,438) |
Net Deferred Tax Asset | $ | 45,268 |  |  | $ | 51,608 |

We establish a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that we will not be able to realize the benefit of the deferred tax assets. Except for Pennsylvania net operating losses, or NOLs, we have determined that no valuation allowance is needed for deferred tax assets because it is more likely than not that these assets will be realized through future reversals of existing temporary differences and through future taxable income. The valuation allowance is reviewed quarterly and adjusted based on management’s assessments of realizable deferred tax assets. Gross deferred tax assets were reduced by a valuation allowance of $3.5 million in 2023 compared to $5.9 million in 2022 related to Pennsylvania income tax NOLs. The Pennsylvania NOL carryforwards total $69.4 million and will expire in the years 2024-2043.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
The following table reconciles the change in Federal and State gross unrecognized tax benefits, or UTB, for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 1,648 |  |  | $ | 1,331 |  |  | $ | 1,277 |
Prior period tax positions | (434) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Current period tax positions | 726 |  |  | 317 |  |  | 54 |
Balance at End of Year | $ | 1,940 |  |  | $ | 1,648 |  |  | $ | 1,331 |
Amount That Would Affect the Effective Tax Rate if Recognized | $ | 1,551 |  |  | $ | 1,148 |  |  | $ | 1,069 |

As of December 31, 2023, we had $1.9 million of unrecognized gross tax benefits. Gross tax benefits do not reflect the federal tax effect associated with state income tax amounts. The total amount of the net unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023 that would have affected the effective tax rate, if recognized, was $1.6 million.
We classify interest and penalties as an element of tax expense. We monitor changes in tax statutes and regulations to determine if significant changes will occur over the next 12 months. As of December 31, 2023, no significant changes to UTB are projected; however, tax audit examinations are possible. As of December 31, 2023, all income tax returns filed for the tax years 2020 - 2022 remain subject to examination by the respective taxing authorities.
NOTE 19. CHANGES IN ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
The following table presents the changes in the components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the periods presented:

(dollars in thousands) | Available-for-Sale Debt Securities |  | Interest Rate Swaps |  | Employee Benefit Plans |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 26,284 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (17,313) |  |  | $ | 8,971 |
Net Change | (18,857) |  |  | — |  |  | 2,796 |  |  | (16,061) |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 7,427 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (14,517) |  |  | $ | (7,090) |
Net Change | (87,890) |  |  | (16,806) |  |  | (339) |  |  | (105,035) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | (80,463) |  |  | $ | (16,806) |  |  | $ | (14,856) |  |  | $ | (112,125) |
Net Change | 15,910 |  |  | 5,204 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 21,224 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | (64,553) |  |  | $ | (11,602) |  |  | $ | (14,746) |  |  | $ | (90,901) |
All amounts are net of tax. |  |  |  |  |  |  |

NOTE 20. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
We maintain a qualified defined benefit pension plan, or Plan, covering substantially all employees hired prior to January 1, 2008. The benefits are based on years of service and the employee’s compensation for the highest five consecutive years in the last ten years through March 31, 2016 when the Plan was frozen. Contributions are intended to provide for benefits attributed to employee service to date and for those benefits expected to be earned in the future.
Our qualified and nonqualified defined benefit plans, or Plans, were amended to freeze benefit accruals for all persons entitled to benefits under the Plans in 2016. We will continue recording pension expense related to these plans, primarily representing interest costs on the accumulated benefit obligation and amortization of actuarial losses accumulated in the Plans, as well as income from expected investment returns on pension assets. Since the Plans have been frozen, no service costs are included in net periodic pension expense.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table summarizes the activity in the benefit obligation and Plan assets deriving the funded status:

(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Change in Projected Benefit Obligation |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year | $ | 73,366 |  |  | $ | 104,097 |
Interest cost | 3,812 |  |  | 3,160 |
Actuarial gain/(loss) | 2,248 |  |  | (23,020) |
Benefits paid | (6,239) |  |  | (10,871) |
Projected Benefit Obligation at End of Year | $ | 73,187 |  |  | $ | 73,366 |
Change in Plan Assets |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year | $ | 73,086 |  |  | $ | 107,525 |
Actual gain/(loss) on plan assets | 4,727 |  |  | (23,568) |
Benefits paid | (6,239) |  |  | (10,871) |
Fair Value of Plan Assets at End of Year | $ | 71,574 |  |  | $ | 73,086 |
Funded Status | $ | (1,613) |  |  | $ | (280) |

The following table sets forth the amounts recognized in accumulated OCI at December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Net actuarial loss | 19,137 |  |  | 19,409 |
Total (Before Tax Effects) | $ | 19,137 |  |  | $ | 19,409 |

Below are the actuarial weighted average assumptions used in determining the benefit obligation:

| 2023 |  | 2022
Discount rate | 5.03 | % |  | 5.41 | %
Rate of compensation increase(1) | — | % |  | — | %

(1)Rate of compensation increase is not applicable due to the plan amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans effective March 31, 2016.
The following table summarizes the components of net periodic pension cost and other changes in Plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost |  |  |  |  |
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation | $ | 3,812 |  |  | $ | 3,160 |  |  | $ | 2,950 |
Expected return on plan assets | (3,932) |  |  | (3,158) |  |  | (2,677) |
Recognized net actuarial loss | 1,725 |  |  | 1,229 |  |  | 1,051 |
Settlement charge | — |  |  | 1,097 |  |  | 1,629 |
Net Periodic Pension Expense | $ | 1,605 |  |  | $ | 2,328 |  |  | $ | 2,953 |
Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligation Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss | $ | 1,453 |  |  | $ | 3,706 |  |  | $ | 1,137 |
Recognized net actuarial loss | (1,725) |  |  | (1,229) |  |  | (1,051) |
Settlement loss recognized | — |  |  | $ | (1,097) |  |  | (1,629) |
Total Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligation Before Tax Effects | $ | (272) |  |  | $ | 1,380 |  |  | $ | (1,543) |
Total Recognized in Net Benefit Cost and Other Comprehensive Income (Before Tax Effects) | $ | 1,333 |  |  | $ | 3,708 |  |  | $ | 1,410 |

The following table summarizes the actuarial weighted average assumptions used in determining net periodic pension cost:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Discount rate | 5.41 | % |  | 2.80 | % |  | 2.48 | %
Rate of compensation increase(1) | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Expected return on assets | 5.72 | % |  | 3.29 | % |  | 2.42 | %

(1)Rate of compensation increase is not applicable due to the plan amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans effective March 31, 2016.
The accumulated benefit obligation for the Plan was $73.2 million at December 31, 2023 and $73.4 million at December 31, 2022.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We consider many factors when setting the assumed rate of return on Plan assets. As a general guideline the assumed rate of return is equal to the weighted average of the expected returns for each asset category and is estimated based on historical returns as well as expected future returns. The weighted average discount rate is derived from corporate yield curves.
S&T Bank’s Retirement Plan Committee determines the investment policy for the Plan. In general, the targeted asset allocation is 5 percent to 15 percent equities and alternatives and 85 percent to 95 percent fixed income. A strategic allocation within each asset class is based on the Plan’s duration, time horizon, risk tolerances, performance expectations and asset class preferences. Investment managers have discretion to invest in any equity or fixed-income asset class, subject to the securities guidelines of the Plan’s Investment Policy Statement. At this time, S&T Bank is not required to make a cash contribution to the Plan in 2024.
The following table provides information regarding estimated future benefit payments to be paid in each of the next five years and in the aggregate for the five years thereafter:

(dollars in thousands) | Amount
2024 | $ | 6,323 |
2025 | 6,192 |
2026 | 6,051 |
2027 | 6,037 |
2028 | 5,869 |
2029 - 2033 | 27,770 |

We maintain a Thrift Plan, a qualified defined contribution plan, in which substantially all employees are eligible to participate. We make matching contributions to the Thrift Plan up to 3.5 percent of participants’ eligible compensation and may make additional profit-sharing contributions as provided by the Thrift Plan. Expense related to these contributions amounted to $2.7 million in 2023, $2.5 million in 2022 and $2.4 million in 2021.
Fair Value Measurements
The following tables present our Plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis by fair value hierarchy level at December 31, 2023 and 2022. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 for items of a recurring basis. There were no purchases or transfers of Level 3 plan assets in 2023 or 2022.

| December 31, 2023
| Fair Value Asset Classes(1)
(dollars in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents(2) | $ | 934 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 934 |
Fixed income(3) | 63,629 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 63,629 |
Equities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity index mutual funds—international(4) | 2,086 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,086 |
Domestic individual equities(5) | 4,925 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,925 |
Total Assets at Fair Value | $ | 71,574 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 71,574 |

(1)Refer to Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Fair Value Measurements for a description of levels within the fair value hierarchy.
(2)This asset class includes FDIC insured money market instruments.
(3)This asset class includes a variety of fixed income mutual funds which primarily invest in investment grade rated securities. Investment managers have discretion to invest in fixed income related securities including futures, options and other derivatives. Investments may be made in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.
(4)The sole investment within this asset class is the Vanguard Total International Stock Index Fund Admiral Shares.
(5)This asset class includes individual domestic equities invested in an active all-cap strategy. It may also include convertible bonds.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| December 31, 2022
| Fair Value Asset Classes(1)
(dollars in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents(2) | $ | 939 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 939 |
Fixed income(3) | 64,878 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 64,878 |
Equities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity index mutual funds—international(4) | 2,231 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,231 |
Domestic individual equities(5) | 5,038 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,038 |
Total Assets at Fair Value | $ | 73,086 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 73,086 |

(1)Refer to Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Fair Value Measurements for a description of levels within the fair value hierarchy.
(2)This asset class includes FDIC insured money market instruments.
(3)This asset class includes a variety of fixed income mutual funds which primarily invest in investment grade rated securities. Investment managers have discretion to invest in fixed income related securities including futures, options and other derivatives. Investments may be made in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.
(4)The sole investment within this asset class is Vanguard Total International Stock Index Fund Admiral Shares.
(5)This asset class includes individual domestic equities invested in an active all-cap strategy. It may also include convertible bonds.
NOTE 21. INCENTIVE AND RESTRICTED STOCK PLAN AND DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN
On May 17, 2021, shareholders approved the adoption of the 2021 Incentive Plan that provides for cash performance awards and for granting incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and appreciation rights. The 2021 plan replaces and supersedes the S&T Bancorp, Inc. 2014 Incentive Plan. Since the 2021 plan has been approved by our shareholders, no new awards will be granted under the 2014 plan. The 2014 plan will continue to govern all awards granted under that plan. A maximum of 1,000,000 shares of our common stock were available for awards granted under the 2021 Incentive Plan and the plan expires ten years from the date of board approval. Previously granted but forfeited shares are added to the shares available for issuance.
The 2014 Incentive Stock Plan also provided for cash performance awards and for granting incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and appreciation rights. A maximum of 750,000 shares of our common stock were available for awards granted under the 2014 Incentive Plan and the plan expires ten years from the date of board approval. Previously granted but forfeited shares are added to the shares available for issuance.
Restricted Stock
We periodically issue restricted stock to employees and directors pursuant to our 2021 and 2014 Stock Plans. Restricted stock awards are part of the compensation arrangements approved by the Compensation and Benefits Committee. Restricted shares granted under the plans consist of both time and performance-based awards. The awards are granted in accordance with performance levels set by the Compensation and Benefits Committee. Under the 2021 plan, we issued 162,677 restricted stock awards during 2023, 181,392 restricted stock awards in 2022 and 30,959 restricted stock awards in 2021. During 2023 and 2022, no restricted stock awards were granted under the 2014 stock plan. In 2021, we granted 99,711 restricted stock awards under the 2014 plan.
The following table provides information about restricted stock awards granted under the plans for the periods presented:

|  | December 31,
| Vesting Period | 2023 | 2022 | 2021
2021 Stock Plan |  |  |  |
Directors | One year | 17,145 |  | 16,488 |  | 14,650 |
Chief Executive Officer | One year | — |  | — |  | 8,309 |
Other Awards | Three years | 145,532 |  | 164,904 |  | 8,000 |
2014 Stock Plan |  |  |  |
Other Awards | Three years | — |  | — |  | 99,711 |
Total Restricted Stock Grants |  | 162,677 |  | 181,392 |  | 130,670 |

Common stock is issued as vesting restrictions lapse, which varies according to the terms of the vesting schedules in the award agreements. The vesting of time based awards is generally 1 to 3 years. The vesting of performance-based awards is based on S&T's achievement of relative return on average equity and total shareholder return, over a three year performance period compared to a peer group as defined in the award agreements. Restricted stock grants are forfeited if a grantee leaves S&T before the end of the vesting period except where accelerated vesting provisions are defined with the award agreements.
During 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized compensation expense of $3.9 million, $3.2 million and $2.4 million and realized a tax benefit of $0.8 million, $0.7 million and $0.5 million related to restricted stock grants.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table provides information about restricted stock granted under the plans for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands), except per share data | Restricted Stock |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at December 31, 2021 | 278,388 |  |  | $ | 25.64 |
Granted | 181,392 |  |  | 29.51 |
Vested | 87,513 |  |  | 28.17 |
Forfeited | 80,122 |  |  | 31.91 |
Non-vested at December 31, 2022 | 292,145 |  |  | $ | 25.56 |
Granted | 162,677 |  |  | 30.84 |
Vested | 91,955 |  |  | 26.92 |
Forfeited | 47,157 |  |  | 26.52 |
Non-vested at December 31, 2023 | 315,710 |  |  | $ | 27.75 |

The maximum number of shares that can be issued if performance is achieved at the maximum level is approximately 438,000 shares at December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, there was $4.4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock that will be recognized as compensation expense over a weighted average period of 1.84 years.
Dividend Reinvestment Plan
We also sponsor a Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan, or Dividend Plan, where shareholders may purchase shares of S&T common stock at the average fair value with reinvested dividends and voluntary cash contributions. The plan administrator and transfer agent may purchase shares directly from us from shares held in treasury or purchase shares in the open market to fulfill the Dividend Plan’s needs.
NOTE 22. PARENT COMPANY CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The following condensed financial statements summarize the financial position of S&T Bancorp, Inc. as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the results of its operations and cash flows for each of the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
BALANCE SHEETS

| December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash | $ | 20,733 |  |  | $ | 13,817 |
Investments in: |  |  |
Bank subsidiary | 1,268,441 |  |  | 1,184,327 |
Nonbank subsidiaries | 4,658 |  |  | 4,662 |
Other assets | 14,695 |  |  | 11,819 |
Total Assets | $ | 1,308,527 |  |  | $ | 1,214,625 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |
Long-term debt | $ | 24,474 |  |  | $ | 29,713 |
Other liabilities | 608 |  |  | 253 |
Total Liabilities | 25,082 |  |  | 29,966 |
Total Shareholders’ Equity | 1,283,445 |  |  | 1,184,659 |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | $ | 1,308,527 |  |  | $ | 1,214,625 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
STATEMENTS OF NET INCOME

| Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Dividends from subsidiaries | $ | 86,950 |  |  | $ | 61,426 |  |  | $ | 62,333 |
Investment income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total Income | 86,950 |  |  | 61,426 |  |  | 62,333 |
Interest expense on long-term debt | 2,372 |  |  | 1,545 |  |  | 1,400 |
Other expenses | 4,764 |  |  | 4,112 |  |  | 3,947 |
Tax expense | 7,136 |  |  | 5,657 |  |  | 5,347 |
Income before income tax and undistributed net income of subsidiaries | 79,814 |  |  | 55,769 |  |  | 56,986 |
Income tax benefit | (1,478) |  |  | (1,208) |  |  | (1,140) |
Income before undistributed net income of subsidiaries | 81,292 |  |  | 56,977 |  |  | 58,126 |
Equity in undistributed net income (distribution in excess of net income) of: |  |  |  |  |
Bank subsidiary | 63,337 |  |  | 79,566 |  |  | 57,025 |
Nonbank subsidiaries | 152 |  |  | (1,023) |  |  | (4,808) |
Net Income | $ | 144,781 |  |  | $ | 135,520 |  |  | $ | 110,343 |

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

| Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Net Income | $ | 144,781 |  |  | $ | 135,520 |  |  | $ | 110,343 |
Equity in undistributed (earnings) losses of subsidiaries | (63,489) |  |  | (78,543) |  |  | (52,217) |
Other | 1,402 |  |  | 1,468 |  |  | 761 |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities | 82,694 |  |  | 58,445 |  |  | 58,887 |
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Repayment of long term debt | (5,464) |  |  | — |  |  | (9,750) |
Sale of treasury shares, net | (798) |  |  | (808) |  |  | (629) |
Purchase of treasury shares | (19,808) |  |  | (7,637) |  |  | — |
Cash dividends paid to common shareholders | (49,708) |  |  | (46,952) |  |  | (44,324) |
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities | (75,778) |  |  | (55,397) |  |  | (54,703) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash | 6,916 |  |  | 3,048 |  |  | 4,184 |
Cash at beginning of year | 13,817 |  |  | 10,769 |  |  | 6,585 |
Cash at End of Year | $ | 20,733 |  |  | $ | 13,817 |  |  | $ | 10,769 |

NOTE 23. REGULATORY MATTERS
We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet the minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our consolidated financial statements. Under capital guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, we must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of our assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Our capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about risk weightings and other factors.
The most recent notifications from the Federal Reserve and the FDIC categorized S&T and S&T Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for corrective action. There have been no conditions or events that we believe have changed S&T's or S&T Bank’s status during 2023 and 2022.
Common equity tier 1 capital includes common stock and related surplus plus retained earnings, less goodwill and intangible assets subject to a limitation and certain deferred tax assets subject to a limitation. In addition, we made a one-time permanent election to exclude accumulated OCI from capital. For regulatory purposes, trust preferred securities totaling $24.0 million, issued by an unconsolidated trust subsidiary of S&T underlying junior subordinated debt, are included in Tier 1 capital for S&T. Total capital consists of Tier 1 capital plus junior subordinated debt and the ACL subject to limitation. We currently have $25.0 million in junior subordinated debt which is included in Tier 2 capital for S&T in accordance with current regulatory reporting requirements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require us to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of Total, Tier 1 and Common Equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets and Tier 1 capital to average assets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we met all capital adequacy requirements to which we are subject.
The following table summarizes risk-based capital amounts and ratios for S&T and S&T Bank:

| Actual |  | Minimum Regulatory Capital Requirements |  | To be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
(dollars in thousands) | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
As of December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | $ | 1,034,828 |  |  | 11.21 | % |  | $ | 369,297 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 461,621 |  |  | 5.00 | %
S&T Bank | 995,824 |  |  | 10.79 | % |  | 369,133 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | 461,416 |  |  | 5.00 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 1,010,828 |  |  | 13.37 | % |  | 340,159 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 491,341 |  |  | 6.50 | %
S&T Bank | 995,824 |  |  | 13.18 | % |  | 339,954 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 491,045 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 1,034,828 |  |  | 13.69 | % |  | 453,545 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 604,727 |  |  | 8.00 | %
S&T Bank | 995,824 |  |  | 13.18 | % |  | 453,272 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 604,362 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 1,154,376 |  |  | 15.27 | % |  | 604,727 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | 755,909 |  |  | 10.00 | %
S&T Bank | 1,115,315 |  |  | 14.76 | % |  | 604,362 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | 755,453 |  |  | 10.00 | %
As of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | $ | 967,708 |  |  | 11.06 | % |  | $ | 349,914 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 437,392 |  |  | 5.00 | %
S&T Bank | 938,377 |  |  | 10.73 | % |  | 349,746 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | 437,182 |  |  | 5.00 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 938,708 |  |  | 12.81 | % |  | 329,701 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 476,235 |  |  | 6.50 | %
S&T Bank | 938,377 |  |  | 12.81 | % |  | 329,565 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 476,038 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 967,708 |  |  | 13.21 | % |  | 439,602 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 586,135 |  |  | 8.00 | %
S&T Bank | 938,377 |  |  | 12.81 | % |  | 439,420 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 585,893 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S&T | 1,078,897 |  |  | 14.73 | % |  | 586,135 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | 732,669 |  |  | 10.00 | %
S&T Bank | 1,049,566 |  |  | 14.33 | % |  | 585,893 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | 732,367 |  |  | 10.00 | %

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 24. SHARE REPURCHASE PLAN
On January 25, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized an extension of its $50 million share repurchase plan, which was set to expire March 31, 2023. This authorization extended the expiration date of the repurchase plan through March 31, 2024. The plan permitted S&T to repurchase shares up to the previously authorized $50 million in aggregate value of S&T's common stock through a combination of open market and privately negotiated repurchases. At December 31, 2023, there was $9.8 million in capacity remaining under the existing plan. On January 24, 2024, our Board authorized a new $50 million share repurchase plan. The new plan is set to expire May 30, 2025 and replaced the existing share repurchase plan effective immediately. This repurchase authorization permits S&T to repurchase shares of S&T's common stock from time to time through a combination of open market and privately negotiated repurchases up to the authorized $50 million aggregate value of S&T's common stock. The specific timing, price and quantity of repurchases will be at the discretion of S&T and will depend on a variety of factors, including general market conditions, the trading price of the common stock, legal and contractual requirements and S&T’s financial performance. The repurchase plan does not obligate S&T to repurchase any particular number of shares. S&T expects to fund any repurchases from cash on hand and internally generated funds. Any share repurchases will not begin until permissible under applicable laws.
The following table presents repurchase activity for the periods presented:

|  |  | Twelve Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Value of shares authorized to repurchase |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  |  | $ | 50,000 |
Remaining plan capacity at the beginning of the period |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,805 |  |  |  | $ | 37,442 |
Total shares repurchased |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 739,426 |  |  |  | 268,503 |
Average share price for the period |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 27.05 |  |  |  | $ | 28.44 |
Total cost of repurchases(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,998 |  |  |  | $ | 7,637 |
Remaining plan capacity at the end of the period |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,808 |  |  |  | $ | 29,805 |
(1) Includes excise tax on repurchases, net of issuances for restricted stock awards.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of S&T Bancorp, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of S&T Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of net income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 26, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosures to which it relates.
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Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL)

Description of the Matter | At December 31, 2023, the Company’s gross portfolio of loans was $7.7 billion with an associated ACL of $108.0 million. As discussed in Notes 1 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements, the ACL is an estimate of expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of a loan, that considers historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. The methodology for determining the ACL has two main components: evaluation of expected credit losses for certain groups of homogeneous loans that share similar risk characteristics and an individual assessment of loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans to determine if a specific reserve is appropriate. The ACL for homogeneous loans is calculated using a life-time loss rate methodology with both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis that is applied on a quarterly basis. Management applies qualitative adjustments to reflect the current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts not already reflected in the historical loss information at the balance sheet date. Judgment was required by management to determine the segment specific risk and the reasonable and supportable forecast, which are both part of the qualitative allowance. Auditing the ACL involves a high degree of subjectivity due to the segment specific risk and the reasonable and supportable forecast, which are both part of the qualitative allowance. Management’s identification and measurement of the segment specific risk and the reasonable and supportable forecast are highly judgmental and could have a significant effect on the ACL.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls over the ACL process, which include, among others, management’s review and approval controls designed to assess the need for and level of the segment specific risk and the reasonable and supportable forecast, which are both part of the qualitative allowance, and the controls related to the reliability of the data utilized to support management’s assessment.
| To test the segment specific risk and reasonable and supportable forecast, which are both part of the qualitative allowance, we evaluated the appropriateness of management’s methodology and assessed the basis for the adjustments and whether all relevant risks were reflected in the ACL. Regarding the measurement of the segment specific risk and the reasonable and supportable forecast, we evaluated the completeness, accuracy and relevance of the underlying internal and external data utilized in management’s estimate and considered the existence of additional or contrary information. We evaluated the overall ACL, inclusive of the qualitative adjustments, and whether the amount appropriately reflects a reasonable estimate of lifetime losses by comparing the overall ACL to historical losses and ACL reserves established by peer banking institutions.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
February 26, 2024
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of S&T Bancorp, Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited S&T Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, S&T Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of net income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and our report dated February 26, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
February 26, 2024
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Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES
None
Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of S&T’s Chief Executive Officer, or CEO, and Chief Financial Officer, or CFO (its principal executive officer and principal financial officer), management has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of S&T’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives.
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods required by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to S&T’s management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Based on and as of the date of such evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in all material respects, as of the end of the period covered by this Report.
b) Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Management assessed S&T’s system of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, in relation to criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting as described in “Internal Control Integrated Framework (2013),” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in 2013. Based on this assessment, management concludes that, as of December 31, 2023, S&T’s system of internal control over financial reporting is effective and meets the criteria of the “Internal Control Integrated Framework (2013).”
Management assessed the effectiveness of S&T's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, in relation to criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting as described in Internal Control - Integrated Framework, issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, S&T's internal controls over financial reporting were effective. Our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued a report on the effectiveness of S&T’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, which is included herein.
c) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
No changes were made to S&T’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the last fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, S&T’s internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
(c) During the three months ended December 31, 2023, no director or Section 16 officer of the Company adopted, terminated or modified a ‘Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement’ or ‘non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,’ as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.
Item 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable
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PART III
Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by Part III, Item 10 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein from the sections entitled “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors,” “Executive Officers of the Registrant,” “Corporate Governance - Audit Committee,” “Corporate Governance - Director Qualifications and Nominations; Board Diversity” and “Corporate Governance - Code of Conduct and Ethics” in our proxy statement to be filed for the 2024 annual meeting of shareholders.
Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by Part III, Item 11 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein from the sections entitled “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation,” “Director Compensation,” “Corporate Governance - Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” “Corporate Governance - The S&T Board’s Role in Risk Oversight” and “Compensation and Benefits Committee Report” in our proxy statement to be filed for the 2024 annual meeting of shareholders.
Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Except as set forth below, the information required by Part III, Item 12 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein from the sections entitled “Beneficial Owners of S&T Common Stock” and “Beneficial Ownership of S&T Common Stock by Directors and Officers” in our proxy statement to be filed for the 2024 annual meeting of shareholders.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table provides information as of December 31, 2023 related to the equity compensation plans in effect at that time.

|  | (a) |  |  | (b) |  |  | (c)
Plan category | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (1) |  | Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plan (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
Equity compensation plan approved by shareholders |  | 140,045 |  | (2) |  |  |  |  | 808,986 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | 140,045 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 808,986 |

(1)Awards granted under the 2014 and 2021 Incentive Stock Plan.
(2) Represents performance shares that can be earned with no associated exercise price.
Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by Part III, Item 13 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein from the sections entitled “Related Person Transactions” and “Corporate Governance - Director Independence” in our proxy statement to be filed for the 2024 annual meeting of shareholders.
Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by Part III, Item 14 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein from the section entitled “Proposal 2: Ratification of the Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for Fiscal Year 2024” in our proxy statement to be filed for the 2024 annual meeting of shareholders.
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PART IV
Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)The following documents are filed as part of this Report.
Consolidated Financial Statements: The following consolidated financial statements are included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report. No financial statement schedules are being filed because the required information is inapplicable or is presented in the consolidated financial statements or related notes.

Consolidated Balance Sheets | 51
Consolidated Statements of Net Income | 52
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 53
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity | 54
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 55
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 57
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Consolidated Financial Statements | 103
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting | 105

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(b) Exhibits |  |
2.1 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 29, 2014, between S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Integrity Bancshares, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 2.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 30, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.
2.2 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated June 5, 2019, by and between DNB Financial Corporation and S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 2.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 5, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2021 filed on August 4, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated By-laws of S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 21, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.
|  | The Company has certain long-term debt but has not filed the instruments evidencing such debt as Exhibit 4 as none of such instruments authorize the issuance of debt exceeding 10 percent of the Companies total consolidated assets. The Company agrees to furnish a copy of each such agreement to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
4.1 |  | Description of Securities. Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference
10.1 |  | S&T Bancorp, Inc. 2003 Incentive Stock Plan. Filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Form S-8 Registration Statement (No. 333-111557) of S&T Bancorp, Inc. dated December 24, 2003, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.2 |  | S&T Bancorp, Inc. Thrift Plan for Employees of S&T Bank, as amended and restated. Filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Form S-8 Registration Statement (No. 333-156541) of S&T Bancorp, Inc. dated December 31, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.3 |  | Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan of S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Form S-3D Registration Statement (No. 333-156555) of S&T Bancorp, Inc. dated January 2, 2009 (included within the prospectus contained therein), and incorporated herein by reference.
10.4 |  | Severance Agreement, by and between Todd D. Brice and S&T Bancorp, Inc. dated April 7, 2015. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 10, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.5 |  | Letter Agreement, dated as of October 2, 2020, by and between S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Todd D. Brice. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 2, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.6 |  | Confidentiality, Trade Secrets, Non-Solicitation and Severance Agreement, dated October 14, 2020, by and between David G. Antolik and S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 16, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.7 |  | Restricted Stock Award Agreement David G. Antolik, dated October 12, 2020. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 16, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.8 |  | Confidentiality, Trade Secrets, Non-Solicitation and Severance Agreement, dated October 14, 2020, by and between Mark Kochvar and S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 10.4 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 16, 2020.*
10.9 |  | Restricted Stock Award Agreement Mark Kochvar, dated October 12, 2020. Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 16, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.10 |  | S&T Bancorp, Inc. 2014 Incentive Plan. Filed as Exhibit 10.9 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. *

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10.11 |  | Severance and General Release Agreement, dated August 4, 2020, by and between David P. Ruddock and S&T Bancorp, Inc., S&T Bank and any of their subsidiaries or affiliated business. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference *
10.12 |  | Confidentiality, Trade Secrets, Non-Solicitation and Severance Agreement, dated November 2, 2020, by and between Ernest J. Draganza and S&T Bancorp, Inc., S&T Bank and their subsidiaries and affiliated companies. Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.13 |  | Confidentiality, Trade Secrets, Non-Solicitation and Severance Agreement, October 21, 2020, by and between George Basara and S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.14 |  | Severance Agreement dated April 20, 2015 by and between George Basara and S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.15 |  | S&T Bancorp, Inc. 2021 Incentive Plan. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.16 |  | Severance and General Release Agreement, by and between Ernest J. Draganza and S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 3, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.17 |  | Employment Agreement, dated July 12, 2021, by and between S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Christopher J. McComish. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 12, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.18 |  | Employment Agreement, dated July 12, 2021, by and between S&T Bancorp, Inc. and David G. Antolik Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 12, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.19 |  | Severance Agreement dated June 7, 2022 by and between George Basara and S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 10, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.20 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement - Non-LTIP. Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 filed on August 3, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.21 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement - LTIP. Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 filed on August 3, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.23 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement - Directors. Filed as Exhibit 10.4 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 filed on August 3, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.24 |  | Severance and General Release Agreement, dated October 12, 2022, by and between Charles Carroll and S&T Bancorp, Inc., S&T Bank and any of their subsidiaries or affiliated businesses. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed on October 17, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.25 |  | S&T Bancorp, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 21, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.*
10.26 |  | Confidentiality, Trade Secrets, Non-Solicitation and Severance Agreement, dated October 21, 2020, between Mr. Carroll and S&T Bancorp, Inc. S&T Bank, and their subsidiaries and affiliated companies. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 29, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.*
21 |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
23.1 |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Principal Executive Officer.
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Principal Financial Officer.
32 |  | Rule 13a-14(b) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer.

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9 7 |  | C lawback Policy
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104 |  |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibits 101)

*Management Contract or Compensatory Plan or Arrangement
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

S&T BANCORP, INC. (Registrant)
/s/ Christopher J. McComish |  | 2/26/2024
Christopher J. McComish, Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) |  | Date
/s/ Mark Kochvar |  | 2/26/2024
Mark Kochvar Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |  | Date

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

SIGNATURE |  | TITLE |  | DATE
/s/ Christopher J. McComish |  | Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) |  | 2/26/2024
Christopher J. McComish |  |  |  |
/s/ Mark Kochvar |  | Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |  | 2/26/2024
Mark Kochvar |  |  |
/s/ Melanie Lazzari |  | Executive Vice President, Controller |  | 2/26/2024
Melanie Lazzari |  |  |  |
/s/ David G. Antolik |  | President and Director |  | 2/26/2024
David G. Antolik |  |  |  |
/s/ Christine J. Toretti |  | Chair of the Board and Director |  | 2/26/2024
Christine J. Toretti |  |  |  |
/s/ Lewis W. Adkins, Jr |  | Director |  | 2/26/2024
Lewis W. Adkins, Jr. |  |  |  |
/s/ Peter R. Barsz |  | Director |  | 2/26/2024
Peter R. Barsz |  |  |  |

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SIGNATURE |  | TITLE |  | DATE
/s/ Christina A. Cassotis |  | Director |  | 2/26/2024
Christina A. Cassotis |  |  |  |
/s/ Michael J. Donnelly |  | Director |  | 2/26/2024
Michael J. Donnelly |  |  |  |
/s/ Jeffrey D. Grube |  | Director |  | 2/26/2024
Jeffrey D. Grube |  |  |  |
/s/ William J. Hieb |  | Director |  | 2/26/2024
William J. Hieb |  |  |  |
/s/ Frank J. Palermo, Jr. |  | Director |  | 2/26/2024
Frank J. Palermo, Jr. |  |  |  |
/s/ Bhaskar Ramachandran |  | Director |  | 2/26/2024
Bhaskar Ramachandran |  |  |  |
/s/ Steven J. Weingarten |  | Director |  | 2/26/2024
Steven J. Weingarten |  |  |  |

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