10-K 1 form10-k.htm FORM 10-K FILED FEBRUARY 27, 2018
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)

[ü] | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017
OR |
[ ] | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from __________ to __________.

Commission File Number 001-16191
TENNANT COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Minnesota |  | 41-0572550
State or other jurisdiction of |  | (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization |  | Identification No.)

701 North Lilac Drive, P.O. Box 1452 Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code 763-540-1200
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Name of exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.375 per share |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act. | ü | Yes |  | No
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. |  | Yes | ü | No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. | ü | Yes |  | No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). | ü | Yes |  | No
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. |  |  | [ ] |

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer | ü |  | Accelerated filer |  |
Non-accelerated filer |  | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company |  |
|  |  | Emerging growth company |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. |  |  | [ ] |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). |  | Yes | ü | No
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2017, was $1,292,419,327.
As of January 31, 2018, there were 17,881,327 shares of Common Stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for its 2018 annual meeting of shareholders (the “2018 Proxy Statement”) are incorporated by reference in Part III.

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Tennant Company
Form 10–K
Table of Contents

PART I |  |  |  |  | Page
| Item 1 | Business | 4
| Item 1A | Risk Factors | 6
| Item 1B | Unresolved Staff Comments | 9
| Item 2 | Properties | 9
| Item 3 | Legal Proceedings | 9
| Item 4 | Mine Safety Disclosures | 9
PART II |  |  |  |  |
| Item 5 | Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 10
| Item 6 | Selected Financial Data | 12
| Item 7 | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 13
| Item 7A | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 23
| Item 8 | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 25
|  |  | Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 25
|  |  | Consolidated Financial Statements | 26
|  |  | Consolidated Statements of Operations | 26
|  |  | Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 27
|  |  | Consolidated Balance Sheets | 28
|  |  | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 29
|  |  | Consolidated Statements of Equity | 31
|  |  | Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements | 31
|  |  | 1 | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 32
|  |  | 2 | Newly Adopted Accounting Pronouncements | 35
|  |  | 3 | Investment in Joint Venture | 35
|  |  | 4 | Management Actions | 35
|  |  | 5 | Acquisitions | 35
|  |  | 6 | Inventories | 38
|  |  | 7 | Property, Plant and Equipment | 38
|  |  | 8 | Goodwill and Intangible Assets | 39
|  |  | 9 | Debt | 40
|  |  | 10 | Other Current Liabilities | 42
|  |  | 11 | Derivatives | 43
|  |  | 12 | Fair Value Measurements | 45
|  |  | 13 | Retirement Benefit Plans | 45
|  |  | 14 | Shareholders' Equity | 51
|  |  | 15 | Commitments and Contingencies | 51
|  |  | 16 | Income Taxes | 52
|  |  | 17 | Share-Based Compensation | 55
|  |  | 18 | Earnings Per Share | 57
|  |  | 19 | Segment Reporting | 57
|  |  | 20 | Consolidated Quarterly Data (Unaudited) | 58
|  |  | 21 | Related Party Transactions | 58
|  |  | 22 | Separate Financial Information of Guarantor Subsidiaries | 59
|  |  | 23 | Subsequent Event | 66
| Item 9 | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 67
| Item 9A | Controls and Procedures | 67
| Item 9B | Other Information | 68
PART III |  |  |  |  |
| Item 10 | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 68
| Item 11 | Executive Compensation | 68
| Item 12 | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters | 68
| Item 13 | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 68
| Item 14 | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 68
PART IV |  |  |  |  |
| Item 15 | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 69
| Item 16 | Form 10-K Summary | 72
|  | Signatures | 73

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Table of Contents
TENNANT COMPANY
2017
ANNUAL REPORT
Form 10–K
(Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act of 1934)
PART I
ITEM 1 – Business
General Development of Business
Founded in 1870 by George H. Tennant, Tennant Company, a Minnesota corporation incorporated in 1909, began as a one-man woodworking business, evolved into a successful wood flooring and wood products company, and eventually into a manufacturer of floor cleaning equipment. Throughout its history, Tennant has remained focused on advancing our industry by aggressively pursuing new technologies and creating a culture that celebrates innovation.
Today, Tennant Company is a recognized leader of the cleaning industry. We are passionate about developing innovative and sustainable solutions that help our customers clean spaces more effectively, addressing indoor and outdoor cleaning challenges. Tennant Company operates in three geographic business units including the Americas, Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) and Asia Pacific (APAC). In April 2017, Tennant Company completed its acquisition of the IPC Group, a multi-brand manufacturer of a broad range of cleaning and accessory equipment. With primary operations in Italy, the IPC Group significantly enhances Tennant's position in the EMEA region and brings to Tennant a broader product offering.
Tennant Company is committed to empowering our customers to create a cleaner, safer and healthier world with high-performance solutions that minimize waste, reduce costs, improve safety and further sustainability goals.
Segment and Geographic Area Financial Information
The Company has one reportable business segment. Sales to customers geographically located in the United States were $543.7 million, $525.3 million and $517.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Long-lived assets located in the United States were $108.0 and $109.2 million as of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Additional financial information on the Company’s segment and geographic areas is provided throughout Item 8 and Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Principal Products, Markets and Distribution
The Company offers products and solutions consisting of mechanized cleaning equipment, detergent-free and other sustainable cleaning technologies, aftermarket parts and consumables, equipment maintenance and repair service, specialty surface coatings, and business solutions such as financing, rental and leasing programs, and machine-to-machine asset management solutions.
The Company's products are used in many types of environments including: Retail establishments, distribution centers, factories and warehouses, public venues such as arenas and stadiums, office buildings, schools and universities, hospitals and clinics, parking lots and streets, and more. The Company markets its offerings under the following brands: Tennant®, Nobles®, Green Machines™, Alfa Uma Empresa Tennant™, IRIS®, Superior Anodes, Waterstar and Orbio®. Orbio Technologies, which markets and sells Orbio-branded products and solutions, is a group created by the Company to focus on expanding the opportunities for the emerging category of On-Site Generation (OSG). OSG technologies create and dispense effective cleaning and antimicrobial solutions on site within a facility. Customers include contract cleaners to whom organizations outsource facilities maintenance, as well as businesses that perform facilities maintenance themselves. The Company reaches these customers through the industry's largest direct sales and service organization and through a strong and well-supported network of authorized distributors worldwide.
In April 2017, the Company completed its acquisition of the IPC Group business ("IPC"). IPC manufactures a complete range of commercial cleaning products including mechanized cleaning equipment, wet & dry vacuum cleaners, cleaning tools & carts and high pressure washers. These products are sold into similar vertical market applications as those listed above, but also into office cleaning and hospitality vertical markets through a global direct sales and service organization and network of distributors. IPC markets products and services under the following valued brands: IPC, Gansow, Vaclensa, Portotecnica, Soteco and private-label brands.
Raw Materials
The Company has not experienced any significant or unusual problems in the availability of raw materials or other product components. The Company has sole-source vendors for certain components. A disruption in supply from such vendors may disrupt the Company’s operations. However, the Company believes that it can find alternate sources in the event there is a disruption in supply from such vendors.
Intellectual Property
Although the Company considers that its patents, proprietary technologies and trade secrets, customer relationships, licenses, trademarks, trade names and brand names in the aggregate constitute a valuable asset, it does not regard its business as being materially dependent upon any single item or category of intellectual property. We take appropriate measures to protect our intellectual property to the extent such intellectual property can be protected.
Seasonality
Although the Company’s business is not seasonal in the traditional sense, the percentage of revenues in each quarter typically ranges from 22% to 28% of the total year. The first quarter tends to be at the low end of the range reflecting customers’ initial slow ramp up of capital purchases and the Company’s efforts to close out orders at the end of each year. The second and fourth quarters tend to be towards the high end of the range and the third quarter is typically in the middle of the range.
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Working Capital
The Company funds operations through a combination of cash and cash equivalents and cash flows from operations. Wherever possible, cash management is centralized and intercompany financing is used to provide working capital to subsidiaries as needed. In addition, credit facilities are available for additional working capital needs or investment opportunities.
Major Customers
The Company sells its products to a wide variety of customers, none of which are of material importance in relation to the business as a whole. The customer base includes several governmental entities which generally have terms similar to other customers.
Backlog
The Company processes orders within two weeks, on average. Therefore, no significant backlogs existed at December 31, 2017 and 2016.
Competition
Public industry data concerning global market share is limited; however, through an assessment of validated third party sources and sponsored third party market studies, the Company is confident in its position as a world-leading manufacturer of floor maintenance and cleaning equipment. Several global competitors compete with Tennant in virtually every geography of the world. However, small regional competitors are also significant competitors who vary by country, vertical market, product category or channel. The Company competes primarily on the basis of offering a broad line of high-quality, innovative products supported by an extensive sales and service network in major markets.
Research and Development
Tennant Company has a history of developing innovative technologies to create a cleaner, safer, healthier world. The Company is committed to its innovation leadership position through fulfilling its goal to annually invest 3% to 4% of annual sales to research and development. The Company’s innovation efforts are focused on solving our customers’ needs holistically addressing a broad array of issues, such as managing labor costs, enhancing productivity, and making cleaning processes more efficient and sustainable. Through core product development, partnerships and technology enablement we are creating new growth avenues for Tennant. These new avenues for growth go beyond cleaning equipment into business insights and service solutions. In 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company spent $32.0 million, $34.7 million and $32.4 million on research and development, respectively.
Environmental Compliance
Compliance with Federal, State and local provisions which have been enacted or adopted regulating the discharge of materials into the environment, or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment, has not had, and the Company does not expect it to have, a material effect upon the Company’s capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position.
Employees
The Company employed approximately 4,300 people in worldwide operations as of December 31, 2017.
Available Information
The Company makes available free of charge, through the Investor Relations website at investors.tennantco.com, its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable when such material is filed electronically with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
Executive Officers of the Registrant
The list below identifies those persons designated as executive officers of the Company, including their age, positions held with the Company and their business experience during the past five or more years.
David W. Huml, Senior Vice President, EMEA, APAC and Global Marketing
David W. Huml (49) joined the Company in November 2014 as Senior Vice President, Global Marketing. In January 2016, he also assumed oversight for the Company's APAC business unit and in January 2017, he assumed oversight for the Company's EMEA business. From 2006 to October 2014, he held various positions with Pentair plc, a global manufacturer of water and fluid solutions, valves and controls, equipment protection and thermal management products, most recently as Vice President, Applied Water Platform. From 1992 to 2006, he held various positions with Graco Inc., a designer, manufacturer and marketer of systems and equipment to move, measure, control, dispense and spray fluid and coating materials, including Worldwide Director of Marketing, Contractor Equipment Division.
H. Chris Killingstad, President and Chief Executive Officer
H. Chris Killingstad (62) joined the Company in April 2002 as Vice President, North America and was named President and CEO in 2005. From 1990 to 2002, he was employed by The Pillsbury Company, a consumer foods manufacturer. From 1999 to 2002 he served as Senior Vice President and General Manager of Frozen Products for Pillsbury North America; from 1996 to 1999 he served as Regional Vice President and Managing Director of Pillsbury Europe, and from 1990 to 1996 was Regional Vice President of Häagen-Dazs Asia Pacific. He held the position of International Business Development Manager at PepsiCo Inc., from 1982-1990 and Financial Manager for General Electric, from 1978-1980.
Carol E. McKnight, Senior Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer
Carol E. McKnight (50) joined the Company in June 2014 as Senior Vice President of Global Human Resources. In 2017, Carol was named SVP and Chief Administrative Officer. Prior to joining Tennant, she was Vice President of Human Resources at ATK (Alliant Techsystems) where she held divisional and corporate leadership positions in the areas of compensation, talent management, talent acquisition and general human resource management. Prior to ATK, she was with New Jersey-based NRG Energy, Inc.
Jeffrey C. Moorefield, Senior Vice President, Global Operations
Jeffrey C. Moorefield (54) joined the Company in April 2015 as Senior Vice President, Global Operations. From 2001 to 2008 and 2010 to March 2015, he held various positions with Pentair plc, a global manufacturer of water and fluid solutions, valves and controls, equipment protection and thermal management products, most recently as Global Vice President of Operation - Technical Solutions. From 2008 to 2010, he was Head of Operations for Netshape Technology, a technical start-up company. From 1987 to 2001, he held various positions with Emerson Electric Company, a worldwide technology and engineering company, culminating in Vice President, Operations. From 1985 to 1987, he was a Design Engineer at Smith & Proffit Machine & Engineering, a custom equipment engineering company.
Thomas Paulson, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thomas Paulson (61) joined the Company in March 2006 as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and was named Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in October 2013. Prior to joining Tennant, he was Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President of Innovex from 2001 to February 2006. Prior to joining Innovex, a manufacturer of electronic interconnect solutions, he worked for The Pillsbury Company for over 19 years. He became a Vice President at Pillsbury in 1995 and was the Vice President of Finance for the $4 billion North American Foods Division for over two years before joining Innovex.
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Jeffrey L. Cotter, Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary
Jeffrey L. Cotter (50) joined the Company in September 2017 as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary. Previously, he was with G&K Services, Inc., starting in 2006 and from 2008 to 2017 serving as Vice President, General Counsel, and Corporate Secretary. Prior to G&K Services, Inc., he was a shareholder at Leonard, Street and Deinard P.A. (n/k/a Stinson Leonard Street LLP).
Richard H. Zay, Senior Vice President, The Americas and R&D
Richard H. Zay (47) joined the Company in June 2010 as Vice President, Global Marketing and was named Senior Vice President, Global Marketing in October 2013. In 2014, he was named Senior Vice President of the Americas business unit for Tennant and in 2018 he assumed responsibility for Tennant Research and Development as well. From 2006 to 2010, he held various positions with Whirlpool Corporation, a manufacturer of major home appliances, most recently as General Manager, KitchenAid Brand. From 1993 to 2006, he held various positions with Maytag Corporation, including Vice President, Jenn-Air Brand, Director of Marketing, Maytag Brand, and Director of Cooking Category Management.
ITEM 1A – Risk Factors
The following are significant factors known to us that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results.
We may not be able to effectively manage organizational changes which could negatively impact our operating results or financial condition.
We are continuing to implement global standardized processes in our business despite lean staffing levels. We continue to consolidate and reallocate resources as part of our ongoing efforts to optimize our cost structure in the current economy. Our operating results may be negatively impacted if we are unable to implement new processes and manage organizational changes, which includes changes to our go-to-market strategy, systems and processes, simultaneous focus on expense control and growth and introduction of alternative cleaning methods. In addition, if we do not effectively realize and sustain the benefits that these transformations are designed to produce, we may not fully realize the anticipated savings of these actions or they may negatively impact our ability to serve our customers or meet our strategic objectives.
Our ability to effectively operate our Company could be adversely affected if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel and other highly skilled employees, provide employee development opportunities and create effective succession planning strategies.
Our growth strategy, expanding global footprint, changing workforce demographics and increased improvements in technology and business processes designed to enhance the customer experience are putting increased pressure on human capital strategies designed to recruit, retain and develop top talent.
Our continued success will depend on, among other things, the skills and services of our executive officers and other key personnel. Our ability to attract and retain highly qualified managerial, technical, manufacturing, research, sales and marketing personnel also impacts our ability to effectively operate our business. As the economy recovers and companies grow and increase their hiring activities, there is an inherent risk of increased employee turnover and the loss of valuable employees in key positions, especially in emerging markets. We believe the increased loss of key personnel within a concentrated region could adversely affect our sales growth.
In addition, there is a risk that we may not have adequate talent acquisition resources and employee development resources to support our future hiring needs and provide training and development opportunities to all employees. This, in turn, could impede our workforce from embracing change and leveraging the improvements we have made in technology and other business process enhancements.
We are subject to competitive risks associated with developing innovative products and technologies, including but not limited to, not expanding as rapidly or aggressively in the global market as our competitors, our customers not continuing to pay for innovation and competitive challenges to our products, technology and the underlying intellectual property.
Our products are sold in competitive markets throughout the world. Competition is based on product features and design, brand recognition, reliability, durability, technology, breadth of product offerings, price, customer relationships and after-sale service. Although we believe that the performance and price characteristics of our products will produce competitive solutions for our customers’ needs, our products are generally priced higher than our competitors’ products. This is due to our dedication to innovation and continued investments in research and development. We believe that customers will pay for the innovations and quality in our products. However, it may be difficult for us to compete with lower priced products offered by our competitors and there can be no assurance that our customers will continue to choose our products over products offered by our competitors. If our products, markets and services are not competitive, we may experience a decline in sales volume, an increase in price discounting and a loss of market share, which adversely impacts revenues, margin and the success of our operations.
Competitors may also initiate litigation to challenge the validity of our patents or claims, allege that we infringe upon their patents, violate our patents or they may use their resources to design comparable products that avoid infringing our patents. Regardless of whether such litigation is successful, such litigation could significantly increase our costs and divert management’s attention from the operation of our business, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Increases in the cost of, quality, or disruption in the availability of, raw materials and components that we purchase to manufacture our products could negatively impact our operating results or financial condition.
Our sales growth, expanding geographical footprint and continued use of sole source vendors (concentration risk), coupled with suppliers’ potential credit issues, could lead to an increased risk of a breakdown in our supply chain. There is an increased risk of defects due to the highly configured nature of our purchased component parts that could result in quality issues, returns or production slow-downs. In addition, modularization may lead to more sole sourced products and as we seek to outsource the design of certain key components, we risk loss of proprietary control and becoming more reliant on a sole source. There is also a risk that the vendors we choose to supply our parts and equipment fail to comply with our quality expectations, thus damaging our reputation for quality and negatively impacting sales.
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The SEC has adopted rules regarding disclosure of the use of “conflict minerals” (commonly referred to as tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold) which are mined from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in products we manufacture or contract to manufacture. These rules have required and will continue to require due diligence and disclosure efforts. There are and will continue to be costs associated with complying with this disclosure requirement, including costs to determine which of our products are subject to the rules and the source of any "conflict minerals" used in these products. Since our supply chain is complex, ultimately we may not be able to sufficiently discover the origin of the conflict minerals used in our products through the due diligence procedures that we implement. If we are unable to or choose not to provide appropriate disclosure, customers may choose not to purchase our products. Alternatively, if we choose to use only suppliers offering conflict free minerals, we cannot be sure that we will be able to obtain metals, if necessary, from such suppliers in sufficient quantities or at competitive prices. Any one or a combination of these various factors could harm our business, reduce market demand for our products, and adversely affect our profit margins, net sales, and overall financial results.
We may not be able to upgrade and evolve our information technology systems as quickly as we wish and we may encounter difficulties as we upgrade and evolve these systems to support our growth strategy and business operations, which could adversely impact our abilities to accomplish anticipated future cost savings and better serve our customers.
We have many information technology systems that are important to the operation of our business and are in need of upgrading in order to effectively implement our growth strategy. Given our greater emphasis on customer-facing technologies, we may not have adequate resources to upgrade our systems at the pace which the current business environment demands. Additionally, significantly upgrading and evolving the capabilities of our existing systems could lead to inefficient or ineffective use of our technology due to lack of training or expertise in these evolving technology systems. These factors could lead to significant expenses, adversely impacting our results of operations and hinder our ability to offer better technology solutions to our customers.
Inadequate funding or insufficient innovation of new technologies may result in an inability to develop and commercialize new innovative products and services.
We strive to develop new and innovative products and services to differentiate ourselves in the marketplace. New product development relies heavily on our financial and resource investments in both the short term and long term. If we fail to adequately fund product development projects or fund a project which ultimately does not gain the market acceptance we anticipated, we risk not meeting our customers' expectations, which could result in decreased revenues, declines in margin and loss of market share.
We may consider acquisition of suitable candidates to accomplish our growth objectives. We may not be able to successfully integrate the businesses we acquire to achieve operational efficiencies, including synergistic and other benefits of acquisition.
We may consider, as part of our growth strategy, supplementing our organic growth through acquisitions of complementary businesses or products. We have engaged in acquisitions in the past, such as the acquisition of the IPC Group, and we believe future acquisitions may provide meaningful opportunities to grow our business and improve profitability. Acquisitions allow us to enhance the breadth of our product offerings and expand the market and geographic participation of our products and services.
However, our success in growing by acquisition is dependent upon identifying businesses to acquire, integrating the newly acquired businesses with our existing businesses and complying with the terms of our credit facilities. We may incur difficulties in the realignment and integration of business activities when assimilating the operations and products of an
acquired business or in realizing projected efficiencies, cost savings, revenue synergies and profit margins. Acquired businesses may not achieve the levels of revenue, profit, productivity or otherwise perform as expected. We are also subject to incurring unanticipated liabilities and contingencies associated with an acquired entity that are not identified or fully understood in the due diligence process. Current or future acquisitions may not be successful or accretive to earnings if the acquired businesses do not achieve expected financial results.
In addition, we may record significant goodwill or other intangible assets in connection with an acquisition. We are required to perform impairment tests at least annually and whenever events indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable from future cash flows. If we determine that any intangible asset values need to be written down to their fair values, this could result in a charge that may be material to our operating results and financial condition.
We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness, and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.
In April 2017, in connection with the acquisition of IPC Cleaning S.p.A., we entered into a new senior credit facility and indenture, and issued debt totaling approximately $400,000, consisting of a $100,000 term loan and $300,000 of senior notes, which funded the acquisition and replaced our current debt facility. The new senior credit facility also includes a revolving facility in an amount up to $200,000. We cannot provide assurance that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations to meet all our debt service requirements, to pay dividends, to repurchase shares of our common stock, and to fund our general corporate and capital requirements.
Our ability to satisfy our debt obligations will depend upon our future operating performance. We do not have complete control over our future operating performance because it is subject to prevailing economic conditions, and financial, business and other factors.
Our current and future debt service obligations and covenants could have important consequences. These consequences include, or may include, the following:

• | our ability to obtain financing for future working capital needs or acquisitions or other purposes may be limited;

• | our funds available for operations, expansions, dividends or other distributions, or stock repurchases may be reduced because we dedicate a significant portion of our cash flow from operations to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness;

• | our ability to conduct our business could be limited by restrictive covenants; and

• | our vulnerability to adverse economic conditions may be greater than less leveraged competitors and, thus, our ability to withstand competitive pressures may be limited.

Restrictive covenants in our senior credit facility and in our indenture place limits on our ability to conduct our business. Covenants in our senior credit facility and indenture include those that restrict our ability to make acquisitions, incur debt, encumber or sell assets, pay dividends, engage in mergers and consolidations, enter into transactions with affiliates, make investments and permit our subsidiaries to enter into certain restrictive agreements. The senior credit facility additionally contains certain financial covenants. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to comply with these covenants in the future.
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We may encounter financial difficulties if the United States or other global economies experience an additional or continued long-term economic downturn, decreasing the demand for our products and negatively affecting our sales growth.
Our product sales are sensitive to declines in capital spending by our customers. Decreased demand for our products could result in decreased revenues, profitability and cash flows and may impair our ability to maintain our operations and fund our obligations to others. In the event of a continued long-term economic downturn in the U.S. or other global economies, our revenues could decline to the point that we may have to take cost-saving measures, such as restructuring actions. In addition, other fixed costs would have to be reduced to a level that is in line with a lower level of sales. A long-term economic downturn that puts downward pressure on sales could also negatively affect investor perception relative to our publicly stated growth targets.
We may encounter risks to our IT infrastructure, such as access and security, that may not be adequately designed to protect critical data and systems from theft, corruption, unauthorized usage, viruses, sabotage or unintentional misuse.
Global cybersecurity threats and incidents can range from uncoordinated individual attempts to gain unauthorized access to IT systems to sophisticated and targeted measures known as advanced persistent threats, directed at the Company, its products and its customers. We seek to deploy comprehensive measures to deter, prevent, detect, react to and mitigate these threats, including identity and access controls, data protection, vulnerability assessments, continuous monitoring of our IT networks and systems and maintenance of backup and protective systems.
Despite these efforts, cybersecurity incidents, depending on their nature and scope, could potentially result in the misappropriation, destruction, corruption or unavailability of critical data and confidential or proprietary information (our own or that of third parties) and the disruption of business operations. The potential consequences of a material cybersecurity incident include financial loss, reputational damage, litigation with third parties, theft of intellectual property, diminution in the value of our investment in research, development and engineering, and increased cybersecurity protection and remediation costs due to the increasing sophistication and proliferation of threats, which in turn could adversely affect our competitiveness and results of operations.
We may be unable to conduct business if we experience a significant business interruption in our computer systems, manufacturing plants or distribution facilities for a significant period of time.
We rely on our computer systems, manufacturing plants and distribution facilities to efficiently operate our business. If we experience an interruption in the functionality in any of these items for a significant period of time for any reason, we may not have adequate business continuity planning contingencies in place to allow us to continue our normal business operations on a long-term basis. In addition, the increase in customer facing technology raises the risk of a lapse in business operations. Therefore, significant long-term interruption in our business could cause a decline in sales, an increase in expenses and could adversely impact our financial results.
Our global operations are subject to laws and regulations that impose significant compliance costs and create reputational and legal risk.
Due to the international scope of our operations, we are subject to a complex system of commercial, tax and trade regulations around the world. Recent years have seen an increase in the development and enforcement of laws regarding trade, tax compliance, labor and safety and anti-corruption, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and similar laws from other countries. Our numerous foreign subsidiaries and affiliates are governed by laws, rules and business practices that differ from those of the U.S., but because we are a U.S. based company, oftentimes they are also subject to U.S. laws which can create a conflict. Despite our due diligence, there is a risk that we do not have adequate resources or comprehensive processes to stay current on changes in laws or regulations applicable to us worldwide and maintain compliance with those changes. Increased compliance requirements may lead to increased costs and erosion of desired profit margin. As a result, it is possible that the activities of these entities may not comply with U.S. laws or business practices or our Business Ethics Guide. Violations of the U.S. or local laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, could disrupt our business, and result in an adverse effect on our reputation, business and results of operations or financial condition. We cannot predict the nature, scope or effect of future regulatory requirements to which our operations might be subject or the manner in which existing laws might be administered or interpreted.
In addition to the foregoing, the European Union adopted a comprehensive General Data Privacy Regulation (the "GDPR") in May 2016 that will replace the current EU Data Protection Directive and related country-specific legislation. The GDPR will become fully effective in May 2018. GDPR requires companies to satisfy new requirements regarding the handling of personal and sensitive data, including its use, protection and the ability of persons whose data is stored to correct or delete such data about themselves. Failure to comply with GDPR requirements could result in penalties of up to 4% of worldwide revenue.
Actions of activist investors or others could disrupt our business.
Public companies have been the target of activist investors. One investor which owns approximately 5% of our outstanding common stock recently filed a Schedule 13D with the Securities and Exchange Commission which stated its belief that we should undertake a strategic review process regarding a consolidation transaction with a third party. In the event such investor or another third party, such as an activist investor, continues to pursue such belief or proposes to change our governance policies, board of directors, or other aspects of our operations, our review and consideration of such proposals may create a significant distraction for our management and employees. This could negatively impact our ability to execute our business plans and may require our management to expend significant time and resources. Such proposals may also create uncertainties with respect to our financial position and operations and may adversely affect our ability to attract and retain key employees.
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Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, particularly the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against other major currencies, could result in declines in our reported net sales and net earnings.
We earn revenues, pay expenses, own assets and incur liabilities in countries using functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Because our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, we translate revenues and expenses into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rate during each reporting period, as well as assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the end of each reporting period. Therefore, increases or decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar against other major currencies will affect our net revenues, net earnings, earnings per share and the value of balance sheet items denominated in foreign currencies as we translate them into the U.S. dollar reporting currency. We use derivative financial instruments to hedge our estimated transactional or translational exposure to certain foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities as well as our foreign currency denominated revenue. While we actively manage the exposure of our foreign currency market risk in the normal course of business by utilizing various foreign exchange financial instruments, these instruments involve risk and may not effectively limit our underlying exposure from foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations or minimize the effects on our net earnings and the cash volatility associated with foreign currency exchange rate changes. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies, could materially affect our financial results.
We are subject to product liability claims and product quality issues that could adversely affect our operating results or financial condition.
Our business exposes us to potential product liability risks that are inherent in the design, manufacturing and distribution of our products. If products are used incorrectly by our customers, injury may result leading to product liability claims against us. Some of our products or product improvements may have defects or risks that we have not yet identified that may give rise to product quality issues, liability and warranty claims. Quality issues may also arise due to changes in parts or specifications with suppliers and/or changes in suppliers. If product liability claims are brought against us for damages that are in excess of our insurance coverage or for uninsured liabilities and it is determined we are liable, our business could be adversely impacted. Any losses we suffer from any liability claims, and the effect that any product liability litigation may have upon the reputation and marketability of our products, may have a negative impact on our business and operating results. We could experience a material design or manufacturing failure in our products, a quality system failure, other safety issues, or heightened regulatory scrutiny that could warrant a recall of some of our products. Any unforeseen product quality problems could result in loss of market share, reduced sales and higher warranty expense.
The integration of IPC's operations into ours following its acquisition could create additional risks for our internal controls over financial reporting.
We intend to integrate IPC into our control environment and subject it to internal control testing during 2018, which means that deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting as a combined company may not be identified until then. Any such undiscovered deficiencies, if material, could result in misstatements of our results of operations, restatements of our financial statements, declines in the trading price of our common stock or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
ITEM 1B – Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
ITEM 2 – Properties
The Company’s corporate offices are owned by the Company and are located in the Minneapolis, Minnesota, metropolitan area. Manufacturing facilities located in Minneapolis, Minnesota; Holland, Michigan; Chicago, Illinois; and Uden, the Netherlands are owned by the Company. Manufacturing facilities located in Louisville, Kentucky; São Paulo, Brazil; and Shanghai, China are leased to the Company. Sales offices, warehouse and storage facilities are leased in various locations in North America, Europe, Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand and Latin America. The Company’s facilities are in good operating condition, suitable for their respective uses and adequate for current needs.
In April 2017, the Company completed its acquisition of IPC. IPC has five major manufacturing facilities, all located in Italy, and 11 sales branches located in the United States, Brazil, Europe, India and China. IPC owns its manufacturing facilities located in the Italian cities of Venice, Cremona and Reggio Emilia as well as its manufacturing facility located in the Province of Padua. Another manufacturing facility located in the Province of Padua is leased to IPC. In addition, IPC uses a dedicated, third party plant in Germany that specially manufactures heavy–duty stainless steel scrubbers and sweepers to IPC designs. IPC also owns a minor tools and supplies assembly operation in China to service local customers. The facilities are in good operating condition, suitable for their respective uses and adequate for current needs.
Further information regarding the Company’s property and lease commitments is included in the Contractual Obligations section of Item 7 and in Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
ITEM 3 – Legal Proceedings
There are no material pending legal proceedings other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the Company’s business.
ITEM 4 – Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5 – Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
MARKET INFORMATION – Tennant's common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange, under the ticker symbol TNC. As of February 15, 2018, there were 324 shareholders of record. The common stock price was $61.80 per share on February 15, 2018. The accompanying chart shows the high and low sales prices for the Company’s shares for each full quarterly period over the past two years as reported by the New York Stock Exchange:

| 2017 |  | 2016
| High |  | Low |  | High |  | Low
First Quarter | $ | 76.10 |  |  | $ | 64.30 |  |  | $ | 55.71 |  |  | $ | 45.92 |
Second Quarter | 75.00 |  |  | 69.15 |  |  | 56.33 |  |  | 49.97 |
Third Quarter | 76.80 |  |  | 60.05 |  |  | 66.54 |  |  | 52.51 |
Fourth Quarter | 73.15 |  |  | 60.30 |  |  | 76.80 |  |  | 60.21 |

DIVIDEND INFORMATION – Cash dividends on Tennant’s common stock have been paid for 73 consecutive years. Tennant’s annual cash dividend payout increased for the 46 th consecutive year to $0.84 per share in 2017, an increase of $0.03 per share over 2016. Dividends are generally declared each quarter. On February 15, 2018, the Company announced a quarterly cash dividend of $0.21 per share payable March 15, 2018, to shareholders of record on February 28, 2018.
DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT OR DIRECT DEPOSIT OPTIONS – Shareholders have the option of reinvesting quarterly dividends in additional shares of Company stock or having dividends deposited directly to a bank account. The Transfer Agent should be contacted for additional information.
TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR – Shareholders with a change of address or questions about their account may contact:
Equiniti Trust Company
Shareowner Services
P.O. Box 64874
St. Paul, MN 55164-0854
(800) 468-9716
EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION – The following table provides information about shares of the Company's Common Stock that may be issued under the Company's equity compensation plans, as of December 31, 2017.

Plan Category |  | (a) Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights(1) |  | (b) Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights(2) |  | (c) Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column a))
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  | 1,304,385 |  | $47.47 |  | 1,155,110
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |  | — |  | — |  | —
Total |  | 1,304,385 |  | $47.47 |  | 1,155,110

(1)Amount includes outstanding awards under the 1997 Non-Employee Director Stock Option Plan, the 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, each as amended, and the 2017 Stock Incentive Plan (the "Plans"). Amount includes shares of Common Stock that may be issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options under the Plans. Amount also includes shares of Common Stock that may be paid in cash upon exercise of outstanding stock appreciation rights under the Plans. Amount also includes shares of Common Stock that may be issued upon settlement of restricted stock units and deferred stock units (phantom stock) under the Plans. Stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units and deferred stock units may be settled in cash, stock or a combination of both. Column (a) includes the number of shares that could be issued upon a complete distribution of all outstanding stock options and stock appreciation rights (1,135,608) and restricted stock units and deferred stock units (168,777).
(2)Column (b) includes the weighted-average exercise price for outstanding stock options and stock appreciation rights.
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SHARE REPURCHASES – On October 31, 2016, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 1,000,000 shares of our common stock. This is in addition to the 393,965 shares remaining under our prior repurchase program. Share repurchases are made from time to time in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, primarily to offset the dilutive effect of shares issued through our share-based compensation programs. As of December 31, 2017, our 2017 Credit Agreement restricts the payment of dividends or repurchasing of stock if, after giving effect to such payments and assuming no default exists or would result from such payment, our leverage ratio is greater than 2.50 to 1, in such case limiting such payments to an amount ranging from $50.0 million to $75.0 million during any fiscal year based on our leverage ratio after giving effect to such payment. Our Senior Notes due 2025 also contain certain restrictions, which are generally less restrictive than those contained in the 2017 Credit Agreement.

For the Quarter Ended December 31, 2017 | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1–31, 2017 | 228 |  |  | $ | 68.94 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,393,965 |
November 1–30, 2017 | 922 |  |  | 67.35 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,393,965 |
December 1–31, 2017 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,393,965 |
Total | 1,150 |  |  | $ | 67.66 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,393,965 |

(1) | Includes 1,150 shares delivered or attested to in satisfaction of the exercise price and/or tax withholding obligations by employees who exercised stock options or restricted stock under employee share-based compensation plans.

STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH – The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return on Tennant’s common stock to two indices: S&P SmallCap 600 and Morningstar Industrials Sector. The graph below compares the performance for the last five fiscal years, assuming an investment of $100 on December 31, 2012, including the reinvestment of all dividends.
5-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN COMPARISON

| 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2017
Tennant Company | $100 |  | $156 |  | $168 |  | $133 |  | $171 |  | $176
S&P SmallCap 600 | $100 |  | $141 |  | $149 |  | $147 |  | $144 |  | $163
Morningstar Industrials Sector | $100 |  | $142 |  | $155 |  | $151 |  | $179 |  | $219

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ITEM 6 – Selected Financial Data
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

Years Ended December 31 | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
Financial Results: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Sales | $ | 1,003,066 |  |  |  | $ | 808,572 |  |  |  | $ | 811,799 |  |  |  | $ | 821,983 |  |  |  | $ | 752,011 |  |
Cost of Sales | 598,645 |  | (1) |  | 456,977 |  |  |  | 462,739 |  |  |  | 469,556 |  |  |  | 426,103 |  |
Gross Margin - % | 40.3 |  |  |  | 43.5 |  |  |  | 43.0 |  |  |  | 42.9 |  |  |  | 43.3 |  |
Research and Development Expense | 32,013 |  |  |  | 34,738 |  |  |  | 32,415 |  |  |  | 29,432 |  |  |  | 30,529 |  |
% of Net Sales | 3.2 |  |  |  | 4.3 |  |  |  | 4.0 |  |  |  | 3.6 |  |  |  | 4.1 |  |
Selling and Administrative Expense | 345,364 |  | (1) |  | 248,210 |  |  |  | 252,270 |  | (2) |  | 250,898 |  |  |  | 232,976 |  | (3)
% of Net Sales | 34.4 |  |  |  | 30.7 |  |  |  | 31.1 |  |  |  | 30.5 |  |  |  | 31.0 |  |
Profit from Operations | 27,044 |  | (1) |  | 68,498 |  |  |  | 53,176 |  | (2) |  | 72,097 |  |  |  | 62,403 |  | (3)
% of Net Sales | 2.7 |  |  |  | 8.5 |  |  |  | 6.6 |  |  |  | 8.8 |  |  |  | 8.3 |  |
Income Tax Expense | 4,913 |  | (1) |  | 19,877 |  |  |  | 18,336 |  | (2) |  | 18,887 |  |  |  | 19,647 |  | (3)
Effective Tax Rate - % | (380.2 | ) |  |  | 29.9 |  |  |  | 36.4 |  |  |  | 27.2 |  |  |  | 32.8 |  |
Net (Loss) Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company | (6,195 | ) | (1) |  | 46,614 |  |  |  | 32,088 |  |  |  | 50,651 |  |  |  | 40,231 |  |
% of Net Sales | (0.6 | ) |  |  | 5.8 |  |  |  | 4.0 |  |  |  | 6.2 |  |  |  | 5.3 |  |
Per Share Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic Net (Loss) Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company | $ | (0.35 | ) | (1) |  | $ | 2.66 |  |  |  | $ | 1.78 |  | (2) |  | $ | 2.78 |  |  |  | $ | 2.20 |  | (3)
Diluted Net (Loss) Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company | $ | (0.35 | ) | (1) |  | $ | 2.59 |  |  |  | $ | 1.74 |  | (2) |  | $ | 2.70 |  |  |  | $ | 2.14 |  | (3)
Diluted Weighted Average Shares | 17,695,390 |  |  |  | 17,976,183 |  |  |  | 18,493,447 |  |  |  | 18,740,858 |  |  |  | 18,833,453 |  |
Cash Dividends | $ | 0.84 |  |  |  | $ | 0.81 |  |  |  | $ | 0.80 |  |  |  | $ | 0.78 |  |  |  | $ | 0.72 |  |
Financial Position: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 993,977 |  |  |  | $ | 470,037 |  |  |  | $ | 432,295 |  |  |  | $ | 486,932 |  |  |  | $ | 456,306 |  |
Total Debt | 376,839 |  |  |  | 36,194 |  |  |  | 24,653 |  |  |  | 28,137 |  |  |  | 31,803 |  |
Total Tennant Company Shareholders’ Equity | 296,503 |  |  |  | 278,543 |  |  |  | 252,207 |  |  |  | 280,651 |  |  |  | 263,846 |  |
Current Ratio | 1.8 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |
Debt-to-Capital Ratio | 56.0 | % |  |  | 11.5 | % |  |  | 8.9 | % |  |  | 9.1 | % |  |  | 10.8 | % |
Cash Flows: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Cash Provided by Operations | $ | 54,174 |  |  |  | $ | 57,878 |  |  |  | $ | 45,232 |  |  |  | $ | 59,362 |  |  |  | $ | 59,814 |  |
Capital Expenditures, Net of Disposals | (17,926 | ) |  |  | (25,911 | ) |  |  | (24,444 | ) |  |  | (19,292 | ) |  |  | (14,655 | ) |
Free Cash Flow | 36,248 |  |  |  | 31,967 |  |  |  | 20,788 |  |  |  | 40,070 |  |  |  | 45,159 |  |
Other Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and Amortization | $ | 43,253 |  |  |  | $ | 18,300 |  |  |  | $ | 18,031 |  |  |  | $ | 20,063 |  |  |  | $ | 20,246 |  |
Number of employees at year-end | 4,297 |  |  |  | 3,236 |  |  |  | 3,164 |  |  |  | 3,164 |  |  |  | 3,087 |  |

The results of operations from our 2017 acquisition of the IPC Group have been included in the Selected Financial Data presented above since its acquisition date on April 6, 2017.

(1) | 2017 includes a fair value step-up adjustment to acquired inventory in cost of sales of $7,245 pre-tax ($5,237 after-tax, or $0.30 per diluted share), pre-tax acquisition costs, restructuring charges and a pension settlement charge in selling and administrative expense of $10,560, $10,519 and $6,373, respectively ($9,748, $7,559 and $4,020 after-tax, or $0.55, $0.43 and $0.23 per diluted share, respectively). 2017 also includes pre-tax acquisition-related financing costs and acquisition costs in total other expense, net of $7,378 and $814, respectively ($4,619 and $660 after-tax, or $0.26 and $0.04 per diluted share, respectively). In addition, 2017 net loss attributable to Tennant Company includes a $2,388 net income tax expense ($0.14 per diluted share) as a result of the impacts of the 2017 tax reform legislation.

(2) | 2015 includes restructuring charges of $3,744 pre-tax ($3,095 after-tax or $0.17 per diluted share) and a non-cash impairment of long-lived assets of $11,199 pre-tax ($10,822 after-tax or $0.58 per diluted share).

(3) | 2013 includes restructuring charges of $3,017 pre-tax ($2,938 after-tax or $0.15 per diluted share) and a tax benefit of $582 (or $0.03 per diluted share) related to the retroactive reinstatement of the 2012 U.S. Federal Research and Development ("R&D") Tax Credit.

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ITEM 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Overview
Tennant Company is a world leader in designing, manufacturing and marketing solutions that empower customers to achieve quality cleaning performance, significantly reduce environmental impact and help create a cleaner, safer, healthier world. Tennant is committed to creating and commercializing breakthrough, sustainable cleaning innovations to enhance its broad suite of products, including: floor maintenance and outdoor cleaning equipment, detergent-free and other sustainable cleaning technologies, aftermarket parts and consumables, equipment maintenance and repair service, specialty surface coatings and asset management solutions. Tennant products are used in many types of environments including: Retail establishments, distribution centers, factories and warehouses, public venues such as arenas and stadiums, office buildings, schools and universities, hospitals and clinics, parking lots and streets, and more. Customers include contract cleaners to whom organizations outsource facilities maintenance, as well as businesses that perform facilities maintenance themselves. The Company reaches these customers through the industry's largest direct sales and service organization and through a strong and well-supported network of authorized distributors worldwide.
In April 2017, the Company completed its acquisition of the IPC Group business. IPC manufactures a complete range of commercial cleaning products including mechanized cleaning equipment, wet & dry vacuum cleaners, cleaning tools & carts and high pressure washers. These products are sold into similar vertical market applications as those listed above, but also into office cleaning and hospitality vertical markets through a global direct sales and service organization and network of distributors. IPC markets products and services under the following valued brands: IPC, Gansow, Vaclensa, Portotecnica, Soteco and private-label brands.
Historical Results
The following table compares the historical results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 in dollars and as a percentage of Net Sales (in thousands, except per share amounts and percentages):

| 2017 |  | % |  | 2016 |  | % |  | 2015 |  | %
Net Sales | $ | 1,003,066 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 808,572 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 811,799 |  |  | 100.0 |
Cost of Sales | 598,645 |  |  | 59.7 |  |  | 456,977 |  |  | 56.5 |  |  | 462,739 |  |  | 57.0 |
Gross Profit | 404,421 |  |  | 40.3 |  |  | 351,595 |  |  | 43.5 |  |  | 349,060 |  |  | 43.0 |
Operating Expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and Development Expense | 32,013 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 34,738 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 32,415 |  |  | 4.0 |
Selling and Administrative Expense | 345,364 |  |  | 34.4 |  |  | 248,210 |  |  | 30.7 |  |  | 252,270 |  |  | 31.1 |
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,199 |  |  | 1.4 |
Loss on Sale of Business | — |  |  | — |  |  | 149 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total Operating Expense | 377,377 |  |  | 37.6 |  |  | 283,097 |  |  | 35.0 |  |  | 295,884 |  |  | 36.4 |
Profit from Operations | 27,044 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 68,498 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 53,176 |  |  | 6.6 |
Other Income (Expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Income | 2,405 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 330 |  |  | — |  |  | 172 |  |  | — |
Interest Expense | (25,394 | ) |  | (2.5 | ) |  | (1,279 | ) |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (1,313 | ) |  | (0.2 | )
Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses | (3,387 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | (392 | ) |  | — |  |  | (954 | ) |  | (0.1 | )
Other Expense, Net | (1,960 | ) |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (666 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (657 | ) |  | (0.1 | )
Total Other Expense, Net | (28,336 | ) |  | (2.8 | ) |  | (2,007 | ) |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (2,752 | ) |  | (0.3 | )
(Loss) Profit Before Income Taxes | (1,292 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 66,491 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | 50,424 |  |  | 6.2 |
Income Tax Expense | 4,913 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 19,877 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 18,336 |  |  | 2.3 |
Net (Loss) Earnings Including Noncontrolling Interest | (6,205 | ) |  | (0.6 | ) |  | 46,614 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 32,088 |  |  | 4.0 |
Net Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest | (10 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net (Loss) Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company | $ | (6,195 | ) |  | (0.6 | ) |  | $ | 46,614 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | $ | 32,088 |  |  | 4.0 |
Net (Loss) Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company per Share | $ | (0.35 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 2.59 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.74 |  |  |  |

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Net Sales
Net Sales in 2017 totaled $1,003.1 million, a 24.1% increase as compared to Net Sales of $808.6 million in 2016.
The components of the consolidated Net Sales change for 2017 as compared to 2016, and 2016 as compared to 2015, were as follows:

Growth Elements | 2017 v. 2016 |  | 2016 v. 2015
Organic Growth: |  |  |
Volume | (0.1%) |  | 1.1%
Price | 1.5% |  | —%
Organic Growth | 1.4% |  | 1.1%
Foreign Currency | 0.5% |  | (1.0%)
Acquisitions | 22.2% |  | (0.5%)
Total | 24.1% |  | (0.4%)

The 24.1% increase in consolidated Net Sales for 2017 as compared to 2016 was driven by:

• | 22.2% from the April 2017 acquisition of the IPC Group and the expansion of our commercial floor coatings business through the August 2016 acquisition of the Florock® brand.

• | An organic sales increase of approximately 1.4% which excludes the effects of foreign currency exchange and acquisitions, due to an approximate 1.5% price increase, partially offset by a volume decrease of 0.1%. The price increase was the result of selling price increases, typically in the range of 2% to 4% in most geographies, with an effective date of February 1, 2017. The impact to gross margin was minimal as these selling price increases were taken to offset inflation. The slight volume decrease was primarily due to increased sales in Latin America and EMEA being more than offset by volume decreases in North America. Sales of new products introduced within the past three years totaled 48% of equipment revenue in 2017. This compares to 37% of equipment revenue in 2016 from sales of new products introduced within the past three years.

• | A favorable impact from foreign currency exchange of approximately 0.5%.

The 0.4% decrease in consolidated Net Sales for 2016 as compared to 2015 was primarily due to the following:

• | An unfavorable impact from foreign currency exchange of approximately 1.0%.

• | An unfavorable net impact of 0.5% resulting from the sale of our Green Machines outdoor city cleaning line, partially offset by the acquisition of the Florock brand.

• | An organic sales increase of approximately 1.1% which excludes the effects of foreign currency exchange and acquisitions and divestitures, due to an approximate 1.1% volume increase. The volume increase was primarily due to strong sales of industrial equipment and sales of new products, particularly in the Americas region, being somewhat offset by lower sales of commercial equipment, particularly within the APAC region. Sales of new products introduced within the past three years totaled 37% of equipment revenue in 2016. This compares to 26% of equipment revenue in 2015 from sales of new products introduced within the past three years. There was essentially no price increase in 2016 due to no significant new selling list price increases since prior year selling list price increases with an effective date of February 1, 2015.

The following table sets forth annual Net Sales by geographic area and the related percentage change from the prior year (in thousands, except percentages):

| 2017 |  | % |  | 2016 |  | % |  | 2015
Americas | $ | 640,274 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | $ | 607,026 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | $ | 591,405 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa | 273,738 |  |  | 112.1 |  |  | 129,046 |  |  | (7.7 | ) |  | 139,834 |
Asia Pacific | 89,054 |  |  | 22.8 |  |  | 72,500 |  |  | (10.0 | ) |  | 80,560 |
Total | $ | 1,003,066 |  |  | 24.1 |  |  | $ | 808,572 |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  | $ | 811,799 |

Americas – In 2017, Americas Net Sales increased 5.5% to $640.3 million as compared with $607.0 million in 2016. The direct impact of the IPC Group and Florock acquisitions favorably impacted Net Sales by approximately 4.4%. In addition, a favorable direct impact of foreign currency translation exchange effects within the Americas impacted Net Sales by approximately 0.4% in 2017. As a result, organic sales growth in the Americas favorably impacted Net Sales by approximately 0.7% due to strong sales performance in Latin America, particularly Brazil and Mexico, from focused go-to-market strategies in our direct channel. This was partially offset by lower sales in North America, where sales growth through the distribution channel were more than offset by service sales.
In 2016, Americas Net Sales increased 2.6% to $607.0 million as compared with $591.4 million in 2015. The primary drivers of the increase in Net Sales were strong sales of industrial equipment, sales of new products and robust sales in Latin America. The direct impact of the Florock acquisition favorably impacted Net Sales by approximately 0.7%. An unfavorable direct impact of foreign currency translation exchange effects within the Americas impacted Net Sales by approximately 0.5% in 2016. As a result, organic sales increased approximately 2.4% in 2016 within the Americas.
Europe, Middle East and Africa – EMEA Net Sales in 2017 increased 112.1% to $273.7 million as compared to 2016 Net Sales of $129.0 million. In 2017, the direct impact of the IPC Group acquisition favorably impacted Net Sales by approximately 105.3%. In addition, a favorable direct impact of foreign currency translation exchange effects within EMEA impacted Net Sales by approximately 1.3% in 2017. As a result, organic sales growth in EMEA favorably impacted Net Sales in 2017 by approximately 5.5% due to s trong sales growth in most European countries from strong demand in both the direct and distributor channels being partially offset by lower sales in the UK.
EMEA Net Sales in 2016 decreased 7.7% to $129.0 million as compared to 2015 Net Sales of $139.8 million. In 2016, organic sales growth was achieved in all regions except the UK and the Central Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa markets primarily due to Brexit and challenging economic conditions, respectively. In 2016, there was an unfavorable impact on Net Sales of approximately 5.9% as a result of the sale of our Green Machines outdoor city cleaning line in January 2016. In addition, the direct impact of foreign currency exchange effects within EMEA unfavorably impacted Net Sales by approximately 2.0% in 2016. As a result, organic sales increased approximately 0.2% in 2016 within EMEA.
Asia Pacific – APAC Net Sales in 2017 increased 22.8% to $89.1 million as compared to 2016 Net Sales of $72.5 million. In 2017, the direct impact of the IPC Group acquisition favorably impacted Net Sales by approximately 22.7%. In addition, a favorable direct impact of foreign currency translation exchange effects within APAC impacted Net Sales by approximately 0.1% in 2017. As a result, organic sales growth in APAC was essentially flat due to sales growth in China from strong sales through the direct and distributor channels being offset by sales declines primarily in Korea and Singapore resulting from a challenging economic environment.
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APAC Net Sales in 2016 decreased 10.0% to $72.5 million as compared to 2015 Net Sales of $80.6 million. Organic sales decreased approximately 10.0% in 2016 with lower sales of commercial and industrial equipment. Organic sales declines in all of our Asian markets were primarily due to economic slowdowns in the region and fewer large deals. Direct foreign currency translation exchange effects had essentially no impact on Net Sales in 2016 within APAC.
Gross Profit
Gross Profit margin was 320 basis points lower in 2017 compared to 2016 due primarily to the $7.2 million, or approximately 70 basis points, fair value inventory step-up flow through related to our acquisition of the IPC Group and field service productivity challenges related to a high number of open service trucks of $5.1 million, or approximately 50 basis points. In addition, Gross Profit margin was unfavorably impacted by mix of sales by channel and region, primarily resulting from higher sales through the distribution in North America and lower gross margins from the IPC Group. The near-term unfavorable impacts from investments in manufacturing automation initiatives and high levels of raw material cost inflation also contributed to lower Gross Profit margin in 2017.
Gross Profit margin was 43.5% in 2016, an increase of 50 basis points as compared to 2015. Gross Profit margin in 2016 was favorably impacted by product mix (with relatively higher sales of industrial equipment and lower sales of commercial equipment), partially offset by manufacturing productivity challenges in North America.
Operating Expenses
Research and Development Expense – Tennant continues to invest in innovative product development with 3.2% of 2017 Net Sales spent on Research and Development ("R&D"). We continue to invest in developing innovative new products and technologies and the advancement of detergent-free products, fleet management and other sustainable technologies. There were 32 new products and product variants launched in 2017 including a new family of T500 commercial walk-behind scrubbers, the enhanced IRIS® Web Based Fleet Management System, the i-mop, the V3e compact dry canister vacuum, the T350 stand-on commercial scrubber and the A140 micro-scrubber. In 2017, our newly acquired IPC Group business also launched many new products and product variants across all product lines.
R&D Expense decreased $2.7 million, or 7.8%, in 2017 as compared to 2016. As a percentage of Net Sales, 2017 R&D Expense decreased 110 basis points compared to the prior year. The decrease in R&D spending was primarily due to headcount reduction related to the first quarter 2017 restructuring action.
R&D Expense increased $2.3 million, or 7.2%, in 2016 as compared to 2015. As a percentage of Net Sales, 2016 R&D Expense increased 30 basis points compared to the prior year. New products are a key driver of sales growth. There were 10 new products and product variants launched in 2016 including three models of emerging market floor machines, two models of the M17 battery-powered sweeper-scrubber, three large next-generation cleaning machines: the M20 and M30 integrated sweeper-scrubbers, and the T20 heavy-duty industrial rider scrubber, and two models of the commercial dryer/air mover.
Selling and Administrative Expense – Selling and Administrative Expense ("S&A Expense") increased by $97.2 million, or 39.1%, in 2017 compared to 2016. As a percentage of Net Sales, 2017 S&A Expense increased 370 basis points to 34.4% from 30.7% in 2016. S&A Expense was unfavorably impacted by $15.7 million, or 160 basis points, and $10.6 million, or 110 basis points, of amortization expense and acquisition costs, respectively, related to our acquisition of the IPC Group. In addition, S&A Expense was unfavorably impacted by $10.5 million, or 100 basis points, and $6.4 million, or 60 basis points, of restructuring charges taken in the 2017 first and fourth quarters and pension settlement charges, respectively. Excluding these costs, S&A Expense was 50 basis points lower in 2017 compared to 2016 due primarily to our continued balance of disciplined spending control with investments in key growth initiatives.
S&A Expense decreased by $4.1 million, or 1.6%, in 2016 compared to 2015. As a percentage of Net Sales, 2016 S&A Expense decreased 40 basis points to 30.7% from 31.1% in 2015 due to two restructuring charges totaling $3.7 million we recorded in 2015 to reduce our infrastructure costs that did not repeat in 2016. In addition, there was a net favorable impact to S&A Expense in 2016 as a result of disciplined spending control more than offsetting investments in key growth initiatives.
Profit from Operations
Operating Profit was $27.0 million, or 2.7% of Net Sales, in 2017, as compared to Operating Profit of $68.5 million, or 8.5% of Net Sales, in 2016. 2017 Operating Profit was $41.5 million lower than 2016 Operating Profit due primarily to $15.7 million of amortization expense related to IPC intangible assets, $10.6 million of acquisition costs and a $7.2 million fair value inventory step-up flow through, all related to our acquisition of the IPC Group. We also recorded $10.5 million of restructuring charges in 2017 to better align our global resources and expense structure. In addition, we recorded pension settlement charges of $6.4 million due to our termination of the U.S. Pension Plan in May 2017. These unfavorable impacts were partially offset by operating profit obtained from the IPC acquisition, reduced expenses resulting from our first quarter 2017 restructuring charge and tight management of controllable costs.
Operating Profit was $68.5 million in 2016, as compared to Operating Profit of $53.2 million in the prior year which included $11.2 million for the pre-tax non-cash Impairment of Long-Lived Assets as a result of the classification of our Green Machines assets as held for sale and also the $3.7 million pre-tax restructuring charges recorded in 2015. Operating Profit margin increased 190 basis points to 8.5% in 2016 from 6.6% in 2015. 2016 Operating Profit was also favorably impacted by higher Gross Profit despite the lower Net Sales in 2016 as compared to 2015. Due to the overall strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies in 2016, foreign currency exchange reduced Operating Profit by approximately $1.2 million.
Total Other Expense, Net
Interest Income – Interest Income was $2.4 million in 2017, an increase of $2.1 million from 2016. The increase between 2017 and 2016 was primarily due to interest income related to foreign currency swap activities.
Interest Income was $0.3 in 2016, an increase of $0.1 million from 2015. The increase between 2016 and 2015 was due to higher levels of cash deposits.
Interest Expense – Interest Expense was $25.4 million in 2017, as compared to $1.3 million in 2016. The higher Interest Expense in 2017 was primarily due to carrying a higher level of debt on our Consolidated Balance Sheets related to our acquisition activities as well as a $6.2 million charge to expense the debt issuance costs for loans which were refinanced or repaid, as further described in the Liquidity and Capital Resources section that follows.
There was no significant change in Interest Expense in 2016 as compared to 2015.
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Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses – Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses were $3.4 million in 2017 as compared to $0.4 million in 2016. The unfavorable change in the impact from foreign currency transactions in 2017 was primarily due to fluctuations in foreign currency rates, specifically between the Euro and U.S. dollar, settlements of transactional hedging activity in the normal course of business and a $1.1 million mark-to-market adjustment of a foreign exchange call option, an instrument held in connection with our acquisition of the IPC Group on April 6, 2017.
Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses were $0.4 million in 2016 as compared to $1.0 million in 2015. The favorable change in the impact from foreign currency transactions in 2016 was due to fluctuations in foreign currency rates and settlements of transactional hedging activity in the normal course of business.
Other Expense, Net – Other Expense, Net was $2.0 million in 2017 as compared to $0.7 million in 2016. The unfavorable change in Other Expense, Net was due primarily to the additional expense recorded as a result of the acquisition of the IPC Group.
There was no significant change in Other Expense, Net in 2016 as compared to 2015.
(Loss) Profit Before Income Taxes
Loss Before Income Taxes for 2017 was $1.3 million compared to Profit Before Income Taxes of $66.5 million for 2016 and $50.4 million in 2015.
The breakdown of (Loss) Profit Before Income Taxes between U.S. and foreign operations for each year ended December 31 was as follows:

| 2017 | % | 2016 | % | 2015 | %
U.S. operations | $ | 7,465 |  | (577.8) | $ | 54,018 |  | 81.2 | $ | 51,189 |  | 101.5 |
Foreign operations | (8,757 | ) | 677.8 | 12,473 |  | 18.8 | (765 | ) | (1.5 | )
Total | $ | (1,292 | ) | 100.0 | $ | 66,491 |  | 100.0 | $ | 50,424 |  | 100.0 |

Profit Before Income Taxes from U.S. operations decreased by $46.6 million in 2017 compared to 2016. The decrease resulted primarily from $10.6 million of acquisition costs related to our acquisition of the IPC Group, $6.4 million of pension settlement charges recorded in 2017 as a result of the termination of the U.S. Pension Plan in May 2017 and $4.9 million of restructuring charges recorded in 2017 to better align our global resources and expense structure. In addition, Interest Expense recorded in Profit Before Income Taxes from U.S. operations during 2017 was $23.4 higher compared to 2016 primarily due to carrying a higher level of debt on our Consolidated Balance Sheets related to our acquisition activities as well as a $6.2 million charge to expense the debt issuance costs for loans which were refinanced or repaid as part of our acquisition of the IPC Group.
(Loss) Profit Before Income Taxes from foreign operations decreased by $21.2 million in 2017 compared to 2016. The decrease resulted primarily from $15.7 million of amortization expense related to IPC intangible assets in 2017, a $7.2 million fair value inventory step-up flow through as a result of our acquisition of the IPC Group and $5.6 million of restructuring charges recorded in 2017 to better align our global resources and expense structure. These unfavorable impacts were partially offset by Profit Before Income Taxes obtained from the IPC acquisition.
Profit Before Income Taxes from foreign operations increased by $13.2 million in 2016 compared to 2015. The increase resulted primarily from the $11.2 million non-cash Impairment of Long-Lived Assets included in 2015 as a result of our decision to hold the assets and liabilities of our Green Machines outdoor city cleaning line for sale that did not repeat in 2016. This impairment affected the results of operations in our EMEA region. In addition, 2015 Profit Before Income Taxes in our EMEA and APAC subsidiaries included an additional expense of $1.9 million and $0.7 million, respectively, as a result of two worldwide restructuring actions that did not repeat in 2016. Profit Before Income Taxes in our Latin America subsidiaries increased approximately $0.6 million in 2016 primarily due to sales increases. Profit Before Income Taxes in our APAC subsidiaries decreased by $1.3 million primarily due to lower sales resulting from economic slowdowns in the region and fewer large deals.
Income Taxes
On December 22, 2017, legislation popularly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act) was enacted, resulting in significant changes from previous tax law, including, but not limited to requiring a one-time transition tax on certain unrepatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries and a reduction in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. The Tax Act also establishes new laws that will impact 2018.
ASC 740 requires a company to record the effects of a tax law change in the period of enactment, however shortly after the enactment of the Tax Act, the SEC staff issued SAB 118, which allows a company to record a provisional amount when it does not have the necessary information available, prepared or analyzed in reasonable detail to complete its accounting for the change in the law. The measurement period ends when the company has obtained, prepared and analyzed the information necessary to finalize its accounting, but cannot extend beyond one year.
Therefore, in connection with its initial analysis of the impact of the Tax Act, the Company’s overall tax expense for 2017 includes a provisional tax charge of $2.4 million, or $0.14 per share, to reflect the estimated impacts of the Tax Act, including the transition tax on cash and cash equivalent balances related to accumulated earnings associated with our international operations, the write-down of net U.S. deferred tax assets at lower enacted corporate tax rates, and the effects of the implementation of the territorial tax system.
The overall effective income tax rate was (380.2)%, 29.9% and 36.4% in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
The tax expense for 2017 included a $3.7 million tax benefit associated with $18.8 million of acquisition and financing costs related to the IPC Group acquisition, a $3.0 million tax benefit associated with a $10.5 million restructuring charge, a $2.4 million tax benefit associated with a $6.2 million pension settlement, a $2.0 million tax benefit associated with $7.2 million of expense related to inventory step-up amortization, a $2.0 million provisional tax expense related to the write-down of net U.S. deferred tax assets at the lower enacted tax rates and a $0.4 million provisional tax expense related to the transition tax on cash and cash equivalent balances related to accumulated earnings associated with our international operations as a result of Tax Legislation. These special items impacted the 2017 year-to-date overall effective tax rate by 412.9%.
Our effective tax rate fluctuates from year to year due to the global nature of our operations. Excluding the 2017 special items and the effect of the Tax Act, the tax rate increased from 29.9% in 2016 due primarily to the mix in full year taxable earnings by country. As a result of the Tax Act, we expect the income tax rate to be favorably impacted.
There were no special items that affected the tax rate in 2016.
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The tax expense for 2015 included a $0.4 million tax benefit associated with an $11.2 million Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and a $0.6 million tax benefit associated with restructuring charges of $3.7 million. We are not able to recognize a tax benefit on the impairment charge until the assets are sold due to a tax valuation allowance. Excluding these items, the 2015 overall effective tax rate would have been 29.6%.
Net (Loss) Earnings and (Loss) Earnings Per Share
Net (Loss) Earnings for 2017 were $(6.2) million, or $(0.35) per diluted share, compared to $46.6 million, or $2.59 per diluted share, for 2016. Net (Loss) Earnings were impacted by:

• | Gross profit margin decline of 320 basis points compared to 2016.

• | A 370 basis point increase in S&A Expense as a percentage of Net Sales compared to 2016.

• | An unfavorable impact of $24.1 million from Interest Expense of $25.4 million in 2017 as compared to $1.3 million in 2016.

• | An unfavorable impact of $3.0 million from Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses of $3.4 million in 2017 as compared to $0.4 million in 2016.

• | An increase in Net Sales of 24.1% in 2017 as compared to 2016.

Net Earnings for 2016 were $46.6 million, or $2.59 per diluted share, compared to $32.1 million, or $1.74 per diluted share, for 2015. Net Earnings were impacted by:

• | Gross profit margin strengthening of 50 basis points compared to 2015.

• | A 40 basis point decrease in S&A Expense as a percentage of Net Sales compared to 2015.

• | A pre-tax non-cash impact of $11.2 million in 2015 due to the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets as a result of the classification of our Green Machines assets as held for sale that did not repeat in 2016.

• | A favorable impact of $0.6 million from Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses of $0.4 million in 2016 as compared to $1.0 million in 2015.

• | A decrease in Net Sales of 0.4% in 2016 as compared to 2015.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments – For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we recorded a pre-tax foreign currency translation gain of $28.4 million and $0.1 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded pre-tax foreign currency translation losses of $12.5 million in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss). These adjustments resulted from translating the financial statements of our non-U.S. dollar functional currency subsidiaries into our reporting currency, which is the U.S. dollar, as well as other adjustments permitted by ASC 830 – Foreign Currency Matters.
Durin g 2017, we recorded pre-tax currency translation gains of $28.4 million. These adjustments were caused primarily by the appreciation of the Euro against the U.S. dollar. In 2017, the Euro appreciated against the U.S. dollar by approximately 14%.
During 2016, we recorded translation gains of $3.4 million relating to the Brazilian real, and translation losses of $1.3 million for the Euro, $1.0 million for the Chines renminbi, $0.9 million for the British pound and $0.1 million for various other currencies. These adjustments were caused by the appreciation of the U.S. dollar against these currencies of between 3% and 17%, and the strengthening of the Brazilian real of 22% in 2016.
During 2015, we recorded translation losses of $6.5 million relating to the Brazilian real, $5.3 million for the Euro, $0.6 million for the Chinese renminbi and $0.1 million for various other currencies. These adjustments were caused by the appreciation of the U.S. dollar against these currencies of between 5% and 32% in 2015.
Pension and Retiree Medical Benefits – For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we recorded pre-tax pension and postretirement liability adjustments consisting of gains of $5.9 million and losses of $2.2 million, respectively, in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) as further disclosed in Note 13 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded a gain of $4.1 million in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) for these items.
The summarized changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss for the three years ended December 31 were as follows:

| Pension and Postretirement Medical Benefits
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015
Net actuarial loss (gain) | $ | 622 |  | $ | 2,357 |  | $ | (2,940 | )
Amortization of prior service cost | — |  | (41 | ) | (67 | )
Amortization of net actuarial loss | (117 | ) | (68 | ) | (1,114 | )
Settlement Charge | (6,373 | ) | — |  | — |
Total recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss | $ | (5,868 | ) | $ | 2,248 |  | $ | (4,121 | )

The $5.9 million gain in 2017 was primarily due to a $6.4 million settlement charge related to the termination of the U.S. Pension Plan and a $0.1 million credit related to amortization of accumulated actuarial losses. These gains were partially offset by $0.6 million of net actuarial losses relating to an increase of $1.2 million in the pension benefit obligation in 2017 due to changes in demographic experience and other changes, a $0.6 million increase in the pension benefit obligation resulting from a 64 basis point decrease in the U.S. pension discount rate, a 19 basis point decrease in the non-U.S. discount rate and a 32 basis point decrease in the postretirement discount rates and $1.0 million decrease in the pension benefit obligation due to a higher than expected actual return on assets.
The $2.2 million loss i n 2016 was primarily due to a $2.4 net actuarial loss relating to an increase of $3.2 million in the projected benefit obligation resulting from a 16 basis point decrease in the U.S. pension discount rate, a 95 basis point decrease in the non-U.S. discount rate and a 12 basis point decrease in the postretirement discount rate. There was an approximate $0.6 million decrease in the pension benefit obligation in 2016 relating to demographic experience and other changes, as well as a $0.2 million decrease due to a higher than expected actual return on assets. The net actuarial loss was partially offset by a $0.1 million credit relating to amortization of accumulated actuarial losses and prior service costs.
The $4.1 million gain in 2015 was primarily due to a $2.9 million net actuarial gain relating to a decrease of $2.4 million in the projected benefit obligation resulting from a 32 basis point increase in the U.S. Pension discount rate, a 21 basis point increase in the non-U.S. discount rate and a 31 basis point increase in the postretirement discount rate. There was an approximate $3.3 million decrease in the pension benefit obligation in 2015 relating to demographic experience and other changes, as well as a $3.0 million increase due to a lower than expected actual return of assets. The net actuarial gain was supplemented by a $1.2 million credit relating to amortization of accumulated losses and prior service costs.
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Cash Flow Hedging – For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we recorded adjustments to pre-tax losses on cash flow hedge financial instruments of $7.7 million and $0.3 million, respectively, in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) as further disclosed i n Note 11 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded a gain of $0.2 million in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) for these items.
The $7.7 million loss in 2017 was primarily due to $26.2 million of losses recognized primarily as a result of our Euro to U.S. dollar foreign exchange cross currency swaps to mitigate our Euro exposure on our cash flows associated with an intercompany loan from a wholly-owned European subsidiary. The loss was partially offset by $18.5 of losses reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss to the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
The $0.3 million pre-tax loss i n 2016 and the pre-tax gain of $0.2 million in 2015 was driven by our cash flow exposure to the Canadian dollar resulting from changes in this currency relative to the U.S. dollar.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity – Cash and Cash Equivalents totaled $58.4 million at December 31, 2017, as compared to $58.0 million as of December 31, 2016. Cash and Cash Equivalents held by our foreign subsidiaries totaled $39.1 million as of December 31, 2017, as compared to $19.0 million as of December 31, 2016. Wherever possible, cash management is centralized and intercompany financing is used to provide working capital to subsidiaries as needed. Our current ratio was 1.8 as of December 31, 2017 and 2.2 as of December 31, 2016, and our working capital was $186.6 million and $165.1 million, respectively.
Our Debt-to-Capital ratio was 56.0% as of December 31, 2017, compared with 11.5% as of December 31, 2016. Our capital structure was comprised of $376.8 million of Debt and $296.5 million of Tennant Company Shareholders’ Equity as of December 31, 2017.
During 2017, we generated operating cash flows of $54.2 million and paid a total of $15.0 million in cash dividends. Total debt increased to $376.8 million as of December 31, 2017, compared to $36.2 million at the end of 2016, due primarily to the acquisition of the IPC Group in April 2017.
Cash Flow Summary – Cash provided by (used in) our operating, investing and financing activities is summarized as follows (in thousands):

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Operating Activities | $ | 54,174 |  |  | $ | 57,878 |  |  | $ | 45,232 |
Investing Activities: |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of Property, Plant and Equipment, Net of Disposals | (17,926 | ) |  | (25,911 | ) |  | (24,444 | )
Proceeds from Principal Payments Received on Long-Term Note Receivable | 667 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of Long-Term Note Receivable | (1,500 | ) |  | (2,000 | ) |  | — |
Acquisitions of Businesses, Net of Cash Acquired | (354,073 | ) |  | (12,933 | ) |  | — |
Purchase of Intangible Asset | (2,500 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Proceeds from Sale of Business | — |  |  | 285 |  |  | 1,185 |
(Increase) Decrease in Restricted Cash | (92 | ) |  | 116 |  |  | (322 | )
Financing Activities | 319,473 |  |  | (9,558 | ) |  | (61,405 | )
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash and Cash Equivalents | 2,142 |  |  | (1,144 | ) |  | (1,908 | )
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents | $ | 365 |  |  | $ | 6,733 |  |  | $ | (41,662 | )

Operating Activities – Cash provided by operating activities was $54.2 million in 2017, $57.9 million in 2016 and $45.2 million in 2015. In 2017, cash provided by operating activities was driven primarily by net earnings, after adding back non-cash items, an increase in Other Current Liabilities of $14.6 million due to additional accruals recorded as a result of the IPC Group consolidation and the fourth quarter 2017 restructuring action and an increase in Accounts Payable of $10.8 million due to timing of payments. These cash inflows were partially offset by cash outflows resulting from an increase in Accounts Receivable of $14.4 million resulting from higher sales levels, the variety of payment terms offered and mix of business.
In 2016, cash provided by operating activities was driven primarily by net earnings, after adding back non-cash items, partially offset by an increase in Accounts Receivable of $9.3 million resulting from higher sales levels, particularly in December 2016, the variety of payment terms offered and mix of business.
In 2015, cash provided by operating activities was driven primary by net earnings, after adding back non-cash items, somewhat offset by a decrease in Accounts Payable of $10.5 million due to making earlier payments to utilize cash discounts and an increase in Inventories of $10.2 million to support the launches of many new products.
For 2017, we used operating profit and operating profit margin as key indicators of financial performance and the primary metrics for performance-based incentives.
Two metrics used by management to evaluate how effectively we utilize our net assets are “Accounts Receivable Days Sales Outstanding” (“DSO”) and “Days Inventory on Hand” (“DIOH”), on a first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) basis. The metrics are calculated on a rolling three month basis in order to more readily reflect changing trends in the business. These metrics for the quarters ended December 31 were as follows (in days):

| 2017 |  | 2016
DSO | 63 |  | 59
DIOH | 96 |  | 89

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DSO increased 4 days in 2017 as compared to 2016 primarily due to the acquisition of IPC, who generally offers longer payment terms than the average DSO of our business in 2016 prior to the acquisition, and mix of business. These drivers were partially offset by the trend of continued proactive management of our receivables by enforcing tighter credit limits and continuing to successfully collect past due balances.
DIOH increased 7 days in 2017 as compared to 2016 primarily due to a lower level of sales than anticipated that resulted in higher levels of inventory and maintaining a higher level of select inventory items to lower lead times, partially offset by progress from inventory reduction initiatives.
Investing Activities – Net cash used in investing activities was $375.4 million in 2017, $40.4 million in 2016 and $23.6 million in 2015. In 2017, we used $354.1 million, net of cash acquired, in relation to our acquisition of the IPC Group and the final installment payment for the acquisition of the Florock brand and $17.9 million for net capital expenditures. Net capital expenditures included investments in information technology process improvement projects, tooling related to new product development, and manufacturing equipment. We also used $2.5 million for the purchase of the distribution rights to sell the i-mop and $1.5 million as a result of a loan to i-team North America B.V., a joint venture that operates as a distributor of the i-mop in North America. The details regarding the joint venture and our distribution of the i-mop are described further in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In 2016, we used $25.9 million for net capital expenditures. Net capital expenditures included investments in information technology process improvement projects, tooling related to new product development, and manufacturing equipment. In addition, our acquisition of the Florock brand and the assets of Dofesa Barrdio Mecanizado, a long-time distributor based in Central Mexico, used $12.9 million, net of cash acquired. We also used $2.0 million as a result of a non-interest bearing cash advance to TCS EMEA GmbH, the master distributor of our products in Central Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa.
In 2015, we used $24.4 million for net capital expenditures. Net capital expenditures included investments in information technology process improvement projects, tooling related to new product development, and manufacturing equipment. This cash outflow was partially offset by a cash inflow resulting from proceeds from sale of our Green Machines outdoor city cleaning line, which provided $1.2 million.
Financing Activities – Net cash provided by financing activities was $319.5 million in 2017. Net cash used in financing activities was $9.6 million in 2016 and $61.4 million in 2015. In 2017, proceeds from the incurrence of Long-Term Debt associated with the IPC acquisition and the issuance of Common Stock provided $440.0 million and $6.9 million, respectively. These cash inflows were partially offset by cash outflows resulting from $96.2 million of Long-Term Debt payments, $16.5 million related to payments of debt issuance costs and dividend payments of $15.0 million. Our annual cash dividend payout increased for the 46 th consecutive year to $0.84 per share in 2017, an increase of $0.03 per share over 2016.
In 2016, dividend payments used $14.3 million, the purchases of our common stock per our authorized repurchase program used $12.8 million and the payment of Long-Term Debt used $3.5 million. These cash ouflows were partially offset by proceeds resulting from the incurrence of Long-Term Debt of $15.0 million, the issuance of Common Stock of $5.3 million and the excess tax benefit on stock plans of $0.7 million.
In 2015, the purchase of our common stock per our authorized repurchase program used $46.0 million, dividend payments used $14.5 million and the payment of Long-Term Debt used $3.4 million, partially offset by proceeds from the issuance of Common Stock of $1.7 million and the excess benefit on stock plans of $0.9 million.
On October 31, 2016, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 1,000,000 shares of our common stock. At December 31, 2017, there were 1,393,965 remaining shares authorized for repurchase.
There were no shares repurchased in 2017 in the open market, 246,474 shares repurchased in 2016 and 764,046 shares repurchased during 2015, at average repurchase prices of $51.78 during 2016 and $60.20 during 2015. Our 2017 Credit Agreement restricts the payment of dividends or repurchasing of stock if, after giving effect to such payments and assuming no default exists or would result from such payment, our leverage ratio is greater than 2.50 to 1, in such case limiting such payments to an amount ranging from $50.0 million to $75.0 million during any fiscal year based on our leverage ratio after giving effect to such payment. Our Senior Notes due 2025 also contain certain restrictions, which are generally less restrictive than those contained in the 2017 Credit Agreement.
Indebtedness – In order to finance the acquisition of the IPC Group, on April 4, 2017, the Company and certain of our foreign subsidiaries entered into a Credit Agreement (the “2017 Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan, as administrative agent, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as syndication agent, Wells Fargo, National Association, U.S. Bank National Association, and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as co-documentation agents, and the lenders (including JPMorgan) from time to time party thereto.
On April 18, 2017, we issued and sold $300,000 in aggregate principal amount of our 5.625% Senior Notes due 2025 (the “Notes”), pursuant to an Indenture, dated as of April 18, 2017, among the company, the Guarantors (as defined therein), and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, a national banking association, as trustee. The Notes are guaranteed by Tennant Coatings, Inc. and Tennant Sales and Service Company (collectively, the “Guarantors”), which are wholly owned subsidiaries of the company.
For further details regarding our indebtedness, see Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Contractual Obligations – Our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2017, are summarized by period due in the following table (in thousands):

| Total |  | Less Than 1 Year |  | 1 - 3 Years |  | 3 - 5 Years |  | More Than 5 Years
Long-term debt(1) | $ | 380,000 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |  |  | $ | 16,250 |  |  | $ | 58,750 |  |  | $ | 300,000 |
Interest payments on long-term debt(1) | 132,744 |  |  | 19,587 |  |  | 38,549 |  |  | 36,217 |  |  | 38,391 |
Capital leases | 3,279 |  |  | 1,609 |  |  | 1,540 |  |  | 130 |  |  | — |
Interest payments on capital leases | 300 |  |  | 187 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Retirement benefit plans(2) | 1,239 |  |  | 1,239 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Deferred compensation arrangements(3) | 6,257 |  |  | 1,356 |  |  | 1,894 |  |  | 721 |  |  | 2,286 |
Operating leases(4) | 36,931 |  |  | 14,083 |  |  | 15,261 |  |  | 4,991 |  |  | 2,596 |
Purchase obligations(5) | 57,848 |  |  | 57,848 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other(6) | 11,410 |  |  | 11,410 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total contractual obligations | $ | 630,008 |  |  | $ | 112,319 |  |  | $ | 73,605 |  |  | $ | 100,811 |  |  | $ | 343,273 |

(1)Long-term debt represents borrowings through our Senior Notes due 2025 and the 2017 Credit Agreement with JPMorgan. Interest on the Senior Notes will accrue at the rate of 5.625% per annum and will be payable semiannually in cash on each May 1 and November 1, commencing on November 1, 2017. Repayment of the principal amount of the Senior Notes is due upon expiration of the agreement in 2025. Interest payments on our 2017 Credit Agreement with JPMorgan were calculated using the December 31, 2017 30-day LIBOR rate plus a spread.
(2)Our retirement benefit plans, as described in Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, require us to make contributions to the plans from time to time. Our plan obligations totaled $12.0 million as of December 31, 2017. Contributions to the various plans are dependent upon a number of factors including the market performance of plan assets, if any, and future changes in interest rates, which impact the actuarial measurement of plan obligations. As a result, we have only included our 2018 expected contribution in the contractual obligations table.
(3)The unfunded deferred compensation arrangements covering certain current and retired management employees totaled $6.3 million as of December 31, 2017. Our estimated distributions in the contractual obligations table are based upon a number of assumptions including termination dates and participant distribution elections.
(4)Operating lease commitments consist primarily of office and warehouse facilities, vehicles and office equipment as discussed in Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
(5)Purchase obligations include all known open purchase orders, contractual purchase commitments and contractual obligations as of December 31, 2017.
(6)Other obligations include residual value guarantees as discussed in Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Total contractual obligations exclude our gross unrecognized tax benefits of $2.2 million and accrued interest and penalties of $0.5 million as of December 31, 2017. We expect to make cash outlays in the future related to uncertain tax positions. However, due to the uncertainty of the timing of future cash flows, we are unable to make reasonably reliable estimates of the period of cash settlement, if any, with the respective taxing authorities. For further information related to unrecognized tax benefits, see Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Newly Issued Accounting Guidance
Revenues from Contracts with Customers
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). This ASU will replace all existing revenue recognition standards and significantly expand the disclosure requirements for revenue arrangements. This guidance requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. This guidance provides a five-step analysis of transactions to determine when and how revenue is recognized. This guidance also requires enhanced disclosures regarding the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from an entity's contracts with customers. The ASU permits two methods of adoption: retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented (full retrospective method), or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application (the modified retrospective method).
In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, which defers the effective date of the new revenue recognition standard by one year from the original effective date specified in ASU No. 2014-09. The guidance now permits us to apply the new revenue recognition standard to annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period, which is our fiscal 2018.
We have completed the process of evaluating the effect of the adoption of this ASU on our financial statements and related disclosures. We adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective approach. We will expand our consolidated financial statement disclosures in order to comply with the ASU. The new standard requires a change in the presentation of our sales return reserve on the balance sheet, which we currently record net. The new standard also requires us to record a refund liability and a corresponding asset for our right to recover products from customers upon settling the refund liability to account for the transfer of products with a right of return. However, these changes will not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, other than additional disclosure requirements.
Leases
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). This ASU changes current U.S. GAAP for lessees to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for those leases classified as operating leases under previous U.S. GAAP. Under the new guidance, lessor accounting is largely unchanged. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period, which is our fiscal 2019. Early application is permitted. Lessees and lessors must apply a modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. The transition approach would not require any transition accounting for leases that expired before the earliest comparative period presented. A full retrospective transition approach is prohibited for both lessees and lessors. We will adopt this ASU beginning in 2019. We are currently evaluating the impact of this amended guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
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Business Combinations
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business. This ASU clarifies the definition of a business when evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period, which is our fiscal 2018. We will apply this guidance to applicable transactions commencing in 2018.
Goodwill
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. This ASU is effective for annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests beginning after December 15, 2019, which is our fiscal 2020. Early adoption of the standard is permitted for any interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We early adopted this guidance to applicable goodwill impairment tests commencing with our annual goodwill impairment analysis in 2017 and it did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Compensation – Retirement Benefits
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation—Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost, which requires employers to report the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. The other components of net benefit cost (credit) are required to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component in nonoperating expenses. In addition, the line items used in the income statement to present the other components of net benefit cost (credit) must be disclosed. The amendments also allow only the service cost component to be eligible for capitalization when applicable. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period, which is our fiscal 2018. Companies are required to adopt the ASU retrospectively for the presentation of the service cost component and the other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost (credit) in the income statement. We adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018.
We will comply with the requirements of this ASU by reporting the service cost component of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost (credit) in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. We will also present the other components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) separate from the service cost component in nonoperating expenses. Based on our analysis of this ASU, we have determined that the impact to our financial statements and related disclosures is immaterial as it relates to the presentation of the service cost component of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs. The other components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) will be recorded in Total Other Expense, Net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In 2017, we recorded $0.4 million of net periodic benefit credits as it relates to the other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost (credit) in Selling and Administrative Expense. We will begin presenting these costs in Total Other Expense, Net on a retrospective basis beginning with our fiscal 2018 quarterly and annual filings, along with the related disclosures.
Derivatives and Hedging
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, which better aligns accounting rules with a company's risk management activities, better reflects the economic results of hedging in financial statements and simplifies hedge accounting treatment. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, which is our fiscal 2019. We are currently evaluating the impact that this standard is expected to have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
No other new accounting pronouncements issued but not yet effective have had, or are expected to have, a material impact on our results of operations or financial position.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our Consolidated Financial Statements are based on the selection and application of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, which require us to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Future events and their effects cannot be determined with absolute certainty. Therefore, the determination of estimates requires the exercise of judgment. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and any such differences may be material to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We believe that the following policies may involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity in their application and represent the critical accounting policies used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements. If different assumptions or conditions were to prevail, the results could be materially different from our reported results.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts – We record a reserve for accounts receivable that are potentially uncollectible. A considerable amount of judgment is required in assessing the realization of these receivables including the current creditworthiness of each customer and related aging of the past-due balances. In order to assess the collectability of these receivables, we perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial condition. Through these evaluations, we may become aware of a situation where a customer may not be able to meet its financial obligations due to deterioration of its financial viability, credit ratings or bankruptcy. The reserve requirements are based on the best facts available to us and are reevaluated and adjusted as additional information becomes available. Our reserves are also based on amounts determined by using percentages applied to trade receivables. These percentages are determined by a variety of factors including, but not limited to, current economic trends, historical payment and bad debt write-off experience. We are not able to predict changes in the financial condition of our customers and if circumstances related to these customers deteriorate, our estimates of the recoverability of accounts receivable could be materially affected and we may be required to record additional allowances. Alternatively, if more allowances are provided than are ultimately required, we may reverse a portion of such provisions in future periods based on the actual collection experience. Bad debt write-offs as a percentage of Net Sales were approximately 0.1% in 2017, 0.1% in 2016 and 0.2% in 2015. As of December 31, 2017, we had $3.2 million reserved against Accounts Receivable for doubtful accounts and sales returns.
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Inventory Reserves – We value our inventory at the lower of the cost of inventory or net realizable value through the establishment of a reserve for excess, slow moving and obsolete inventory. In assessing the ultimate realization of inventories, we are required to make judgments as to future demand requirements compared with inventory levels. Reserve requirements are developed by comparing our inventory levels to our projected demand requirements based on historical demand, market conditions and technological and product life cycle changes. It is possible that an increase in our reserve may be required in the future if there are significant declines in demand for certain products. This reserve creates a new cost basis for these products and is considered permanent. As of December 31, 2017, we had $4.1 million reserved against Inventories.
Goodwill – Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of net assets of businesses acquired and is allocated to our reporting units at the time of the acquisition. We analyze Goodwill on an annual basis and when an event occurs or circumstances change that may reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value.
We performed an analysis of qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. The qualitative test is used as an indicator to identify if there is potential goodwill impairment. If the qualitative test indicates there may be an impairment, the quantitative test is performed which measures the amount of the goodwill impairment, if any. We perform our goodwill impairment analysis as of year end or when an event occurs or circumstances change that may reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount, and use our judgment to develop assumptions for the discounted cash flow model that we use, if necessary. Management assumptions include forecasting revenues and margins, estimating capital expenditures, depreciation, amortization and discount rates.
If our goodwill impairment testing resulted in one or more of our reporting units’ carrying amount exceeding its fair value, we would write down our reporting units’ carrying amount to its fair value and would record an impairment charge in our results of operations in the period such determination is made. Subsequent reversal of goodwill impairment charges is not permitted. We performed an analysis of qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount and, based upon our analysis, no qualitative indicators of impairment exist at December 31, 2017. We had Goodwill of $186.0 million as of December 31, 2017.
Warranty Reserves – We record a liability for warranty claims at the time of sale. The amount of the liability is based on the trend in the historical ratio of claims to net sales, the historical length of time between the sale and resulting warranty claim, new product introductions and other factors. Future claims experience could be materially different from prior results because of the introduction of new, more complex products, a change in our warranty policy in response to industry trends, competition or other external forces, or manufacturing changes that could impact product quality. In the event we determine that our current or future product repair and replacement costs exceed our estimates, an adjustment to these reserves would be charged to earnings in the period such determination is made. Warranty expense as a percentage of Net Sales was 1.2% in 2017, 1.5% in 2016 and 1.4% in 2015. As of December 31, 2017, we had $12.7 million reserved for future estimated warranty costs.
Income Taxes – We are required to estimate our income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves estimating our actual current tax obligations based on expected income, statutory tax rates and tax planning opportunities in the various jurisdictions. We also establish reserves for uncertain tax matters that are complex in nature and uncertain as to the ultimate outcome. Although we believe that our tax return positions are fully supportable, we consider our ability to ultimately prevail in defending these matters when establishing these reserves. We adjust our reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit. We believe that our current reserves are adequate. However, the ultimate outcome may differ from our estimates and assumptions and could impact the income tax expense reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Tax law requires certain items to be included in our tax return at different times than the items are reflected in our results of operations. Some of these differences are permanent, such as expenses that are not deductible in our tax returns, and some differences will reverse over time, such as depreciation expense on property, plant and equipment. These temporary differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included within our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Deferred tax assets generally represent items that can be used as a tax deduction or credit in our tax returns in future years but have already been recorded as an expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income, and, based on management’s judgment, to the extent we believe that recovery is not more likely than not, we establish a valuation reserve against those deferred tax assets. The deferred tax asset valuation allowance could be materially different from actual results because of changes in the mix of future taxable income, the relationship between book and taxable income and our tax planning strategies. As of December 31, 2017, a valuation allowance of $9.7 million was recorded against foreign tax loss carryforwards, foreign tax credit carryforwards and state credit carryforwards.
Cautionary Factors Relevant to Forward-Looking Information
This annual report on Form 10-K, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7, contain certain statements that are considered “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “project,” or “continue” or similar words or the negative thereof. These statements do not relate to strictly historical or current facts and provide current expectations of forecasts of future events. Any such expectations or forecasts of future events are subject to a variety of factors. Particular risks and uncertainties presently facing us include:

• | Ability to effectively manage organizational changes.

• | Ability to attract, retain and develop key personnel and create effective succession planning strategies.

• | Competition in our business.

• | Fluctuations in the cost, quality or availability of raw materials and purchased components.

• | Ability to successfully upgrade and evolve our information technology systems.

• | Ability to develop and commercialize new innovative products and services.

• | Ability to integrate acquisitions, including IPC.

• | Ability to generate sufficient cash to satisfy our debt obligations.

• | Geopolitical and economic uncertainty throughout the world.

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• | Ability to successfully protect our information technology systems from cyber security risks.

• | Occurrence of a significant business interruption.

• | Ability to comply with laws and regulations.

• | Potential disruption of our business from actions of activist investors or others.

• | Relative strength of the U.S. dollar, which affects the cost of our materials and products purchased and sold internationally.

• | Unforeseen product liability claims or product quality issues.

• | Internal control over financial reporting risks resulting from our acquisition of IPC.

We caution that forward-looking statements must be considered carefully and that actual results may differ in material ways due to risks and uncertainties both known and unknown. Information about factors that could materially affect our results can be found in Part I, Item 1A - Risk Factors. Shareholders, potential investors and other readers are urged to consider these factors in evaluating forward-looking statements and are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.
We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Investors are advised to consult any further disclosures by us in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission and in other written statements on related subjects. It is not possible to anticipate or foresee all risk factors, and investors should not consider any list of such factors to be an exhaustive or complete list of all risks or uncertainties.
ITEM 7A – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Commodity Risk – We are subject to exposures resulting from potential cost increases related to our purchase of raw materials or other product components. We do not use derivative commodity instruments to manage our exposures to changes in commodity prices such as steel, oil, gas, lead and other commodities.
Various factors beyond our control affect the price of oil and gas, including but not limited to worldwide and domestic supplies of oil and gas, political instability or armed conflict in oil-producing regions, the price and level of foreign imports, the level of consumer demand, the price and availability of alternative fuels, domestic and foreign governmental regulation, weather-related factors and the overall economic environment. We purchase petroleum-related component parts for use in our manufacturing operations. In addition, our freight costs associated with shipping and receiving product and sales and service vehicle fuel costs are impacted by fluctuations in the cost of oil and gas.
Fluctuations in worldwide demand and other factors affect the price for lead, steel and related products. We do not maintain an inventory of raw or fabricated steel or batteries in excess of near-term production requirements. As a result, increases in the price of lead or steel can significantly increase the cost of our lead- and steel-based raw materials and component parts.
During 2017, we experienced inflation on our raw materials and other purchased component costs. We continue to focus on mitigating the risk of future raw material or other product component cost increases through supplier negotiations, ongoing optimization of our supply chain, the continuation of cost reduction actions and product pricing. The success of these efforts will depend upon our ability to leverage our commodity spend in the current global economic environment. If the commodity prices increase significantly and we are not able to offset the increases with higher selling prices, our results may continue to be unfavorably impacted in 2018.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk – Due to the global nature of our operations, we are subject to exposures resulting from foreign currency exchange fluctuations in the normal course of business. Our primary exchange rate exposures are with the Euro, Australian and Canadian dollars, British pound, Japanese yen, Chinese renminbi, Brazilian real and Mexican peso against the U.S. dollar. The direct financial impact of foreign currency exchange includes the effect of translating profits from local currencies to U.S. dollars, the impact of currency fluctuations on the transfer of goods between our operations in the United States and our international operations and transaction gains and losses. In addition to the direct financial impact, foreign currency exchange has an indirect financial impact on our results, including the effect on sales volume within local economies and the impact of pricing actions taken as a result of foreign exchange rate fluctuations.
In the normal course of business, we actively manage the exposure of our foreign currency exchange rate market risk by entering into various hedging instruments with counterparties that are highly rated financial institutions. We may use foreign exchange purchased options or forward contracts to hedge our foreign currency denominated forecasted revenues or forecasted sales to wholly owned foreign subsidiaries. Additionally, we hedge our net recognized foreign currency assets and liabilities with foreign exchange forward contracts. We hedge these exposures to reduce the risk that our net earnings and cash flows will be adversely affected by changes in foreign exchange rates. We do not enter into any of these instruments for speculative or trading purposes to generate revenue.
These contracts are carried at fair value and have maturities between one and 12 months. The gains and losses on these contracts generally approximate changes in the value of the related assets, liabilities or forecasted transactions. Some of the derivative instruments we enter into do not meet the criteria for cash flow hedge accounting treatment; therefore, changes in fair value are recorded in Foreign Currency Transaction Losses on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
We also use foreign currency exchange rate derivatives to hedge our exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates for anticipated intercompany cash transactions between Tennant Company and its subsidiaries. During the second quarter of 2017, we entered into Euro to U.S. dollar foreign exchange cross currency swaps for all of the anticipated cash flows associated with an intercompany loan from a wholly-owned European subsidiary. We entered into these foreign exchange cross currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency denominated cash flows associated with this intercompany loan and accordingly, they are not speculative in nature. We designated these cross currency swaps as cash flow hedges. The scheduled maturity and principal payment of the loan and related swaps are due in April 2022.
For further information regarding our foreign currency derivatives and hedging programs, see Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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The average contracted rate and notional amounts of the foreign currency derivative instruments outstanding at December 31, 2017, presented in U.S. dollar equivalents are as follows (dollars in thousands, except average contracted rate):

| Notional Amount | Average Contracted Rate | Maximum Term (Months)
Derivatives designated as hedging instrument: |  |  |
Foreign currency option contracts: |  |  |
Canadian dollar | $ | 8,619 |  | 1.301 | 12
Foreign currency forward contracts: |  |  |
Euro | 207,076 |  | 1.168 | 51
Canadian dollar | 2,928 |  | 1.264 | 3
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts: |  |  |
Australian dollar | $ | 3,061 |  | 1.287 | 6
Brazilian real | 4,862 |  | 3.329 | 1
Canadian dollar | 6,612 |  | 1.263 | 8
Euro | 38,068 |  | 0.831 | 11
Mexican peso | 8,255 |  | 20.312 | 8

For details of the estimated effects of currency translation on the operations of our operating segments, see Item 7 – Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Other Matters – Management regularly reviews our business operations with the objective of improving financial performance and maximizing our return on investment. As a result of this ongoing process to improve financial performance, we may incur additional restructuring charges in the future which, if taken, could be material to our financial results.
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ITEM 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and board of directors
Tennant Company:
Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Tennant Company and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule as included in Item 15.A.2 (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
The Company acquired IPC Group during 2017, and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, IPC Group’s internal control over financial reporting associated with total assets of $509 million and total revenues of $174 million included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of IPC Group.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 1954.
Minneapolis, Minnesota
February 27, 2018
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Consolidated Statements of Operations
TENNANT COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net Sales | $ | 1,003,066 |  |  | $ | 808,572 |  |  | $ | 811,799 |
Cost of Sales | 598,645 |  |  | 456,977 |  |  | 462,739 |
Gross Profit | 404,421 |  |  | 351,595 |  |  | 349,060 |
Operating Expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and Development Expense | 32,013 |  |  | 34,738 |  |  | 32,415 |
Selling and Administrative Expense | 345,364 |  |  | 248,210 |  |  | 252,270 |
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,199 |
Loss on Sale of Business | — |  |  | 149 |  |  | — |
Total Operating Expense | 377,377 |  |  | 283,097 |  |  | 295,884 |
Profit from Operations | 27,044 |  |  | 68,498 |  |  | 53,176 |
Other Income (Expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Income | 2,405 |  |  | 330 |  |  | 172 |
Interest Expense | (25,394 | ) |  | (1,279 | ) |  | (1,313 | )
Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses | (3,387 | ) |  | (392 | ) |  | (954 | )
Other Expense, Net | (1,960 | ) |  | (666 | ) |  | (657 | )
Total Other Expense, Net | (28,336 | ) |  | (2,007 | ) |  | (2,752 | )
(Loss) Profit Before Income Taxes | (1,292 | ) |  | 66,491 |  |  | 50,424 |
Income Tax Expense | 4,913 |  |  | 19,877 |  |  | 18,336 |
Net (Loss) Earnings Including Noncontrolling Interest | (6,205 | ) |  | 46,614 |  |  | 32,088 |
Net Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest | (10 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Net (Loss) Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company | $ | (6,195 | ) |  | $ | 46,614 |  |  | $ | 32,088 |
Net (Loss) Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company per Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (0.35 | ) |  | $ | 2.66 |  |  | $ | 1.78 |
Diluted | $ | (0.35 | ) |  | $ | 2.59 |  |  | $ | 1.74 |
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 17,695,390 |  |  | 17,523,267 |  |  | 18,015,151 |
Diluted | 17,695,390 |  |  | 17,976,183 |  |  | 18,493,447 |
Cash Dividends Declared per Common Share | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 0.80 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
TENNANT COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
(In thousands)

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net (Loss) Earnings Including Noncontrolling Interest | $ | (6,205 | ) |  | $ | 46,614 |  |  | $ | 32,088 |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 28,356 |  |  | 109 |  |  | (12,520 | )
Pension and retiree medical benefits | 5,868 |  |  | (2,248 | ) |  | 4,121 |
Cash flow hedge | (7,731 | ) |  | (305 | ) |  | 164 |
Income Taxes: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 310 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 25 |
Pension and retiree medical benefits | (2,087 | ) |  | 504 |  |  | (1,265 | )
Cash flow hedge | 2,884 |  |  | 114 |  |  | (61 | )
Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax | 27,600 |  |  | (1,794 | ) |  | (9,536 | )
Total Comprehensive Income Including Noncontrolling Interest | 21,395 |  |  | 44,820 |  |  | 22,552 |
Comprehensive Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest | (10 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Tennant Company | $ | 21,405 |  |  | $ | 44,820 |  |  | $ | 22,552 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Consolidated Balance Sheets
TENNANT COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
ASSETS |  |  |
Current Assets: |  |  |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | $ | 58,398 |  |  | $ | 58,033 |
Restricted Cash | 653 |  |  | 517 |
Receivables: |  |  |  |  |
Trade, less Allowances of $3,241 and $3,108, respectively | 203,280 |  |  | 145,299 |
Other | 6,236 |  |  | 3,835 |
Net Receivables | 209,516 |  |  | 149,134 |
Inventories | 127,694 |  |  | 78,622 |
Prepaid Expenses | 19,351 |  |  | 9,204 |
Other Current Assets | 7,503 |  |  | 2,412 |
Total Current Assets | 423,115 |  |  | 297,922 |
Property, Plant and Equipment | 382,768 |  |  | 298,500 |
Accumulated Depreciation | (202,750 | ) |  | (186,403 | )
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net | 180,018 |  |  | 112,097 |
Deferred Income Taxes | 11,134 |  |  | 13,439 |
Goodwill | 186,044 |  |  | 21,065 |
Intangible Assets, Net | 172,347 |  |  | 6,460 |
Other Assets | 21,319 |  |  | 19,054 |
Total Assets | $ | 993,977 |  |  | $ | 470,037 |
LIABILITIES AND TOTAL EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Current Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Current Portion of Long-Term Debt | $ | 30,883 |  |  | $ | 3,459 |
Accounts Payable | 96,082 |  |  | 47,408 |
Employee Compensation and Benefits | 37,257 |  |  | 35,997 |
Income Taxes Payable | 2,838 |  |  | 2,348 |
Other Current Liabilities | 69,447 |  |  | 43,617 |
Total Current Liabilities | 236,507 |  |  | 132,829 |
Long-Term Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Long-Term Debt | 345,956 |  |  | 32,735 |
Employee-Related Benefits | 23,867 |  |  | 21,134 |
Deferred Income Taxes | 53,225 |  |  | 171 |
Other Liabilities | 35,948 |  |  | 4,625 |
Total Long-Term Liabilities | 458,996 |  |  | 58,665 |
Total Liabilities | 695,503 |  |  | 191,494 |
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 15) |  |  |  |  |
Equity: |  |  |  |  |
Common Stock, $0.375 par value per share, 60,000,000 shares authorized; 17,881,177 and 17,688,350 issued and outstanding, respectively | 6,705 |  |  | 6,633 |
Additional Paid-In Capital | 15,089 |  |  | 3,653 |
Retained Earnings | 297,032 |  |  | 318,180 |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | (22,323 | ) |  | (49,923 | )
Total Tennant Company Shareholders' Equity | 296,503 |  |  | 278,543 |
Noncontrolling Interest | 1,971 |  |  | — |
Total Equity | 298,474 |  |  | 278,543 |
Total Liabilities and Total Equity | $ | 993,977 |  |  | $ | 470,037 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
TENNANT COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
(In thousands)

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Net (Loss) Earnings Including Noncontrolling Interest | $ | (6,205 | ) |  | $ | 46,614 |  |  | $ | 32,088 |
Adjustments to Reconcile Net (Loss) Earnings to Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation | 26,199 |  |  | 17,891 |  |  | 16,550 |
Amortization of Intangible Assets | 17,054 |  |  | 409 |  |  | 1,481 |
Amortization of Debt Issuance Costs | 1,779 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Debt Issuance Cost Charges Related to Short-Term Financing | 6,200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fair Value Step-Up Adjustment to Acquired Inventory | 7,245 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,199 |
Deferred Income Taxes | (6,095 | ) |  | (1,172 | ) |  | (1,129 | )
Share-Based Compensation Expense | 5,891 |  |  | 3,875 |  |  | 8,222 |
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and Returns | 1,602 |  |  | 468 |  |  | 1,089 |
Loss on Sale of Business | — |  |  | 149 |  |  | — |
Other, Net | 364 |  |  | (345 | ) |  | (100 | )
Changes in Operating Assets and Liabilities, Net of Assets Acquired: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivables, Net | (14,381 | ) |  | (9,278 | ) |  | 4,547 |
Inventories | (2,898 | ) |  | 23 |  |  | (10,190 | )
Accounts Payable | 10,849 |  |  | (3,904 | ) |  | (10,455 | )
Employee Compensation and Benefits | (7,780 | ) |  | 124 |  |  | 716 |
Other Current Liabilities | 14,560 |  |  | (185 | ) |  | (402 | )
Income Taxes | 285 |  |  | 5,427 |  |  | (4,283 | )
Other Assets and Liabilities | (495 | ) |  | (2,218 | ) |  | (4,101 | )
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities | 54,174 |  |  | 57,878 |  |  | 45,232 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of Property, Plant and Equipment | (20,437 | ) |  | (26,526 | ) |  | (24,780 | )
Proceeds from Disposals of Property, Plant and Equipment | 2,511 |  |  | 615 |  |  | 336 |
Proceeds from Principal Payments Received on Long-Term Note Receivable | 667 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of Long-Term Note Receivable | (1,500 | ) |  | (2,000 | ) |  | — |
Acquisitions of Businesses, Net of Cash Acquired | (354,073 | ) |  | (12,933 | ) |  | — |
Purchase of Intangible Asset | (2,500 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Proceeds from Sale of Business | — |  |  | 285 |  |  | 1,185 |
(Increase) Decrease in Restricted Cash | (92 | ) |  | 116 |  |  | (322 | )
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities | (375,424 | ) |  | (40,443 | ) |  | (23,581 | )
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from Short-Term Debt | 303,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repayments of Short-Term Debt | (303,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Proceeds from Issuance of Long-Term Debt | 440,000 |  |  | 15,000 |  |  | — |
Payments of Long-Term Debt | (96,248 | ) |  | (3,460 | ) |  | (3,445 | )
Payments of Debt Issuance Costs | (16,482 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Change in Capital Lease Obligations | 311 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases of Common Stock | — |  |  | (12,762 | ) |  | (45,998 | )
Proceeds from Issuances of Common Stock | 6,875 |  |  | 5,271 |  |  | 1,677 |
Excess Tax Benefit on Stock Plans | — |  |  | 686 |  |  | 859 |
Purchase of Noncontrolling Owner Interest | (30 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Dividends Paid | (14,953 | ) |  | (14,293 | ) |  | (14,498 | )
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities | 319,473 |  |  | (9,558 | ) |  | (61,405 | )
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash and Cash Equivalents | 2,142 |  |  | (1,144 | ) |  | (1,908 | )
NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS | 365 |  |  | 6,733 |  |  | (41,662 | )
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Year | 58,033 |  |  | 51,300 |  |  | 92,962 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF YEAR | $ | 58,398 |  |  | $ | 58,033 |  |  | $ | 51,300 |

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SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION |  |  |  |  |
Cash Paid During the Year for: |  |  |  |  |
Income Taxes | $ | 13,542 |  |  | $ | 14,172 |  |  | $ | 23,421 |
Interest | $ | 14,228 |  |  | $ | 1,135 |  |  | $ | 1,167 |
Supplemental Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |
Long-Term Note Receivable from Sale of Business | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,489 |  |  | $ | — |
Capital Expenditures in Accounts Payable | $ | 2,167 |  |  | $ | 2,045 |  |  | $ | 1,830 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Equity
TENNANT COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

| Tennant Company Shareholders |  |
| Common Shares | Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Tennant Company Shareholders' Equity | Noncontrolling Interest | Total Equity
Balance, December 31, 2014 | 18,415,047 |  | $ | 6,906 |  | $ | 26,247 |  | $ | 286,091 |  | $ | (38,593 | ) | $ | 280,651 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 280,651 |
Net Earnings | — |  | — |  | — |  | 32,088 |  | — |  | 32,088 |  | — |  | 32,088 |
Other Comprehensive Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (9,536 | ) | (9,536 | ) | — |  | (9,536 | )
Issue Stock for Directors, Employee Benefit and Stock Plans, net of related tax withholdings of 23,160 shares | 93,380 |  | 35 |  | 384 |  | — |  | — |  | 419 |  | — |  | 419 |
Share-Based Compensation | — |  | — |  | 8,222 |  | — |  | — |  | 8,222 |  | — |  | 8,222 |
Dividends paid $0.80 per Common Share | — |  | — |  | — |  | (14,498 | ) | — |  | (14,498 | ) | — |  | (14,498 | )
Tax Benefit on Stock Plans | — |  | — |  | 859 |  | — |  | — |  | 859 |  | — |  | 859 |
Purchases of Common Stock | (764,046 | ) | (287 | ) | (35,712 | ) | (9,999 | ) | — |  | (45,998 | ) | — |  | (45,998 | )
Balance, December 31, 2015 | 17,744,381 |  | $ | 6,654 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 293,682 |  | $ | (48,129 | ) | $ | 252,207 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 252,207 |
Net Earnings | — |  | — |  | — |  | 46,614 |  | — |  | 46,614 |  | — |  | 46,614 |
Other Comprehensive Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,794 | ) | (1,794 | ) | — |  | (1,794 | )
Issue Stock for Directors, Employee Benefit and Stock Plans, net of related tax withholdings of 23,113 shares | 190,443 |  | 71 |  | 3,939 |  | — |  | — |  | 4,010 |  | — |  | 4,010 |
Share-Based Compensation | — |  | — |  | 3,875 |  | — |  | — |  | 3,875 |  | — |  | 3,875 |
Dividends paid $0.81 per Common Share | — |  | — |  | — |  | (14,293 | ) | — |  | (14,293 | ) | — |  | (14,293 | )
Tax Benefit on Stock Plans | — |  | — |  | 686 |  | — |  | — |  | 686 |  | — |  | 686 |
Purchases of Common Stock | (246,474 | ) | (92 | ) | (4,847 | ) | (7,823 | ) | — |  | (12,762 | ) | — |  | (12,762 | )
Balance, December 31, 2016 | 17,688,350 |  | $ | 6,633 |  | $ | 3,653 |  | $ | 318,180 |  | $ | (49,923 | ) | $ | 278,543 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 278,543 |
Net Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | (6,195 | ) | — |  | (6,195 | ) | (10 | ) | (6,205 | )
Other Comprehensive Income | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 27,600 |  | 27,600 |  | — |  | 27,600 |
Issue Stock for Directors, Employee Benefit and Stock Plans, net of related tax withholdings of 16,990 shares | 192,827 |  | 72 |  | 5,545 |  | — |  | — |  | 5,617 |  | — |  | 5,617 |
Share-Based Compensation | — |  | — |  | 5,891 |  | — |  | — |  | 5,891 |  | — |  | 5,891 |
Dividends paid $0.84 per Common Share | — |  | — |  | — |  | (14,953 | ) | — |  | (14,953 | ) | — |  | (14,953 | )
Recognition of Noncontrolling Interests | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,028 |  | 2,028 |
Purchase of Noncontrolling Shareholder Interest | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (30 | ) | (30 | )
Other | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (17 | ) | (17 | )
Balance, December 31, 2017 | 17,881,177 |  | $ | 6,705 |  | $ | 15,089 |  | $ | 297,032 |  | $ | (22,323 | ) | $ | 296,503 |  | $ | 1,971 |  | $ | 298,474 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

1. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations – Tennant Company is a world leader in designing, manufacturing and marketing solutions that empower customers to achieve quality cleaning performance, significantly reduce environmental impact and help create a cleaner, safer, healthier world. Tennant offers products and solutions consisting of mechanized cleaning equipment, detergent-free and other sustainable cleaning technologies, aftermarket parts and consumables, equipment maintenance and repair service, specialty surface coatings, and business solutions such as financing, rental and leasing programs, and machine-to-machine asset management solutions. Tennant products are used in many types of environments including: Retail establishments, distribution centers, factories and warehouses, public venues such as arenas and stadiums, office buildings, schools and universities, hospitals and clinics, parking lots and streets, and more. Customers include contract cleaners to whom organizations outsource facilities maintenance, as well as businesses that perform facilities maintenance themselves. The Company reaches these customers through the industry's largest direct sales and service organization and through a strong and well-supported network of authorized distributors worldwide.
In April 2017, the Company completed its acquisition of the IPC Group business. IPC manufactures a complete range of commercial cleaning products including mechanized cleaning equipment, wet & dry vacuum cleaners, cleaning tools & carts and high pressure washers. These products are sold into similar vertical market applications as those listed above, but also into office cleaning and hospitality vertical markets through a global direct sales and service organization and network of distributors. IPC markets products and services under the following valued brands: IPC, Gansow, Vaclensa, Portotecnica, Soteco and private-label brands.
Consolidation – The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Tennant Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. In these Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Tennant Company is referred to as “Tennant,” “we,” “us,” or “our.”
Translation of Non-U.S. Currency – Foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities have been translated to U.S. dollars at year-end exchange rates, while income and expense items are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the year. Gains or losses resulting from translation are included as a separate component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss. The balance of cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments recorded within Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was a net loss of $15,778, $44,444 and $44,585, respectively. The majority of translation adjustments are not adjusted for income taxes as substantially all translation adjustments relate to permanent investments in non-U.S. subsidiaries. Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses are included in Other Income (Expense).
Use of Estimates – In preparing the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"), management must make decisions that impact the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and the related disclosures, including disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Such decisions include the selection of the appropriate accounting principles to be applied and the assumptions on which to base accounting estimates. Estimates are used in determining, among other items, sales promotions and incentives accruals, inventory valuation, warranty reserves, allowance for doubtful accounts, pension and postretirement accruals, useful lives for intangible assets, and future cash flows associated with impairment testing for Goodwill and other long-lived assets. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and judgments. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. We adjust such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. A number of these factors include, among others, economic conditions, credit markets, foreign currency, commodity cost volatility and consumer spending and confidence, all of which have combined to increase the uncertainty inherent in such estimates and assumptions. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual amounts could differ significantly from those estimated at the time the consolidated financial statements are prepared. Changes in those estimates resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment will be reflected in the financial statements in future periods.
Cash and Cash Equivalents – We consider all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents.
Restricted Cash – We have a total of $653 as of December 31, 2017 that serves as collateral backing certain bank guarantees and is therefore restricted. This money is invested in time deposits.
Receivables – Credit is granted to our customers in the normal course of business. Receivables are recorded at original carrying value less reserves for estimated uncollectible accounts and sales returns. To assess the collectability of these receivables, we perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial condition. Through these evaluations, we may become aware of a situation where a customer may not be able to meet its financial obligations due to deterioration of its financial viability, credit ratings or bankruptcy. The reserve requirements are based on the best facts available to us and are reevaluated and adjusted as additional information becomes available. Our reserves are also based on amounts determined by using percentages applied to trade receivables. These percentages are determined by a variety of factors including, but not limited to, current economic trends, historical payment and bad debt write-off experience. An account is considered past-due or delinquent when it has not been paid within the contractual terms. Uncollectible accounts are written off against the reserves when it is deemed that a customer account is uncollectible.
Inventories – Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined on a first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) basis except for Inventories in North America, which are determined on a last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) basis.
Property, Plant and Equipment – Property, plant and equipment is carried at cost. Additions and improvements that extend the lives of the assets are capitalized while expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. We generally depreciate buildings and improvements by the straight-line method over a life of 30 years. Other property, plant and equipment are generally depreciated using the straight-line method based on lives of 3 years to 15 years.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
Equity Method Investment – Investments in which we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but do not control, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are included in Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Under this method of accounting, our share of the net earnings or losses of the investee are presented as a component of Other Expense, Net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The detail regarding our equity method investment in i-team North America B.V., a joint venture that operates as the distributor of the i-mop in North America, are further described in Note 3.
Goodwill – Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of net assets of businesses acquired. We analyze Goodwill on an annual basis as of year end and when an event occurs or circumstances change that may reduce the fair value of one of our reporting units below its carrying amount. A goodwill impairment occurs if the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. In assessing the recoverability of Goodwill, we use an analysis of qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative impairment test.
Intangible Assets – Intangible Assets consist of definite lived customer lists, trade names and technology. Generally, intangible assets classified as trade names are amortized on a straight-line basis and intangible assets classified as customer lists or technology are amortized using an accelerated method of amortization.
Impairment of Long-lived Assets and Assets Held for Sale – We periodically review our intangible and long-lived assets for impairment and assess whether events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. We generally deem an asset group to be impaired if an estimate of undiscounted future operating cash flows is less than its carrying amount. If impaired, an impairment loss is recognized based on the excess of the carrying amount of the individual asset group over its fair value.
Assets held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less costs to sell. Upon retirement or disposition, the asset cost and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from the accounts and a gain or loss is recognized based on the difference between the fair value of proceeds received and carrying value of the assets held for sale. In fiscal 2015, we adopted a plan to sell assets and liabilities of our Green Machines™ outdoor city cleaning line as a result of determining that the product line does not sufficiently complement our core business. The long-lived assets involved were tested for recoverability in 2015; accordingly, a pre-tax impairment loss of $11,199 was recognized, which represents the amount by which the carrying values of the assets exceeded their fair value less costs to sell. The impairment charge is included in the caption "Impairment of Long-Lived Assets" in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Purchase of Common Stock – We repurchase our Common Stock under 2016 and 2015 repurchase programs authorized by our Board of Directors. These programs allow us to repurchase up to an aggregate of 1,393,965 shares of our Common Stock. Upon repurchase, the par value is charged to Common Stock and the remaining purchase price is charged to Additional Paid-in Capital. If the amount of the remaining purchase price causes the Additional Paid-in Capital account to be in a debit position, this amount is then reclassified to Retained Earnings. Common Stock repurchased is included in shares authorized but is not included in shares outstanding.
Warranty – We record a liability for estimated warranty claims at the time of sale. The amount of the liability is based on the trend in the historical ratio of claims to sales, the historical length of time between the sale and resulting warranty claim, new product introductions and other factors. In the event we determine that our current or future product repair and replacement costs exceed our estimates, an adjustment to these reserves would be charged to earnings in the period such determination is made. Warranty terms on machines range from one to four years. However, the majority of our claims are paid out within the first six to nine months following a sale. The majority of the liability for estimated warranty claims represents amounts to be paid out in the near term for qualified warranty issues, with immaterial amounts reserved to be paid out for older equipment warranty issues.
Debt Issuance Costs – We record all applicable debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt liability, if not a line-of-credit arrangement. All debt issuance costs related to line-of-credit arrangements are recorded as part of Other Assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and subsequently amortized over the term of the line-of-credit arrangement. We amortize our debt issuance costs using the effective interest method over the term of the debt instrument or line-of-credit arrangement. Amortization of these costs is included as part of Interest Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Environmental – We record a liability for environmental clean-up on an undiscounted basis when a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated.
Pension and Profit Sharing Plans – Substantially all U.S. employees are covered by various retirement benefit plans, including postretirement medical plans and defined contribution savings plans. Pension plan costs are accrued based on actuarial estimates with the required pension cost funded annually, as needed. No new participants have entered the defined benefit pension plan since 2000. For further details regarding our pension and profit sharing plans, see Note 13.
Postretirement Benefits – We accrue and recognize the cost of retiree health benefits over the employees’ period of service based on actuarial estimates. Benefits are only available for U.S. employees hired before January 1, 1999.
Derivative Financial Instruments – In countries outside the U.S., we transact business in U.S. dollars and in various other currencies. We hedge our net recognized foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities with foreign exchange forward contracts to reduce the risk that the value of these assets and liabilities will be adversely affected by changes in exchange rates. We may also use foreign exchange option contracts or forward contracts to hedge certain cash flow exposures resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We enter into these foreign exchange contracts to hedge a portion of our forecasted currency denominated revenue in the normal course of business, and accordingly, they are not speculative in nature.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
We account for our foreign currency hedging instruments as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and measure them at fair value. Gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value are accounted for depending on the use of the derivative and whether it is designated and qualifies for hedge accounting. Gains and losses from foreign exchange forward contracts that hedge certain balance sheet positions are recorded each period to Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Foreign exchange option contracts or forward contracts hedging forecasted foreign currency revenue are designated as cash flow hedges under accounting for derivative instruments and hedging activities, with gains and losses recorded each period to Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, until the forecasted transaction occurs. When the forecasted transaction occurs, we reclassify the related gain or loss on the cash flow hedge to Net Sales. In the event the underlying forecasted transaction does not occur, or it becomes probable that it will not occur, we reclassify the gain or loss on the related cash flow hedge from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss to Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations at that time. If we do not elect hedge accounting, or the contract does not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, the changes in fair value from period to period are recorded in Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 11 for additional information regarding our hedging activities.
Revenue Recognition – We recognize revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, title and risk of ownership have passed to the customer, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Generally, these criteria are met at the time the product is shipped. Provisions for estimated returns, rebates and discounts are provided for at the time the related revenue is recognized. Freight revenue billed to customers is included in Net Sales and the related shipping expense is included in Cost of Sales. Service revenue is recognized in the period the service is performed or ratably over the period of the related service contract.
Customers may obtain financing through third-party leasing companies to assist in their acquisition of our equipment products. Certain lease transactions classified as operating leases contain retained ownership provisions or guarantees, which results in recognition of revenue over the lease term. As a result, we defer the sale of these transactions and record the sales proceeds as collateralized borrowings or deferred revenue. The underlying equipment relating to operating leases is depreciated on a straight-line basis, not to exceed the equipment’s estimated useful life.
Revenues from contracts with multiple element arrangements are recognized as each element is earned. We offer service contracts in conjunction with equipment sales in addition to selling equipment and service contracts separately. Sales proceeds related to service contracts are deferred if the proceeds are received in advance of the service and recognized ratably over the contract period.
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). This ASU will replace all existing revenue recognition standards and significantly expand the disclosure requirements for revenue arrangements. This guidance requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. This guidance provides a five-step analysis of transactions to determine when and how revenue is recognized. This guidance also requires enhanced disclosures regarding the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from an entity's contracts with customers. We adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, other than additional disclosure requirements.
Share-based Compensation – We account for employee share-based compensation using the fair value based method. Our share-based compensation plans are more fully described in Note 17 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Research and Development – Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
Advertising Costs – We advertise products, technologies and solutions to customers and prospective customers through a variety of marketing campaign and promotional efforts. These efforts include tradeshows, online advertising, e-mail marketing, mailings, sponsorships and telemarketing. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. In 2017, 2016 and 2015 such activities amounted to $8,228, $7,269 and $7,418, respectively.
Income Taxes – Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the book and tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is provided when, in management’s judgment, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We have established contingent tax liabilities using management’s best judgment. We follow guidance provided by Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 740, Income Taxes, regarding uncertainty in income taxes, to record these contingent tax liabilities (refer to Note 16 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information). We adjust these liabilities as facts and circumstances change. Interest Expense is recognized in the first period the interest would begin accruing. Penalties are recognized in the period we claim or expect to claim the position in our tax return. Interest and penalties expenses are classified as an income tax expense.
Sales Tax – Sales taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are presented on a net basis.
Earnings per Share – Basic (loss) earnings per share is computed by dividing Net (Loss) Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company by the Weighted Average Shares Outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share assumes conversion of potentially dilutive stock options, performance shares, restricted shares and restricted stock units. These conversions are not included in our computation of diluted earnings per share if we have a net loss attributable to Tennant Company in a reporting period, as the effects are anti-dilutive.
New Accounting Pronouncements – In accordance with ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation–Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies are recorded as a component of the provision for income taxes in the reporting period in which they occur. Additionally, we present excess tax benefits along with other income tax cash flows on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as an operating activity rather than, as previously required, a financing activity. For further details regarding the implementation of this ASU and the impact on our financial statements, see Note 2.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

2. | Newly Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

On March 30, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Compensation–Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which amends Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 718, Compensation–Stock Compensation. ASU 2016-09 simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transaction, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Under the new standard, all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies are recorded as a component of the provision for income taxes in the reporting period in which they occur. Additionally, ASU 2016-09 requires that the company present excess tax benefits along with other income tax cash flows on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as an operating activity rather than, as previously required, a financing activity. ASU 2016-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016.
We have adopted ASU 2016-09 effective January 1, 2017 on a prospective basis where permitted by the new standard. As a result of this adoption:

• | In 2017, we recognized discrete tax benefits of $1,168 in the Income Tax Expense line item of our Consolidated Statements of Operations related to excess tax benefits upon vesting or settlement in that period.

• | We elected to adopt the cash flow presentation of the excess tax benefits prospectively where the tax benefits are classified along with other income tax cash flows as operating cash flows in 2017. Our 2016 and 2015 excess tax benefits are recognized as financing cash flows. However, other income tax cash flows are classified as operating cash flows.

• | We have elected to account for forfeitures as they occur, rather than electing to estimate the number of share-based awards expected to vest to determine the amount of compensation cost to be recognized in each period. The difference of such change is immaterial.

3. | Investment in Joint Venture

On February 13, 2017, the company, through a Dutch subsidiary, and i-team Global, a Future Cleaning Technologies, B.V. company headquartered in The Netherlands, announced the January 1, 2017 formation of i-team North America B.V., a joint venture that will operate as the distributor of the i-mop in North America. We began selling and servicing the i-mop in the second quarter of 2017. We own a 50% ownership interest in the joint venture, which is accounted for under the equity method of accounting, with our proportionate share of income or loss presented as a component of Other Expense, Net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In 2017, this amount is immaterial.
As of December 31, 2017, the carrying value of the company's investment in the joint venture was $75. In March 2017, we issued a $1,500 loan to the joint venture and, as a result, recorded a long-term note receivable in Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

4. | Management Actions

During the first quarter of 2017, we implemented a restructuring action to better align our global resources and expense structure with a lower growth global economic environment. The pre-tax charge of $8,018, including other associated costs of $961, consisted primarily of severance and was included within Selling and Administrative Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The charge impacted our Americas, Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA") and Asia Pacific ("APAC") operating segments. We believe the anticipated savings will offset the pre-tax charge in approximately one year from the date of the action. We do not expect additional costs will be incurred related to this restructuring action.
During the fourth quarter of 2017, we implemented a restructuring action primarily driven by integration actions related to our acquisition of IP Cleaning S.p.A and its subsidiaries ("IPC Group"). See Note 5 for further details regarding our acquisition of the IPC Group. The restructuring action consisted primarily of severance and includes reductions in overall staffing to streamline and right-size the organization to support anticipated business requirements. The pre-tax charge of $2,501 was included within Selling and Administrative Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The charge impacted our Americas, EMEA and APAC operating segments. We believe the anticipated savings will offset the pre-tax charge in approximately one year from the date of the action. We do not expect additional costs will be incurred related to this restructuring action.
A reconciliation to the ending liability balance of severance and related costs as of December 31, 2017 is as follows:

| Severance and Related Costs
2017 restructuring actions | $ | 9,558 |
Cash payments | (6,312 | )
Foreign currency adjustments | 190 |
December 31, 2017 Balance | $ | 3,436 |

5. | Acquisitions

IP Cleaning S.p.A.
On April 6, 2017, we acquired 100 percent of the outstanding capital stock of IP Cleaning S.p.A. and its subsidiaries ("IPC Group") for a purchase price of $353,769, net of cash acquired of $8,804. The primary seller was Ambienta SGR S.p.A., a European private equity fund. IPC Group, based in Italy, is a designer and manufacturer of innovative professional cleaning equipment, cleaning tools and supplies. The acquisition strengthens our presence and market share in Europe and will allow us to better leverage our EMEA cost structure. We funded the acquisition of IPC Group, along with related fees, including refinancing of existing debt, with funds raised through borrowings under a senior secured credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $420,000. Further details regarding our acquisition financing arrangements are discussed in Note 9.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
The following table summarizes the preliminary fair value measurement of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition:

ASSETS |
Receivables | $ | 39,984 |
Inventories | 46,442 |
Other Current Assets | 5,314 |
Assets Held for Sale | 2,247 |
Property, Plant and Equipment | 63,890 |
Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization: |
Trade Name | 26,753 |
Customer Lists | 123,061 |
Technology | 9,631 |
Other Assets | 8,261 |
Total Identifiable Assets Acquired | 325,583 |
LIABILITIES |
Accounts Payable | 32,227 |
Accrued Expenses | 15,611 |
Deferred Income Taxes | 60,433 |
Other Liabilities | 9,360 |
Total Identifiable Liabilities Assumed | 117,631 |
Net Identifiable Assets Acquired | 207,952 |
Noncontrolling Interest | (2,028 | )
Goodwill | 147,845 |
Total Estimated Purchase Price, net of Cash Acquired | $ | 353,769 |

The acquired assets, liabilities and operating results have been included in our Consolidated Financial Statements from the date of acquisition. During 2017, we included net sales of $174,444 and a net loss of $14,483 from IPC Group in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. The net loss includes a fair value adjustment, net of tax, of $5,237 to the acquired inventory of IPC Group. In addition, costs of $10,408, net of tax, associated with the acquisition of the IPC Group were expensed as incurred in the 2017 Consolidated Statement of Operations. The preliminary gross amount of the accounts receivable acquired is $44,654, of which $4,670 is expected to be uncollectible.
The fair value measurements were final at December 31, 2017, with the exception of the fair value of accounts receivable, inventory excess and obsolescence reserves, intangible assets subject to amortization, goodwill, warranty, income tax payable and deferred income taxes. We expect the fair value measurement process to be completed no later than one year from the acquisition date.
Goodwill was calculated as the difference between the acquisition date fair value of the total purchase price consideration and the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired, and represents the future economic benefits that we expect to achieve as a result of the acquisition. This resulted in an estimated purchase price in excess of the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired.
The estimated purchase price also included the fair value of other assets that were not identifiable and not separately recognizable under accounting rules (e.g., assembled workforce) or these assets were of immaterial value. In addition, there is a going concern element that represents our ability to earn a higher rate of return on the group of assets than would be expected on the separate assets as determined during the valuation process. Based on preliminary fair value measurement of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we allocated $147,845 to goodwill for the expected synergies from combining IPC Group with our existing business. None of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The assignment of goodwill to reporting units is not complete, pending finalization of the valuation measurements.
The fair value of acquired identifiable intangible assets was primarily determined using discounted expected cash flows. The fair value of acquired identifiable tangible assets was primarily determined using the cost or market approach. The valuations were based on the information that was available as of the acquisition date and the expectations and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by us. There are inherent uncertainties and management judgment required in these determinations. The fair value measurements of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were based on valuations involving significant unobservable inputs, or Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
The preliminary fair value of the acquired intangible assets is $159,445. The expected lives of the acquired amortizable intangible assets are approximately 15 years for customer lists, 10 years for trade names and 10 years for technology. Trade names are being amortized on a straight-line basis while the customer lists and technology are being amortized on an accelerated basis. We recorded amortization expense of $15,746 in Selling and Administrative Expense on our Consolidated Statements of Operations for these acquired intangible assets in 2017.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
The following unaudited pro forma financial information presents the combined results of operations of Tennant Company as if the acquisition of IPC Group had occurred as of January 1, 2016:

Years ended December 31 | 2017 |  | 2016
Net Sales |  |  |
Pro forma | $ | 1,057,127 |  |  | $ | 1,013,710 |
As reported | 1,003,066 |  |  | 808,572 |
Net Earnings (Loss) Attributable to Tennant Company |  |  |
Pro forma | $ | 12,288 |  |  | $ | 30,412 |
As reported | (6,195 | ) |  | 46,614 |
Net Earnings (Loss) Attributable to Tennant Company per Diluted Share |  |  |
Pro forma | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | 1.69 |
As reported | (0.35 | ) |  | 2.59 |

The unaudited pro forma financial information is presented for informational purposes only. It is not necessarily indicative of what our consolidated results of operations actually would have been had the acquisition occurred at the beginning of each year, nor does it attempt to project the future results of operations of the combined company.
The unaudited pro forma financial information above gives effect to the following:

• | Incremental depreciation expense related to the estimated fair value of the property, plant and equipment from the preliminary purchase price allocation.

• | Exclusion of the purchase accounting impact of the $7,245 inventory step-up reported in 2017 Cost of Sales on our Consolidated Statements of Operations related to the sale of acquired inventory.

• | Incremental interest expense related to additional debt used to finance the acquisition.

• | Exclusion of non-recurring acquisition-related transaction and financing costs.

• | Pro forma adjustments tax affected based on the jurisdiction where the costs were incurred.

Other Acquisitions
On July 28, 2016, pursuant to an asset purchase agreement and real estate purchase agreement with Crawford Laboratories, Inc. and affiliates thereof ("Sellers"), we acquired selected assets and liabilities of the Seller's commercial floor coatings business, including the Florock® Polymer Flooring brand ("Florock"). Florock manufactures commercial floor coatings systems in Chicago, IL. The purchase price was $11,843, including working capital and other adjustments, and is comprised of $10,965 paid at closing, with the remaining $878 paid in two installments. We paid the first installment of $575 in 2016. The remaining amount was paid during the 2017 first quarter.
On September 1, 2016, we acquired selected assets and liabilities of Dofesa Barrido Mecanizado ("Dofesa") which was our largest distributor in Mexico. The operations are based in Aguascalientes, Mexico, and their addition allows us to expand our sales and service network in an important market. The purchase price was $4,650 less assumed liabilities of $3,448, subject to customary working capital adjustments. The net purchase price of $1,202 and a value added tax of $191 were paid at closing.
The acquisitions have been accounted for as business combinations and the results of their operations have been included in the Consolidated Financial Statements since their respective dates of acquisition. The impact of the incremental revenue and earnings recorded as a result of the acquisitions are not material to our Consolidated Financial Statements. The purchase price allocations for both the Florock and Dofesa acquisitions are complete.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
The components of the final purchase price of the Florock and Dofesa acquisitions, as described above, have been allocated as follows:

Current Assets | $ | 5,949 |
Property, Plant and Equipment, net | 4,112 |
Identified Intangible Assets | 6,055 |
Goodwill | 1,739 |
Other Assets | 7 |
Total Assets Acquired | 17,862 |
Current Liabilities | 4,764 |
Other Liabilities | 53 |
Total Liabilities Assumed | 4,817 |
Net Assets Acquired | $ | 13,045 |

6. | Inventories

Inventories as of December 31, consisted of the following:

| 2017 |  | 2016
Inventories carried at LIFO: |  |  |
Finished goods | $ | 43,439 |  |  | $ | 39,142 |
Raw materials, production parts and work-in-process | 23,694 |  |  | 23,980 |
LIFO reserve | (28,429 | ) |  | (28,190 | )
Total LIFO inventories | $ | 38,704 |  |  | $ | 34,932 |
Inventories carried at FIFO: |  |  |
Finished goods | $ | 54,161 |  |  | $ | 31,044 |
Raw materials, production parts and work-in-process | 34,829 |  |  | 12,646 |
Total FIFO inventories | $ | 88,990 |  |  | $ | 43,690 |
Total inventories | $ | 127,694 |  |  | $ | 78,622 |

The LIFO reserve approximates the difference between LIFO carrying cost and FIFO.

7. | Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, Plant and Equipment and related Accumulated Depreciation, including equipment under capital leases, as of December 31, consisted of the following:

| 2017 |  | 2016
Property, Plant and Equipment: |  |  |
Land | $ | 18,152 |  |  | $ | 6,328 |
Buildings and improvements | 96,230 |  |  | 58,577 |
Machinery and manufacturing equipment | 151,645 |  |  | 116,221 |
Office equipment | 107,312 |  |  | 89,838 |
Work in progress | 9,429 |  |  | 27,536 |
Total Property, Plant and Equipment | 382,768 |  |  | 298,500 |
Less: Accumulated Depreciation | (202,750 | ) |  | (186,403 | )
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net | $ | 180,018 |  |  | $ | 112,097 |

Depreciation expense was $26,199 in 2017, $17,891 in 2016 and $16,550 in 2015.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

8. | Goodwill and Intangible Assets

For purposes of performing our goodwill impairment analysis, we have identified our reporting units as North America, Latin America, Coatings, EMEA and APAC. As of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we performed an analysis of qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. Based on our analysis of qualitative factors, we determined that it was not necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test for any of our reporting units.
The changes in the carrying amount of Goodwill are as follows:

| Goodwill |  | Accumulated Impairment Losses |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 60,447 |  |  | $ | (43,644 | ) |  | $ | 16,803 |
Additions | 3,787 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,787 |
Foreign currency fluctuations | (5,837 | ) |  | 6,312 |  |  | 475 |
Balance as of December 31, 2016 | $ | 58,397 |  |  | $ | (37,332 | ) |  | $ | 21,065 |
Additions | 147,845 |  |  | — |  |  | 147,845 |
Purchase accounting adjustments | (1,865 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,865 | )
Foreign currency fluctuations | 22,847 |  |  | (3,848 | ) |  | 18,999 |
Balance as of December 31, 2017 | $ | 227,224 |  |  | $ | (41,180 | ) |  | $ | 186,044 |

The balances of acquired Intangible Assets, excluding Goodwill, as of December 31, are as follows:

| Customer Lists |  | Trade Names |  | Technology |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Original cost | $ | 149,355 |  |  | $ | 31,968 |  |  | $ | 14,589 |  |  | $ | 195,912 |
Accumulated amortization | (17,870 | ) |  | (2,436 | ) |  | (3,259 | ) |  | (23,565 | )
Carrying amount | $ | 131,485 |  |  | $ | 29,532 |  |  | $ | 11,330 |  |  | $ | 172,347 |
Weighted-average original life (in years) | 15 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Original cost | $ | 8,016 |  |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | 5,136 |  |  | $ | 15,152 |
Accumulated amortization | (5,948 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,744 | ) |  | (8,692 | )
Carrying amount | $ | 2,068 |  |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | 2,392 |  |  | $ | 6,460 |
Weighted-average original life (in years) | 15 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 13 |  |  |  |

The additions to Goodwill during 2017 were based on the preliminary purchase price allocation of our acquisition of the IPC Group, as described further in Note 5.
As part of our acquisition of the IPC Group, we acquired customer lists, trade names and technology for a fair value measurement of $159,445. Further details regarding the preliminary purchase price allocation of our acquisition of the IPC Group are described further in Note 5.
As part of the formation of the i-team North America B.V. joint venture, we purchased the distribution rights to sell the i-mop in North America for $2,500. The distribution rights were recorded in intangible assets, net as a customer list on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017. The i-mop distribution rights have a useful life of five years. Further details regarding the joint venture are discussed in Note 3.
Amortization expense on Intangible Assets was $17,054, $409 and $1,481 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
Estimated aggregate amortization expense based on the current carrying amount of amortizable Intangible Assets for each of the five succeeding years is as follows:

2018 | $ | 22,345 |
2019 | 21,691 |
2020 | 20,198 |
2021 | 18,561 |
2022 | 16,367 |
Thereafter | 73,185 |
Total | $ | 172,347 |

9. | Debt

Credit Facility Borrowings
2017 Credit Agreement
In order to finance the acquisition of the IPC Group, on April 4, 2017, the Company and certain of our foreign subsidiaries entered into a Credit Agreement (the “2017 Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan, as administrative agent, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as syndication agent, Wells Fargo, National Association, U.S. Bank National Association, and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as co-documentation agents, and the lenders (including JPMorgan) from time to time party thereto. The 2017 Credit Agreement provides the company and certain of our foreign subsidiaries access to a senior secured credit facility until April 4, 2022, consisting of a multi-tranche term loan facility in an amount up to $400,000 and a revolving facility in an amount up to $200,000 with an option to expand the revolving facility by $150,000, with the consent of the lenders willing to provide additional borrowings in the form of increases to their revolving facility commitment or funding of incremental term loans. Borrowings may be denominated in U.S. dollars or certain other currencies.
In connection with the 2017 Credit Agreement, the company granted the lenders a security interest in substantially all its personal property, and pledged the stock of its domestic subsidiaries and 65% of the stock of its first tier foreign subsidiaries. The obligations under the 2017 Credit Agreement are also guaranteed by certain of the Company’s first tier domestic subsidiaries and those subsidiaries also provided a security interest in their similar personal property.
The fee for committed funds under the revolving facility of the 2017 Credit Agreement ranges from an annual rate of 0.175% to 0.35%, depending on the company’s leverage ratio. Borrowings denominated in U.S. dollars under the 2017 Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate per annum equal to (a) the greatest of (i) the prime rate, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (iii) the adjusted LIBOR rate for a one month period, but in any case, not less than 0%, plus, in any such case, 1.00%, plus an additional spread of 0.075% to 0.90% for revolving loans and 0.25% to 1.25% for term loans, depending on the company’s leverage ratio, or (b) the LIBOR Rate, as adjusted for statutory reserve requirements for eurocurrency liabilities, but in any case, not less than 0%, plus an additional spread of 1.075% to 1.90% for revolving loans and 1.25% to 2.25% for term loans, depending on the company’s leverage ratio.
The 2017 Credit Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants, including, but not limited to, covenants restricting the company’s ability to incur indebtedness and liens and merge or consolidate with another entity. The 2017 Credit Agreement also contains financial covenants, requiring us to maintain a ratio of consolidated total indebtedness to consolidated earnings before income, taxes, depreciation and amortization, subject to certain adjustments ("Adjusted EBITDA") of not greater than 4.25 to 1, as well as requiring us to maintain a ratio of consolidated Adjusted EBITDA to consolidated interest expense of no less than 3.50 to 1 for the year ended December 31, 2017. The 2017 Credit Agreement also contains a financial covenant requiring us to maintain a senior secured net indebtedness to Adjusted EBITDA ratio of not greater than 3.50 to 1. These financial covenants may restrict our ability to pay dividends and purchase outstanding shares of our common stock. We were in compliance with our financial covenants at December 31, 2017.
We will be required to repay the senior credit agreement with 25% to 50% of our excess cash flow from the preceding fiscal year, as defined in the agreement, unless our net leverage ratio for such preceding fiscal year is less than or equal to 3.00 to 1, which will be first measured using our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
Upon entry into the 2017 Credit Agreement, the company repaid $45,000 in outstanding borrowings under our Prior Credit Agreement (as defined below) and terminated the Prior Credit Agreement.
Prior Credit Agreement
On June 30, 2015, we entered into an Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Prior Credit Agreement") that amended and restated the Credit Agreement dated May 5, 2011 between us and JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. ("JPMorgan"), as administrative agent and collateral agent, U.S. Bank National Association, as syndication agent, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and RBS Citizens, N.A., as co-documentation agents, and the Lenders (including JPMorgan) from time to time party thereto, as amended by Amendment No. 1 dated April 25, 2013.
At December 31, 2016, there were $25,000 in outstanding borrowings under this facility with a weighted average interest rate of 1.64%. Upon entry into the 2017 Credit Agreement, we repaid any outstanding borrowings under the Prior Credit Agreement and terminated the Prior Credit Agreement.
Prudential Shelf Agreement
On July 29, 2009, we entered into a Private Shelf Agreement, as amended (the “Shelf Agreement”) with Prudential Investment Management, Inc. (“Prudential”) and Prudential affiliates from time to time party thereto. The Shelf Agreement provided us and our subsidiaries access to an uncommitted, senior secured, maximum aggregate principal amount of $80,000 of debt capital.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
As of December 31, 2016, there were $11,143 in outstanding borrowings under this facility, consisting of the $4,000 Series A notes issued in March 2011 with a fixed interest rate of 4.00% and a term of seven years, with remaining serial maturities from 2017 to 2018, and the $7,143 Series B notes issued in June 2011 with a fixed interest rate of 4.10% and a term of 10 years, with remaining serial maturities from 2017 to 2021. Upon entry into the 2017 Credit Agreement, we repaid any outstanding borrowings under the Shelf Agreement and terminated the Shelf Agreement.
HSBC Bank (China) Company Limited, Shanghai Branch
On June 20, 2012, we entered into a banking facility with the HSBC Bank (China) Company Limited, Shanghai Branch in the amount of $5,000. As of December 31, 2017, there were no outstanding borrowings on this facility.
Senior Unsecured Notes
On April 18, 2017, we issued and sold $300,000 in aggregate principal amount of our 5.625% Senior Notes due 2025 (the “Notes”), pursuant to an Indenture, dated as of April 18, 2017, among the company, the Guarantors (as defined therein), and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, a national banking association, as trustee. The Notes are guaranteed by Tennant Coatings, Inc. and Tennant Sales and Service Company (collectively, the “Guarantors”), which are wholly owned subsidiaries of the company. Separate financial information of the Guarantors is presented in Note 22.
The Notes will mature on May 1, 2025. Interest on the Notes will accrue at the rate of 5.625% per annum and will be payable semiannually in cash on each May 1 and November 1, commencing on November 1, 2017.
The Notes and the guarantees constitute senior unsecured obligations of the company and the Guarantors, respectively. The Notes and the guarantees, respectively, are: (a) equal in right of payment with all of the company’s and the Guarantors’ senior debt, without giving effect to collateral arrangements; (b) senior in right of payment to all of the company’s and the Guarantors’ future subordinated debt, if any; (c) effectively subordinated in right of payment to all of the company’s and the Guarantors’ debt and obligations that are secured, including borrowings under the company’s senior secured credit facilities for so long as the senior secured credit facilities are secured, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such liens; and (d) structurally subordinated in right of payment to all liabilities (including trade payables) of the company’s and the Guarantors’ subsidiaries that do not guarantee the Notes. The Notes also contain customary representations, warranties and covenants, and are less restrictive than those contained in the 2017 Credit Agreement.
We used the net proceeds from this offering to refinance a $300,000 term loan under our 2017 Credit Agreement that we borrowed as part of the financing for the acquisition of the IPC Group and to pay related fees and expenses.
The Indenture governing the Notes contains covenants that limit, among other things, our ability and the ability of our restricted subsidiary to incur additional indebtedness (including guarantees thereof); incur or create liens on assets securing indebtedness; make certain restricted payments; make certain investments; dispose of certain assets; allow to exist certain restrictions on the ability of the our restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other payments to us; engage in certain transactions with affiliates; and consolidate or merge with or into other companies. If we experience certain kinds of changes of control, we may be required to repurchase the Notes at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of repurchase. If we makes certain asset sales and do not use the net proceeds for specified purposes, we may be required to offer to repurchase the Notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of repurchase.
Registration Rights Agreement
In connection with the issuance and sale of the Notes, the company entered into a Registration Rights Agreement, dated April 18, 2017, among the company, the Guarantors and Goldman, Sachs & Co. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC (the “Registration Rights Agreement”). Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement, the company agreed (1) to use its commercially reasonable efforts to consummate an exchange offer to exchange the Notes for new registered notes (the “Exchange Notes”), with terms substantially identical in all material respects with the Notes (except that the Exchange Notes will not contain terms with respect to additional interest, registration rights or transfer restrictions) and (2) if required, to have a shelf registration statement declared effective with respect to resales of the Notes. If the company fails to satisfy certain obligations under the Registration Rights Agreement within 360 days, it will be required to pay additional interest to the holders of the Notes under certain circumstances.
On January 22, 2018, we commenced the exchange offer required by the Registration Rights Agreement. The exchange offer closed on February 23, 2018. We will not incur any additional indebtedness as a result of the exchange offer. As a result, we will not be required to pay additional interest on the Notes.
Capital Lease Obligations
Capital lease obligations outstanding are primarily related to sale-leaseback transactions with third-party leasing companies whereby we sell our manufactured equipment to the leasing company and lease it back. The equipment covered by these leases is rented to our customers over the lease term.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
Debt outstanding at December 31, consisted of the following:

| 2017 |  | 2016
Long-Term Debt: |  |  |  |  |
Senior Unsecured Notes | $ | 300,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Credit Facility Borrowings | 80,000 |  |  | 36,143 |
Capital Lease Obligations | 3,279 |  |  | 51 |
Total Long-Term Debt | 383,279 |  |  | 36,194 |
Less: Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs | (6,440 | ) |  | — |
Less: Current Maturities of Credit Facility Borrowings, Net of Debt Issuance Costs(1) | (29,413 | ) |  | (3,459 | )
Less: Current Maturities of Capital Lease Obligations(1) | (1,470 | ) |  | — |
Long-term portion | $ | 345,956 |  |  | $ | 32,735 |

(1) | Current maturities of long-term debt include $30,000 of current maturities, less $587 of unamortized debt issuance costs, under our 2017 Credit Agreement (defined below) and $1,470 of current maturities of capital lease obligations.

As of December 31, 2017, we had outstanding borrowings under our Senior Unsecured Notes of $300,000. We had outstanding borrowings under our 2017 Credit Agreement, totaling $60,000 under our term loan facility and $20,000 under our revolving facility, leaving $180,000 of unused borrowing capacity on our revolving facility. Although we are only required to make a minimum principal payment of $5,000 during 2018, we have both the intent and the ability to pay an additional $25,000 during 2018. As such, we have classified $30,000 as current maturities of long-term debt. In addition, we had stand alone letters of credit and bank guarantees outstanding in the amount of $4,670, leaving approximately $175,330 of unused borrowing capacity on our revolving facility. Commitment fees on unused lines of credit for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $570. The overall weighted average cost of debt is approximately 5.1% and, net of a related cross-currency swap instrument, is approximately 4.2%. Further details regarding the cross-currency swap instrument are discussed in Note 11.
The aggregate maturities of our outstanding debt, including capital lease obligations as of December 31, 2017, are as follows:

2018 | $ | 6,609 |
2019 | 7,868 |
2020 | 9,921 |
2021 | 12,006 |
2022 | 46,875 |
Thereafter | 300,000 |
Total aggregate maturities | $ | 383,279 |

10. | Other Current Liabilities

Other Current Liabilities as of December 31, consisted of the following:

| 2017 |  | 2016
Other Current Liabilities: |  |  |
Taxes, other than income taxes | $ | 14,760 |  |  | $ | 7,122 |
Warranty | 12,676 |  |  | 10,960 |
Deferred revenue | 5,815 |  |  | 2,366 |
Rebates | 13,466 |  |  | 11,102 |
Freight | 3,208 |  |  | 4,274 |
Restructuring | 4,267 |  |  | 394 |
Miscellaneous accrued expenses | 10,779 |  |  | 4,385 |
Other | 4,476 |  |  | 3,014 |
Total Other Current Liabilities | $ | 69,447 |  |  | $ | 43,617 |

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
The changes in warranty reserves for the three years ended December 31 were as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Beginning balance | $ | 10,960 |  |  | $ | 10,093 |  |  | $ | 9,686 |
Product warranty provision | 12,124 |  |  | 12,413 |  |  | 11,719 |
Acquired warranty obligations | 1,208 |  |  | 42 |  |  | — |
Foreign currency | 274 |  |  | 82 |  |  | (207 | )
Claims paid | (11,890 | ) |  | (11,670 | ) |  | (11,105 | )
Ending balance | $ | 12,676 |  |  | $ | 10,960 |  |  | $ | 10,093 |

11. | Derivatives

Hedge Accounting and Hedging Programs
In 2015, we expanded our foreign currency hedging programs to include foreign exchange purchased options and forward contracts to hedge our foreign currency denominated revenue. We recognize all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and measure them at fair value. Gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value are accounted for depending on the use of the derivative and whether it is designated and qualifies for hedge accounting.
We evaluate hedge effectiveness on our hedges that are designated and qualify for hedge accounting at the inception of the hedge prospectively, as well as retrospectively, and record any ineffective portion of the hedging instruments in Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. The time value of purchased contracts is recorded in Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Our hedging policy establishes maximum limits for each counterparty to mitigate any concentration of risk.
Balance Sheet Hedging
Hedges of Foreign Currency Assets and Liabilities
We hedge our net recognized foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities with foreign exchange forward contracts to reduce the risk that the value of these assets and liabilities will be adversely affected by changes in exchange rates. These contracts hedge assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies and are carried at fair value as either assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets with changes in the fair value recorded to Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. These contracts do not subject us to material balance sheet risk due to exchange rate movements because gains and losses on these derivatives are intended to offset gains and losses on the assets and liabilities being hedged. At December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the notional amounts of foreign currency forward exchange contracts outstanding not designated as hedging instruments were $60,858 and $42,866, respectively.
During the first quarter of 2017, in connection with our acquisition of IPC Group, we entered into a foreign currency option contract not designated as a hedging instrument for a notional amount of €180,000. The option contract has since expired and there were no outstanding foreign currency option contracts not designated as hedging instruments as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.
Cash Flow Hedging
Hedges of Forecasted Foreign Currency Transactions
In countries outside the U.S., we transact business in U.S. dollars and in various other currencies. We may use foreign exchange option contracts or forward contracts to hedge certain cash flow exposures resulting from changes in these foreign currency exchange rates. These foreign exchange contracts, carried at fair value, have maturities of up to one year. We enter into these foreign exchange contracts to hedge a portion of our forecasted foreign currency denominated revenue in the normal course of business, and accordingly, they are not speculative in nature. The notional amount of outstanding foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges were $2,928 and $2,127 as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The notional amount of outstanding foreign currency option contracts designated as cash flow hedges was $8,619 and $8,522 as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
Foreign Currency Derivatives
We use foreign currency exchange rate derivatives to hedge our exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates for anticipated intercompany cash transactions between Tennant Company and its subsidiaries. During the second quarter of 2017, we entered into Euro to U.S. dollar foreign exchange cross currency swaps for all of the anticipated cash flows associated with an intercompany loan from a wholly-owned European subsidiary. We entered into these foreign exchange cross currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency denominated cash flows associated with this intercompany loan, and accordingly, they are not speculative in nature. We designated these cross currency swaps as cash flow hedges. The hedged cash flows as of December 31, 2017 included €181,200 of total notional value. As of December 31, 2017, the aggregate scheduled interest payments over the course of the loan and related swaps amounted to €31,200. The scheduled maturity and principal payment of the loan and related swaps of €150,000 are due in April 2022. There were no cross currency swaps designated as cash flow hedges as of December 31, 2016.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
To receive hedge accounting treatment, all hedging relationships are formally documented at the inception of the hedge, and the hedges must be highly effective in offsetting changes to future cash flows on hedged transactions. We record changes in the fair value of these cash flow hedges in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, until the forecasted transaction occurs. When the forecasted transaction occurs, we reclassify the related gain or loss on the cash flow hedge to Net Sales. In the event the underlying forecasted transaction does not occur, or it becomes probable that it will not occur, we reclassify the gain or loss on the related cash flow hedge from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss to Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations at that time. If we do not elect hedge accounting, or the contract does not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, the changes in fair value from period to period are recorded in Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The fair value of derivative instruments on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, consisted of the following:

|  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | Fair Value Asset Derivatives |  | Fair Value Liability Derivatives |  | Fair Value Asset Derivatives |  | Fair Value Liability Derivatives
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency option contracts(1) |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign currency forward contracts(1) |  | 7,218 |  |  | 34,961 |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts(1) |  | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | 425 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 162 |

(1) | Contracts that mature within the next 12 months are included in Other Current Assets and Other Current Liabilities for asset derivatives and liabilities derivatives, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Contracts with maturities greater than 12 months are included in Other Assets and Other Liabilities for asset derivatives and liability derivatives, respectively, in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amounts included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets are recorded net where a right of offset exists with the same derivative counterparty.

As of December 31, 2017, we anticipate reclassifying approximately $1,865 of gains from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss to n et earnings during the next twelve months.
The effect of foreign currency derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges and foreign currency derivative instruments not designated as hedges in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the three years ended December 31 were as follows:

|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | Foreign Currency Option Contracts |  | Foreign Currency Forward Contracts |  | Foreign Currency Option Contracts |  | Foreign Currency Forward Contracts |  | Foreign Currency Option Contracts | Foreign Currency Forward Contracts
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) gain recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax(1) |  | $ | (193 | ) |  | $ | (16,226 | ) |  | $ | (259 | ) |  | $ | (73 | ) |  | $ | 31 |  | $ | 77 |
Net (loss) gain reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into earnings, net of tax, effective portion to Net Sales |  | (178 | ) |  | (37 | ) |  | (148 | ) |  | 7 |  |  | — |  | 5 |
Net gain reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss in earnings, net of tax, effective portion to Interest Income |  | — |  |  | 1,198 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Net loss reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into earnings, net of tax, effective portion to Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses |  | — |  |  | (12,555 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Net (loss) gain recognized in earnings(2) |  | (13 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | (11 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | 6 |  | (2 | )
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) gain recognized in earnings(3) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (6,161 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (890 | ) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4,047 |

(1) | Net change in the fair value of the effective portion classified in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(2) | Ineffective portion and amount excluded from effectiveness testing classified in Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses.

(3) | Classified in Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses.

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

12. | Fair Value Measurements

Estimates of fair value for financial assets and financial liabilities are based on the framework established in the accounting guidance for fair value measurements. The framework defines fair value, provides guidance for measuring fair value and requires certain disclosures. The framework discusses valuation techniques, such as the market approach (comparable market prices), the income approach (present value of future income or cash flow) and the cost approach (cost to replace the service capacity of an asset or replacement cost). The framework utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The following is a brief description of those three levels:

• | Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

• | Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

• | Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions.

Our population of assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements at December 31, 2017 is as follows:

| Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward exchange contracts | $ | 7,660 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,660 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign currency option contracts | 86 |  |  | — |  |  | 86 |  |  | — |
Total Assets | $ | 7,746 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,746 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward exchange contracts | $ | 35,386 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,386 |  |  | $ | — |
Total Liabilities | $ | 35,386 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,386 |  |  | $ | — |

Our foreign currency forward exchange and option contracts are valued using observable Level 2 market expectations at the measurement date and standard valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. Further details regarding our foreign currency forward exchange and option contracts are discussed in Note 11.
The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for Cash and Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, Receivables, Other Current Assets, Accounts Payable and Other Current Liabilities approximate fair value due to their short-term nature.
The fair market value of our Long-Term Debt approximates cost based on the borrowing rates currently available to us for bank loans with similar terms and remaining maturities.
From time to time, we measure certain assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis, including evaluation of long-lived assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, as part of a business acquisition. These assets are measured and recognized at amounts equal to the fair value determined as of the date of acquisition. Fair value valuations are based on the information available as of the acquisition date and the expectations and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by us. There are inherent uncertainties and management judgment required in these determinations. The fair value measurements of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as part of a business acquisition are based on valuations involving significant unobservable inputs, or Level 3, in the fair value hierarchy.
These assets are also subject to periodic impairment testing by comparing the respective carrying value of each asset to the estimated fair value of the reporting unit or asset group in which they reside. In the event we determine these assets to be impaired, we would recognize an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit, impaired asset or asset group exceeds its estimated fair value. These periodic impairment tests utilize company-specific assumptions involving significant unobservable inputs, or Level 3, in the fair value hierarchy.

13. | Retirement Benefit Plans

Substantially all U.S. employees are covered by various retirement benefit plans, including postretirement medical plans and defined contribution savings plans. Retirement benefits for eligible employees in foreign locations are funded principally through defined benefit plans, annuity or government programs. The total cost of benefits for our plans was $13,253, $12,108 and $12,428 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
We had a qualified, funded defined benefit retirement plan (the “U.S. Pension Plan”) covering certain current and retired employees in the U.S. Pension Plan benefits are based on the years of service and compensation during the highest five consecutive years of service in the final ten years of employment. No new participants have entered the plan since 2000. During 2015, the plan was amended to freeze benefits for all participants effective January 31, 2017. On February 15, 2017, the Board of Directors approved the termination of the U.S. Pension Plan, effective May 15, 2017. Participants who elected an immediate lump sum distribution were paid out in December 2017. Assets for participants who elected or are currently receiving annuity payments and those who have elected to defer their benefits were transferred to the annuity company, Pacific Life, in December 2017. In December 2017, excess assets of $6,305 were transferred from the Tennant Company Pension Trust to the Tennant Company Retirement Savings Plan to deliver future discretionary benefits to plan participants.
We have a U.S. postretirement medical benefit plan (the “U.S. Retiree Plan”) to provide certain healthcare benefits for U.S. employees hired before January 1, 1999. Eligibility for those benefits is based upon a combination of years of service with us and age upon retirement.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
Our defined contribution savings plan (“401(k)”) covers substantially all U.S. employees. Under this plan, we match up to 3% of the employee’s annual compensation in cash to be invested per their election. We also make a profit sharing contribution to the 401(k) plan for employees with more than one year of service in accordance with our Profit Sharing Plan. This contribution is based upon our financial performance and can be funded in the form of Tennant stock, cash or a combination of both. Expenses for the 401(k) plan were $4,404, $8,359 and $8,098 during 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
We have a U.S. nonqualified supplemental benefit plan (the “U.S. Nonqualified Plan”) to provide additional retirement benefits for certain employees whose benefits under our 401(k) plan or U.S. Pension Plan are limited by either the Employee Retirement Income Security Act or the Internal Revenue Code.
We also have defined benefit pension plans in the United Kingdom and Germany (the “U.K. Pension Plan” and the “German Pension Plan”). The U.K. Pension Plan and German Pension Plan cover certain current and retired employees and both plans are closed to new participants.
We expect to contribute approximately $140 to our U.S. Nonqualified Plan, $771 to our U.S. Retiree Plan, $292 to our U.K. Pension Plan and $36 to our German Pension Plan in 2018. There were no contributions made to the U.S. Pension Plan during 2017.
Weighted-average asset allocations by asset category of the U.K. Pension Plan and the Tennant Company Retirement Savings Plan are as of December 31, 2017 are as follows:

Asset Category | Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash and Cash Equivalents | $ | 6,305 |  |  | $ | 6,305 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Investment Account held by Pension Plan(1) | 11,163 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,163 |
Total | $ | 17,468 |  |  | $ | 6,305 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,163 |

(1) | This category is comprised of investments in insurance contracts.

Weighted-average asset allocations by asset category of the U.S. and U.K. Pension Plans as of December 31, 2016 are as follows:

Asset Category | Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash and Cash Equivalents | $ | 663 |  |  | $ | 663 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Mutual Funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Large-Cap | 9,803 |  |  | 9,803 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
U.S. Small-Cap | 2,584 |  |  | 2,584 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
International Equities | 2,244 |  |  | 2,244 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fixed-Income Domestic | 4,564 |  |  | 4,564 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Collective Investment Funds | 26,531 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,531 |  |  | — |
Investment Account held by Pension Plan(1) | 9,562 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,562 |
Total | $ | 55,951 |  |  | $ | 19,858 |  |  | $ | 26,531 |  |  | $ | 9,562 |

(1) | This category is comprised of investments in insurance contracts.

Estimates of the fair value of U.S. and U.K Pension Plan and the Tennant Company Retirement Savings Plan assets are based on the framework established in the accounting guidance for fair value measurements. A brief description of the three levels can be found in Note 12. Equity Securities and Mutual Funds traded in active markets are classified as Level 1. Collective Investment Funds are measured at fair value using quoted market prices. They are classified as Level 2 as they trade in a non-active market for which asset prices are readily available. The Investment Account held by the U.K. Pension Plan invests in insurance contracts for purposes of funding the U.K. Pension Plan and is classified as Level 3. The fair value of the Investment Account is the cash surrender values as determined by the provider which are the amounts the plan would receive if the contracts were cashed out at year end. The underlying assets held by these contracts are primarily invested in assets traded in active markets.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the Level 3 investments of our U.K. Pension Plan during the years ended are as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016
Fair value at beginning of year | $ | 9,562 |  |  | $ | 10,691 |
Purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, net | (535 | ) |  | 7 |
Net gain | 1,190 |  |  | 674 |
Foreign currency | 946 |  |  | (1,810 | )
Fair value at end of year | $ | 11,163 |  |  | $ | 9,562 |

The primary objective of our U.S. and U.K. Pension Plans is to meet retirement income commitments to plan participants at a reasonable cost to us and to maintain a sound actuarially funded status. This objective is accomplished through growth of capital and safety of funds invested. The pension plans' assets are invested in securities to achieve growth of capital over inflation through appreciation and accumulation and reinvestment of dividend and interest income. Investments are diversified to control risk. The target allocation for the U.S. Pension Plan was 70% debt securities and 30% equity. Equity securities within the U.S. Pension Plan did not include any direct investments in Tennant Company Common Stock. The U.K. Pension Plan is invested in insurance contracts with underlying investments primarily in equity and fixed income securities. Our German Pension Plan is unfunded, which is customary in that country.
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations as of December 31 are as follows:

| U.S. Pension Benefits |  | Non-U.S. Pension Benefits |  | Postretirement Medical Benefits
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Discount rate | 3.28 | % |  | 3.92 | % |  | 2.45 | % |  | 2.64 | % |  | 3.26 | % |  | 3.58 | %
Rate of compensation increase | — | % |  | 3.00 | % |  | 3.50 | % |  | 3.50 | % |  | — |  |  | — |

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs as of December 31 are as follows:

| U.S. Pension Benefits |  | Non-U.S. Pension Benefits |  | Postretirement Medical Benefits
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Discount rate | 3.92 | % |  | 4.08 | % |  | 3.76 | % |  | 2.64 | % |  | 3.59 | % |  | 3.38 | % |  | 3.58 | % |  | 3.70 | % |  | 3.39 | %
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets | 5.10 | % |  | 5.20 | % |  | 5.20 | % |  | 3.90 | % |  | 4.60 | % |  | 4.40 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Rate of compensation increase | — | % |  | 3.00 | % |  | 3.00 | % |  | 3.50 | % |  | 3.50 | % |  | 3.50 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

The discount rate is used to discount future benefit obligations back to today’s dollars. Our discount rates were determined based on high-quality fixed income investments. The resulting discount rates are consistent with the duration of plan liabilities. The Citigroup Above Median Spot Rate is used in determining the discount rate for the U.S. Plans. The expected return on assets assumption on the investment portfolios for the pension plans is based on the long-term expected returns for the investment mix of assets currently in the portfolio. Management uses historic return trends of the asset portfolio combined with recent market conditions to estimate the future rate of return.
The accumulated benefit obligations as of December 31, for all defined benefit plans are as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016
U.S. Pension Plans | $ | 1,414 |  |  | $ | 40,961 |
U.K. Pension Plan | 11,131 |  |  | 10,265 |
German Pension Plan | 1,013 |  |  | 871 |

Information for our plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets as of December 31 is as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016
Accumulated benefit obligation | $ | 2,427 |  |  | $ | 12,597 |
Fair value of plan assets | — |  |  | 9,562 |

As of December 31, 2017, the U.S. Nonqualified and the German Pension Plans had an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets. As of December 31, 2016, the U.S. Nonqualified, the U.K. Pension and the German Pension Plans had an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
Information for our plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets as of December 31 is as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016
Projected benefit obligation | $ | 2,427 |  |  | $ | 12,794 |
Fair value of plan assets | — |  |  | 9,562 |

As of December 31, 2017, the U.S. Nonqualified and the German Pension Plans had a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets. As of December 31, 2016, the U.S. Nonqualified, the UK Pension and the German Pension Plans had a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets.
Assumed healthcare cost trend rates as of December 31 are as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016
Healthcare cost trend rate assumption for the next year | 6.56 | % |  | 6.56 | %
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate) | 5.00 | % |  | 5.00 | %
Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate | 2032 |  |  | 2031 |

Assumed healthcare cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for healthcare plans. To illustrate, a one-percentage-point change in assumed healthcare cost trends would have the following effects:

| 1-Percentage- Point Decrease |  | 1-Percentage- Point Increase
Effect on total of service and interest cost components | $ | (31 | ) |  | $ | 35 |
Effect on postretirement benefit obligation | $ | (724 | ) |  | $ | 820 |

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
Summaries related to changes in benefit obligations and plan assets and to the funded status of our defined benefit and postretirement medical benefit plans are as follows:

| U.S. Pension Benefits |  | Non-U.S. Pension Benefits |  | Postretirement Medical Benefits
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Change in benefit obligation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year | $ | 40,961 |  |  | $ | 41,774 |  |  | $ | 11,136 |  |  | $ | 10,883 |  |  | $ | 10,540 |  |  | $ | 11,144 |
Service cost | — |  |  | 354 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 76 |
Interest cost | 1,538 |  |  | 1,659 |  |  | 298 |  |  | 358 |  |  | 363 |  |  | 396 |
Plan participants' contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Actuarial loss (gain) | 1,811 |  |  | 690 |  |  | 327 |  |  | 1,939 |  |  | (524 | ) |  | 6 |
Foreign exchange | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,097 |  |  | (1,852 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefits paid | (1,950 | ) |  | (3,516 | ) |  | (860 | ) |  | (309 | ) |  | (835 | ) |  | (1,082 | )
Settlement | (40,946 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefit obligation at end of year | $ | 1,414 |  |  | $ | 40,961 |  |  | $ | 12,144 |  |  | $ | 11,136 |  |  | $ | 9,604 |  |  | $ | 10,540 |
Change in fair value of plan assets and net accrued liabilities:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year | $ | 46,389 |  |  | $ | 47,201 |  |  | $ | 9,562 |  |  | $ | 10,691 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Actual return on plan assets | 2,536 |  |  | 2,457 |  |  | 1,189 |  |  | 673 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Employer contributions | 276 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 313 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 835 |  |  | 1,082 |
Plan participants' contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Excess assets transferred to Defined Contribution Plan | (6,305 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange | — |  |  | — |  |  | 945 |  |  | (1,810 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefits paid | (1,950 | ) |  | (3,516 | ) |  | (860 | ) |  | (309 | ) |  | (835 | ) |  | (1,082 | )
Settlement | (40,946 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fair value of plan assets at end of year | — |  |  | 46,389 |  |  | 11,163 |  |  | 9,562 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Funded status at end of year | $ | (1,414 | ) |  | $ | 5,428 |  |  | $ | (981 | ) |  | $ | (1,574 | ) |  | $ | (9,604 | ) |  | $ | (10,540 | )
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of:
Noncurrent Other Assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,087 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Current Liabilities | (140 | ) |  | (239 | ) |  | (36 | ) |  | (30 | ) |  | (771 | ) |  | (828 | )
Long-Term Liabilities | (1,274 | ) |  | (1,420 | ) |  | (945 | ) |  | (1,544 | ) |  | (8,833 | ) |  | (9,712 | )
Net accrued asset (liability) | $ | (1,414 | ) |  | $ | 5,428 |  |  | $ | (981 | ) |  | $ | (1,574 | ) |  | $ | (9,604 | ) |  | $ | (10,540 | )
Amounts recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss consist of:
Net actuarial loss | (915 | ) |  | (5,720 | ) |  | (1,245 | ) |  | (1,802 | ) |  | (41 | ) |  | (566 | )
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | $ | (915 | ) |  | $ | (5,720 | ) |  | $ | (1,245 | ) |  | $ | (1,802 | ) |  | $ | (41 | ) |  | $ | (566 | )

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
The components of the net periodic benefit (credit) cost for the three years ended December 31 were as follows:

| U.S. Pension Benefits |  | Non-U.S. Pension Benefits |  | Postretirement Medical Benefits
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Service cost | $ | — |  |  | $ | 354 |  |  | $ | 480 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 96 |
Interest cost | 1,538 |  |  | 1,659 |  |  | 1,711 |  |  | 298 |  |  | 358 |  |  | 396 |  |  | 363 |  |  | 396 |  |  | 393 |
Expected return on plan assets | (2,336 | ) |  | (2,400 | ) |  | (2,613 | ) |  | (379 | ) |  | (452 | ) |  | (433 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of net actuarial loss | 43 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 835 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 54 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost | — |  |  | 41 |  |  | 42 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currency | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 97 |  |  | (35 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit (credit) cost | (755 | ) |  | (305 | ) |  | 455 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 423 |  |  | 472 |  |  | 489 |
Curtailment charge | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlement charge | 6,373 |  |  | — |  |  | 225 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net benefit cost (credit) | $ | 5,618 |  |  | $ | (305 | ) |  | $ | 705 |  |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 423 |  |  | $ | 472 |  |  | $ | 489 |

The changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss for the three years ended December 31 were as follows:

| U.S. Pension Benefits |  | Non-U.S. Pension Benefits |  | Postretirement Medical Benefits
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net actuarial loss (gain) | $ | 1,611 |  |  | $ | 633 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | (465 | ) |  | $ | 1,718 |  |  | $ | (1,517 | ) |  | $ | (524 | ) |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (1,618 | )
Amortization of prior service cost | — |  |  | (41 | ) |  | (67 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of net actuarial loss | (43 | ) |  | (41 | ) |  | (1,060 | ) |  | (74 | ) |  | (27 | ) |  | (54 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlement Charge | (6,373 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss | $ | (4,805 | ) |  | $ | 551 |  |  | $ | (932 | ) |  | $ | (539 | ) |  | $ | 1,691 |  |  | $ | (1,571 | ) |  | $ | (524 | ) |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (1,618 | )
Total recognized in net benefit cost (credit) and other comprehensive (income) loss | $ | 813 |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | (227 | ) |  | $ | (415 | ) |  | $ | 1,824 |  |  | $ | (1,436 | ) |  | $ | (101 | ) |  | $ | 478 |  |  | $ | (1,129 | )

The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, are expected to be paid for our U.S. and Non-U.S. plans:

| U.S. Pension Benefits |  | Non-U.S. Pension Benefits |  | Postretirement Medical Benefits
2018 | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 247 |  |  | $ | 771 |
2019 | 133 |  |  | 254 |  |  | 803 |
2020 | 132 |  |  | 261 |  |  | 849 |
2021 | 124 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 751 |
2022 | 117 |  |  | 278 |  |  | 741 |
2023 to 2027 | 493 |  |  | 1,538 |  |  | 3,509 |
Total | $ | 1,139 |  |  | $ | 2,847 |  |  | $ | 7,424 |

The following amounts are included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss as of December 31, 2017 and are expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost during 2018:

| Pension Benefits |  | Postretirement Medical Benefits
Net actuarial loss | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | — |

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

14. | Shareholders' Equity

Authorized Shares
We are authorized to issue an aggregate of 60,000,000 shares, all of which are designated as Common Stock having a par value of $0.375 per share. The Board of Directors is authorized to establish one or more series of preferred stock, setting forth the designation of each such series, and fixing the relative rights and preferences of each such series.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax, within the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Statements of Shareholders' Equity as of December 31 are as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Foreign currency translation adjustments | $ | (15,778 | ) |  | $ | (44,444 | ) |  | $ | (44,585 | )
Pension and retiree medical benefits | (1,610 | ) |  | (5,391 | ) |  | (3,647 | )
Cash flow hedge | (4,935 | ) |  | (88 | ) |  | 103 |
Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | $ | (22,323 | ) |  | $ | (49,923 | ) |  | $ | (48,129 | )

The changes in components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax, are as follows:

| Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Pension and Postretirement Benefits |  | Cash Flow Hedge |  | Total
December 31, 2016 | $ | (44,444 | ) |  | $ | (5,391 | ) |  | $ | (88 | ) |  | $ | (49,923 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 28,666 |  |  | (300 | ) |  | (16,419 | ) |  | 11,947 |
Amounts reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | — |  |  | 4,081 |  |  | 11,572 |  |  | 15,653 |
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) | 28,666 |  |  | 3,781 |  |  | (4,847 | ) |  | 27,600 |
December 31, 2017 | $ | (15,778 | ) |  | $ | (1,610 | ) |  | $ | (4,935 | ) |  | $ | (22,323 | )

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss associated with pension and postretirement benefits and cash flow hedges are included in Notes 13 and 11, respectively.

15. | Commitments and Contingencies

We lease office and warehouse facilities, vehicles and office equipment under operating lease agreements, which include both monthly and longer-term arrangements. Leases with initial terms of one year or more expire at various dates through 2025 and generally provide for extension options. Rent expense under the leasing agreements (exclusive of real estate taxes, insurance and other expenses payable under the leases) amounted to $21,566, $18,640 and $17,804 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
The minimum rentals for aggregate lease commitments as of December 31, 2017, were as follows:

2018 | $ | 14,083 |
2019 | 9,540 |
2020 | 5,721 |
2021 | 2,995 |
2022 | 1,996 |
Thereafter | 2,596 |
Total | $ | 36,931 |

Certain operating leases for vehicles contain residual value guarantee provisions, which would become due at the expiration of the operating lease agreement if the fair value of the leased vehicles is less than the guaranteed residual value. The aggregate residual value at lease expiration of those leases is $14,052, of which we have guaranteed $11,409. As of December 31, 2017, we have recorded a liability for the estimated end-of-term loss related to this residual value guarantee of $509 for certain vehicles within our fleet. Our fleet also contains vehicles we estimate will settle at a gain. Gains on these vehicles will be recognized at the end of the lease term.
In the ordinary course of business, we may become liable with respect to pending and threatened litigation, tax, environmental and other matters. While the ultimate results of current claims, investigations and lawsuits involving us are unknown at this time, we do not expect that these matters will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. Legal costs associated with such matters are expensed as incurred.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

16. | Income Taxes

Tax Reform
Legislation popularly known as The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act) was enacted on December 22, 2017, resulting in significant changes to the U.S. corporate income tax system. These changes include a federal statutory rate reduction from 35% to 21%, the elimination or reduction of certain domestic deductions and credits and limitations on the deductibility of interest expense and executive compensation. The Tax Act also transitions international taxation from a worldwide system to a modified territorial system and includes base erosion prevention measures on non-U.S. earnings, which has the effect of subjecting certain earnings of our foreign subsidiaries to U.S. taxation as global intangible low-taxed income. These changes are effective beginning in 2018. The 2017 Tax Act also includes a one-time transition tax on certain unrepatriated earnings from foreign subsidiaries.
ASC 740 requires a company to record the effects of a tax law change in the period of enactment, however, shortly after the enactment of the Tax Act, the SEC staff issued SAB 118, which allows a company to record a provisional amount when it does not have the necessary information available, prepared or analyzed in reasonable detail to complete its accounting for the change in the tax law. The measurement period ends when the company has obtained, prepared and analyzed the information necessary to finalize its accounting, but cannot extend beyond one year. We have made a reasonable estimate of the impact of the Tax Act and recorded discrete items in our 2017 provisional income tax expense of $2,355 which reflects an estimated reduction in our deferred income tax liabilities of $1,993 as a result of the maximum federal rate decrease to 21% from 35% and an estimated tax charge of $362 for the effects of one-time transition tax on cash and cash equivalent balances related to accumulated earnings associated with our international operations. We are continuing to gather additional information related to these estimates in order to more precisely compute the remeasurement of deferred taxes and the impact of the transition tax.
Income from continuing operations for the three years ended December 31 was as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
U.S. operations | $ | 7,465 |  |  | $ | 54,018 |  |  | $ | 51,189 |
Foreign operations | (8,757 | ) |  | 12,473 |  |  | (765 | )
Total | $ | (1,292 | ) |  | $ | 66,491 |  |  | $ | 50,424 |

Income tax expense (benefit) for the three years ended December 31 was as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 2,590 |  |  | $ | 15,962 |  |  | $ | 15,117 |
Foreign | 8,701 |  |  | 3,035 |  |  | 3,992 |
State | 812 |  |  | 1,859 |  |  | 1,685 |
| $ | 12,103 |  |  | $ | 20,856 |  |  | $ | 20,794 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 1,640 |  |  | $ | (472 | ) |  | $ | (481 | )
Foreign | (8,699 | ) |  | (434 | ) |  | (1,888 | )
State | (131 | ) |  | (73 | ) |  | (89 | )
| $ | (7,190 | ) |  | $ | (979 | ) |  | $ | (2,458 | )
Total: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 4,230 |  |  | $ | 15,490 |  |  | $ | 14,636 |
Foreign | 2 |  |  | 2,601 |  |  | 2,104 |
State | 681 |  |  | 1,786 |  |  | 1,596 |
Total Income Tax Expense | $ | 4,913 |  |  | $ | 19,877 |  |  | $ | 18,336 |

U.S. income taxes have been provided on approximately $11,636 of undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries as a result of the transition tax required by the Tax Act. In general, it is our practice and intention to permanently reinvest the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries and repatriate earnings only when the tax impact is zero or immaterial and that position has not changed following incurring the transition tax under the Tax Act. No deferred taxes have been provided for withholding taxes or other taxes that would result upon repatriation of our foreign investments to the United States.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
Tax loss carryforwards and expiration periods by international operation as of December 31, 2017 were as follows:

| Amount |  | Carryforward Period
Netherlands | $ | 23,733 |  |  | 9 years
Germany | 12,068 |  |  | Unlimited
Sweden | 1,586 |  |  | Unlimited
Norway | 655 |  |  | Unlimited
Spain | 4,555 |  |  | Unlimited
Total | $ | 42,597 |  |  |

Because of the uncertainty regarding realization of the Netherlands and Sweden tax loss carryforwards, valuation allowances were established.
We have Netherlands foreign tax credit carryforwards of $1,575. Because of the uncertainty regarding utilization of the Netherlands foreign tax credit carryforward, a valuation allowance was established.
A valuation allowance for the remaining deferred tax assets is not required since it is more likely than not that they will be realized through carryback to taxable income in prior years, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and future taxable income.
Our effective income tax rate varied from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate for the three years ended December 31 as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Tax at statutory rate | 35.0 | % |  | 35.0 | % |  | 35.0 | %
(Decreases) increases in the tax rate from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and local taxes, net of federal benefit | (21.1 | ) |  | 1.7 |  |  | 2.2 |
Effect of foreign operations | (70.8 | ) |  | (5.5 | ) |  | (5.1 | )
Transaction costs | (226.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Effect of 2018 deferred rate change | (154.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Transition Tax | (28.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.0 |
Effect of changes in valuation allowances | (126.5 | ) |  | 1.9 |  |  | 1.5 |
Domestic production activities deduction | 28.3 |  |  | (2.2 | ) |  | (2.7 | )
Share-based payments | 90.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Research & Development credit | 82.9 |  |  | (1.3 | ) |  | (1.7 | )
Other, net | 10.2 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.2 |
Effective income tax rate | (380.2 | )% |  | 29.9 | % |  | 36.4 | %

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
Deferred tax assets and liabilities were comprised of the following as of December 31:

| 2017 |  | 2016
Deferred Tax Assets: |  |  |
Inventories, principally due to changes in inventory reserves | $ | 4,757 |  |  | $ | 332 |
Employee wages and benefits, principally due to accruals for financial reporting purposes | 11,031 |  |  | 14,723 |
Warranty reserves accrued for financial reporting purposes | 2,578 |  |  | 3,617 |
Receivables, principally due to allowance for doubtful accounts and tax accounting method for equipment rentals | 2,138 |  |  | 1,413 |
Tax loss carryforwards | 11,383 |  |  | 7,821 |
Tax credit carryforwards | 1,575 |  |  | 1,228 |
Other | 3,630 |  |  | 2,126 |
Gross Deferred Tax Assets | $ | 37,092 |  |  | $ | 31,260 |
Less: valuation allowance | (9,691 | ) |  | (6,865 | )
Total Net Deferred Tax Assets | $ | 27,401 |  |  | $ | 24,395 |
Deferred Tax Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Property, Plant and Equipment, principally due to differences in depreciation and related gains | 9,042 |  |  | 6,947 |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets | 60,450 |  |  | 4,180 |
Total Deferred Tax Liabilities | $ | 69,492 |  |  | $ | 11,127 |
Net Deferred Tax (Liabilities) Assets | $ | (42,091 | ) |  | $ | 13,268 |

The valuation allowance at December 31, 2017 principally applies to the Netherlands tax loss and tax credit carryforwards that, in the opinion of management, are more likely than not to expire unutilized. However, to the extent that tax benefits related to these carryforwards are realized in the future, the reduction in the valuation allowance will reduce income tax expense.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016
Balance at January 1, | $ | 2,477 |  |  | $ | 2,326 |
Increases as a result of tax positions taken during the current year | 329 |  |  | 545 |
Increase related to prior period tax positions of acquired entities | 236 |  |  | — |
Decreases relating to settlement with tax authorities | (68 | ) |  | (6 | )
Reductions as a result of a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations | (770 | ) |  | (523 | )
Increases as a result of foreign currency fluctuations | 28 |  |  | 135 |
Balance at December 31, | $ | 2,232 |  |  | $ | 2,477 |

Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2017 and 2016 are potential benefits of $1,992 and $2,114, respectively, that if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate from continuing operations.
We recognize potential accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. In addition to the liability of $2,232 and $2,477 for unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there was approximately $482 and $490, respectively, for accrued interest and penalties. To the extent interest and penalties are not assessed with respect to uncertain tax positions, the amounts accrued will be revised and reflected as an adjustment to income tax expense.
We and our subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of numerous state and foreign jurisdictions. We are generally no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examinations for taxable years before 2014 and, with limited exceptions, state and foreign income tax examinations for taxable years before 2013.
We are currently under examination by the Internal Revenue Service for the 2015 tax year. Although the outcome of this matter cannot currently be determined, we believe adequate provision has been made for any potential unfavorable financial statement impact. We are currently undergoing income tax examinations in various state and foreign jurisdictions covering 2014 to 2016. Although the final outcome of these examinations cannot be currently determined, we believe that we have adequate reserves with respect to these examinations.
We do not anticipate that total unrecognized tax benefits will change significantly within the next 12 months.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

17. | Share-Based Compensation

We have four plans under which we have awarded share-based compensation grants: The 1997 Non-Employee Directors Option Plan ("1997 Plan"), which provided for stock option grants to our non-employee Directors, the 2007 Stock Incentive Plan (“2007 Plan”), the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, as Amended (“2010 Plan”) and the 2017 Stock Incentive Plan ("2017 Plan"), which were adopted as a continuing step toward aggregating our equity compensation programs to reduce the complexity of our equity compensation programs.
The 2010 Plan, originally approved by our shareholders on April 28, 2010 and amended and restated by our shareholders on April 25, 2012, terminated our rights to grant awards under the 2007 Plan; however, any awards granted under the 2007 or 2010 Plans that do not result in the issuance of shares of Common Stock may again be used for an award under the 2010 Plan. The 2010 Plan was amended and restated by our shareholders on April 24, 2013, increasing the number of shares available under the amended 2010 Plan from 1,500,000 shares to 2,600,000 shares.
The 2017 Plan approved by our shareholders on April 26, 2017 terminated our rights to grant awards under previous plans; however, any awards granted under previous plans that do not result in the issuance of shares of Common Stock may again be used for an award under the 2017 Plan. There were 1,200,000 shares made available under the approved 2017 Plan.
As of December 31, 2017, there were 742,873 shares reserved for issuance under the 2007 Plan and the 2010 Plan for outstanding compensation awards. There were 1,155,110 shares available for issuance under the 2017 Plan for current and future equity awards as of December 31, 2017. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors determines the number of shares awarded and the grant date, subject to the terms of our equity award policy.
We recognized total Share-Based Compensation Expense of $5,891, $3,875 and $8,222, respectively, during the years ended 2017, 2016 and 2015. The total excess tax benefit recognized for share-based compensation arrangements during the years ended 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $1,168, $686 and $859, respectively.
Stock Option Awards
We determined the fair value of our stock option awards using the Black-Scholes valuation model that uses the assumptions noted in the table below. The expected life selected for stock options granted during the year represents the period of time that the stock options are expected to be outstanding based on historical data of stock option holder exercise and termination behavior of similar grants. The risk-free interest rate for periods within the contractual life of the stock option is based on the U.S. Treasury rate over the expected life at the time of grant. Expected volatilities are based upon historical volatility of our stock over a period equal to the expected life of each stock option grant. Dividend yield is estimated over the expected life based on our dividend policy and historical dividends paid. To determine the amount of compensation cost to be recognized in each period, we account for forfeitures as they occur.
The following table illustrates the valuation assumptions used for the 2017, 2016 and 2015 grants:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Expected volatility | 25 - 26% |  | 29 - 32% |  | 32 - 36%
Weighted-average expected volatility | 26% |  | 32% |  | 36%
Expected dividend yield | 1.2 - 1.3% |  | 1.3 - 1.5% |  | 1.1 - 1.2%
Weighted-average expected dividend yield | 1.3% |  | 1.3% |  | 1.2%
Expected term, in years | 5 |  | 5 |  | 5
Risk-free interest rate | 1.7 - 2.0% |  | 1.1 - 1.4% |  | 1.4 - 1.6%

New stock option awards granted vest one-third each year over a three year period and have a ten year contractual term. Compensation expense equal to the grant date fair value is recognized for these awards on a straight-line basis over the awards vesting period. Stock options granted to employees are subject to accelerated expensing if the option holder meets the retirements definition set forth in the 2010 Plan.
In addition to stock options, we also occasionally grant cash-settled stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) to employees in certain foreign locations. There were no outstanding SARs as of December 31, 2017 and no SARs were granted during 2017, 2016 or 2015.
The following table summarizes the activity during the year ended December 31, 2017 for stock option awards:

| Shares |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year | 1,113,382 |  |  | $ | 42.34 |
Granted | 224,985 |  |  | 72.85 |
Exercised | (159,792 | ) |  | 44.04 |
Forfeited | (42,586 | ) |  | 63.98 |
Expired | (381 | ) |  | 65.12 |
Outstanding at end of year | 1,135,608 |  |  | $ | 47.47 |
Exercisable at end of year | 766,583 |  |  | $ | 39.15 |

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $16.39, $13.61 and $20.08, respectively. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $4,450, $3,408 and $1,702, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2017 was $28,711 and $25,702, respectively. The weighted-average remaining contractual life for options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2017, was 5.6 years and 4.2 years, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, there was unrecognized compensation cost for nonvested options of $2,064, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years.
Restricted Share Awards
Restricted share awards for employees generally have a three year vesting period from the effective date of the grant. Restricted share awards to non-employee directors vest upon a change of control or upon termination of service as a director occurring at least six months after grant date of the award so long as termination is for one of the following reasons: death; disability; retirement in accordance with Tennant policy (e.g., age, term limits, etc.); resignation at request of Board (other than for gross misconduct); resignation following at least six months’ advance notice; failure to be renominated (unless due to unwillingness to serve) or reelected by shareholders; or removal by shareholders. We use the closing share price the day before the grant date to determine the fair value of our restricted share awards. Expenses on these awards are recognized over the vesting period.
The following table summarizes the activity during the year ended December 31, 2017 for nonvested restricted share awards:

| Shares |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at beginning of year | 117,234 |  |  | $ | 47.62 |
Granted | 20,284 |  |  | 73.06 |
Vested | (32,990 | ) |  | 44.36 |
Forfeited | (4,739 | ) |  | 63.43 |
Nonvested at end of year | 99,789 |  |  | $ | 53.11 |

The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $1,463, $1,970 and $1,054, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, there was $1,585 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested shares which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.
Performance Share Awards
We grant performance share awards to key employees as a part of our long-term management compensation program. These awards are earned based upon achievement of certain financial performance targets over a three year period. The number of shares of common stock a participant receives will be increased (up to 200 percent of target levels) or reduced (down to zero) based on the level of achievement of the financial performance targets. We use the closing share price the day before the grant date to determine the fair value of our performance share awards. Expenses on these awards are recognized over a three year performance period. Performance shares are granted in restricted stock units. They are payable in stock and vest solely upon achievement of certain financial performance targets during this three year period.
The following table summarizes the activity during the year ended December 31, 2017 for nonvested performance share awards:

| Shares |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at beginning of year | 129,096 |  |  | $ | 59.30 |
Granted | 45,792 |  |  | 72.84 |
Vested | (20,060 | ) |  | 61.80 |
Forfeited | (31,804 | ) |  | 62.55 |
Nonvested at end of year | 123,024 |  |  | $ | 63.09 |

The total fair value of shares vested during the year ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $1,240, $1,703 and $1,713, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, we expect to recognize $1,400 of total compensation costs over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years.
Restricted Stock Units
We grant restricted stock units to employees, which generally vest within three years from the date of the grant. Vested restricted stock units are paid out in stock. We use the closing share price the day before the grant date to determine the fair value our restricted stock units. Expenses on these awards are recognized on a straight line basis over the vesting period of the award.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
The following table summarizes the activity during the year ended December 31, 2017 for nonvested restricted stock units:

| Shares |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at beginning of year | 31,038 |  |  | $ | 60.47 |
Granted | 30,750 |  |  | 68.92 |
Vested | (14,638 | ) |  | 65.74 |
Forfeited | (4,025 | ) |  | 60.82 |
Nonvested at end of year | 43,125 |  |  | $ | 64.67 |

The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $962 and $907, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, there was $1,743 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested shares which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.3 years.
Share-Based Liabilities
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had $175 and $155 in total share-based liabilities recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we paid out $45, $62 and $53 related to share-based liability awards, respectively.

18. | (Loss) Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company Per Share

The computations of Basic and Diluted (Loss) Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company per Share for the years ended December 31 were as follows:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |
Net (Loss) Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company | $ | (6,195 | ) |  | $ | 46,614 |  |  | $ | 32,088 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic - Weighted Average Shares Outstanding | 17,695,390 |  |  | 17,523,267 |  |  | 18,015,151 |
Effect of dilutive securities | — |  |  | 452,916 |  |  | 478,296 |
Diluted - Weighted Average Shares Outstanding | 17,695,390 |  |  | 17,976,183 |  |  | 18,493,447 |
Basic (Loss) Earnings per Share | $ | (0.35 | ) |  | $ | 2.66 |  |  | $ | 1.78 |
Diluted (Loss) Earnings per Share | $ | (0.35 | ) |  | $ | 2.59 |  |  | $ | 1.74 |

Excluded from the dilutive securities shown above were options to purchase and shares to be paid out under share-based compensation plans of 711,212, 356,598 and 222,092 shares of common stock during 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. These exclusions were made if the exercise prices of these options are greater than the average market price of our common stock for the period, if the number of shares we can repurchase under the treasury stock method exceeds the weighted shares outstanding in the options or if we have a net loss, as the effects are anti-dilutive.

19. | Segment Reporting

We are organized into four operating segments: North America; Latin America; Europe, Middle East, Africa; and Asia Pacific. We combine our North America and Latin America operating segments into the "Americas" for reporting net sales by geographic area. In accordance with the objective and basic principles of the applicable accounting guidance, we aggregate our operating segments into one reportable segment that consists of the design, manufacture and sale of products used primarily in the maintenance of nonresidential surfaces.
The following table presents Net Sales by geographic area for the years ended December 31:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net Sales: |  |  |  |  |
Americas | $ | 640,274 |  |  | $ | 607,026 |  |  | $ | 591,405 |
Europe, Middle East, Africa | 273,738 |  |  | 129,046 |  |  | 139,834 |
Asia Pacific | 89,054 |  |  | 72,500 |  |  | 80,560 |
Total | $ | 1,003,066 |  |  | $ | 808,572 |  |  | $ | 811,799 |

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)
The following table presents long-lived assets by geographic area as of December 31:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Long-lived assets: |  |  |  |  |
Americas | $ | 132,659 |  |  | $ | 134,737 |  |  | $ | 110,842 |
Europe, Middle East, Africa | 422,338 |  |  | 19,606 |  |  | 11,100 |
Asia Pacific | 4,731 |  |  | 4,334 |  |  | 4,658 |
Total | $ | 559,728 |  |  | $ | 158,677 |  |  | $ | 126,600 |

Accounting policies of the operations in the various operating segments are the same as those described in Note 1. Net Sales are attributed to each operating segment based on the end user country and are net of intercompany sales. Information regarding sales to customers geographically located in the United States is provided in Item 1, Business – Segment and Geographic Area Financial Information. No single customer represents more than 10% of our consolidated Net Sales.
Long-lived assets consist of Property, Plant and Equipment, Goodwill, Intangible Assets and certain other assets. Long-lived assets located in Italy totaled $393,917 as of the year ended December 31, 2017 as a result of our acquisition of IPC Group. We did not have long-lived assets located in Italy for 2016 and 2015. There are no other individual foreign locations which have long-lived assets which represent more than 10% of our consolidated long-lived assets.
The following table presents revenues for groups of similar products and services for the years ended December 31:

| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net Sales: |  |  |  |  |
Equipment | $ | 636,875 |  |  | $ | 491,075 |  |  | $ | 499,634 |
Parts and consumables | 202,452 |  |  | 173,632 |  |  | 175,697 |
Service and other | 132,332 |  |  | 114,719 |  |  | 112,622 |
Specialty surface coatings | 31,407 |  |  | 29,146 |  |  | 23,846 |
Total | $ | 1,003,066 |  |  | $ | 808,572 |  |  | $ | 811,799 |

20. | Consolidated Quarterly Data (Unaudited)

| 2017
| Q1 |  | Q2 |  | Q3 |  | Q4
Net Sales | $ | 191,059 |  |  | $ | 270,791 |  |  | $ | 261,921 |  |  | $ | 279,295 |
Gross Profit | 79,736 |  |  | 104,554 |  |  | 104,604 |  |  | 115,527 |
Net (Loss) Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company | (3,957 | ) |  | (2,591 | ) |  | 3,559 |  |  | (3,206 | )
Basic (Loss) Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company per Share | $ | (0.22 | ) |  | $ | (0.15 | ) |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | (0.18 | )
Diluted (Loss) Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company per Share | $ | (0.22 | ) |  | $ | (0.15 | ) |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | (0.18 | )

| 2016
| Q1 |  | Q2 |  | Q3 |  | Q4
Net Sales | $ | 179,864 |  |  | $ | 216,828 |  |  | $ | 200,134 |  |  | $ | 211,746 |
Gross Profit | 77,502 |  |  | 95,289 |  |  | 85,295 |  |  | 93,509 |
Net Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company | 4,439 |  |  | 15,328 |  |  | 11,477 |  |  | 15,370 |
Basic Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company per Share | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | 0.88 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |  |  | $ | 0.88 |
Diluted Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company per Share | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | 0.85 |  |  | $ | 0.64 |  |  | $ | 0.85 |

The summation of quarterly data may not equate to the calculation for the full fiscal year as quarterly calculations are performed on a discrete basis.
Regular quarterly dividends aggregated to $0.84 per share in 2017, or $0.21 per share per quarter, and $0.81 per share in 2016, or $0.20 per share for the first three quarters of 2016 and $0.21 per share for the last quarter of 2016.

21. | Related Party Transactions

During the first quarter of 2008, we acquired Sociedade Alfa Ltda. and entered into lease agreements for certain properties owned by or partially owned by the former owners of this entity. Some of these individuals are current employees of Tennant. Lease payments made under these lease agreements are not material to our financial position or results of operations.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

22. | Separate Financial Information of Guarantor Subsidiaries

The following condensed consolidating guarantor financial information is presented to comply with the requirements of Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X.
On April 18, 2017, we issued and sold $300,000 in aggregate principal amount of our 5.625% Senior Notes due 2025 (the “Notes”), pursuant to an Indenture, dated as of April 18, 2017, among the company, the Guarantors (as defined below), and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, a national banking association, as trustee. The Notes are unconditionally and jointly and severally guaranteed by Tennant Coatings, Inc. and Tennant Sales and Service Company (collectively, the “Guarantors”), which are wholly owned subsidiaries of the company.
The Notes and the guarantees constitute senior unsecured obligations of the company and the Guarantors, respectively. The Notes and the guarantees, respectively, are: (a) equal in right of payment with all of the company’s and the Guarantors’ senior debt, without giving effect to collateral arrangements; (b) senior in right of payment to all of the company’s and the Guarantors’ future subordinated debt, if any; (c) effectively subordinated in right of payment to all of the company’s and the Guarantors’ debt and obligations that are secured, including borrowings under the company’s senior secured credit facilities for so long as the senior secured credit facilities are secured, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such liens; and (d) structurally subordinated in right of payment to all liabilities (including trade payables) of the company’s and the Guarantors’ subsidiaries that do not guarantee the Notes.
The following condensed consolidated financial information presents the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, of Tennant Company ("Parent"), the Guarantor Subsidiaries on a combined basis, the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries on a combined basis and elimination entries necessary to consolidated the Parent with the Guarantor and Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries. The following condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the company and notes thereto of which this note is an integral part.

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Earnings
For the year ended December 31, 2017
(in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total Tennant Company
Net Sales | $ | 454,703 |  |  | $ | 594,405 |  |  | $ | 471,559 |  |  | $ | (517,601 | ) |  | $ | 1,003,066 |
Cost of Sales | 311,897 |  |  | 488,972 |  |  | 317,151 |  |  | (519,375 | ) |  | 598,645 |
Gross Profit | 142,806 |  |  | 105,433 |  |  | 154,408 |  |  | 1,774 |  |  | 404,421 |
Operating Expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and Development Expense | 27,219 |  |  | 315 |  |  | 4,479 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,013 |
Selling and Administrative Expense | 116,388 |  |  | 78,516 |  |  | 150,460 |  |  | — |  |  | 345,364 |
Total Operating Expense | 143,607 |  |  | 78,831 |  |  | 154,939 |  |  | — |  |  | 377,377 |
(Loss) Profit from Operations | (801 | ) |  | 26,602 |  |  | (531 | ) |  | 1,774 |  |  | 27,044 |
Other Income (Expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in Earnings of Affiliates | 12,754 |  |  | 2,004 |  |  | 28,855 |  |  | (43,613 | ) |  | — |
Interest Expense, Net | (22,659 | ) |  | — |  |  | (299 | ) |  | (31 | ) |  | (22,989 | )
Intercompany Interest Income (Expense) | 12,519 |  |  | (5,776 | ) |  | (6,743 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Net Foreign Currency Transaction Gains (Losses) | 857 |  |  | — |  |  | (4,244 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,387 | )
Other (Expense) Income, Net | (3,962 | ) |  | (736 | ) |  | 2,841 |  |  | (103 | ) |  | (1,960 | )
Total Other (Expense) Income, Net | (491 | ) |  | (4,508 | ) |  | 20,410 |  |  | (43,747 | ) |  | (28,336 | )
(Loss) Profit Before Income Taxes | (1,292 | ) |  | 22,094 |  |  | 19,879 |  |  | (41,973 | ) |  | (1,292 | )
Income Tax Expense (Benefit) | 4,913 |  |  | 8,070 |  |  | (98 | ) |  | (7,972 | ) |  | 4,913 |
Net (Loss) Earnings Including Noncontrolling Interest | (6,205 | ) |  | 14,024 |  |  | 19,977 |  |  | (34,001 | ) |  | (6,205 | )
Net Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest | (10 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | (10 | )
Net (Loss) Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company | $ | (6,195 | ) |  | $ | 14,024 |  |  | $ | 19,987 |  |  | $ | (34,011 | ) |  | $ | (6,195 | )

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Earnings
For the year ended December 31, 2016
(in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total Tennant Company
Net Sales | $ | 455,375 |  |  | $ | 587,815 |  |  | $ | 290,349 |  |  | $ | (524,967 | ) |  | $ | 808,572 |
Cost of Sales | 299,459 |  |  | 483,075 |  |  | 199,336 |  |  | (524,893 | ) |  | 456,977 |
Gross Profit | 155,916 |  |  | 104,740 |  |  | 91,013 |  |  | (74 | ) |  | 351,595 |
Operating Expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and Development Expense | 32,378 |  |  | 429 |  |  | 1,931 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,738 |
Selling and Administrative Expense | 95,189 |  |  | 74,643 |  |  | 78,378 |  |  | — |  | — |  | 248,210 |
(Gain) Loss on Sale of Business | (82 | ) |  | — |  |  | 231 |  |  | — |  |  | 149 |
Total Operating Expense | 127,485 |  |  | 75,072 |  |  | 80,540 |  |  | — |  |  | 283,097 |
Profit from Operations | 28,431 |  |  | 29,668 |  |  | 10,473 |  |  | (74 | ) |  | 68,498 |
Other Income (Expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in Earnings of Affiliates | 34,068 |  |  | 2,192 |  |  | — |  |  | (36,260 | ) |  | — |
Interest (Expense) Income, Net | (1,204 | ) |  | — |  |  | 255 |  |  | — |  |  | (949 | )
Intercompany Interest Income (Expense) | 7,157 |  |  | (5,570 | ) |  | (1,587 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Net Foreign Currency Transaction Gains (Losses) | 648 |  |  | (652 | ) |  | (388 | ) |  | — |  |  | (392 | )
Other (Expense) Income, Net | (2,609 | ) |  | (573 | ) |  | 2,516 |  |  | — |  |  | (666 | )
Total Other Income (Expense), Net | 38,060 |  |  | (4,603 | ) |  | 796 |  |  | (36,260 | ) |  | (2,007 | )
Profit Before Income Taxes | 66,491 |  |  | 25,065 |  |  | 11,269 |  |  | (36,334 | ) |  | 66,491 |
Income Tax Expense | 19,877 |  |  | 9,443 |  |  | 2,427 |  |  | (11,870 | ) |  | 19,877 |
Net Earnings | $ | 46,614 |  |  | $ | 15,622 |  |  | $ | 8,842 |  |  | $ | (24,464 | ) |  | $ | 46,614 |

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Earnings
For the year ended December 31, 2015
(in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total Tennant Company
Net Sales | $ | 480,418 |  |  | $ | 586,154 |  |  | $ | 306,506 |  |  | $ | (561,279 | ) |  | $ | 811,799 |
Cost of Sales | 320,620 |  |  | 489,203 |  |  | 213,085 |  |  | (560,169 | ) |  | 462,739 |
Gross Profit | 159,798 |  |  | 96,951 |  |  | 93,421 |  |  | (1,110 | ) |  | 349,060 |
Operating Expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and Development Expense | 29,888 |  |  | 389 |  |  | 2,138 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,415 |
Selling and Administrative Expense | 97,301 |  |  | 72,954 |  |  | 82,015 |  |  | — |  |  | 252,270 |
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,199 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,199 |
Total Operating Expense | 127,189 |  |  | 73,343 |  |  | 95,352 |  |  | — |  |  | 295,884 |
Profit (Loss) from Operations | 32,609 |  |  | 23,608 |  |  | (1,931 | ) |  | (1,110 | ) |  | 53,176 |
Other Income (Expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in Earnings of Affiliates | 14,766 |  |  | 2,122 |  |  | — |  |  | (16,888 | ) |  | — |
Interest (Expense) Income, Net | (1,221 | ) |  | — |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,141 | )
Intercompany Interest Income (Expense) | 7,368 |  |  | (5,400 | ) |  | (1,968 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Net Foreign Currency Transaction Gains (Losses) | 535 |  |  | (777 | ) |  | (712 | ) |  | — |  |  | (954 | )
Other (Expense) Income, Net | (3,633 | ) |  | (422 | ) |  | 3,398 |  |  | — |  |  | (657 | )
Total Other Income (Expense), Net | 17,815 |  |  | (4,477 | ) |  | 798 |  |  | (16,888 | ) |  | (2,752 | )
Profit (Loss) Before Income Taxes | 50,424 |  |  | 19,131 |  |  | (1,133 | ) |  | (17,998 | ) |  | 50,424 |
Income Tax Expense | 18,336 |  |  | 4,619 |  |  | 1,630 |  |  | (6,249 | ) |  | 18,336 |
Net Earnings (Loss) | $ | 32,088 |  |  | $ | 14,512 |  |  | $ | (2,763 | ) |  | $ | (11,749 | ) |  | $ | 32,088 |

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
For the year ended December 31, 2017
(in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total Tennant Company
Net Earnings | $ | (6,205 | ) |  | $ | 14,024 |  |  | $ | 19,977 |  |  | $ | (34,001 | ) |  | $ | (6,205 | )
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 28,356 |  |  | 1,215 |  |  | 2,960 |  |  | (4,175 | ) |  | 28,356 |
Pension and retiree medical benefits | 5,868 |  |  | — |  |  | 538 |  |  | (538 | ) |  | 5,868 |
Cash flow hedge | (7,731 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,731 | )
Income Taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 310 |  |  | — |  |  | 310 |  |  | (310 | ) |  | 310 |
Pension and retiree medical benefits | (2,087 | ) |  | — |  |  | (99 | ) |  | 99 |  |  | (2,087 | )
Cash flow hedge | 2,884 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,884 |
Total Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income, net of tax | 27,600 |  |  | 1,215 |  |  | 3,709 |  |  | (4,924 | ) |  | 27,600 |
Total Comprehensive Income Including Noncontrolling Interest | 21,395 |  |  | 15,239 |  |  | 23,686 |  |  | (38,925 | ) |  | 21,395 |
Comprehensive Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest | (10 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | (10 | )
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Tennant Company | $ | 21,405 |  |  | $ | 15,239 |  |  | $ | 23,696 |  |  | $ | (38,935 | ) |  | $ | 21,405 |

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
For the year ended December 31, 2016
(in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total Tennant Company
Net Earnings | $ | 46,614 |  |  | $ | 15,622 |  |  | $ | 8,842 |  |  | $ | (24,464 | ) |  | $ | 46,614 |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 109 |  |  | 270 |  |  | 3,534 |  |  | (3,804 | ) |  | 109 |
Pension and retiree medical benefits | (2,248 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,691 | ) |  | 1,691 |  |  | (2,248 | )
Cash flow hedge | (305 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (305 | )
Income Taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | (32 | ) |  | 32 |
Pension and retiree medical benefits | 504 |  |  | — |  |  | 296 |  |  | (296 | ) |  | 504 |
Cash flow hedge | 114 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |
Total Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income, net of tax | (1,794 | ) |  | 270 |  |  | 2,171 |  |  | (2,441 | ) |  | (1,794 | )
Comprehensive Income | $ | 44,820 |  |  | $ | 15,892 |  |  | $ | 11,013 |  |  | $ | (26,905 | ) |  | $ | 44,820 |

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
For the year ended December 31, 2015
(in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total Tennant Company
Net Earnings | $ | 32,088 |  |  | $ | 14,512 |  |  | $ | (2,763 | ) |  | $ | (11,749 | ) |  | $ | 32,088 |
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (12,520 | ) |  | (1,082 | ) |  | (12,903 | ) |  | 13,985 |  |  | (12,520 | )
Pension and retiree medical benefits | 4,121 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,571 |  |  | (1,571 | ) |  | 4,121 |
Cash flow hedge | 164 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 164 |
Income Taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | (25 | ) |  | 25 |
Pension and retiree medical benefits | (1,265 | ) |  | — |  |  | (314 | ) |  | 314 |  |  | (1,265 | )
Cash flow hedge | (61 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (61 | )
Total Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax | (9,536 | ) |  | (1,082 | ) |  | (11,621 | ) |  | 12,703 |  |  | (9,536 | )
Comprehensive Income (Loss) | $ | 22,552 |  |  | $ | 13,430 |  |  | $ | (14,384 | ) |  | $ | 954 |  |  | $ | 22,552 |

61

Table of Contents
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet
As of December 31, 2017
(in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total Tennant Company
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | $ | 18,469 |  |  | $ | 507 |  |  | $ | 39,422 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,398 |
Restricted Cash | — |  |  | — |  |  | 653 |  |  | — |  |  | 653 |
Net Receivables | 683 |  |  | 88,629 |  |  | 120,204 |  |  | — |  |  | 209,516 |
Intercompany Receivables | 53,444 |  |  | 133,778 |  |  | — |  |  | (187,222 | ) |  | — |
Inventories | 29,450 |  |  | 12,695 |  |  | 94,542 |  |  | (8,993 | ) |  | 127,694 |
Prepaid Expenses | 8,774 |  |  | 1,172 |  |  | 9,405 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,351 |
Other Current Assets | 4,030 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,473 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,503 |
Total Current Assets | 114,850 |  |  | 236,781 |  |  | 267,699 |  |  | (196,215 | ) |  | 423,115 |
Property, Plant and Equipment | 225,064 |  |  | 12,155 |  |  | 145,549 |  |  | — |  |  | 382,768 |
Accumulated Depreciation | (146,320 | ) |  | (6,333 | ) |  | (50,097 | ) |  | — |  |  | (202,750 | )
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net | 78,744 |  |  | 5,822 |  |  | 95,452 |  |  | — |  |  | 180,018 |
Deferred Income Taxes | 1,308 |  |  | 2,669 |  |  | 7,157 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,134 |
Investment in Affiliates | 392,486 |  |  | 11,273 |  |  | 20,811 |  |  | (424,570 | ) |  | — |
Intercompany Loans | 304,822 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,983 |  |  | (309,805 | ) |  | — |
Goodwill | 12,869 |  |  | 1,739 |  |  | 171,436 |  |  | — |  |  | 186,044 |
Intangible Assets, Net | 2,105 |  |  | 2,898 |  |  | 167,344 |  |  | — |  |  | 172,347 |
Other Assets | 10,363 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,956 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,319 |
Total Assets | $ | 917,547 |  |  | $ | 261,182 |  |  | $ | 745,838 |  |  | $ | (930,590 | ) |  | $ | 993,977 |
LIABILITIES AND TOTAL EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Portion of Long-Term Debt | $ | 29,413 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,470 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,883 |
Accounts Payable | 39,927 |  |  | 3,018 |  |  | 53,137 |  |  | — |  |  | 96,082 |
Intercompany Payables | 133,778 |  |  | 1,963 |  |  | 51,481 |  |  | (187,222 | ) |  | — |
Employee Compensation and Benefits | 8,311 |  |  | 10,355 |  |  | 18,591 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,257 |
Income Taxes Payable | 366 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,472 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,838 |
Other Current Liabilities | 20,183 |  |  | 15,760 |  |  | 33,504 |  |  | — |  |  | 69,447 |
Total Current Liabilities | 231,978 |  |  | 31,096 |  |  | 160,655 |  |  | (187,222 | ) |  | 236,507 |
Long-Term Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-Term Debt | 344,147 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,809 |  |  | — |  |  | 345,956 |
Intercompany Loans | — |  |  | 128,000 |  |  | 181,805 |  |  | (309,805 | ) |  | — |
Employee-Related Benefits | 11,160 |  |  | 3,992 |  |  | 8,715 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,867 |
Deferred Income Taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | 53,225 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,225 |
Other Liabilities | 31,788 |  |  | 2,483 |  |  | 1,677 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,948 |
Total Long-Term Liabilities | 387,095 |  |  | 134,475 |  |  | 247,231 |  |  | (309,805 | ) |  | 458,996 |
Total Liabilities | 619,073 |  |  | 165,571 |  |  | 407,886 |  |  | (497,027 | ) |  | 695,503 |
Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Stock | 6,705 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,131 |  |  | (11,131 | ) |  | 6,705 |
Additional Paid-In Capital | 15,089 |  |  | 72,483 |  |  | 384,460 |  |  | (456,943 | ) |  | 15,089 |
Retained Earnings | 297,032 |  |  | 23,797 |  |  | (21,219 | ) |  | (2,578 | ) |  | 297,032 |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | (22,323 | ) |  | (669 | ) |  | (38,391 | ) |  | 39,060 |  |  | (22,323 | )
Total Tennant Company Shareholders’ Equity | 296,503 |  |  | 95,611 |  |  | 335,981 |  |  | (431,592 | ) |  | 296,503 |
Noncontrolling Interest | 1,971 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,971 |  |  | (1,971 | ) |  | 1,971 |
Total Equity | 298,474 |  |  | 95,611 |  |  | 337,952 |  |  | (433,563 | ) |  | 298,474 |
Total Liabilities and Total Equity | $ | 917,547 |  |  | $ | 261,182 |  |  | $ | 745,838 |  |  | $ | (930,590 | ) |  | $ | 993,977 |

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet
As of December 31, 2016
(in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total Tennant Company
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | $ | 38,484 |  |  | $ | 226 |  |  | $ | 19,323 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,033 |
Restricted Cash | — |  |  | — |  |  | 517 |  |  | — |  |  | 517 |
Net Receivables | 209 |  |  | 85,219 |  |  | 63,706 |  |  | — |  |  | 149,134 |
Intercompany Receivables | 50,437 |  |  | 123,289 |  |  | 2,251 |  |  | (175,977 | ) |  | — |
Inventories | 26,422 |  |  | 12,821 |  |  | 49,829 |  |  | (10,450 | ) |  | 78,622 |
Prepaid Expenses | 4,120 |  |  | 1,151 |  |  | 3,933 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,204 |
Other Current Assets | 2,402 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,412 |
Total Current Assets | 122,074 |  |  | 222,706 |  |  | 139,569 |  |  | (186,427 | ) |  | 297,922 |
Property, Plant and Equipment | 225,651 |  |  | 12,996 |  |  | 59,853 |  |  | — |  |  | 298,500 |
Accumulated Depreciation | (144,281 | ) |  | (6,175 | ) |  | (35,947 | ) |  | — |  |  | (186,403 | )
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net | 81,370 |  |  | 6,821 |  |  | 23,906 |  |  | — |  |  | 112,097 |
Deferred Income Taxes | 3,048 |  |  | 3,281 |  |  | 7,110 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,439 |
Investment in Affiliates | 157,004 |  |  | 9,021 |  |  | — |  |  | (166,025 | ) |  | — |
Intercompany Loans | 130,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (130,000 | ) |  | — |
Goodwill | 12,869 |  |  | 1,439 |  |  | 6,757 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,065 |
Intangible Assets, Net | — |  |  | 3,200 |  |  | 3,260 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,460 |
Other Assets | 10,189 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 8,838 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,054 |
Total Assets | $ | 516,554 |  |  | $ | 246,495 |  |  | $ | 189,440 |  |  | $ | (482,452 | ) |  | $ | 470,037 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Portion of Long-Term Debt | $ | 3,429 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,459 |
Accounts Payable | 30,867 |  |  | 2,599 |  |  | 13,942 |  |  | — |  |  | 47,408 |
Intercompany Payables | 125,540 |  |  | 1,249 |  |  | 49,188 |  |  | (175,977 | ) |  | — |
Employee Compensation and Benefits | 12,025 |  |  | 15,261 |  |  | 8,711 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,997 |
Income Taxes Payable | 1,410 |  |  | — |  |  | 938 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,348 |
Other Current Liabilities | 15,329 |  |  | 13,348 |  |  | 14,940 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,617 |
Total Current Liabilities | 188,600 |  |  | 32,457 |  |  | 87,749 |  |  | (175,977 | ) |  | 132,829 |
Long-Term Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-Term Debt | 32,714 |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,735 |
Intercompany Loans | — |  |  | 128,000 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | (130,000 | ) |  | — |
Employee-Related Benefits | 14,291 |  |  | 3,704 |  |  | 3,139 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,134 |
Deferred Income Taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | 171 |  |  | — |  |  | 171 |
Other Liabilities | 2,406 |  |  | 1,295 |  |  | 924 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,625 |
Total Long-Term Liabilities | 49,411 |  |  | 132,999 |  |  | 6,255 |  |  | (130,000 | ) |  | 58,665 |
Total Liabilities | 238,011 |  |  | 165,456 |  |  | 94,004 |  |  | (305,977 | ) |  | 191,494 |
Shareholders' Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Stock | 6,633 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,131 |  |  | (11,131 | ) |  | 6,633 |
Additional Paid-In Capital | 3,653 |  |  | 72,483 |  |  | 158,592 |  |  | (231,075 | ) |  | 3,653 |
Retained Earnings | 318,180 |  |  | 9,771 |  |  | (32,187 | ) |  | 22,416 |  |  | 318,180 |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | (49,923 | ) |  | (1,215 | ) |  | (42,100 | ) |  | 43,315 |  |  | (49,923 | )
Total Shareholders’ Equity | 278,543 |  |  | 81,039 |  |  | 95,436 |  |  | (176,475 | ) |  | 278,543 |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | $ | 516,554 |  |  | $ | 246,495 |  |  | $ | 189,440 |  |  | $ | (482,452 | ) |  | $ | 470,037 |

63

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
For the year ended December 31, 2017
(in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total Tennant Company
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities | $ | 26,992 |  |  | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | 27,711 |  |  | $ | (809 | ) |  | $ | 54,174 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of Property, Plant and Equipment | (9,558 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10,879 | ) |  | — |  |  | (20,437 | )
Proceeds from Disposals of Property, Plant and Equipment | 23 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2,487 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,511 |
Proceeds from Principal Payments Received on Long-Term Note Receivable | — |  |  | — |  |  | 667 |  |  | — |  |  | 667 |
Issuance of Long-Term Note Receivable | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,500 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,500 | )
Acquisition of Businesses, Net of Cash Acquired | (304 | ) |  | — |  |  | (353,769 | ) |  | — |  |  | (354,073 | )
Purchase of Intangible Asset | (2,500 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,500 | )
Change in Investments in Subsidiaries | (199,028 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 199,028 |  |  | — |
Loan (Payments) Borrowings from Subsidiaries | (159,780 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,983 | ) |  | 164,763 |  |  | — |
Increase in Restricted Cash | — |  |  | — |  |  | (92 | ) |  | — |  |  | (92 | )
Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Investing Activities | (371,147 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (368,069 | ) |  | 363,791 |  |  | (375,424 | )
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from Short-Term Debt | 303,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 303,000 |
Repayments of Short-Term Debt | (303,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (303,000 | )
Loan Borrowings (Payments) from Parent | 4,983 |  |  | — |  |  | 159,780 |  |  | (164,763 | ) |  | — |
Change in Subsidiary Equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 199,028 |  |  | (199,028 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from Issuance of Long-Term Debt | 440,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 440,000 |
Payments of Long-Term Debt | (96,142 | ) |  | — |  |  | (106 | ) |  | — |  |  | (96,248 | )
Payments of Debt Issuance Costs | (16,482 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,482 | )
Change in Capital Lease Obligations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 311 |  |  | — |  |  | 311 |
Proceeds from Issuances of Common Stock | 6,875 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,875 |
Purchase of Noncontrolling Owner Interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30 | ) |  | — |  |  | (30 | )
Dividends Paid | (14,953 | ) |  | — |  |  | (809 | ) |  | 809 |  |  | (14,953 | )
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities | 324,281 |  |  | — |  |  | 358,174 |  |  | (362,982 | ) |  | 319,473 |
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash and Cash Equivalents | (141 | ) |  | — |  |  | 2,283 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,142 |
NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS | (20,015 | ) |  | 281 |  |  | 20,099 |  |  | — |  |  | 365 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Year | 38,484 |  |  | 226 |  |  | 19,323 |  |  | — |  |  | 58,033 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF YEAR | $ | 18,469 |  |  | $ | 507 |  |  | $ | 39,422 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,398 |

64

Table of Contents
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
For the year ended December 31, 2016
(in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total Tennant Company
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities | $ | 44,147 |  |  | $ | 239 |  |  | $ | 14,090 |  |  | $ | (598 | ) |  | $ | 57,878 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of Property, Plant and Equipment | (21,507 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | (5,006 | ) |  | — |  |  | (26,526 | )
Proceeds from Disposals of Property, Plant and Equipment | 377 |  |  | — |  |  | 238 |  |  | — |  |  | 615 |
Acquisition of Businesses, Net of Cash Acquired | — |  |  | (11,539 | ) |  | (1,394 | ) |  | — |  |  | (12,933 | )
Issuance of Long-Term Note Receivable | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,000 | )
Proceeds from Sale of Business | — |  |  | — |  |  | 285 |  |  | — |  |  | 285 |
Change in Investments in Subsidiaries | (19,594 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,594 |  |  | — |
Loan Borrowings (Payments) from Subsidiaries | 8,690 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,690 | ) |  | — |
Decrease in Restricted Cash | — |  |  | — |  |  | 116 |  |  | — |  |  | 116 |
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities | (32,034 | ) |  | (11,552 | ) |  | (7,761 | ) |  | 10,904 |  |  | (40,443 | )
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan Borrowings (Payments) from Parent | — |  |  | 7,969 |  |  | (16,659 | ) |  | 8,690 |  |  | — |
Change in Subsidiary Equity | — |  |  | 3,570 |  |  | 16,024 |  |  | (19,594 | ) |  | — |
Payments of Long-Term Debt | (3,429 | ) |  | — |  |  | (31 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,460 | )
Proceeds from Issuance of Long-Term Debt | 15,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,000 |
Purchases of Common Stock | (12,762 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,762 | )
Proceeds from Issuances of Common Stock | 5,271 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,271 |
Excess Tax Benefit on Stock Plans | 686 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 686 |
Dividends Paid | (14,293 | ) |  | — |  |  | (598 | ) |  | 598 |  |  | (14,293 | )
Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities | (9,527 | ) |  | 11,539 |  |  | (1,264 | ) |  | (10,306 | ) |  | (9,558 | )
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash and Cash Equivalents | 64 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,208 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,144 | )
NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS | 2,650 |  |  | 226 |  |  | 3,857 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,733 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Year | 35,834 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,466 |  |  | — |  |  | 51,300 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF YEAR | $ | 38,484 |  |  | $ | 226 |  |  | $ | 19,323 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,033 |

65

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
For the year ended December 31, 2015
(in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total Tennant Company
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities | $ | 40,764 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,928 |  |  | $ | (460 | ) |  | $ | 45,232 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of Property, Plant and Equipment | (19,149 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,631 | ) |  | — |  |  | (24,780 | )
Proceeds from Disposals of Property, Plant and Equipment | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 304 |  |  | — |  |  | 336 |
Loan Borrowings (Payments) from Subsidiaries | 268 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (268 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from Sale of Business | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,185 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,185 |
Increase in Restricted Cash | — |  |  | — |  |  | (322 | ) |  | — |  |  | (322 | )
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities | (18,849 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,464 | ) |  | (268 | ) |  | (23,581 | )
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan (Payments) Borrowings from Parent | — |  |  | — |  |  | (268 | ) |  | 268 |  |  | — |
Payments of Long-Term Debt | (3,435 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,445 | )
Purchases of Common Stock | (45,998 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (45,998 | )
Proceeds from Issuances of Common Stock | 1,677 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,677 |
Excess Tax Benefit on Stock Plans | 859 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 859 |
Dividends Paid | (14,498 | ) |  | — |  |  | (460 | ) |  | 460 |  |  | (14,498 | )
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities | (61,395 | ) |  | — |  |  | (738 | ) |  | 728 |  |  | (61,405 | )
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash and Cash Equivalents | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,987 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,908 | )
NET DECREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS | (39,401 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,261 | ) |  | — |  |  | (41,662 | )
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Year | 75,235 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,727 |  |  | — |  |  | 92,962 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF YEAR | $ | 35,834 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,466 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 51,300 |

23. | Subsequent Event

On January 22, 2018, we commenced the exchange offer required by the Registration Rights Agreement referred to in Note 9. The exchange offer closed on February 23, 2018. We will not incur any additional indebtedness as a result of the exchange offer. As a result, we will not be required to pay additional interest on the Notes.
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ITEM 9 – Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
ITEM 9A – Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer, have conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act)) as of December 31, 2017. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2017, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
For purposes of Rule 13a-15(e), the term disclosure controls and procedures means controls and other procedures of an issuer that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act.
The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

(i) | Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company;

(ii) | Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and

(iii) | Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Under the supervision of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on our assessment and those criteria, our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017.
Tennant Company acquired 100 percent of the outstanding capital stock of IP Cleaning S.p.A. and its subsidiaries ("IPC Group") in April 2017, which was accounted for as a business combination, and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of Tennant Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 the IPC Group's internal control over financial reporting associated with total assets of $509 million and total revenues of $174 million included in the consolidated financial statements of Tennant Company and subsidiaries as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017. This exclusion is in accordance with the SEC's guidance, which permits companies to omit an acquired business's internal control over financial reporting from management's assessment for up to one year after the date of the acquisition.
KPMG, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 and has issued a report which is included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Remediation of Material Weaknesses Disclosed in Fiscal Year 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K
As previously disclosed in Item 9A of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2016, management determined that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2016 due to material weaknesses over control activities with respect to effective general information technology controls over the accounting for revenue related to equipment maintenance and repair service, management review controls over the accounting for certain inventory adjustments, incentive accruals and performance share awards and controls over the determination of technological feasibility and the capitalization of software development costs. Furthermore, the Company did not have a sufficient number of trained resources with assigned responsibility and accountability over the design and operation of internal controls nor did the Company have an effective risk assessment process that identified and assessed necessary changes in significant accounting policies and practices that were responsible to changes in business operations and new product arrangements.
To remediate the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described in Item 9A of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for Fiscal year 2016, we:

• | Sponsored ongoing training related to the COSO 2013 Framework best practices for personnel that are accountable for internal control over financial reporting.

• | Enhanced management review controls over the accounting for certain inventory adjustments, incentive accruals and performance share awards.

• | Performed a complete review of our accounting for revenue related to equipment maintenance and repair service to ensure the adequacy of the design and implementation of automated and manual controls.

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• | Designed and implemented controls over the determination of technological feasibility and the capitalization of software development costs.

Management has determined that the remediation actions discussed above were effectively designed and demonstrated to be operating effectively for a sufficient period of time to enable us to conclude that the material weaknesses regarding internal control activities have been remediated as of December 31, 2017.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Other than the action described under Remediation of Material Weaknesses Disclosed in Fiscal Year 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K, there were no other changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B – Other Information
None.
PART III
ITEM 10 – Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Information required under this item with respect to directors is contained in the sections entitled “Board of Directors Information” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” as part of our 2018 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. See also Item 1, Executive Officers of the Registrant in Part I hereof.
Business Ethics Guide
We have adopted the Tennant Company Business Ethics Guide, as amended by the Board of Directors in December 2011, which applies to all of our employees, directors, consultants, agents and anyone else acting on our behalf. The Business Ethics Guide includes particular provisions applicable to our senior financial management, which includes our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Controller and other employees performing similar functions. A copy of our Business Ethics Guide is available on the Investor Relations website at investors.tennantco.com. We intend to post on our website any amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of our Business Ethics Guide that applies to our Principal Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer, Principal Accounting Officer, Controller and other persons performing similar functions promptly following the date of such amendment or waiver. In addition, we have also posted copies of our Corporate Governance Principles and the Charters for our Audit, Compensation, Governance and Executive Committees on our website.
ITEM 11 – Executive Compensation
Information required under this item is contained in the sections entitled “Director Compensation” and “Executive Compensation Information” as part of our 2018 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 12 – Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters
Information required under this item is contained in the section entitled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” as part of our 2018 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. The section entitled "Equity Compensation Plan Information" can be found within Item 5 of this form 10-K.
ITEM 13 – Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Information required under this item is contained in the sections entitled “Director Independence” and “Related Person Transaction Approval Policy” as part of our 2018 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14 – Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Information required under this item is contained in the section entitled “Fees Paid to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” as part of our 2018 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV
ITEM 15 – Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

A. | The following documents are filed as a part of this report:

1. | Financial Statements

Consolidated Financial Statements filed as part of this report are contained in Item 8 of this annual report on Form 10-K.

2. | Financial Statement Schedule

Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

(In thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and Returns: |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 3,108 |  |  | $ | 3,615 |  |  | $ | 3,936 |
Charged to costs and expenses | 1,602 |  |  | 561 |  |  | 1,087 |
Reclassification(1) | (526 | ) |  | — |  |  | 172 |
Charged to other accounts(2) | 111 |  |  | (19 | ) |  | (159 | )
Deductions(3) | (1,054 | ) |  | (1,049 | ) |  | (1,421 | )
Balance at end of year | $ | 3,241 |  |  | $ | 3,108 |  |  | $ | 3,615 |
Inventory Reserves: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 3,644 |  |  | $ | 3,540 |  |  | $ | 3,272 |
Charged to costs and expenses | 1,698 |  |  | 1,455 |  |  | 1,728 |
Charged to other accounts(2) | 183 |  |  | (50 | ) |  | (160 | )
Deductions(4) | (1,418 | ) |  | (1,301 | ) |  | (1,300 | )
Balance at end of year | $ | 4,107 |  |  | $ | 3,644 |  |  | $ | 3,540 |
Valuation Allowance for Deferred Tax Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 6,865 |  |  | $ | 5,884 |  |  | $ | 5,699 |
Charged to costs and expenses | 1,634 |  |  | 1,295 |  |  | 734 |
Charged to other accounts(2) | 1,192 |  |  | (314 | ) |  | (549 | )
Balance at end of year | $ | 9,691 |  |  | $ | 6,865 |  |  | $ | 5,884 |

(1) | Includes amount reclassified from Allowance for Doubtful Accounts to Other Receivables to properly classify a customer's open receivables balance.

(2) | Primarily includes impact from foreign currency fluctuations.

(3) | Includes accounts determined to be uncollectible and charged against reserves, net of collections on accounts previously charged against reserves.

(4) | Includes inventory identified as excess, slow moving or obsolete and charged against reserves.

All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto.
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3. | Exhibits

Item # |  | Description |  | Method of Filing
2.1 |  | Share Purchase Agreement dated as of February 22, 2017, among Tennant Company, Ambienta SGR S.p.A., Federico De Angelis, Pietro Corsano Annibaldi, Antonio Perosa and Giulio Vernazza |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 28, 2017.
3i |  | Restated Articles of Incorporation |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3i to the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2006.
3ii |  | Amended and Restated By-Laws |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3iii to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 14, 2010.
4.1 |  | Indenture dated as of April 18, 2017 |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 24, 2017.
4.2 |  | Registration Rights Agreement dated April 18, 2017 |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 24, 2017.
10.1 |  | Tennant Company Executive Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, as restated effective January 1, 2009, as amended* |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012.
10.2 |  | Form of Amended and Restated Management Agreement and Executive Employment Agreement* |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011.
10.3 |  | Schedule of parties to Management and Executive Employment Agreement |  | Filed herewith electronically.
10.4 |  | Tennant Company Non-Employee Director Stock Option Plan (as amended and restated effective May 6, 2004)* |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2004.
10.5 |  | Tennant Company Amended and Restated 1999 Stock Incentive Plan* |  | Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2006 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed on March 15, 2006.
10.6 |  | Tennant Company 2007 Stock Incentive Plan* |  | Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2007 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed on March 15, 2007.
10.7 |  | Deferred Stock Unit Agreement (awards in and after 2008)* |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007.
10.8 |  | Tennant Company 2014 Short-Term Incentive Plan* |  | Incorporated by reference to Appendix B to the Company's Proxy Statement for the 2013 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed on March 11, 2013.
10.9 |  | Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, as Amended* |  | Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company's Proxy Statement for the 2013 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed on March 11, 2013.
10.10 |  | Credit Agreement dated as of April 4, 2017 |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 5, 2017.
10.11 |  | 2017 Stock Incentive Plan |  | Incorporated by reference to Appendix A on the Company's Proxy Statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed March 15, 2017.
10.12 |  | Form of Tennant Company 2017 Stock Incentive Plan Non-Statutory Stock Option Agreement |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017.
10.13 |  | Form of Tennant Company 2017 Stock Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Agreement |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017.
10.14 |  | Form of Tennant Company 2017 Stock Incentive Plan Non-Employee Director Restricted Stock Agreement |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017.
10.15 |  | Form of Tennant Company 2017 Stock Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017.
21 |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant |  | Filed herewith electronically.
23.1 |  | Consent of KPMG, LLP Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |  | Filed herewith electronically.
24.1 |  | Powers of Attorney |  | Included on signature page.
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer |  | Filed herewith electronically.
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer |  | Filed herewith electronically.

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32.1 |  | Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer |  | Filed herewith electronically.
32.2 |  | Section 1350 Certification of Chief Financial Officer |  | Filed herewith electronically.
101 |  | The following financial information from Tennant Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on February 27, 2018, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, (iii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, and (vi) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. |  | Filed herewith electronically.

* Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit to this annual report on Form 10-K.
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ITEM 16 – Form 10-K Summary
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  |  | TENNANT COMPANY
|  |  |  | By |  | /s/ H. Chris Killingstad
|  |  |  |  |  | H. Chris Killingstad
|  |  |  |  |  | President, CEO and
|  |  |  |  |  | Board of Directors
|  |  |  | Date |  | February 27, 2018

Each of the undersigned hereby appoints H. Chris Killingstad and Jeffrey L. Cotter, and each of them (with full power to act alone), as attorneys and agents for the undersigned, with full power of substitution, for and in the name, place and stead of the undersigned, to sign and file with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Act of 1934, any and all amendments and exhibits to this annual report on Form 10-K and any and all applications, instruments, and other documents to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pertaining to this annual report on Form 10-K or any amendments thereto, with full power and authority to do and perform any and all acts and things whatsoever requisite and necessary or desirable.
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

By |  | /s/ H. Chris Killingstad |  | By |  | /s/ Donal L. Mulligan
|  | H. Chris Killingstad |  |  |  | Donal L. Mulligan
|  | President, CEO and |  |  |  | Board of Directors
|  | Board of Directors |  | Date |  | February 27, 2018
Date |  | February 27, 2018 |  |  |  |
By |  | /s/ Thomas Paulson |  | By |  | /s/ Steven A. Sonnenberg
|  | Thomas Paulson |  |  |  | Steven A. Sonnenberg
|  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |  |  |  | Board of Directors
|  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |  | Date |  | February 27, 2018
Date |  | February 27, 2018 |  |  |  |
By |  | /s/ Azita Arvani |  | By |  | /s/ David S. Wichmann
|  | Azita Arvani |  |  |  | David S. Wichmann
|  | Board of Directors |  |  |  | Board of Directors
Date |  | February 27, 2018 |  | Date |  | February 27, 2018
By |  | /s/ William F. Austen |  | By |  | /s/ David Windley
|  | William F. Austen |  |  |  | David Windley
|  | Board of Directors |  |  |  | Board of Directors
Date |  | February 27, 2018 |  | Date |  | February 27, 2018
By |  | /s/ Carol S. Eicher |  |  |  |
|  | Carol S. Eicher |  |  |  |
|  | Board of Directors |  |  |  |
Date |  | February 27, 2018 |  |  |  |

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