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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

☑ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the transition period from ___________ to __________

Commission File Number 1-16191
____________________________________
TENNANT COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Minnesota | 41-0572550
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

701 North Lilac Drive
P.O. Box 1452
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
(Address of principal executive offices)
(Zip Code)
(763) 540-1200
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
______________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.375 per share |  | TNC |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes | þ | No | ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes | þ | No | ¨

1

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | þ |  | Accelerated filer | ¨
Non-accelerated filer | ¨ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes | ☐ | No | þ

As of July 24, 2020, there were 18,462,466 shares of Common Stock outstanding.

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  |  | Page
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) |  | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Earnings |  | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 5
| Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | 7
| Consolidated Statements of Equity |  | 9
| Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 11
| 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |  | 11
| 2. Newly Adopted Accounting Pronouncements |  | 11
| 3. Revenue |  | 11
| 4. Management Actions |  |  | 13
| 5. Acquisition |  |  | 14
| 6. Inventories |  |  |  | 14
| 7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets |  |  | 15
| 8. Debt |  |  |  | 15
| 9. Warranty |  |  |  | 16
| 10. Derivatives |  |  | 17
| 11. Fair Value Measurements |  |  | 19
| 12. Retirement Benefit Plans |  |  | 20
| 13. Commitments and Contingencies |  | 20
| 14. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | 20
| 15. Income Taxes |  |  | 20
| 16. Share-Based Compensation |  |  | 20
| 17. Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company Per Share | 21
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 21
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 25
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures |  |  | 25
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |  |  |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings |  |  |  | 26
Item 1A. | Risk Factors |  |  |  | 26
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 26
Item 6. | Exhibits |  |  |  | 27
Signatures |  |  |  |  | 28

3

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. | Financial Statements

TENNANT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS (Unaudited)
|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
(In millions, except shares and per share data) |  | June 30 |  | June 30
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net Sales |  | $ | 214.0 |  |  | $ | 299.7 |  |  | $ | 466.1 |  |  | $ | 562.1 |
Cost of Sales |  | 123.4 |  |  | 178.9 |  |  | 271.4 |  |  | 333.1 |
Gross Profit |  | 90.6 |  |  | 120.8 |  |  | 194.7 |  |  | 229.0 |
Operating Expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and Development Expense |  | 6.6 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | 14.0 |  |  | 15.6 |
Selling and Administrative Expense |  | 61.1 |  |  | 92.5 |  |  | 143.4 |  |  | 182.7 |
Total Operating Expense |  | 67.7 |  |  | 100.9 |  |  | 157.4 |  |  | 198.3 |
Profit from Operations |  | 22.9 |  |  | 19.9 |  |  | 37.3 |  |  | 30.7 |
Other Income (Expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Income |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 1.7 |
Interest Expense |  | (5.6 | ) |  | (5.4 | ) |  | (10.7 | ) |  | (10.5 | )
Net Foreign Currency Transaction Loss |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (4.1 | ) |  | — |
Other (Expense) Income, Net |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 1.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |
Total Other Expense, Net |  | (5.0 | ) |  | (3.3 | ) |  | (13.1 | ) |  | (7.5 | )
Profit Before Income Taxes |  | 17.9 |  |  | 16.6 |  |  | 24.2 |  |  | 23.2 |
Income Tax Expense |  | 3.6 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 3.0 |
Net Earnings Including Noncontrolling Interest |  | 14.3 |  |  | 14.8 |  |  | 19.5 |  |  | 20.2 |
Net Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company |  | 14.3 |  |  | 14.8 |  |  | 19.5 |  |  | 20.2 |
Net Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company per Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.78 |  |  | $ | 0.82 |  |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | 1.12 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 1.05 |  |  | $ | 1.10 |
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 18,347,189 |  |  | 18,082,492 |  |  | 18,317,003 |  |  | 18,062,591 |
Diluted |  | 18,584,693 |  |  | 18,394,865 |  |  | 18,614,527 |  |  | 18,367,384 |

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
4

TENNANT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)
| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
(In millions) | June 30 |  | June 30
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net Earnings Including Noncontrolling Interest | $ | 14.3 |  |  | $ | 14.8 |  |  | $ | 19.5 |  |  | $ | 20.2 |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 3.8 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | (7.5 | ) |  | (0.9 | )
Cash flow hedge | (0.5 | ) |  | 1.3 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 2.7 |
Income Taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 0.7 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | — |
Cash flow hedge | 0.1 |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  | (1.0 | ) |  | (0.7 | )
Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax | 4.1 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | (3.5 | ) |  | 1.1 |
Total Comprehensive Income Including Noncontrolling Interest | 18.4 |  |  | 17.2 |  |  | 16.0 |  |  | 21.3 |
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Tennant Company | $ | 18.4 |  |  | $ | 17.2 |  |  | $ | 16.0 |  |  | $ | 21.3 |

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
5

TENNANT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)
| June 30, |  | December 31,
(In millions, except shares and per share data) | 2020 |  | 2019
ASSETS |  |  |
Current Assets: |  |  |
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash | $ | 99.3 |  |  | $ | 74.6 |
Receivables: |  |  |
Trade, less Allowances of $3.9 and $3.6, respectively | 180.3 |  |  | 216.5 |
Other | 3.9 |  |  | 6.8 |
Net Receivables | 184.2 |  |  | 223.3 |
Inventories | 149.9 |  |  | 150.1 |
Prepaid and Other Current Assets | 27.5 |  |  | 33.0 |
Total Current Assets | 460.9 |  |  | 481.0 |
Property, Plant and Equipment | 428.4 |  |  | 412.5 |
Accumulated Depreciation | (249.8 | ) |  | (239.2 | )
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net | 178.6 |  |  | 173.3 |
Operating Lease Assets | 42.4 |  |  | 46.6 |
Goodwill | 193.9 |  |  | 195.1 |
Intangible Assets, Net | 126.7 |  |  | 137.7 |
Other Assets | 25.7 |  |  | 29.2 |
Total Assets | $ | 1,028.2 |  |  | $ | 1,062.9 |
LIABILITIES AND TOTAL EQUITY |  |  |
Current Liabilities: |  |  |
Current Portion of Long-Term Debt | $ | 42.5 |  |  | $ | 31.3 |
Accounts Payable | 77.4 |  |  | 94.1 |
Employee Compensation and Benefits | 45.0 |  |  | 63.5 |
Other Current Liabilities | 86.6 |  |  | 86.0 |
Total Current Liabilities | 251.5 |  |  | 274.9 |
Long-Term Liabilities: |  |  |
Long-Term Debt | 297.5 |  |  | 307.5 |
Long-Term Operating Lease Liabilities | 27.1 |  |  | 30.3 |
Employee-Related Benefits | 18.0 |  |  | 19.4 |
Deferred Income Taxes | 38.7 |  |  | 41.7 |
Other Liabilities | 22.3 |  |  | 27.8 |
Total Long-Term Liabilities | 403.6 |  |  | 426.7 |
Total Liabilities | 655.1 |  |  | 701.6 |
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 13) |  |  |  |  |
Equity: |  |  |
Common Stock, $0.375 par value; 60,000,000 shares authorized; 18,455,462 and 18,336,010 shares issued and outstanding, respectively | 6.9 |  |  | 6.9 |
Additional Paid-In Capital | 49.4 |  |  | 45.5 |
Retained Earnings | 357.4 |  |  | 346.0 |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | (42.0 | ) |  | (38.5 | )
Total Tennant Company Shareholders' Equity | 371.7 |  |  | 359.9 |
Noncontrolling Interest | 1.4 |  |  | 1.4 |
Total Equity | 373.1 |  |  | 361.3 |
Total Liabilities and Total Equity | $ | 1,028.2 |  |  | $ | 1,062.9 |

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
6

TENNANT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
| Six Months Ended
(In millions) | June 30
| 2020 |  | 2019
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net Earnings Including Noncontrolling Interest | $ | 19.5 |  |  | $ | 20.2 |
Adjustments to Reconcile Net Earnings to Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities: |  |  |
Depreciation | 15.7 |  |  | 15.9 |
Amortization of Intangible Assets | 10.0 |  |  | 11.5 |
Amortization of Debt Issuance Costs | 0.7 |  |  | 0.6 |
Fair Value Step-Up Adjustment to Acquired Inventory | — |  |  | 0.9 |
Deferred Income Taxes | (2.7 | ) |  | (4.2 | )
Share-Based Compensation Expense | 2.8 |  |  | 5.0 |
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and Returns | 0.7 |  |  | 0.9 |
Acquisition Contingent Consideration Adjustment | (0.3 | ) |  | 2.0 |
Note Receivable Write-down | — |  |  | 2.7 |
Other, Net | 1.3 |  |  | 0.1 |
Changes in Operating Assets and Liabilities, Net of Assets Acquired: |  |  |
Receivables, Net | 38.3 |  |  | (16.3 | )
Inventories | (5.1 | ) |  | (23.1 | )
Accounts Payable | (17.8 | ) |  | 0.5 |
Employee Compensation and Benefits | (16.4 | ) |  | (4.4 | )
Other Current Liabilities | 2.3 |  |  | (2.1 | )
Other Assets and Liabilities | (0.5 | ) |  | 0.7 |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities | 48.5 |  |  | 10.9 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Purchases of Property, Plant and Equipment | (18.4 | ) |  | (25.4 | )
Proceeds from Disposals of Property, Plant and Equipment | 0.1 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from Principal Payments Received on Long-Term Note Receivable | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Acquisition of Businesses, Net of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash Acquired | — |  |  | (8.9 | )
Purchase of Intangible Assets | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.4 | )
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities | (18.4 | ) |  | (34.6 | )
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Proceeds from Borrowings | 126.4 |  |  | 25.0 |
Repayments of Debt | (125.5 | ) |  | (25.9 | )
Change in Finance Lease Obligations | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.1 | )
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock | 2.6 |  |  | 1.2 |
Purchase of Noncontrolling Owner Interest | — |  |  | (0.5 | )
Dividends Paid | (8.1 | ) |  | (8.0 | )
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities | (4.7 | ) |  | (8.3 | )
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | (0.7 | ) |  | 1.3 |
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | 24.7 |  |  | (30.7 | )
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at Beginning of Period | 74.6 |  |  | 86.1 |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at End of Period | $ | 99.3 |  |  | $ | 55.4 |

7

SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2020 |  |  | June 30, 2019 |
Cash Paid for Income Taxes | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 5.6 |
Cash Paid for Interest | 9.4 |  |  | 9.8 |
Cash Paid for Amounts Included in the Measurement of Lease Liabilities: |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | 9.8 |  |  | 11.3 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |
Lease assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Lease assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities | 4.7 |  |  | 12.7 |
Supplemental Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities: |  |  |
Capital Expenditures in Accounts Payable | $ | 5.4 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
8

TENNANT COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(Unaudited)
(In millions, except shares and per share data)

| Tennant Company Shareholders |  |
| Common Shares | Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Tennant Company Shareholders' Equity | Noncontrolling Interest | Total Equity
Balance, December 31, 2019 | 18,336,010 |  | $ | 6.9 |  | $ | 45.5 |  | $ | 346.0 |  | $ | (38.5 | ) | $ | 359.9 |  | $ | 1.4 |  | $ | 361.3 |
Net Earnings |  | — |  | — |  | 5.2 |  | — |  | 5.2 |  | — |  | 5.2 |
Other Comprehensive Loss |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (7.6 | ) | (7.6 | ) | — |  | (7.6 | )
Issue Stock for Directors, Employee Benefit and Stock Plans, net of related tax withholdings of 15,756 shares | 98,805 |  | — |  | 1.1 |  | — |  | — |  | 1.1 |  | — |  | 1.1 |
Share-Based Compensation |  | — |  | 2.8 |  | — |  | — |  | 2.8 |  | — |  | 2.8 |
Dividends paid $0.22 per Common Share |  | — |  | — |  | (4.0 | ) | — |  | (4.0 | ) | — |  | (4.0 | )
Other |  | — |  | — |  | (0.1 | ) | — |  | (0.1 | ) | — |  | (0.1 | )
Balance, March 31, 2020 | 18,434,815 |  | $ | 6.9 |  | $ | 49.4 |  | $ | 347.1 |  | $ | (46.1 | ) | $ | 357.3 |  | $ | 1.4 |  | $ | 358.7 |
Net Earnings |  | — |  | — |  | 14.3 |  | — |  | 14.3 |  | — |  | 14.3 |
Other Comprehensive Income |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 4.1 |  | 4.1 |  | — |  | 4.1 |
Issue Stock for Directors, Employee Benefit and Stock Plans, net of related tax withholdings of 3,399 shares | 20,647 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Dividends paid $0.22 per Common Share |  | — |  | — |  | (4.0 | ) | — |  | (4.0 | ) | — |  | (4.0 | )
Balance, June 30, 2020 | 18,455,462 |  | $ | 6.9 |  | $ | 49.4 |  | $ | 357.4 |  | $ | (42.0 | ) | $ | 371.7 |  | $ | 1.4 |  | $ | 373.1 |

9

| Tennant Company Shareholders |  |
| Common Shares | Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Tennant Company Shareholders' Equity | Noncontrolling Interest | Total Equity
Balance, December 31, 2018 | 18,125,201 |  | $ | 6.8 |  | $ | 28.5 |  | $ | 316.3 |  | $ | (37.2 | ) | $ | 314.4 |  | $ | 1.9 |  | $ | 316.3 |
Net Earnings |  | — |  | — |  | 5.4 |  | — |  | 5.4 |  | — |  | 5.4 |
Other Comprehensive Income |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1.3 | ) | (1.3 | ) | — |  | (1.3 | )
Issue Stock for Directors, Employee Benefit and Stock Plans, net of related tax withholdings of 6,952 shares | 35,338 |  | — |  | 0.2 |  | — |  | — |  | 0.2 |  | — |  | 0.2 |
Share-Based Compensation |  | — |  | 3.3 |  | — |  | — |  | 3.3 |  | — |  | 3.3 |
Dividends paid $0.22 per Common Share |  | — |  | — |  | (4.0 | ) | — |  | (4.0 | ) | — |  | (4.0 | )
Recognition of Noncontrolling Interests |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.3 |  | 0.3 |
Balance, March 31, 2019 | 18,160,539 |  | $ | 6.8 |  | $ | 32.0 |  | $ | 317.7 |  | $ | (38.5 | ) | $ | 318.0 |  | $ | 2.2 |  | $ | 320.2 |
Net Earnings |  | — |  | — |  | 14.8 |  | — |  | 14.8 |  | — |  | 14.8 |
Other Comprehensive Income |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2.4 |  | 2.4 |  | — |  | 2.4 |
Issue Stock for Directors, Employee Benefit and Stock Plans, net of related tax withholdings of 3,310 shares | 31,947 |  | — |  | 0.3 |  | — |  | — |  | 0.3 |  | — |  | 0.3 |
Share-Based Compensation |  | — |  | 1.7 |  | — |  | — |  | 1.7 |  | — |  | 1.7 |
Dividends paid $0.22 per Common Share |  | — |  | — |  | (4.0 | ) | — |  | (4.0 | ) | — |  | (4.0 | )
Recognition of Noncontrolling Interests |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (0.3 | ) | (0.3 | )
Purchase of Noncontrolling Owner Interest |  | — |  | 0.5 |  | — |  | — |  | 0.5 |  | (0.5 | ) | — |
Other |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 0.1 |  | 0.1 |
Balance, June 30, 2019 | 18,192,486 |  | $ | 6.8 |  | $ | 34.5 |  | $ | 328.5 |  | $ | (36.1 | ) | $ | 333.7 |  | $ | 1.5 |  | $ | 335.2 |

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
10

TENNANT COMPANY
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
(In millions, except shares and per share data)

1. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation – The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) requirements for interim reporting. In our opinion, the Consolidated Financial Statements contain all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring adjustments) necessary for the fair presentation of our financial position and results of operations.
These statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.
New Accounting Pronouncements – In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). This ASU provides optional expedients to applying generally accepted accounting principles to certain contract modifications, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by the reference rate reform, which affects the London Inter-bank Offered Rate, if certain criteria are met. The amendments are effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. We are evaluating whether to apply any of the expedients and/or exceptions.
Further details regarding the adoption of new accounting standards are discussed in Note 2.
We documented the summary of significant accounting policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. Other than the accounting policies noted above, there have been no material changes to our accounting policies since the filing of that report.

2. | Newly Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Financial Instruments
On January 1, 2020, we adopted ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, and all related amendments. This ASU improves financial reporting by requiring more timely recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. Under the new guidance, the ASU requires an organization to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable supportable forecasts. We evaluated the impact of this amended guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures and concluded that it is immaterial.
We estimate an allowance for doubtful accounts using a loss rate method. We considered the following in determining the expected loss rate: (1) historical loss rate, (2) macroeconomic factors, and (3) creditworthiness of customers.
The historical loss rate is calculated by taking the yearly write-off expense, net of collections, as a percentage of the annual average balance of trade receivables for each of the past three years.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows:

|  | Allowance for Doubtful Accounts:
December 31, 2019 balance |  | $ | 3.6 |
Charged to costs and expenses |  | 0.8 |
Deductions(a) |  | (0.5 | )
June 30, 2020 balance |  | $ | 3.9 |

(a) | Includes accounts determined to be uncollectible and charged against reserves.

3. Revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following tables illustrate the disaggregation of revenue by geographic area, groups of similar products and services and sales channels for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019:
11

Net Sales by geographic area

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30 |  | June 30
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Americas | $ | 136.3 |  |  | $ | 189.5 |  |  | $ | 298.9 |  |  | $ | 350.3 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa | 54.8 |  |  | 80.9 |  |  | 126.8 |  |  | 158.9 |
Asia Pacific | 22.9 |  |  | 29.3 |  |  | 40.4 |  |  | 52.9 |
Total | $ | 214.0 |  |  | $ | 299.7 |  |  | $ | 466.1 |  |  | $ | 562.1 |

Net Sales are attributed to each geographic area based on the end user country and are net of intercompany sales.
Net Sales by groups of similar products and services

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30 |  | June 30
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Equipment | $ | 134.6 |  |  | $ | 200.0 |  |  | $ | 288.7 |  |  | $ | 362.9 |
Parts and Consumables | 43.2 |  |  | 55.4 |  |  | 97.5 |  |  | 111.3 |
Specialty Surface Coatings | 5.2 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 11.3 |  |  | 13.3 |
Service and Other | 31.0 |  |  | 37.2 |  |  | 68.6 |  |  | 74.6 |
Total | $ | 214.0 |  |  | $ | 299.7 |  |  | $ | 466.1 |  |  | $ | 562.1 |

For the three months ended June 30, 2019, we reclassified $7.8 million from Parts and Consumables to Equipment and $3.8 million from Service and Other to Equipment. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, we reclassified $7.7 million from Parts and Consumables to Equipment and $5.3 million from Service and Other to Equipment.
Net Sales by sales channel

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30 |  | June 30
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Sales Direct to Consumer | $ | 143.3 |  |  | $ | 201.4 |  |  | $ | 310.9 |  |  | $ | 373.8 |
Sales to Distributors | 70.7 |  |  | 98.3 |  |  | 155.2 |  |  | 188.3 |
Total | $ | 214.0 |  |  | $ | 299.7 |  |  | $ | 466.1 |  |  | $ | 562.1 |

Contract Liabilities
Sales Returns
The right of return may exist explicitly or implicitly with our customers. When the right of return exists, we adjust the transaction price for the estimated effect of returns. We estimate the expected returns using the expected value method by assessing historical sales levels and the timing and magnitude of historical sales return levels as a percent of sales and projecting this experience into the future.
Sales Incentives
Our sales contracts may contain various customer incentives, such as volume-based rebates or other promotions. We reduce the transaction price for certain customer programs and incentive offerings that represent variable consideration. Sales incentives given to our customers are recorded using the most likely amount approach for estimating the amount of consideration to which the Company will be entitled. We forecast the most likely amount of the incentive to be paid at the time of sale, update this forecast quarterly, and adjust the transaction price accordingly to reflect the new amount of incentives expected to be earned by the customer. A majority of our customer incentives are settled within one year. We record our accruals for volume-based rebates and other promotions in Other Current Liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
12

The change in our sales incentive accrual balance for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was as follows:

| Six Months Ended
| June 30
| 2020 |  | 2019
Beginning balance | $ | 13.7 |  |  | $ | 16.7 |
Additions to sales incentive accrual | 9.1 |  |  | 14.6 |
Contract payments | (11.8 | ) |  | (19.4 | )
Foreign currency fluctuations | (0.1 | ) |  | 0.1 |
Ending balance | $ | 10.9 |  |  | $ | 12.0 |

Deferred Revenue
We sell separately priced prepaid contracts to our customers where we receive payment at the inception of the contract and defer recognition of the consideration received because we have to satisfy future performance obligations. Our deferred revenue balance is primarily attributed to prepaid maintenance contracts on our machines ranging from 12 months to 60 months. In circumstances where prepaid contracts are bundled with machines, we use an observable price to determine stand-alone selling price for separate performance obligations.
The change in the deferred revenue balance for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was as follows:

| Six Months Ended
| June 30
| 2020 |  | 2019
Beginning balance | $ | 10.7 |  |  | $ | 8.5 |
Increase in deferred revenue representing our obligation to satisfy future performance obligations | 7.2 |  |  | 5.9 |
Deferred revenue addition from the acquisition of Gaomei | — |  |  | 1.4 |
Decrease in deferred revenue for amounts recognized in Net Sales for satisfied performance obligations | (7.3 | ) |  | (5.9 | )
Foreign currency fluctuations | (0.2 | ) |  | — |
Ending balance | $ | 10.4 |  |  | $ | 9.9 |

At June 30, 2020, $6.9 million and $3.5 million of deferred revenue was reported in Other Current Liabilities and Other Liabilities, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Of this, we expect to recognize the following approximate amounts in Net Sales in the following periods:

Remaining 2020 | $ | 5.5 |
2021 | 2.4 |
2022 | 1.4 |
2023 | 0.7 |
2024 | 0.3 |
Thereafter | 0.1 |
Total | $ | 10.4 |

At December 31, 2019, $6.8 million and $3.9 million of deferred revenue was reported in Other Current Liabilities and Other Liabilities, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

4. | Management Actions

Restructuring Actions
In the first quarter of 2020, we implemented a restructuring action in an effort to streamline our operating model in Japan. In the second quarter of 2020, we recorded a pre-tax charge of $0.7 million, which included severance-related and other costs primarily associated with lease break fees. The pre-tax charge of $1.5 million in the first six months of 2020 consisted of $1.1 million of severance-related costs and $0.4 million of other costs. These costs were included in Selling and Administrative Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. We expect to incur up to $2 million of costs related to this restructuring. The charge impacted our Asia Pacific (APAC) operating segment. We estimate the savings will offset the pre-tax charge approximately one year from the date of the action.
During 2019, we implemented a restructuring action to further our integration efforts related to the IPC Group. The pre-tax charge of $4.8 million consisted of severance, with $0.3 million in Cost of Sales and $4.5 million in Selling and Administrative Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The charge impacted our Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) as well as our Americas operating segments. We expect no further charges related to this restructuring action. We estimate the savings have offset the pre-tax charges incurred to date.
13

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability balances is as follows:

|  | Severance and Related Costs
December 31, 2018 balance |  | $ | 2.2 |
2019 charges and utilization: |  |
New charges |  | 6.1 |
Cash payments |  | (2.5 | )
Adjustments to accrual |  | (1.3 | )
December 31, 2019 balance |  | $ | 4.5 |
2020 charges and utilization: |  |
New charges |  | 1.1 |
Cash payments |  | (2.2 | )
Adjustment to accrual |  | (0.4 | )
June 30, 2020 balance |  | $ | 3.0 |

Other Actions
In 2019, we made the decision to discontinue certain product lines. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, we recorded an additional $1.7 million in Cost of Sales in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings to reflect our estimate of inventory that will not be sold, all of which was recorded in the first quarter of 2020.

5. | Acquisition

On January 4, 2019, we completed the acquisition of Hefei Gaomei Cleaning Machines Co., Ltd. and Anhui Rongen Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd. (collectively "Gaomei"), privately held designers and manufacturers of commercial cleaning solutions based in China. The financial results for Gaomei have been included in the consolidated financial results since the date of closing.
The fair value measurements were final as of December 31, 2019.
The total purchase price includes the following:

• | $11.3 million was paid during the first quarter of 2019 upon close of the transaction;

• | $11.3 million which was paid in the fourth quarter of 2019;

• | $4.7 million which represents the estimated fair value of contingent consideration at the acquisition date. In April 2020, the earnout agreement was modified. The final payment is based on a fixed payment plus variable payments contingent on achieving certain levels of gross profit and achieving integration milestones. Consideration of $1.4 million to $3.1 million will be paid in March 2021 if the targets are met. As of June 30, 2020, the contingent consideration had a fair value of $1.8 million based on a probability-weighted analysis of achieving targets; and

• | $(0.2) million which represents a working capital purchase price adjustment.

None of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The expected lives of the acquired amortizable intangible assets range from 10 years to 15 years and are being amortized on a straight-line basis.

6. | Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventories at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 consisted of the following:

| June 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Inventories carried at LIFO: |  |  |
Finished goods | $ | 53.0 |  |  | $ | 50.9 |
Raw materials, production parts and work-in-process | 26.0 |  |  | 32.5 |
Excess of FIFO over LIFO cost(a) | (31.6 | ) |  | (33.4 | )
Total LIFO inventories | 47.4 |  |  | 50.0 |
Inventories carried at FIFO: |  |  |  |  |
Finished goods | 62.9 |  |  | 60.1 |
Raw materials, production parts and work-in-process | 39.6 |  |  | 40.0 |
Total FIFO inventories | 102.5 |  |  | 100.1 |
Total inventories | $ | 149.9 |  |  | $ | 150.1 |

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(a) | The difference between replacement cost and the stated LIFO inventory value is not materially different from the reserve for the LIFO valuation method.

7. | Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The changes in the carrying value of Goodwill for the six months ended June 30, 2020 were as follows:

| Goodwill |  | Accumulated Impairment Losses |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2019 | $ | 235.1 |  |  | $ | (40.0 | ) |  | $ | 195.1 |
Additions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currency fluctuations | (3.3 | ) |  | 2.1 |  |  | (1.2 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2020 | $ | 231.8 |  |  | $ | (37.9 | ) |  | $ | 193.9 |

The balances of acquired Intangible Assets, excluding Goodwill, as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, were as follows:

| Customer Lists |  | Trade Names |  | Technology |  | Total
Balance as of June 30, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Original cost | $ | 153.2 |  |  | $ | 31.8 |  |  | $ | 16.9 |  |  | $ | 201.9 |
Accumulated amortization | (57.2 | ) |  | (9.8 | ) |  | (8.2 | ) |  | (75.2 | )
Carrying value | $ | 96.0 |  |  | $ | 22.0 |  |  | $ | 8.7 |  |  | $ | 126.7 |
Weighted average original life (in years) | 15 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Original cost | $ | 154.1 |  |  | $ | 31.8 |  |  | $ | 17.1 |  |  | $ | 203.0 |
Accumulated amortization | (49.8 | ) |  | (8.2 | ) |  | (7.3 | ) |  | (65.3 | )
Carrying value | $ | 104.3 |  |  | $ | 23.6 |  |  | $ | 9.8 |  |  | $ | 137.7 |
Weighted average original life (in years) | 15 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |

Amortization expense on Intangible Assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was $5.0 million and $10.0 million, respectively. Amortization expense on Intangible Assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was $5.8 million and $11.5 million, respectively.
Estimated aggregate amortization expense based on the current carrying value of amortizable Intangible Assets for each of the five succeeding years and thereafter is as follows:

Remaining 2020 | $ | 10.2 |
2021 | 18.9 |
2022 | 16.9 |
2023 | 15.3 |
2024 | 13.8 |
Thereafter | 51.6 |
Total | $ | 126.7 |

8. | Debt

Financial Covenants
In 2017, the Company and certain of our foreign subsidiaries entered into a secured Credit Agreement (the "2017 Credit Agreement") with JPMorgan, as administrative agent, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as syndication agent, Wells Fargo National Association, U.S. Bank National Association, and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as co-documentation agents, and the lenders (including JPMorgan) from time to time party thereto. The 2017 Credit Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants, including, but not limited to, covenants restricting the Company’s ability to incur indebtedness and liens and merge or consolidate with another entity, and expires in April 2022. The 2017 Credit Agreement also contains financial covenants requiring us to maintain a net leverage ratio of consolidated net indebtedness to consolidated earnings before income, taxes, depreciation and amortization, subject to certain adjustments ("Adjusted EBITDA") of not greater than 4.00 to 1, as well as requiring us to maintain an interest coverage ratio of consolidated Adjusted EBITDA to consolidated interest expense of no less than 3.50 to 1 for the quarter ended June 30, 2020. The 2017 Credit Agreement also contains a financial covenant requiring us to maintain a senior secured net leverage ratio of consolidated senior secured net indebtedness to consolidated Adjusted EBITDA ratio of not greater than 3.50 to 1. These financial covenants may restrict our ability to pay dividends and purchase outstanding shares of our common stock. We were in compliance with our financial covenants at June 30, 2020.
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Senior Notes Guarantees
Our Senior Notes (the "Notes") are unconditionally and jointly and severally guaranteed by Tennant Coatings, Inc. and Tennant Sales and Service Company (collectively, the "Guarantors" or "Guarantor Subsidiaries"), which are 100% owned subsidiaries of the Company.
The Notes and the guarantees constitute senior unsecured obligations of the Company and the Guarantors, respectively. The Notes and the guarantees, respectively, are: (a) equal in right of payment with all of the Company's and the Guarantors' senior debt, without giving effect to collateral arrangements; (b) senior in right of payment to all of the Company's and the Guarantors' future subordinated debt, if any; (c) effectively subordinated in right of payment to all of the Company's and the Guarantors' debt and obligations that are secured, including borrowings under the Company's senior secured credit facilities for so long as the senior secured credit facilities are secured, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such liens, and (d) structurally subordinated in right of payment to all liabilities (including trade payables) of the Company's and the Guarantors' subsidiaries that do not guarantee the Notes.
In the second quarter of 2020, the Company early adopted the SEC's rule titled "Financial Disclosures about Guarantors and Issuers of Guaranteed Securities and Affiliates Whose Securities Collateralize a Registrant's Securities," which simplifies the disclosure requirements related to the Notes under Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X. Under this amended rule, the Company is not required to disclose separate financial statements for the guarantees as it no longer has a reporting requirement. The Company has filed a Form 15 for the Guarantors to suspend the Company's duty to file reports on the guarantor financial statements.
Debt Outstanding
Debt outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 consisted of the following:

| June 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Bank Borrowings | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | — |
Senior Unsecured Notes | 300.0 |  |  | 300.0 |
Credit Facility Borrowings | 40.0 |  |  | 40.0 |
Secured Borrowings | 2.0 |  |  | 2.4 |
Finance Lease Liabilities | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs | (3.5 | ) |  | (3.8 | )
Total Debt | 340.0 |  |  | 338.8 |
Less: Current Portion of Long-Term Debt(a) | (42.5 | ) |  | (31.3 | )
Long-Term Debt | $ | 297.5 |  |  | $ | 307.5 |

(a) | Current portion of long-term debt as of June 30, 2020 includes a $40.0 million anticipated repayment on credit facility borrowings under our 2017 Credit Agreement, $1.4 million of current maturities, $1.0 million of current maturities of secured borrowings and $0.1 million of current maturities of finance lease liabilities.

As of June 30, 2020, we had outstanding borrowings under our Senior Unsecured Notes of $300.0 million. In addition, we had outstanding borrowings of $40.0 million under our revolving facility and had letters of credit and bank guarantees outstanding in the amount of $3.3 million, leaving approximately $156.7 million of unused borrowing capacity on our revolving facility. Commitment fees on unused lines of credit for the six months ended June 30, 2020 were $0.3 million. The overall weighted average cost of debt is approximately 5.2% and net of a related cross-currency swap instrument is approximately 4.3%. Further details regarding the cross-currency swap instrument are discussed in Note 10.

9. | Warranty

We record a liability for warranty claims at the time of sale. The amount of the liability is based on the trend in the historical ratio of claims to sales, the historical length of time between the sale and resulting warranty claim, new product introductions and other factors. Warranty terms on machines generally range from one to four years. However, the majority of our claims are paid out within the first six to nine months following a sale. The majority of the liability for estimated warranty claims represents amounts to be paid out in the near term for qualified warranty issues, with immaterial amounts reserved to be paid for older equipment warranty issues.
The changes in warranty reserves for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:

| Six Months Ended
| June 30
| 2020 |  | 2019
Beginning balance | $ | 12.7 |  |  | $ | 13.1 |
Additions charged to expense | 3.7 |  |  | 5.4 |
Foreign currency fluctuations | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Claims paid | (5.3 | ) |  | (5.9 | )
Ending balance | $ | 11.1 |  |  | $ | 12.7 |

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10. | Derivatives

Hedge Accounting and Hedging Programs
We recognize all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and measure them at fair value. Gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value are accounted for depending on the use of the derivative and whether it is designated and qualifies for hedge accounting.
We evaluate hedge effectiveness on our hedges that are designated and qualify for hedge accounting at the inception of the hedge prospectively, as well as retrospectively, and record any ineffective portion of the hedging instruments along with the time value of purchased contracts in the same line item of the income statement as the item being hedged on our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. In prior years, ineffective portions of hedging instruments and time value of purchased contracts were recorded in Net Foreign Currency Transaction Loss on our Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
Our hedging policy establishes maximum limits for each counterparty to mitigate any concentration of risk.
Balance Sheet Hedging
Hedges of Foreign Currency Assets and Liabilities
We hedge our net recognized foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities with foreign exchange forward contracts to reduce the risk that the value of these assets and liabilities will be adversely affected by changes in exchange rates. These contracts hedge assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies and are carried at fair value as either assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets with changes in the fair value recorded to Net Foreign Currency Transaction Loss in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. These contracts do not subject us to material balance sheet risk due to exchange rate movements because gains and losses on these derivatives are intended to offset gains and losses on the assets and liabilities being hedged. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the notional amounts of foreign currency forward exchange contracts outstanding not designated as hedging instruments were $51.0 million and $41.9 million, respectively.
Cash Flow Hedging
Hedges of Forecasted Foreign Currency Transactions
In countries outside the U.S., we transact business in U.S. dollars and in various other currencies. We may use foreign exchange option contracts or forward contracts to hedge certain cash flow exposures resulting from changes in these foreign currency exchange rates. These foreign exchange contracts, carried at fair value, have maturities of up to one year. We enter into these foreign exchange contracts to hedge a portion of our forecasted foreign currency denominated revenue in the normal course of business, and accordingly, they are not speculative in nature. The notional amounts of outstanding foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges were $2.4 million as of June 30, 2020 and $3.0 million as of December 31, 2019. The notional amounts of outstanding foreign currency option contracts designated as cash flow hedges were $8.4 million and $9.8 million as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
Foreign Currency Derivatives
We use foreign currency exchange rate derivatives to hedge our exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates for anticipated intercompany cash transactions between Tennant Company and its subsidiaries. We entered into Euro to U.S. dollar foreign exchange cross-currency swaps for all of the anticipated cash flows associated with an intercompany loan from a wholly-owned European subsidiary. We enter into these foreign exchange cross-currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency denominated cash flows associated with this intercompany loan, and accordingly, they are not speculative in nature. These cross-currency swaps are designated as cash flow hedges. The hedged cash flows as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 included €163.2 million and €166.8 million of total notional values, respectively. As of June 30, 2020, the aggregate scheduled interest payments over the course of the loan and related swaps amounted to €13.2 million. The scheduled maturity and principal payment of the loan and related swaps of €150.0 million are due in April 2022. There were no new cross-currency swaps designated as cash flow hedges as of June 30, 2020.
The fair value of derivative instruments on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was as follows:

| Derivative Assets |  | Derivative Liabilities
| Balance Sheet Location | June 30, 2020 | December 31, 2019 |  | Balance Sheet Location | June 30, 2020 | December 31, 2019
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency option contracts | Other Current Assets | $ | 0.1 |  | $ | — |  |  | Other Current Liabilities | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Foreign currency forward contracts | Other Current Assets | 2.6 |  | 2.5 |  |  | Other Current Liabilities | — |  | — |
Foreign currency forward contracts | Other Assets | — |  | — |  |  | Other Liabilities | 8.7 |  | 12.6 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts | Other Current Assets | $ | 1.4 |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | Other Current Liabilities | $ | 0.2 |  | $ | 0.3 |

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As of June 30, 2020, we anticipate reclassifying approximately $2.5 million of gains from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss to net earnings during the next 12 months.
The following tables include the amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings in which the effects of cash flow hedges are recorded and the effects of cash flow hedge activity on these line items for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30 |  | June 30
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
| Total | Amount of Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedge Activity |  | Total | Amount of Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedge Activity |  | Total | Amount of Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedge Activity |  | Total | Amount of Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedge Activity
Interest Income | $ | 0.8 |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 0.9 |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 1.7 |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | 1.7 |  | $ | 1.4 |
Net Foreign Currency Transaction Gain (Loss) | — |  | (3.0 | ) |  | (0.2 | ) | (2.1 | ) |  | (4.1 | ) | (0.3 | ) |  | — |  | 1.0 |

The effect of foreign currency derivative instruments designated as hedges and of foreign currency derivative instruments not designated as hedges in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
|  | June 30, 2020 |  | June 30, 2020
|  | Foreign Currency Option Contracts |  | Foreign Currency Forward Contracts |  | Foreign Currency Option Contracts |  | Foreign Currency Forward Contracts
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) gain recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax(a) |  | $ | (0.3 | ) |  | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | 4.2 |
Net gain reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into earnings, net of tax, effective portion to Interest Income |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.1 |
Net loss reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into earnings, net of tax, effective portion to Net Foreign Currency Transaction Loss |  | — |  |  | (2.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | )
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) gain recognized in earnings(b) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |

The effect of foreign currency derivative instruments designated as hedges and of foreign currency derivative instruments not designated as hedges in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
|  | June 30, 2019 |  | June 30, 2019
|  | Foreign Currency Option Contracts |  | Foreign Currency Forward Contracts |  | Foreign Currency Option Contracts |  | Foreign Currency Forward Contracts
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) gain recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax(a) |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.2 | ) |  | $ | 4.1 |
Net gain reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into earnings, net of tax, effective portion to Interest Income |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.1 |
Net (loss) gain reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into earnings, net of tax, effective portion to Net Foreign Currency Transaction (Loss) Gain |  | — |  |  | (1.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | 0.8 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss recognized in earnings(b) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.8 | )

(a) | Net change in the fair value of the effective portion classified in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(b) | Classified in Net Foreign Currency Transaction Loss.

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11. | Fair Value Measurements

Estimates of fair value for financial assets and financial liabilities are based on the framework established in the accounting guidance for fair value measurements. The framework defines fair value, provides guidance for measuring fair value and requires certain disclosures. The framework discusses valuation techniques, such as the market approach (comparable market prices), the income approach (present value of future income or cash flow) and the cost approach (cost to replace the service capacity of an asset or replacement cost). The framework utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The following is a brief description of those three levels:

• | Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

• | Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

• | Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions.

Our population of assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements at June 30, 2020 is as follows:

| Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward exchange contracts | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign currency options contracts | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |
Total Assets | $ | 6.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6.3 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward exchange contracts | $ | 11.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11.1 |  |  | $ | — |
Contingent consideration | 1.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.8 |
Total Liabilities | $ | 12.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11.1 |  |  | $ | 1.8 |

Our population of assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements at December 31, 2019 is as follows:

| Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward exchange contracts | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | — |
Total Assets | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward exchange contracts | $ | 16.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16.2 |  |  | $ | — |
Contingent consideration | $ | 2.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.1 |
Total Liabilities | $ | 18.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16.2 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |

Our foreign currency forward exchange and option contracts are valued using observable Level 2 market expectations at the measurement date and standard valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. Further details regarding our foreign currency forward exchange and option contracts are discussed in Note 10.
Contingent consideration is valued using a probability-weighted analysis of projected gross profit and integration milestones. Actual results may differ significantly from those used in the estimate above, which may affect future payments. Changes in future payments will be reflected in future operating results as they occur.
The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for Cash and Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, Accounts Receivable, Other Current Assets, Accounts Payable and Other Current Liabilities approximate fair value due to their short-term nature.
The fair value and carrying value of total debt, including current portion, were $345.0 million and $340.0 million, respectively, as of June 30, 2020. The fair value and carrying value of total debt, including current portion, were $357.2 million and $338.8 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2019. The fair value was calculated based on the borrowing rates currently available to us for bank loans with similar terms and remaining maturities, which is a Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
From time to time, we measure certain assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis, including evaluation of long-lived assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, as part of a business acquisition. These assets are measured and recognized at amounts equal to the fair value determined as of the date of acquisition. Fair value valuations are based on the information available as of the acquisition date and the expectations and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by us. There are inherent uncertainties and management judgment required in these determinations. The fair value measurements of assets and liabilities assumed as part of a business acquisition are based on valuations involving significant unobservable inputs, or Level 3, in the fair value hierarchy.
These assets are also subject to periodic impairment testing by comparing the respective carrying value of each asset to the estimated fair value of the reporting unit or asset group in which they reside. In the event we determine these assets to be impaired, we would recognize an impairment loss equal to
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the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit, impairment asset or asset group exceeds its estimated fair value. These periodic impairment tests utilize company-specific assumptions involving unobservable inputs, or Level 3, in the fair value hierarchy.

12. | Retirement Benefit Plans

Our defined benefit pension plans and postretirement medical plan are described in Note 13 of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. We have contributed $0.1 million and $0.1 million during the second quarter of 2020 and $0.2 million and $0.3 million during the first six months of 2020 to our pension plans and postretirement medical plan, respectively. We contributed $0.1 million and $0.2 million during the second quarter of 2019 and $0.2 million and $0.4 million during the first six months of 2019 to our pension plans and postretirement medical plan, respectively.
Net benefit costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 were not material.

13. | Commitments and Contingencies

In the ordinary course of business, we may become liable with respect to pending and threatened litigation, tax, environmental and other matters. While the ultimate results of current claims, investigations and lawsuits involving us are unknown at this time, we do not expect that these matters will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. Legal costs associated with such matters are expensed as incurred.

14. | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax, within the Consolidated Balance Sheets, are as follows:

| June 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Foreign currency translation adjustments | $ | (43.1 | ) |  | $ | (36.3 | )
Pension and retiree medical benefits | (0.7 | ) |  | (0.7 | )
Cash flow hedge | 1.8 |  |  | (1.5 | )
Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | $ | (42.0 | ) |  | $ | (38.5 | )

The changes in components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax, are as follows:

| Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits |  | Cash Flow Hedge |  | Total
December 31, 2019 | $ | (36.3 | ) |  | $ | (0.7 | ) |  | $ | (1.5 | ) |  | $ | (38.5 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (6.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | (2.6 | )
Amounts reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  | (0.9 | )
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income | (6.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | (3.5 | )
June 30, 2020 | $ | (43.1 | ) |  | $ | (0.7 | ) |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | (42.0 | )

15. | Income Taxes

We and our subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of numerous state and foreign jurisdictions. We are generally no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examinations for taxable years before 2016 and, with limited exceptions, state and foreign income tax examinations for taxable years before 2015.
We recognize potential accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in Income Tax Expense. In addition to the liability of $7.2 million for unrecognized tax benefits as of June 30, 2020, there was approximately $0.7 million for accrued interest and penalties. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate as of June 30, 2020 was $7.4 million. To the extent interest and penalties are not assessed with respect to uncertain tax positions, amounts accrued will be revised and reflected as an adjustment of the Income Tax Expense.
We are currently under examination by the Internal Revenue Service for the 2016 and 2017 tax years. Although the outcome of this matter cannot currently be determined, we believe adequate provision has been made for any potential unfavorable financial statement impact. Although the final outcome of these examinations cannot be currently determined, we believe that we have adequate reserves with respect to these examinations.

16. | Share-Based Compensation

Our share-based compensation plans are described in Note 18 of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. During the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, we recognized total Share-Based Compensation Expense of less than $0.1 million and $1.7 million, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, we recognized total Share-Based Compensation Expense of $2.8 million and $5.0 million, respectively. The total excess tax benefit recognized for share-based compensation arrangements during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively.
During the first six months of 2020, we issued 17,348 restricted shares. The weighted average grant date fair value of each share awarded was $81.07. Restricted share awards generally have a three year vesting period from the effective date of the grant. The total fair value of shares vested during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $0.7 million and $1.0 million, respectively.
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17. | Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company Per Share

The computations of Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share were as follows:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30 |  | June 30
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company | $ | 14.3 |  |  | $ | 14.8 |  |  | $ | 19.5 |  |  | $ | 20.2 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic - Weighted Average Shares Outstanding | 18,347,189 |  |  | 18,082,492 |  |  | 18,317,003 |  |  | 18,062,591 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation plans | 237,504 |  |  | 312,373 |  |  | 297,524 |  |  | 304,793 |
Diluted - Weighted Average Shares Outstanding | 18,584,693 |  |  | 18,394,865 |  |  | 18,614,527 |  |  | 18,367,384 |
Basic Earnings per Share | $ | 0.78 |  |  | $ | 0.82 |  |  | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | 1.12 |
Diluted Earnings per Share | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 1.05 |  |  | $ | 1.10 |

Excluded from the dilutive securities shown above were options to purchase and shares to be paid out under share-based compensation plans of 818,912 and 688,545 shares of common stock during the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Excluded from the dilutive securities shown above were options to purchase and shares to be paid out under share-based compensation plans of 532,564 and 664,311 shares of common stock during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These exclusions were made if the exercise prices of the options are greater than the average market price of our common stock for the period, if the number of shares we can repurchase under the treasury stock method exceeds the weighted average shares outstanding in the options or if we have a net loss, as these effects are anti-dilutive.

Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview
Tennant Company is a world leader in designing, manufacturing and marketing solutions that empower customers to achieve quality cleaning performance, reduce environmental impact and help create a cleaner, safer, healthier world. The Company is committed to creating and commercializing breakthrough, sustainable cleaning innovations to enhance its broad suite of products, including floor maintenance and cleaning equipment, detergent-free and other sustainable cleaning technologies, aftermarket parts and consumables, equipment maintenance and repair service, specialty surface coatings and asset management solutions. Our products are used in many types of environments, including retail establishments, distribution centers, factories and warehouses, public venues such as arenas and stadiums, office buildings, schools and universities, hospitals and clinics, and more. Customers include contract cleaners to whom organizations outsource facilities maintenance, as well as businesses that perform facilities maintenance themselves. The Company reaches these customers through the industry's largest direct sales and service organization and through a strong and well-supported network of authorized distributors worldwide.
Impact of COVID-19
Because we are a global company, our results of operations are affected by macroeconomic conditions. We continue to see economic and geopolitical uncertainty in many regions around the world. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has increased the uncertainty globally and has resulted in general economic disruption. Governments across the world have taken numerous actions to limit the spread of COVID-19, including stay-at-home orders, which have reduced operating activities across global businesses.
To date, the primary impact of the pandemic on the Company’s business has been related to a slowdown in sales to some end markets amid widespread closures of customer facilities and operations. We have experienced, and expect to continue experiencing, lower demand and volume for our products, including delivery and shipping delays that adversely impact our businesses. Within the first quarter of 2020, we recorded quarter-to-date organic sales growth of 6.7% in February and a 16.8% decline in the month of March, compared to the respective prior year periods. In addition, during the second quarter, we experienced an organic sales decline of 27.2%. We believe most of the organic sales decline in the second quarter was due to the pandemic. The decline in sales during the second quarter of 2020 was greater in the first two months of the quarter than in the last month of the quarter, with organic sales declines of 31.6%, 38.5%, and 12.4% in April, May, and June 2020, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods. We experienced sales orders rates in July 2020 that are consistent with June 2020 as a result of continued slowdowns in sales to some end markets amid widespread disruptions to our customers. We are unsure whether or not this level of decline, or if the trend in the sales decline on a month-to-month basis, will continue in the future.
We are actively managing our business to respond to the COVID-19 impact. We have prioritized the health and safety of our employees and customers. The Company has established a dedicated enterprise-wide response team and implemented work-from-home processes for much of its workforce. We have established cross-functional and daily communications with suppliers to review, track and prioritize high-risk components. We have also identified and activated alternative suppliers, materials and components as needed. To date, we have been able to avoid major supply disruptions. Regarding transportation, we have set up tracking, reporting and communication channels with carriers to understand their risks and to evaluate available options where necessary. For the majority of the second quarter of 2020, there were a limited number of restrictions on our manufacturing operations. Although end market demand was significantly lower than the same period last year, all of our factories had the ability to operate at full capacity.
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We have also taken a number of actions globally to minimize the financial impact such as suspending a significant amount of business-related travel, reducing non-essential discretionary and project spending, and implementing merit freezes, hiring freezes, and other headcount-related actions, including a combination of salary cuts, reduced work schedules and/or furlough programs for all employees globally, while operating within the local laws and regulations, and developing multiple financial scenarios to ensure liquidity and to identify additional actions, if needed.
We continue to monitor the continuously evolving situation and guidance from authorities. As a result of the disruptions and volatility caused by COVID-19, we cannot reasonably estimate the impact of the pandemic on our financial results in the future. We expect that the longer the period of disruption continues, the more material the adverse impact will be on our business operations, financial performance and results of operations. Refer to Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” for an updated risk factor related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Historical Results
The following table compares the historical results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and as a percentage of Net Sales (in millions, except per share data and percentages):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30 |  | June 30
| 2020 |  | % |  | 2019 |  | % |  | 2020 |  | % |  | 2019 |  | %
Net Sales | $ | 214.0 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 299.7 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 466.1 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 562.1 |  |  | 100.0 |
Cost of Sales | 123.4 |  |  | 57.7 |  |  | 178.9 |  |  | 59.7 |  |  | 271.4 |  |  | 58.2 |  |  | 333.1 |  |  | 59.3 |
Gross Profit | 90.6 |  |  | 42.3 |  |  | 120.8 |  |  | 40.3 |  |  | 194.7 |  |  | 41.8 |  |  | 229.0 |  |  | 40.7 |
Operating Expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and Development Expense | 6.6 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 14.0 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 15.6 |  |  | 2.8 |
Selling and Administrative Expense | 61.1 |  |  | 28.6 |  |  | 92.5 |  |  | 30.9 |  |  | 143.4 |  |  | 30.8 |  |  | 182.7 |  |  | 32.5 |
Total Operating Expense | 67.7 |  |  | 31.6 |  |  | 100.9 |  |  | 33.7 |  |  | 157.4 |  |  | 33.8 |  |  | 198.3 |  |  | 35.3 |
Profit from Operations | 22.9 |  |  | 10.7 |  |  | 19.9 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 37.3 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 30.7 |  |  | 5.5 |
Other Income (Expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Income | 0.8 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 0.3 |
Interest Expense | (5.6 | ) |  | (2.6 | ) |  | (5.4 | ) |  | (1.8 | ) |  | (10.7 | ) |  | (2.3 | ) |  | (10.5 | ) |  | (1.9 | )
Net Foreign Currency Transaction Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (4.1 | ) |  | (0.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Other (Expense) Income, Net | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 1.4 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 0.2 |
Total Other Expense, Net | (5.0 | ) |  | (2.3 | ) |  | (3.3 | ) |  | (1.1 | ) |  | (13.1 | ) |  | (2.8 | ) |  | (7.5 | ) |  | (1.3 | )
Profit Before Income Taxes | 17.9 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | 16.6 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | 24.2 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 23.2 |  |  | 4.1 |
Income Tax Expense | 3.6 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 0.5 |
Net Earnings Including Noncontrolling Interest | 14.3 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 14.8 |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | 19.5 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 20.2 |  |  | 3.6 |
Net Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company | $ | 14.3 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | $ | 14.8 |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | $ | 19.5 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | $ | 20.2 |  |  | 3.6 |
Net Earnings Attributable to Tennant Company per Share - Diluted | $ | 0.77 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.81 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.05 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.10 |  |  |

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Net Sales
Consolidated Net Sales for the second quarter of 2020 totaled $214.0 million, a 28.6% decrease as compared to consolidated Net Sales of $299.7 million in the second quarter of 2019.
The components of the consolidated Net Sales change for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019 were as follows:

| 2020 v. 2019
| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30 |  | June 30
Organic Net Sales | (27.2%) |  | (15.6%)
Foreign Currency | (1.4%) |  | (1.5%)
Total Net Sales | (28.6%) |  | (17.1%)

The 28.6% decrease in consolidated Net Sales in the second quarter of 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019 was driven by:

• | An organic sales decrease of approximately 27.2%, which excludes the effects of foreign currency exchange. The organic sales decrease was due to volume declines across all regions, largely driven by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The decrease was partially offset by continued strong demand for our autonomous cleaning machines in North America; and

• | An unfavorable impact from foreign currency exchange of approximately 1.4%.

The 17.1% decrease in consolidated Net Sales in the first six months of 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019 was driven by:

• | An organic sales decrease of approximately 15.6%, which excludes the effects of foreign currency exchange. The organic sales decrease was primarily due to volume declines across all regions, largely driven by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as general softness in the APAC region. The decrease was partially offset by continued strong demand for our autonomous cleaning machines in North America; and

• | An unfavorable impact from foreign currency exchange of approximately 1.5%.

The following table sets forth the Net Sales by geographic area for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 and the percentage change from the prior year (in millions, except percentages):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
|  | June 30 |  | June 30
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | % |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | %
Americas |  | $ | 136.3 |  |  | $ | 189.5 |  |  | (28.1) |  | $ | 298.9 |  |  | $ | 350.3 |  |  | (14.7 | )
Europe, Middle East and Africa |  | 54.8 |  |  | 80.9 |  |  | (32.3) |  | 126.8 |  |  | 158.9 |  |  | (20.2 | )
Asia Pacific |  | 22.9 |  |  | 29.3 |  |  | (21.8) |  | 40.4 |  |  | 52.9 |  |  | (23.6 | )
Total |  | $ | 214.0 |  |  | $ | 299.7 |  |  | (28.6) |  | $ | 466.1 |  |  | $ | 562.1 |  |  | (17.1 | )

Americas
Net Sales in the Americas were $136.3 million and $298.9 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, respectively, a decrease of 28.1% and 14.7% compared to the prior year periods. Foreign currency exchange within the Americas unfavorably impacted Net Sales by approximately 1.1% in the second quarter of 2020 and 1.0% for the first six months of 2020. Organic sales declines in the Americas unfavorably impacted Net Sales by approximately 27.0% and 13.7% for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, respectively, due to the impact of COVID-19 throughout the entire region, partially offset by continued demand for our autonomous cleaning machines in North America.
Europe, Middle East and Africa
EMEA Net Sales were $54.8 million and $126.8 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, respectively, a decrease of 32.3% and 20.2% compared to the prior year periods. Foreign currency exchange within EMEA unfavorably impacted Net Sales by approximately 2.1% in the second quarter of 2020 and 2.5% in the first six months of 2020. Organic sales declines in EMEA unfavorably impacted Net Sales by approximately 30.2% and 17.7% for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, respectively, primarily due to the impact of COVID-19 throughout the region.
Asia Pacific
APAC Net Sales were $22.9 million and $40.4 million for the second quarter of 2020 and first six months of 2020, respectively, a decrease of 21.8% and 23.6% compared to the prior year periods. Foreign currency exchange within APAC unfavorably impacted Net Sales by approximately 1.7% in the second quarter of 2020 and 2.3% in the first six months of 2020. Organic sales declines in APAC unfavorably impacted Net Sales by approximately 20.1% and 21.3% for the second quarter and first six months of 2020, respectively, primarily due to the impact of COVID-19 throughout the region, particularly in China and Japan.
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Gross Profit
Gross Profit margin of 42.3% was 200 basis points higher in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019. The increase primarily reflects actions directly resulting from the Company’s enterprise strategy efforts like pricing and cost-out initiatives, benefits from government programs, and cost actions including employee furloughs and reduced work hours, partially offset by volume deleverage and higher tariff costs.
Gross Profit margin of 41.8% was 110 basis points higher in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019. The increase was primarily driven by actions directly resulting from the Company’s enterprise strategy efforts like pricing and cost-out initiatives as well as cost actions including employee furloughs and reduced work hours, partially offset by volume deleverage, higher material costs, and $1.7 million from the discontinuance of the Green Machines, Orbio and outdoor product lines.
Operating Expense
Research and Development Expense
Research and Development ("R&D") Expense was $6.6 million, or 3.1% as a percentage of Net Sales, for the second quarter of 2020, essentially flat compared to the second quarter of 2019. R&D Expense was $14.0 million , or 3.0% as a percentage of Net Sales, for the first six months of 2020, essentially flat compared to the first six months of 2019.
We continue to invest in developing innovative products and technologies at levels necessary to propel our technology and innovation leadership position.
Selling and Administrative Expense
Selling and Administrative Expense ("S&A Expense") was $61.1 million for the second quarter of 2020, a decrease of $31.4 million compared to the second quarter of 2019. As a percentage of Net Sales, S&A Expense for the second quarter of 2020 decreased 230 basis points to 28.6% from 30.9% in the second quarter of 2019. S&A Expense decrease in the second quarter of 2020 was primarily driven by cost containment initiatives throughout the Company, including employee furloughs, reduction in travel spending, and temporary pay reductions, as well as benefits from government programs received related to COVID-19 and adjustments to management incentives. The remaining decreases included a note receivable write-down as well as acquisition- and integration-related expenses incurred in 2019 that did not repeat in 2020.
S&A Expense was $143.4 million for the first six months of 2020, a decrease of $39.3 million compared to the first six months of 2019. As a percentage of Net Sales, S&A Expense for the first six months of 2020 decreased 170 basis points to 30.8% from 32.5% in the first six months of 2019. S&A Expense in the first six months of 2020 was primarily driven by cost containment initiatives throughout the Company, including employee furloughs, reduction in travel spending, and temporary pay reductions. The remaining decreases included higher restructuring charges and a note receivable write-down as well as acquisition- and integration-related expenses incurred in 2019 that did not repeat in 2020.
Total Other Expense, Net
Interest Income
Interest Income was $0.8 million in the second quarter of 2020, relatively flat compared to $0.9 million in the second quarter of 2019. For the first six months of 2020, Interest Income was $1.7 million, flat compared to Interest Income of $1.7 million in the first six months of 2019.
Interest Expense
Interest Expense was $5.6 million in the second quarter of 2020, relatively flat compared to Interest Expense of $5.4 million in the second quarter of 2019. For the first six months of 2020, Interest Expense was $10.7 million compared to Interest Expense of $10.5 million in the first six months of 2019.
Net Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Net Foreign Currency Transaction Loss in the second quarter of 2020 was a loss of less than $0.1 million compared to a loss of $0.2 million in the second quarter of 2019. The favorable improvement in the impact from foreign currency transactions in the second quarter of 2020 was primarily due to the strengthening in the Australian dollar and Canadian dollar compared to the same period of last year. For the first six months of 2020, Net Foreign Currency Transaction Losses were $4.1 million compared to losses of less than $0.1 million in the first six months of 2019. The change in the impact from foreign currency transactions in the first six months of 2020 was primarily due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real and Mexican peso compared to the same period of last year.
Other (Expense) Income, Net
Other (Expense) Income, Net was $0.2 million and less than $0.1 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2020, respectively, a decrease of $1.6 million and $1.3 million compared to the same periods in 2019, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to a $1.8 million acquisition-related indemnification settlement in 2019.
Income Taxes
The effective tax rate for the second quarter of 2020 was 19.7%, as compared to the second quarter of 2019 of 10.8%. The year-to-date effective tax rate was 19.3% for the first six months of 2020 compared to 12.7% for the first six months of 2019.
The effective tax rate for both the second quarter and the first six months of 2020 increased primarily due to a high level of discrete tax benefit items recognized in 2019 compared to 2020 and the mix in expected full year taxable earnings by country.
In general, it is our practice and intention to permanently reinvest the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries and repatriate earnings only when the tax impact is zero or immaterial. No deferred taxes have been provided for withholding taxes or other taxes that would result upon repatriation of our foreign investments to the United States.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash totaled $99.3 million at June 30, 2020, as compared to $74.6 million as of December 31, 2019. Wherever possible, cash management is centralized and intercompany financing is used to provide working capital to subsidiaries as needed. At the end of March 2020, we borrowed $125 million from our revolving credit line as a precaution to ensure we would be able to cover our cash requirements if the COVID-19 pandemic were to continue for an extended period of time. In the second quarter of 2020, we repaid the entire $125 million borrowed in March 2020 as we determined our existing cash and cash flows were sufficient for our business needs. Our current ratio was 1.8 and 1.7 as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and our working capital was $209.4 million and $206.1 million, respectively. Our debt-to-capital ratio was 47.8% as of June 30, 2020, compared to 48.5% as of December 31, 2019.
Cash Flow From Operating Activities
Operating Activities provided $48.5 million of cash for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Cash provided by operating activities was driven primarily by inflows from Net Earnings adding back non-cash items of $28.2 million and a decrease in Accounts Receivables of $38.3 million. These cash inflows were partially offset by cash outflows resulting from a decrease in Accounts Payables of $17.8 million and a decrease in our Employee Compensation and Benefits liabilities of $16.4 million, primarily related to 2019 incentive payments to employees.
Cash Flow From Investing Activities
Investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2020 used $18.4 million, substantially all of which related to net capital expenditures.
Cash Flow From Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $4.7 million during the first six months of 2020. Proceeds from borrowings of $126.4 million and proceeds from the issuance of Common Stock of $2.6 million were offset by payment of credit facility borrowings of $125.5 million and dividend payments of $8.1 million.
Newly Issued Accounting Guidance
See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on new accounting pronouncements.
No other new accounting pronouncements issued but not yet effective have had, or are expected to have, a material impact on our results of operations or financial position.
Cautionary Statement Relevant to Forward-Looking Information
This Form 10-Q, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 2, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “project,” or “continue” or similar words or the negative thereof. These statements do not relate to strictly historical or current facts and provide current expectations of forecasts of future events. Any such expectations or forecasts of future events are subject to a variety of factors. Particular risks and uncertainties presently facing us include: uncertainty surrounding the impacts and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic; our ability to effectively develop or manage strategic planning and growth processes; our ability to successfully upgrade and evolve our information technology systems; fluctuations in the cost, quality, or availability of raw materials and purchased components; geopolitical and economic uncertainty throughout the world; our ability to integrate acquisitions; our ability to attract, retain and develop key personnel and create effective succession planning strategies; our ability to successfully protect our information technology systems from cybersecurity risks; our ability to develop and commercialize new innovative products and services; the occurrence of a significant business interruption; our ability to comply with laws and regulations; the potential disruption of our business from actions of activist investors or others; the competition in our business; unforeseen product liability claims or product quality issues; our ability to generate sufficient cash to satisfy our debt obligations; and the relative strength of the U.S. dollar, which affects the cost of our materials and products purchased and sold internationally. We caution that forward-looking statements must be considered carefully and that actual results may differ in material ways due to risks and uncertainties both known and unknown. Shareholders, potential investors and other readers are urged to consider these factors in evaluating forward-looking statements and are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. Additional information about factors that could materially affect our results can be found in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q.
We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Investors are advised to consult any further disclosures by us in our filings with the SEC and in other written statements on related subjects. It is not possible to anticipate or foresee all risk factors, and investors should not consider any list of such factors to be an exhaustive or complete list of all risks or uncertainties.

Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

There have been no material changes in our market risk since December 31, 2019. For additional information, refer to Item 7A of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Item 4. | Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Principal Financial and Accounting Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2020 (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)). Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Principal Financial and Accounting Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the
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Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and our principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Controls
There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during the most recently completed fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings

There are no material pending legal proceedings other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to our business.

Item 1A. | Risk Factors

Other than the risk set out below, there have been no material changes to our risk factors in Item 1A of Part I of our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.
Uncertainty surrounding the impacts and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic
The coronavirus ("COVID-19") outbreak that originated in China at the beginning of 2020 is causing volatility and economic disruption across the globe. The impact of COVID-19 on our business and financial performance depends on evolving factors that we cannot accurately predict, including the duration of the pandemic, restrictions on travel and transportation, the effect on our customers and on the global supply chain, the demand for our products, government actions that have or could result in further closures of our manufacturing plants, and the pace of economic recovery when the COVID-19 pandemic subsides.
Certain of our manufacturing plants temporarily suspended operations either due to government restrictions or employee health concerns. There may be a risk of future health concerns and we cannot predict future disruptions of our plants or how long they would last.
Our customers have been negatively impacted which may continue to have a material adverse impact on our sales. In addition, our suppliers may not have the ability to provide us with parts needed to manufacture our products. This may result in delays in shipments to us and also to our customers, which would affect our results of operations.
If the pandemic continues for a long duration, we will need to assess our liquidity needs. A sustained disruption in the global economy could materially affect our ability to generate sufficient cash from operations and could require us to seek additional sources of liquidity or take further actions. It could also impact our ability to meet our strategic objectives.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, our risk factors previously disclosed in our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 have also been heightened.

Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

On October 31, 2016, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 1,000,000 shares of our common stock. This is in addition to the 392,263 shares remaining under our prior repurchase program. Share repurchases are made from time to time in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, primarily to offset the dilutive effect of shares issued through our share-based compensation programs. As of June 30, 2020, our 2017 Credit Agreement restricts the payment of dividends or repurchasing of stock requiring that, after giving effect to such payments, no default exists or would result from such payment. Additionally, cash dividends are restricted to $5.0 million per quarter and approved levels of other restricted payments range from $50.0 million to unlimited based on our net leverage ratio (not taking into account any acquisition holiday) after giving effect to such payment. Our Senior Notes due 2025 also contain certain restrictions, which are generally less restrictive than those contained in the 2017 Credit Agreement.

For the Quarter Ended June 30, 2020 |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
April 1 - 30, 2020 |  | 3,259 |  |  | $ | 58.57 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,392,263 |
May 1 - 31, 2020 |  | 140 |  |  | 57.78 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,392,263 |
June 1 - 30, 2020 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,392,263 |
Total |  | 3,399 |  |  | $ | 58.53 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,392,263 |

(1) | Includes 3,399 shares delivered or attested to in satisfaction of the exercise price and/or tax withholding obligations by employees who exercised stock options or restricted stock under employee share-based compensation plans.

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Item 6. | Exhibits

Item # |  | Description |  | Method of Filing
3i |  |  | Restated Articles of Incorporation |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3i to the Company’s report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2006.
3ii |  |  | Amended and Restated By-Laws |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3iii to the Company’s Form 8-K dated December 14, 2010.
3iii |  |  | Articles of Amendment of Restated Articles of Incorporation of Tennant Company |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3iii to the Company's report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018.
4.1 |  |  | Indenture dated as of April 18, 2017 |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 24, 2017.
10.1 |  |  | Separation Letter with Keith Woodward dated May 4, 2020 |  | Filed herewith electronically.
10.2 |  |  | Cash Retention Award for Richard H. Zay |  | Filed herewith electronically.
10.3 |  |  | Tennant Company 2020 Stock Incentive Plan |  | Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company's Proxy statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed on March 19, 2020.
10.4 |  |  | Form of Tennant Company 2020 Stock Incentive Plan Non-Statutory Stock Option Agreement |  | Filed herewith electronically.
10.5 |  |  | Form of Tennant Company 2020 Stock Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Agreement |  | Filed herewith electronically.
10.6 |  |  | Form of Tennant Company 2020 Stock Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement |  | Filed herewith electronically.
10.7 |  |  | Form of Tennant Company 2020 Stock Incentive Plan Non-Employee Restricted Stock Unit Agreement |  | Filed herewith electronically.
10.8 |  |  | Form of Tennant Company 2020 Stock Incentive Plan Performance Restricted Stock Unit Agreement |  | Filed herewith electronically.
10.9 |  |  | Form of Tennant Company 2020 Stock Incentive Plan Special Performance Restricted Stock Unit Agreement |  | Filed herewith electronically.
31.1 |  |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of CEO |  | Filed herewith electronically.
31.2 |  |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of CFO |  | Filed herewith electronically.
32.1 |  |  | Section 1350 Certification of CEO |  | Filed herewith electronically.
32.2 |  |  | Section 1350 Certification of CFO |  | Filed herewith electronically.
101 |  |  | The following financial information from Tennant Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2020, formatted in Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (i) Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019; (iii) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019; (v) Consolidated Statements of Equity; and (vi) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. |  | Filed herewith electronically.
104 |  |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as iXBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  | Filed herewith electronically.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  |  | TENNANT COMPANY
Date: |  | July 30, 2020 |  | /s/ H. Chris Killingstad
|  |  |  | H. Chris Killingstad President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: |  | July 30, 2020 |  | /s/ Andrew Cebulla
|  |  |  | Andrew Cebulla Vice President, Finance and Corporate Controller; Interim Chief Financial Officer and Interim Principal Accounting Officer

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