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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

þ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022
OR

o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________ to __________
Commission File Number 1-16191
__________________________________________
TENNANT COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Minnesota | 41-0572550
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

10400 Clean Street
Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344
(Address of principal executive offices)
(Zip Code)
(763) 540-1200
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
____________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.375 per share |  | TNC |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes | þ | No | o |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes | þ | No | o |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | þ | Accelerated filer | o |
Non-accelerated filer | o | Smaller reporting company | o |
Emerging growth company | o |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

| o |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes | o | No | þ |

As of October 21, 2022, there were 18,596,429 shares of common stock outstanding.

1

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION (Unaudited) | Page
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Income | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income | 4
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Equity | 8
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 10
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 26
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 31
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 32
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 32
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 32
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 32
Item 6. | Exhibits | 33
Signatures |  | 34

2

Table of Contents
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
TENNANT COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(Unaudited)

(In millions, except shares and per share data) | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net sales | $ | 262.9 |  |  | $ | 272.0 |  |  | $ | 801.2 |  |  | $ | 814.4 |
Cost of sales | 162.2 |  |  | 162.8 |  |  | 495.5 |  |  | 477.0 |
Gross profit | 100.7 |  |  | 109.2 |  |  | 305.7 |  |  | 337.4 |
Selling and administrative expense | 71.4 |  |  | 76.9 |  |  | 227.1 |  |  | 242.5 |
Research and development expense | 7.9 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | 23.5 |  |  | 24.1 |
Gain on sale of assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3.7) |  |  | (9.8) |
Operating income | 21.4 |  |  | 23.9 |  |  | 58.8 |  |  | 80.6 |
Interest expense, net | (2.2) |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | (3.7) |  |  | (6.6) |
Net foreign currency transaction loss | — |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (0.2) |
Loss on extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11.3) |
Other income (expense), net | 0.6 |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |
Income before income taxes | 19.8 |  |  | 22.3 |  |  | 54.8 |  |  | 62.5 |
Income tax expense | 4.2 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 12.3 |  |  | 5.5 |
Net income | $ | 15.6 |  |  | $ | 21.5 |  |  | $ | 42.5 |  |  | $ | 57.0 |
Net income per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 1.16 |  |  | $ | 2.30 |  |  | $ | 3.08 |
Diluted | $ | 0.83 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |  |  | $ | 2.27 |  |  | $ | 3.02 |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 18,515,851 |  | 18,554,136 |  | 18,495,640 |  | 18,519,523
Diluted | 18,691,916 |  | 18,871,217 |  | 18,713,337 |  | 18,869,898

3

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TENNANT COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
(Unaudited)

(In millions) | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income | $ | 15.6 |  |  | $ | 21.5 |  |  | $ | 42.5 |  |  | $ | 57.0 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments (net of related tax (expense) benefit of $(1.2), $0.6, $(2.6), and $0.4, respectively) | (20.1) |  |  | (7.3) |  |  | (40.8) |  |  | (13.1) |
Pension and postretirement medical benefits (net of related tax benefit of $—, $—, $—, and $0.1, respectively) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Cash flow hedge (net of related tax expense of $—, $0.1, $0.2, and $0.1, respectively) | (0.1) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | (0.3) |
Total other comprehensive loss, net of tax | (20.2) |  |  | (7.5) |  |  | (40.3) |  |  | (13.3) |
Comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (4.6) |  |  | $ | 14.0 |  |  | $ | 2.2 |  |  | $ | 43.7 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
4

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TENNANT COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

| (Unaudited) |  |
(In millions, except shares and per share data) | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 59.2 |  |  | $ | 123.6 |
Receivables, less allowances of $5.2 and $5.3, respectively | 219.3 |  |  | 211.4 |
Inventories | 199.6 |  |  | 160.6 |
Prepaid and other current assets | 43.9 |  |  | 31.2 |
Total current assets | 522.0 |  |  | 526.8 |
Property, plant and equipment, less accumulated depreciation of $261.1 and $258.4, respectively | 166.1 |  |  | 172.8 |
Operating lease assets | 31.4 |  |  | 41.3 |
Goodwill | 168.6 |  |  | 193.1 |
Intangible assets, net | 74.0 |  |  | 98.0 |
Other assets | 43.0 |  |  | 29.7 |
Total assets | $ | 1,005.1 |  |  | $ | 1,061.7 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt | $ | 5.3 |  |  | $ | 4.2 |
Accounts payable | 110.0 |  |  | 121.5 |
Employee compensation and benefits | 47.2 |  |  | 60.6 |
Other current liabilities | 81.7 |  |  | 104.0 |
Total current liabilities | 244.2 |  |  | 290.3 |
Long-term debt | 276.3 |  |  | 263.4 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities | 17.3 |  |  | 25.4 |
Employee benefits | 15.9 |  |  | 16.3 |
Deferred income taxes | 15.9 |  |  | 20.6 |
Other liabilities | 9.0 |  |  | 10.6 |
Total long-term liabilities | 334.4 |  |  | 336.3 |
Total liabilities | $ | 578.6 |  |  | $ | 626.6 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) |  |  |
Common Stock, $0.375 par value; 60,000,000 shares authorized; 18,596,389 and 18,535,116 shares issued and outstanding, respectively | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 7.0 |
Additional paid-in capital | 57.3 |  |  | 54.1 |
Retained earnings | 439.1 |  |  | 410.6 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (78.2) |  |  | (37.9) |
Total Tennant Company shareholders' equity | 425.2 |  |  | 433.8 |
Noncontrolling interest | 1.3 |  |  | 1.3 |
Total equity | 426.5 |  |  | 435.1 |
Total liabilities and total equity | $ | 1,005.1 |  |  | $ | 1,061.7 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
5

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TENNANT COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

(In millions) | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net income | $ | 42.5 |  |  | $ | 57.0 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation expense | 24.0 |  |  | 24.5 |
Amortization expense | 12.1 |  |  | 15.1 |
Deferred income tax benefit | (6.3) |  |  | (13.1) |
Share-based compensation expense | 4.4 |  |  | 9.5 |
Bad debt and returns expense | 0.5 |  |  | 0.8 |
Acquisition contingent consideration adjustment | — |  |  | 0.7 |
Gain on sale of assets | (3.7) |  |  | (9.8) |
Debt extinguishment cost | — |  |  | 11.3 |
Other, net | 0.7 |  |  | 1.6 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Receivables | (17.3) |  |  | (5.5) |
Inventories | (65.5) |  |  | (48.9) |
Accounts payable | (1.2) |  |  | 16.4 |
Employee compensation and benefits | (10.4) |  |  | 7.2 |
Other assets and liabilities | (18.6) |  |  | (3.9) |
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities | (38.8) |  |  | 62.9 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment | (19.4) |  |  | (12.0) |
Proceeds from sale of assets, net of cash divested | 4.1 |  |  | 24.7 |
Purchase of intangible assets | — |  |  | (0.1) |
Investment in leased assets | (4.1) |  |  | — |
Cash received from leased assets | 0.4 |  |  | — |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (19.0) |  |  | 12.6 |
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Proceeds from borrowings | 32.0 |  |  | 315.8 |
Repayments of borrowings | (18.0) |  |  | (361.2) |
Debt extinguishment payment | — |  |  | (8.4) |
Contingent consideration payments | — |  |  | (2.5) |
Change in finance lease obligations | — |  |  | 0.2 |
(Repurchases) proceeds from exercise of stock options, net of employee tax withholdings obligations | (1.2) |  |  | 4.2 |
Repurchases of common stock | — |  |  | (7.5) |
Dividends paid | (14.0) |  |  | (12.9) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (1.2) |  |  | (72.3) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (5.4) |  |  | (3.6) |
Net (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (64.4) |  |  | (0.4) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 123.6 |  |  | 141.0 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 59.2 |  |  | $ | 140.6 |

6

Table of Contents

SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 21.9 |  |  | $ | 13.1 |
Cash paid for interest | 5.4 |  |  | 10.3 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | 13.8 |  |  | 15.4 |
Financing cash flows from financing leases | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Lease assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities | 8.4 |  |  | 12.9 |
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Capital expenditures in accounts payable | 1.9 |  |  | 1.2 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
7

Table of Contents
TENNANT COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(Unaudited)
(In millions, except shares and per share data)

| Tennant Company Shareholders |  |  |  |
| Common Shares |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Tennant Company Shareholders' Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total Equity
Balance, December 31, 2021 | 18,535,116 |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 54.1 |  |  | $ | 410.6 |  |  | $ | (37.9) |  |  | $ | 433.8 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 435.1 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 10.3 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4.0) |  |  | (4.0) |  |  | — |  |  | (4.0) |
Issue stock for directors, employee benefit and stock plans, net of related tax withholdings and repurchases of 24,025 shares | 44,700 |  | — |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (1.3) |
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.8 |
Dividends paid $0.25 per common share |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4.6) |  |  | — |  |  | (4.6) |  |  | — |  |  | (4.6) |
Balance, March 31, 2022 | 18,579,816 |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 54.6 |  |  | $ | 416.3 |  |  | $ | (41.9) |  |  | $ | 436.0 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 437.3 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 16.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 16.6 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16.1) |  |  | (16.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (16.1) |
Issue stock for directors, employee benefit and stock plans, net of related tax withholdings of 2,071 shares | 9,859 |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |
Dividends paid $0.25 per common share |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4.6) |  |  | — |  |  | (4.6) |  |  | — |  |  | (4.6) |
Balance, June 30, 2022 | 18,589,675 |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 55.4 |  |  | $ | 428.3 |  |  | $ | (58.0) |  |  | $ | 432.7 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 434.0 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.6 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20.2) |  |  | (20.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (20.2) |
Issue stock for directors, employee benefit and stock plans, net of related tax withholdings of 54 shares | 6,714 |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.7 |
Dividends paid $0.25 per common share |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4.8) |  |  | — |  |  | (4.8) |  |  | — |  |  | (4.8) |
Balance, September 30, 2022 | 18,596,389 |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 57.3 |  |  | $ | 439.1 |  |  | $ | (78.2) |  |  | $ | 425.2 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 426.5 |

8

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| Tennant Company Shareholders |  |  |  |
| Common Shares |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Tennant Company Shareholders' Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total Equity
Balance, December 31, 2020 | 18,503,805 |  | $ | 6.9 |  |  | $ | 54.7 |  |  | $ | 363.3 |  |  | $ | (20.1) |  |  | $ | 404.8 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 406.1 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 25.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 25.7 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10.7) |  |  | (10.7) |  |  | — |  |  | (10.7) |
Issue stock for directors, employee benefit and stock plans, net of related tax withholdings of 22,724 shares | 102,681 |  | 0.1 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.4 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.1 |
Dividends paid $0.23 per common share |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (4.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (4.2) |
Balance, March 31, 2021 | 18,606,486 |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 59.1 |  |  | $ | 384.8 |  |  | $ | (30.8) |  |  | $ | 420.1 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 421.4 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 9.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 9.8 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.9 |
Issue stock for directors, employee benefit and stock plans, net of related tax withholdings of 3,305 shares | 58,579 |  | — |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.9 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.9 |
Dividends paid $0.23 per common share |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4.4) |  |  | — |  |  | (4.4) |  |  | — |  |  | (4.4) |
Balance, June 30, 2021 | 18,665,065 |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 64.9 |  |  | $ | 390.2 |  |  | $ | (25.9) |  |  | $ | 436.2 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 437.5 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 21.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 21.5 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7.5) |  |  | (7.5) |  |  | — |  |  | (7.5) |
Issue stock for directors, employee benefit and stock plans, net of related tax withholdings of 18 shares | 20,401 |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  |  | 2.5 |
Dividends paid $0.23 per common share |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (4.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (4.3) |
Repurchases of common stock | (102,229) |  | — |  |  | (7.5) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7.5) |  |  | — |  |  | (7.5) |
Balance, September 30, 2021 | 18,583,237 |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 60.8 |  |  | $ | 407.4 |  |  | $ | (33.4) |  |  | $ | 441.8 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 443.1 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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TENNANT COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
(In millions, except shares and per share data)
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Tennant Company ("the Company", "we", "us", or "our") is a world leader in designing, manufacturing and marketing solutions that empower customers to achieve quality cleaning performance, reduce environmental impact and help create a cleaner, safer, healthier world. The Company is committed to creating and commercializing breakthrough, sustainable cleaning innovations to enhance its broad suite of products, including floor maintenance and cleaning equipment, detergent-free and other sustainable cleaning technologies, aftermarket parts and consumables, equipment maintenance and repair service, and asset management solutions.
Our products are used in many types of environments, including retail establishments, distribution centers, factories and warehouses, public venues such as arenas and stadiums, office buildings, schools and universities, hospitals and clinics, and more.
Customers include contract cleaners to whom organizations outsource facilities maintenance as well as businesses that perform facilities maintenance themselves. The Company reaches these customers through the industry's largest direct sales and service organization and through a strong and well-supported network of authorized distributors worldwide.
Basis of Presentation – The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) requirements for interim reporting. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring adjustments) necessary for the fair presentation of our financial position and results of operations.
These statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.
2. Newly Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
Reference Rate Reform
In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). This ASU provides optional expedients to applying generally accepted accounting principles to certain contract modifications, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by the reference rate reform, which affects the London Interbank Offered ("LIBO") Rate, if certain criteria are met. The amendments are effective March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. We continue to monitor our contracts and transactions for potential application of this ASU.
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3. Revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following tables illustrate the disaggregation of revenue by geographic area, groups of similar products and services and sales channels:
Net sales by geographic area

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Americas | $ | 174.0 |  |  | $ | 166.7 |  |  | $ | 512.7 |  |  | $ | 491.7 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa | 69.0 |  |  | 80.7 |  |  | 225.0 |  |  | 246.8 |
Asia Pacific | 19.9 |  |  | 24.6 |  |  | 63.5 |  |  | 75.9 |
Total | $ | 262.9 |  |  | $ | 272.0 |  |  | $ | 801.2 |  |  | $ | 814.4 |

Net sales are attributed to each geographic area based on the end-user country and are net of intercompany sales.
Net sales by groups of similar products and services

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Equipment | $ | 153.8 |  |  | $ | 168.6 |  |  | $ | 484.0 |  |  | $ | 506.6 |
Parts and consumables | 67.4 |  |  | 62.8 |  |  | 194.1 |  |  | 187.4 |
Service and other | 41.7 |  |  | 40.6 |  |  | 123.1 |  |  | 118.9 |
Specialty surface coatings(a) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |
Total | $ | 262.9 |  |  | $ | 272.0 |  |  | $ | 801.2 |  |  | $ | 814.4 |

(a)On February 1, 2021, we sold our Coatings business. Further details regarding the sale are discussed in Note 5.
Net sales by sales channel

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Sales direct to consumer | $ | 174.9 |  |  | $ | 175.4 |  |  | $ | 518.4 |  |  | $ | 517.3 |
Sales to distributors | 88.0 |  |  | 96.6 |  |  | 282.8 |  |  | 297.1 |
Total | $ | 262.9 |  |  | $ | 272.0 |  |  | $ | 801.2 |  |  | $ | 814.4 |

Contract Liabilities
Sales Returns
The right of return may exist explicitly or implicitly with our customers. When the right of return exists, we adjust the transaction price for the estimated effect of returns. We estimate the expected returns using the expected value method by assessing historical sales levels and the timing and magnitude of historical sales return levels as a percent of sales and projecting this experience into the future.
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Sales Incentives
Our sales contracts may contain various customer incentives, such as volume-based rebates or other promotions. We reduce the transaction price for certain customer programs and incentive offerings that represent variable consideration. Sales incentives given to our customers are recorded using the most likely amount approach for estimating the amount of consideration to which the Company will be entitled. We forecast the most likely amount of the incentive to be paid at the time of sale, update this forecast quarterly, and adjust the transaction price accordingly to reflect the new amount of incentives expected to be earned by the customer. A majority of our customer incentives are settled within one year. We record our accruals for volume-based rebates and other promotions in other current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets.
The change in our sales incentive accrual balance was as follows:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance | $ | 19.9 |  |  | $ | 12.1 |
Additions to sales incentive accrual | 16.1 |  |  | 29.9 |
Contract payments | (19.5) |  |  | (26.1) |
Foreign currency fluctuations | (0.9) |  |  | 0.1 |
Ending balance | $ | 15.6 |  |  | $ | 16.0 |

Deferred Revenue
We sell separately priced prepaid contracts to our customers where we receive payment at the inception of the contract and defer recognition of the consideration received because we have to satisfy future performance obligations. Our deferred revenue balance is primarily attributed to prepaid maintenance contracts on our machines ranging from 12 months to 60 months. In circumstances where prepaid contracts are bundled with machines, we use an observable price to determine stand-alone selling price for separate performance obligations.
The change in the deferred revenue balance was as follows:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance | $ | 11.2 |  |  | $ | 9.3 |
Increase in deferred revenue representing our obligation to satisfy future performance obligations | 19.4 |  |  | 25.9 |
Decrease in deferred revenue for amounts recognized in net sales for satisfied performance obligations | (19.9) |  |  | (25.2) |
Foreign currency fluctuations | (0.7) |  |  | — |
Ending balance | $ | 10.0 |  |  | $ | 10.0 |

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At September 30, 2022, $6.9 million and $3.1 million of deferred revenue was reported in other current liabilities and other liabilities, respectively, on our consolidated balance sheets. Of these amounts, we expect to recognize the following approximate amounts in net sales in the following periods:

Remaining 2022 | $ | 5.5 |
2023 | 2.4 |
2024 | 1.4 |
2025 | 0.4 |
2026 | 0.2 |
Thereafter | 0.1 |
Total | $ | 10.0 |

At December 31, 2021, $7.7 million and $3.5 million of deferred revenue was reported in other current liabilities and other liabilities, respectively, on our consolidated balance sheets.
4. Management Actions
Restructuring Actions
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021, we incurred restructuring expenses as part of our ongoing global reorganization efforts. The following pre-tax restructuring charges were included in selling and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of income:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Severance-related costs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 0.9 |
Other costs | 0.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | — |
Total pre-tax restructuring costs | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 0.9 |

The charges in 2022 primarily impacted the Americas and APAC operating segments. The charges in 2021 primarily impacted the EMEA and APAC operating segments. Our restructuring actions represent the continued execution of a multi-year enterprise strategy to drive increased productivity throughout our operations.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability balances for severance-related costs is as follows:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance | $ | 4.9 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |
New charges | 0.9 |  |  | 0.9 |
Cash payments | (2.3) |  |  | (2.3) |
Foreign currency fluctuations | (0.7) |  |  | (0.2) |
Adjustments to accrual | (0.6) |  |  | — |
Ending balance | $ | 2.2 |  |  | $ | 2.9 |

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5. Acquisition and Divestitures
Sale of building
During the second quarter of 2022, we sold a building located in Golden Valley, Minnesota. The resulting pre-tax gain was $3.7 million and is reflected within gain on sale of assets in the consolidated statements of income. Proceeds from sale of assets was $4.1 million.
Sale of Coatings business
During the first quarter of 2021, we sold the Coatings business. The resulting pre-tax gain was $9.8 million and is reflected within gain on sale of assets in the consolidated statements of income. Proceeds from sale of assets, net of cash divested, was $24.7 million.
Acquisition of Gaomei
On January 4, 2019, we completed the acquisition of Hefei Gaomei Cleaning Machines Co., Ltd. and Anhui Rongen Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd. (collectively "Gaomei"), privately held designers and manufacturers of commercial cleaning solutions based in China. The financial results for Gaomei have been included in our consolidated financial results since the date of closing. The purchase price included contingent consideration payments totaling $2.5 million paid in 2021.
6. Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value and consisted of the following:

| September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Inventories carried at LIFO: |  |  |
Finished goods(a) | $ | 78.8 |  |  | $ | 54.0 |
Raw materials and work-in-process | 51.2 |  |  | 42.4 |
Excess of FIFO over LIFO cost(b) | (51.2) |  |  | (43.0) |
Total LIFO inventories | $ | 78.8 |  |  | $ | 53.4 |
Inventories carried at FIFO: |  |  |
Finished goods(a) | $ | 62.8 |  |  | $ | 53.8 |
Raw materials and work-in-process | 58.0 |  |  | 53.4 |
Total FIFO inventories | $ | 120.8 |  |  | $ | 107.2 |
Total inventories | $ | 199.6 |  |  | $ | 160.6 |

(a)Finished goods include machines, parts and consumables and component parts that are used in our products.
(b)The difference between replacement cost and the stated LIFO inventory value is not materially different from the reserve for the LIFO valuation method.
We are currently operating in a more volatile inflationary environment and we experienced higher product cost inflation in most categories during 2022. Our LIFO charge for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $2.1 million and $8.1 million, respectively, compared to $3.7 million and $5.9 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively. The increase in each period was attributable to the broad effects of inflation.
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7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were as follows:

| Goodwill |  | Accumulated Impairment Losses |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 233.9 |  |  | $ | (40.8) |  |  | $ | 193.1 |
Foreign currency fluctuations | (32.0) |  |  | 7.5 |  |  | (24.5) |
Balance as of September 30, 2022 | $ | 201.9 |  |  | $ | (33.3) |  |  | $ | 168.6 |

The balances of acquired intangible assets, excluding goodwill, were as follows:

| Customer Lists |  | Trade Names |  | Technology |  | Total
Balance as of September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Original cost | $ | 134.5 |  |  | $ | 26.1 |  |  | $ | 15.3 |  |  | $ | 175.9 |
Accumulated amortization | (77.6) |  |  | (13.8) |  |  | (10.5) |  |  | (101.9) |
Carrying value | $ | 56.9 |  |  | $ | 12.3 |  |  | $ | 4.8 |  |  | $ | 74.0 |
Weighted average original life (in years) | 15 |  | 10 |  | 11 |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Original cost | $ | 155.4 |  |  | $ | 30.3 |  |  | $ | 17.0 |  |  | $ | 202.7 |
Accumulated amortization | (80.0) |  |  | (13.9) |  |  | (10.8) |  |  | (104.7) |
Carrying value | $ | 75.4 |  |  | $ | 16.4 |  |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | 98.0 |
Weighted average original life (in years) | 15 |  | 11 |  | 11 |  |

Amortization expense on intangible assets for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $3.7 million and $12.1 million, respectively. Amortization expense on intangible assets for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 was $4.8 million and $15.1 million, respectively.
Estimated aggregate amortization expense based on the current carrying value of amortizable intangible assets for each of the five succeeding years and thereafter is as follows:

Remaining 2022 | $ | 3.6 |
2023 | 13.3 |
2024 | 12.0 |
2025 | 10.8 |
2026 | 9.7 |
Thereafter | 24.6 |
Total | $ | 74.0 |

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8. Debt
2021 Credit Agreement
On April 5, 2021, we and certain of our foreign subsidiaries entered into an Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “2021 Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent. The 2021 Credit Agreement provides us and certain of our foreign subsidiaries access to a senior secured credit facility until April 3, 2026, consisting of a term loan facility in an amount up to $100.0 million and a revolving facility in an amount up to $450.0 million with an option to expand the credit facility by up to $275.0 million, with the consent of the lenders willing to provide additional borrowings in the form of increases to their revolving facility commitment or funding of incremental term loans. Borrowings may be denominated in U.S. dollars or certain other currencies.
The fee for committed funds under the revolving facility of the 2021 Credit Agreement ranges from an annual rate of 0.15% to 0.30%, depending on our leverage ratio. Borrowings denominated in U.S. dollars under the 2021 Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate per annum equal to (a) the Adjusted LIBO Rate, as adjusted for statutory reserve requirements for eurocurrency liabilities, but in any case, not less than 0%, plus an additional spread of 1.10% to 1.70%, depending on our leverage ratio or (b) the Alternate Base Rate which is the greatest of (i) the prime rate, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (iii) the adjusted LIBO rate for a one-month period, but in any case, not less than 1.0%, plus, in any such case, 1.0%, plus an additional spread of 0.10% to 0.70%, depending on our leverage ratio.
In connection with the 2021 Credit Agreement, we reaffirmed our security interest in favor of the lenders in substantially all our personal property and pledged the stock of our domestic subsidiaries and 65% of the stock of our first-tier foreign subsidiaries. The obligations under the 2021 Credit Agreement are also guaranteed by certain of our first-tier domestic subsidiaries, and those subsidiaries also provided a security interest in their similar personal property.
Our 2021 Credit Agreement restricts the payment of dividends or repurchasing of stock requiring that, after giving effect to such payments, no default exists or would result from such payment. Additionally, cash dividends are restricted to $7.5 million per quarter and approved levels of other restricted payments range from $60.0 million to unlimited based on our net leverage ratio (not taking into account any acquisition holiday) after giving effect to such payment.
The 2021 Credit Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants, including but not limited to covenants restricting our ability to incur indebtedness and liens and to merge or consolidate with another entity. Further, the 2021 Credit Agreement contains the following covenants:

• | A covenant requiring us to maintain an indebtedness to EBITDA ratio, determined as of the end of each of our fiscal quarters, of no greater than 3.50 to 1.00, with certain alternative requirements for permitted acquisitions greater than $50.0 million;

• | A covenant requiring us to maintain an EBITDA to interest expense ratio for a period of four consecutive fiscal quarters as of the end of each quarter of no less than 3.00 to 1.00; and

• | A covenant restricting us from paying dividends or repurchasing stock if, after giving effect to such payments and assuming no default exists or would result from such payment, our leverage ratio is greater than 2.50 to 1.00, in such case limiting such payments to $60.0 million during any fiscal year.

Redemption of Senior Notes
In the second quarter of 2021, the Company redeemed $300.0 million principal amount outstanding of its 5.625% Senior Notes due 2025 ("Senior Notes"). We used the proceeds from the borrowings under the 2021 Credit Agreement to retire our Senior Notes and pay the $8.4 million call premium due upon redemption in the second quarter of 2021. In addition, we wrote off $2.9 million of unamortized debt issuance costs in the second quarter of 2021.
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Debt Outstanding
Debt outstanding consisted of the following:

| September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Credit facility borrowings: |  |  |
Revolving credit facility borrowings | $ | 185.0 |  |  | $ | 168.0 |
Term loan facility borrowings | 96.3 |  |  | 98.8 |
Secured borrowings | 0.2 |  |  | 0.7 |
Finance lease liabilities | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Total debt | 281.6 |  |  | 267.6 |
Less: current portion of long-term debt(a) | (5.3) |  |  | (4.2) |
Long-term debt | $ | 276.3 |  |  | $ | 263.4 |

(a)As of September 30, 2022, the Company is required to repay $5.0 million in outstanding credit facility borrowings, $0.2 million of current maturities of secured borrowings and $0.1 million of finance lease liabilities over the next 12 months.
As of September 30, 2022, we had outstanding borrowings of $185.0 and $96.3 under our revolving facility and term loan facility, respectively. We had letters of credit and bank guarantees outstanding in the amount of $3.1 million, leaving approximately $261.9 of unused borrowing capacity on our revolving facility. Commitment fees on unused lines of credit for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $0.6 million. The overall weighted average cost of debt was approximately 3.5% and net of related cross-currency swap instruments was approximately 2.5%. Further details regarding the cross-currency swap instrument are discussed in Note 10.
9. Warranty
We record a liability for warranty claims at the time of sale. The amount of the liability is based on the trend in the historical ratio of claims to sales, the historical length of time between the sale and resulting warranty claim, new product introductions and other factors. Warranty terms on machines generally range from one to four years. However, the majority of our claims are paid out within the first six to nine months following a sale. The majority of the liability for estimated warranty claims represents amounts to be paid out in the near term for qualified warranty issues, with immaterial amounts reserved to be paid for older equipment warranty issues.
The changes in warranty reserves were as follows:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance | $ | 10.4 |  |  | $ | 11.1 |
Additions charged to expense | 6.7 |  |  | 6.7 |
Foreign currency fluctuations | (0.3) |  |  | (0.2) |
Claims paid | (6.2) |  |  | (7.1) |
Ending balance | $ | 10.6 |  |  | $ | 10.5 |

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10. Derivatives
Hedge Accounting and Hedging Programs
We recognize all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets and measure them at fair value. Gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value are accounted for depending on the use of the derivative and whether it is designated and qualifies for hedge accounting.
We evaluate hedge effectiveness on our hedges that are designated and qualify for hedge accounting at the inception of the hedge prospectively, as well as retrospectively, and record any ineffective portion of the hedging instruments along with the time value of purchased contracts in the same line item of the income statement as the item being hedged on our consolidated statements of income.
Our hedging policy establishes maximum limits for each counterparty to mitigate any concentration of risk.
Balance Sheet Hedges
We hedge our net recognized foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities with foreign exchange forward contracts to reduce the risk that the value of these assets and liabilities will be adversely affected by changes in exchange rates. These contracts hedge assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies and are carried at fair value as either assets or liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in the fair value recorded to net foreign currency transaction gain in our consolidated statements of income. These contracts do not subject us to material balance sheet risk due to exchange rate movements because gains and losses on these derivatives are intended to offset gains and losses on the assets and liabilities being hedged. At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the notional amounts of foreign currency forward exchange contracts outstanding not designated as hedging instruments were $80.0 million and $45.0 million, respectively.
Cash Flow Hedges
We use foreign currency exchange rate derivatives to hedge our exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates for anticipated intercompany cash transactions between Tennant Company and its subsidiaries. We enter into these foreign exchange cross-currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency denominated cash flows associated with this intercompany loan, and accordingly, they are not speculative in nature. These cross-currency swaps are designated as cash flow hedges. The hedged cash flows as of December 31, 2021 included €152.4 million of total notional values. The loan and related swaps matured in April 2022.
Fair Value Hedges
On April 5, 2022, we entered into Euro to U.S. dollar foreign exchange cross-currency swaps associated with an intercompany loan from a wholly owned European subsidiary. We enter into these foreign exchange cross-currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency risk associated with this intercompany loan, and accordingly, they are not speculative in nature. These cross-currency swaps are designated as fair value hedges. As of September 30, 2022 these cross-currency swaps included €85.3 million of total notional value. As of September 30, 2022, the aggregated scheduled interest payments over the course of the loan and related swaps amounted to €10.3 million. The scheduled maturity and principal payment of the loan and related swaps of €75.0 million are due in April 2027.
Net Investment Hedges
On April 5, 2022, we entered into Euro to U.S. dollar foreign exchange cross-currency swaps to hedge our exposure to adverse foreign currency exchange rate movements between Tennant Company and a wholly owned European subsidiary. We enter into these fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swap agreements to protect a designated monetary amount of the Company’s net investment in its Euro functional currency subsidiary against the risk of changes in the Euro to U.S. dollar foreign exchange rate. These cross-currency swaps are designated as net investment hedges. As of September 30, 2022, the cross-currency swaps included €75.0 million of total notional values. These swaps are scheduled to mature in April 2027.
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The fair value of derivative instruments on our consolidated balance sheets was as follows:

| Derivative Assets | Derivative Liabilities
| Balance Sheet Location | September 30, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | Balance Sheet Location | September 30, 2022 | December 31, 2021
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts | Other current assets | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | Other current liabilities | $ | — |  | $ | 10.4 |
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps | Other current assets | 1.6 |  | — |  | Other current liabilities | — |  | — |
Cross-currency swaps | Other assets | 6.5 |  | — |  | Other liabilities | — |  | — |
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps | Other current assets | 1.2 |  | — |  | Other current liabilities | — |  | — |
Cross-currency swaps | Other assets | 5.4 |  | — |  | Other liabilities | — |  | — |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts | Other current assets | $ | 2.7 |  | $ | 0.3 |  | Other current liabilities | $ | — |  | $ | 0.4 |

As of September 30, 2022, we anticipate reclassifying $2.6 million of gains from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net income during the next 12 months.
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The following tables include the amounts in the consolidated statements of income in which the effects of derivatives designated as hedging instruments are recorded:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| Total | Amount of Gain (Loss) on Hedging Activity |  | Total | Amount of Gain (Loss) on Hedging Activity |  | Total | Amount of Gain (Loss) on Hedging Activity |  | Total | Amount of Gain (Loss) on Hedging Activity
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 262.9 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 272.0 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 801.2 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 814.4 |  | $ | (0.3) |
Interest expense, net | (2.2) |  | — |  |  | (0.6) |  | 0.6 |  |  | (3.7) |  | 0.7 |  |  | (6.6) |  | 1.7 |
Net foreign currency transaction (loss) gain | — |  | — |  |  | (0.7) |  | 4.1 |  |  | (0.4) |  | 4.7 |  |  | (0.2) |  | 9.5 |
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net | (2.2) |  | 0.4 |  |  | (0.6) |  | — |  |  | (3.7) |  | 0.8 |  |  | (6.6) |  | — |
Net foreign currency transaction (loss) gain | — |  | 5.6 |  |  | (0.7) |  | — |  |  | (0.4) |  | 9.9 |  |  | (0.2) |  | — |
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net | $ | (2.2) |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | (0.6) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3.7) |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | (6.6) |  | $ | — |

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The effect of derivative instruments designated as hedges and derivative instruments not designated as hedges in our consolidated statements of income was as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 | 2021 |  | 2022 | 2021
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Net gain recognized in other comprehensive loss, net of tax(a) | $ | — |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 3.8 |  | $ | 8.1 |
Net loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into income, net of tax, effective portion to net sales | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | (0.2) |
Net gain reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into income, net of tax, effective portion to interest expense, net | — |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.5 |  | 1.3 |
Net gain reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into income, net of tax, effective portion to net foreign currency transaction gain | — |  | 3.2 |  |  | 3.6 |  | 7.3 |
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Net gain recognized in other comprehensive loss, net of tax(a) | 0.2 |  | — |  |  | 1.4 |  | — |
Net gain reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into income, net of tax, effective portion to interest expense, net | 0.3 |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |  | — |
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Net gain recognized in other comprehensive loss, net of tax(a) | 3.9 |  | — |  |  | 7.8 |  | — |
Net gain reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into income, net of tax, effective portion to interest expense, net | 0.3 |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |  | — |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |
Net gain recognized in income(b) | $ | 4.0 |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 6.6 |  | $ | 2.2 |

(a)Net change in the fair value of the effective portion classified in other comprehensive loss.
(b)Classified in net foreign currency transaction loss.
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11. Fair Value Measurements
Estimates of fair value for financial assets and financial liabilities are based on the framework established in the accounting guidance for fair value measurements. The framework defines fair value, provides guidance for measuring fair value and requires certain disclosures. The framework discusses valuation techniques, such as the market approach (comparable market prices), the income approach (present value of future income or cash flow) and the cost approach (cost to replace the service capacity of an asset or replacement cost). The framework utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The following is a brief description of those three levels:
•Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
•Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.
•Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions.
Our population of assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements at September 30, 2022 was as follows:

| Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward exchange contracts | $ | 2.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2.7 |  |  | $ | — |
Cross-currency swaps | 14.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | — |
Total assets | 17.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 17.4 |  |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward exchange contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Our population of assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements at December 31, 2021 was as follows:

| Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward exchange contracts | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | — |
Total assets | 0.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward exchange contracts | 11.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 11.4 |  |  | — |
Total liabilities | $ | 11.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11.4 |  |  | $ | — |

Our foreign currency forward exchange contracts and cross-currency swaps are valued using observable Level 2 market expectations at the measurement date and standard valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. Further details regarding our derivative instruments are discussed in Note 10.
The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, other current assets, accounts payable and other current liabilities approximate fair value due to their short-term nature.
The fair value and carrying value of total debt, including current portion, was $282.4 million and $281.6 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2022. The fair value and carrying value of total debt, including current portion, was $271.2 million and $267.6 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2021. The fair value was calculated based on the borrowing rates currently available to us for bank loans with similar terms and remaining maturities, which is a Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
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12. Commitments and Contingencies
In the ordinary course of business, we may become liable with respect to pending and threatened litigation, tax, environmental and other matters. While the ultimate results of current claims, investigations and lawsuits involving us are unknown at this time, we do not expect that these matters will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. Legal costs associated with such matters are expensed as incurred.
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13. Shareholders' Equity
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The changes in components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, are as follows:

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
| Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments | Pension and Post- Retirement Medical Benefits | Cash Flow Hedge | Total |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments | Pension and Post- Retirement Medical Benefits | Cash Flow Hedge | Total
Beginning balance | $ | (36.0) |  | $ | (2.1) |  | $ | 0.2 |  | $ | (37.9) |  |  | $ | (19.1) |  | $ | (1.7) |  | $ | 0.7 |  | $ | (20.1) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (40.3) |  | — |  | 5.2 |  | (35.1) |  |  | (13.1) |  | 0.1 |  | 8.1 |  | (4.9) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | (0.5) |  | — |  | (4.7) |  | (5.2) |  |  | — |  | — |  | (8.4) |  | (8.4) |
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income | (40.8) |  | — |  | 0.5 |  | (40.3) |  |  | (13.1) |  | 0.1 |  | (0.3) |  | (13.3) |
Ending balance | $ | (76.8) |  | $ | (2.1) |  | $ | 0.7 |  | $ | (78.2) |  |  | $ | (32.2) |  | $ | (1.6) |  | $ | 0.4 |  | $ | (33.4) |

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14. Income Taxes
We and our subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of numerous state and foreign jurisdictions. We are generally no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examinations for taxable years before 2018. The number of years which remain open for audit for U.S. state or foreign tax purposes varies by jurisdiction but generally ranges from three to five years. We are currently undergoing income tax examinations in various foreign jurisdictions. Although the outcome of these examinations cannot be currently determined, we believe that we have adequate reserves with respect to these examinations.
We recognize potential accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. In addition to the liability of $4.0 million for unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2022, there was approximately $0.6 million for accrued interest and penalties. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate as of September 30, 2022 was $3.7 million. To the extent interest and penalties are not assessed with respect to uncertain tax positions, amounts accrued will be revised and reflected as an adjustment of the income tax expense.
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was signed into U.S. law. Under this law, there is a new 15% corporate minimum tax, which we do not believe will have an impact on the Company. In addition, beginning after December 31, 2022, there will be a 1% excise tax on certain share repurchases, which is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
15. Share-Based Compensation
Our share-based compensation plans are described in Note 18 of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. During the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we recognized total share-based compensation expense of $1.7 million and $2.5 million, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we recognized total share-based compensation expense of $4.4 million and $9.5 million, respectively. The total excess tax benefit recognized for share-based compensation arrangements during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively.
16. Earnings Per Share
The computations of basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 15.6 |  |  | $ | 21.5 |  |  | $ | 42.5 |  |  | $ | 57.0 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic - weighted average shares outstanding | 18,515,851 |  | 18,554,136 |  | 18,495,640 |  | 18,519,523
Effect of dilutive securities: | 176,065 |  | 317,081 |  | 217,697 |  | 350,375
Diluted - weighted average shares outstanding | 18,691,916 |  | 18,871,217 |  | 18,713,337 |  | 18,869,898
Basic earnings per share | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 1.16 |  |  | $ | 2.30 |  |  | $ | 3.08 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 0.83 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |  |  | $ | 2.27 |  |  | $ | 3.02 |

Excluded from the dilutive securities shown above were options to purchase and shares to be paid out under share-based compensation plans of 766,235 and 148,747 shares of common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Excluded from the dilutive securities shown above were options to purchase and shares to be paid out under share-based compensation plans of 425,920 and 198,853 shares of common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These exclusions were made if the exercise prices of the options are greater than the average market price of our common stock for the period, if the number of shares we can repurchase under the treasury stock method exceeds the weighted average shares outstanding in the options or if we have a net loss, as these effects would be anti-dilutive.
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Overview
Tennant Company is a world leader in designing, manufacturing and marketing solutions that empower customers to achieve quality cleaning performance, reduce environmental impact and help create a cleaner, safer, healthier world. The Company is committed to creating and commercializing breakthrough, sustainable cleaning innovations to enhance its broad suite of products, including floor maintenance and cleaning equipment, detergent-free and other sustainable cleaning technologies, aftermarket parts and consumables, equipment maintenance and repair service, and asset management solutions. Our products are used in many types of environments, including retail establishments, distribution centers, factories and warehouses, public venues such as arenas and stadiums, office buildings, schools and universities, hospitals and clinics, and more. Customers include contract cleaners to whom organizations outsource facilities maintenance as well as businesses that perform facilities maintenance themselves. The Company reaches these customers through the industry's largest direct sales and service organization and through a strong and well-supported network of authorized distributors worldwide.
Macroeconomic Events
We continue to actively manage our business to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and related impacts. We maintain our commitment to protect the health and safety of our employees and customers. We have enhanced our on-site safety protocols at our manufacturing facilities and continue to monitor the evolving situation and guidance from local authorities. Governments across the world have taken actions, including stay-at-home orders, to limit the spread of COVID-19. These actions, specifically in China, have and may continue to reduce operating activities and negatively impact financial results.
We continue to experience disruption in the supply of key component parts, as well as price inflation and inefficiencies as a result of supply chain issues. We have established frequent communications with suppliers to review, track and prioritize high-risk components. We have also identified and activated alternative suppliers, materials and components as needed. We continue to work closely with our suppliers to achieve a deeper integration into our suppliers' supply chains, including the procurement of sub-component parts. The Company continues work to minimize the impact of price inflation on inputs and market supply challenges by employing local-for-local and region-for-region manufacturing and sourcing to allow us to manufacture our products closer to our customers. At the same time, our engineering teams are evaluating platform design to increase our sourcing flexibility.
The crisis in Russia and Ukraine that began in February 2022 continues as of the date of this Form 10-Q. While we do not have any direct operations or employees in Russia or Ukraine and have suspended sales to Russia and Belarus, our operating results have and may continue to be negatively impacted by supply chain constraints and inflationary pressures stemming from this conflict. Sales to Russia and Belarus represented less than 1% of consolidated net sales and less than 2% of Europe, Middle East and Africa net sales for the year ended December 31, 2021. In addition to fully adhering to all sanctions, we will continue to monitor developments in the region, including the impact of rising commodity and energy prices.
Due to the global nature of our operations, we are subject to exposures resulting from foreign currency exchange fluctuations in the normal course of business. The direct financial impact of foreign currency exchange includes the effect of translating profits from local currencies to U.S. dollars, the impact of currency fluctuations on the transfer of goods between our operations in the United States and our international operations and transaction gains and losses. Volatility in the foreign exchange market has and may continue to negatively impact the financial results of our international operations.
As described in Part I, Item 1A - Risk Factors, in the annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, we may encounter financial difficulties if the United States or other global economies experience an additional or continued long-term economic downturn as our product sales are sensitive to declines in capital spending by our customers. Any sustained adverse impacts to our business, the industries in which we operate, market demand for our products, and/or certain suppliers or customers may also affect our future results of operations, financial position, or cash flows. We are actively monitoring the macroeconomic environment, especially the potential impact of global supply chain constraints on material inflation, and the potential decreased demand for our products.
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Outlook
Global economic conditions continue to be highly volatile and uncertainty remains regarding the timing of a full recovery from supply chain challenges and inflationary trends. We continue to monitor costs in the current inflationary environment and will take pricing action accordingly. We anticipate that we will need to remain agile as we continue to manage evolving challenges. We remain confident in the long-term growth trends for all our products and services in the markets we serve.
Results
The following table compares the results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively (in millions, except per share data and percentages):

| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 | % | 2021 | % | 2022 | % | 2021 | %
Net sales | $ | 262.9 |  | 100.0 |  | $ | 272.0 |  | 100.0 |  | $ | 801.2 |  | 100.0 |  | $ | 814.4 |  | 100.0 |
Cost of sales | 162.2 |  | 61.7 |  | 162.8 |  | 59.9 |  | 495.5 |  | 61.8 |  | 477.0 |  | 58.6 |
Gross profit | 100.7 |  | 38.3 |  | 109.2 |  | 40.1 |  | 305.7 |  | 38.2 |  | 337.4 |  | 41.4 |
Selling and administrative expense | 71.4 |  | 27.2 |  | 76.9 |  | 28.3 |  | 227.1 |  | 28.3 |  | 242.5 |  | 29.8 |
Research and development expense | 7.9 |  | 3.0 |  | 8.4 |  | 3.1 |  | 23.5 |  | 2.9 |  | 24.1 |  | 3.0 |
Gain on sale of assets | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (3.7) |  | (0.5) |  | (9.8) |  | (1.2) |
Operating income | 21.4 |  | 8.1 |  | 23.9 |  | 8.8 |  | 58.8 |  | 7.3 |  | 80.6 |  | 9.9 |
Interest expense, net | (2.2) |  | (0.8) |  | (0.6) |  | (0.2) |  | (3.7) |  | (0.5) |  | (6.6) |  | (0.8) |
Net foreign currency transaction (loss) gain | — |  | — |  | (0.7) |  | (0.3) |  | (0.4) |  | — |  | (0.2) |  | — |
Loss on extinguishment of debt | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (11.3) |  | (1.4) |
Other (expense) income, net | 0.6 |  | 0.2 |  | (0.3) |  | (0.1) |  | 0.1 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Income before income taxes | 19.8 |  | 7.5 |  | 22.3 |  | 8.2 |  | 54.8 |  | 6.8 |  | 62.5 |  | 7.7 |
Income tax expense | 4.2 |  | 1.6 |  | 0.8 |  | 0.3 |  | 12.3 |  | 1.5 |  | 5.5 |  | 0.7 |
Net income | $ | 15.6 |  | 5.9 |  | $ | 21.5 |  | 7.9 |  | $ | 42.5 |  | 5.3 |  | $ | 57.0 |  | 7.0 |
Net income per share - diluted | $ | 0.83 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |  |  | $ | 2.27 |  |  | $ | 3.02 |  |

Net Sales
Consolidated net sales for the third quarter of 2022 totaled $262.9 million, a 3.3% decrease as compared to consolidated net sales of $272.0 million in the third quarter of 2021. Consolidated net sales for the first nine months of 2022 were $801.2 million, a 1.6% decrease compared to consolidated net sales of $814.4 million in the first nine months of 2021.
The 3.3% decrease in consolidated net sales in the third quarter of 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021 was driven by:
•A net unfavorable impact from foreign currency exchange across all regions of approximately 5.0%; partly offset by
•An organic sales increase of approximately 1.7%, which excludes the effects of foreign currency exchange. The organic sales increase was primarily due to the impact of higher selling prices across all regions partially offset by volume declines due to supply chain constraints impacting the availability of certain component parts.
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The 1.6% decrease in consolidated net sales in the first nine months of 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021 was driven by:
•A net unfavorable impact from foreign currency exchange across all regions of approximately 3.8%;
•An organic sales increase of approximately 2.3%, which excludes the effects of foreign currency exchange and divestitures. The organic sales increase was primarily due to the impact of higher selling prices across all regions, partially offset by volume declines resulting from continued supply chain constraints; and
•An unfavorable impact from the divestiture of our Coatings business in the first quarter of 2021 of 0.1%.
The following table sets forth the net sales by geographic area for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (in millions, except percentages):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | % Change |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | % Change
Americas | $ | 174.0 |  |  | $ | 166.7 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | $ | 512.7 |  |  | $ | 491.7 |  |  | 4.3 | %
Europe, Middle East and Africa | 69.0 |  |  | 80.7 |  |  | (14.5) | % |  | 225.0 |  |  | 246.8 |  |  | (8.8) | %
Asia Pacific | 19.9 |  |  | 24.6 |  |  | (19.1) | % |  | 63.5 |  |  | 75.9 |  |  | (16.3) | %
Total | $ | 262.9 |  |  | $ | 272.0 |  |  | (3.3) | % |  | $ | 801.2 |  |  | $ | 814.4 |  |  | (1.6) | %

Americas
Americas net sales were $174.0 million for the third quarter of 2022, an increase of 4.4% from the third quarter of 2021. Organic sales grew 4.6% in the Americas, mainly due to higher selling prices across the region, volume increases in Latin America, and growth in parts and consumables in North America. This was partially offset by volume declines on equipment in North America. Diminished parts availability on certain component parts due to global supply chain constraints has limited our ability to increase production. Additionally, foreign currency exchange within the Americas unfavorably impacted net sales by approximately 0.2% in the third quarter of 2022.
Americas net sales were $512.7 million for the first nine months of 2022, an increase of 4.3% from the first nine months of 2021. Organic sales grew 4.5% in the Americas, mainly due to higher selling prices, partially offset by lower volume. This was partially offset by the divestiture of the Coatings business in the first nine months of 2021 resulting in a decline in net sales of approximately 0.2% in the first nine months of 2022.
Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA")
EMEA net sales were $69.0 million for the third quarter of 2022, a decrease of 14.5% from the third quarter of 2021. Foreign currency exchange within EMEA unfavorably impacted net sales by approximately 15.1%. Organic sales grew 0.6% in EMEA, primarily due to higher selling prices and growth in parts and consumables. This was partially offset by volume declines as lack of component parts due to global supply chain constraints has limited our ability to increase production.
EMEA net sales were $225.0 million for the first nine months of 2022, a decrease of 8.8% from the first nine months of 2021. Foreign currency exchange within EMEA unfavorably impacted net sales by approximately 11.4%. Organic sales grew 2.6% in EMEA, primarily due to higher selling prices, growth in services, and higher sales of parts and consumables.
Asia Pacific ("APAC")
APAC net sales were $19.9 million for the third quarter of 2022, a decrease of 19.1% from the third quarter of 2021. Organic sales declined 14.0% in APAC, primarily due to volume declines in China as government shutdowns related to COVID-19 continue to unfavorably impact demand. Foreign currency exchange within APAC unfavorably impacted net sales by approximately 5.1% in the third quarter of 2022.
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APAC net sales were $63.5 million for the first nine months of 2022, a decrease of 16.3% from the first nine months of 2021. Organic sales declined 12.6% in APAC, primarily due to government shutdowns in China related to COVID-19 outbreaks impacting our ability to deliver finished goods to customers. This was partly offset by volume growth in Australian markets. Foreign currency exchange within APAC unfavorably impacted net sales by approximately 3.7% in the first nine months of 2022.
Gross Profit
Gross profit margin of 38.3% was 180 basis points lower in the third quarter of 2022 compared to the third quarter of 2021. The decrease was attributable to the broad effects of inflation on materials, labor, and freight costs, partly offset by higher selling prices. Inflation contributed to a $2.1 million LIFO charge during the third quarter of 2022 compared to $3.7 million in the third quarter of 2021.
Gross profit margin of 38.2% was 320 basis points lower in the first nine months of 2022 compared to the first nine months of 2021. The decrease was due to inflation on materials, labor, and higher freight costs, partly offset by price increases. Inflation contributed to a LIFO charge of $8.1 million during the first nine months of 2022 compared to $5.9 million in the first nine months of 2021.
Operating Expense
Selling and Administrative Expense
Selling and administrative expense ("S&A expense") was $71.4 million for the third quarter of 2022, a decrease of $5.5 million compared to the third quarter of 2021. As a percentage of net sales, S&A expense for the third quarter of 2022 decreased 110 basis points to 27.2% from 28.3% in the third quarter of 2021. The S&A expense decrease in the third quarter of 2022 was primarily driven by lower variable employee compensation expenses and cost containment initiatives.
S&A expense was $227.1 million for the first nine months of 2022, a decrease of $15.4 million compared to the first nine months of 2021. As a percentage of net sales, S&A expense for the first nine months of 2022 decreased 150 basis points to 28.3% from 29.8% in the first nine months of 2021. The S&A expense decrease in the first nine months of 2022 was primarily driven by lower variable employee compensation expenses partially offset by increased costs related to strategic initiatives to address limited availability of component parts.
Research and Development Expense
Research and development expense ("R&D expense") was $7.9 million, or 3.0% of net sales, for the third quarter of 2022, essentially flat compared to the third quarter of 2021. R&D expense was $23.5 million, or 2.9% of net sales, for the first nine months of 2022, flat as a percentage of net sales compared to the first nine months of 2021.
We continue to invest in developing innovative products and technologies at levels necessary to propel our technology and innovation leadership position.
Total Other Expense, Net
Interest Expense, Net
Interest expense, net was $2.2 million in the third quarter of 2022 compared to $0.6 million in the same period of 2021. The increase was the result of rising interest rates on our variable interest rate debt.
Interest expense, net was $3.7 million in the first nine months of 2022 compared to $6.6 million in the same period of 2021. The decrease was a result of restructuring of debt in the second quarter of 2021, which resulted in lower interest expense due to a lower amount of outstanding debt.
Our debt portfolio as of September 30, 2022 was comprised of debt predominately in U.S. dollars. We are exposed to changes in interest rates as a result of borrowing activities with variable interest rates that impact interest incurred.
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Net Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Net foreign currency transaction loss was less than $0.1 million and $0.7 million in the third quarter of 2022 and 2021, respectively. Net foreign currency transaction loss was $0.4 million and $0.2 million in the first nine months of 2022 and 2021, respectively. The unfavorable impact was primarily due to strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real on foreign denominated liabilities.
Income Taxes
The effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2022 was 21.2% compared to 3.6% for the third quarter of 2021. The effective tax rate for the first nine months of 2022 was 22.4% compared to 8.8% for the first nine months of 2021. The effective tax rate for both the third quarter and the first nine months of 2022 increased primarily due to a high level of discrete tax benefit items in 2021 compared to 2022 and the mix in expected full year taxable earnings by country. The discrete tax benefits in 2021 included a tax benefit resulting from an election to step-up the tax basis of certain assets for Italian tax purposes, as well as the release of certain valuation allowances related to net operating loss carryovers. The valuation allowance release was driven by a change in law providing an unlimited carryforward period.
In general, it is our practice and intention to permanently reinvest the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries and repatriate earnings only when the tax impact is zero or immaterial. No deferred taxes have been provided for withholding taxes or other taxes that would result upon repatriation of our foreign investments to the United States.
Backlog
Backlog is one of the many indicators of business conditions in the Company's markets. Our order backlog was approximately $281.7 million at September 30, 2022 compared to $288.7 million at June 30, 2022 and $169.7 million at December 31, 2021. The increase in our order backlog is primarily due to persistent supply chain challenges that impacted our ability to obtain key component parts. Unless these factors change, we expect our backlog level to remain elevated. Backlog includes orders that can be cancelled or postponed at the option of the customer at any time without penalty.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash totaled $59.2 million at September 30, 2022, as compared to $123.6 million as of December 31, 2021. Wherever possible, cash management is centralized and intercompany financing is used to provide working capital to subsidiaries as needed. Our current ratio was 2.1 as of September 30, 2022 and 1.8 as of December 31, 2021, and our primary working capital, which is comprised of accounts receivable, inventories and accounts payables, was $308.9 million and $250.5 million, respectively. Our debt-to-capital ratio was 39.8% as of September 30, 2022, compared to 38.1% as of December 31, 2021.
As of September 30, 2022, we had letters of credit and bank guarantees outstanding in the amount of $3.1 million, leaving approximately $261.9 million of unused borrowing capacity on our revolving facility.
Cash Flow from Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $38.8 million compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $62.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in cash used was primarily driven by an increase in working capital attributable to investments in inventory to support a ramp in production, higher accounts receivables due to increased sales to customers with extended payment terms, and increased cash payments for employee compensation and benefits and taxes. We anticipate that inventory levels will begin to decrease in the fourth quarter as production increases. We also actively manage our accounts receivable portfolio and expect increased collection activity in the fourth quarter.
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Cash Flow from Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $19.0 million compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $12.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase of cash outflows was primarily the result of lower cash proceeds from the prior year sale of our Coatings business in 2021.
Cash Flow from Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities decreased during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021 primarily due to a decrease in repayments of borrowings in the first nine month of 2022. The Company used the proceeds from borrowings to invest in constrained component parts to prepare for a ramp in production.
Newly Issued Accounting Guidance
See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on new accounting pronouncements.
No other new accounting pronouncements issued but not yet effective have had, or are expected to have, a material impact on our results of operations or financial position.
Cautionary Statement Relevant to Forward-Looking Information
This Form 10-Q, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 2, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “project,” or “continue” or similar words or the negative thereof. These statements do not relate to strictly historical or current facts and provide current expectations of forecasts of future events. Any such expectations or forecasts of future events are subject to a variety of factors. Particular risks and uncertainties presently facing us include: geopolitical and economic uncertainty throughout the world; uncertainty surrounding the impacts and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic; our ability to comply with global laws and regulations; our ability to adapt to customer pricing sensitivities; the competition in our business; fluctuations in the cost, quality or availability of raw materials and purchased components; our ability to adjust pricing to respond to cost pressures; unforeseen product liability claims or product quality issues; our ability to attract, retain and develop key personnel and create effective succession planning strategies; our ability to effectively develop and manage strategic planning and growth processes and the related operational plans; our ability to successfully upgrade and evolve our information technology systems; our ability to successfully protect our information technology systems from cybersecurity risks; the occurrence of a significant business interruption; our ability to maintain the health and safety of our workers; our ability to integrate acquisitions; and our ability to develop and commercialize new innovative products and services.
We caution that forward-looking statements must be considered carefully and that actual results may differ in material ways due to risks and uncertainties both known and unknown. Shareholders, potential investors and other readers are urged to consider these factors in evaluating forward-looking statements and are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. Additional information about factors that could materially affect our results can be found in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Investors are advised to consult any further disclosures by us in our filings with the SEC and in other written statements on related subjects. It is not possible to anticipate or foresee all risk factors, and investors should not consider any list of such factors to be an exhaustive or complete list of all risks or uncertainties.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There have been no material changes in our market risk since December 31, 2021. For additional information, refer to Item 7A of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Principal Financial and Accounting Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2022 (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)). Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Principal Financial and Accounting Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and our principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Controls
There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during the most recently completed fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
There are no material pending legal proceedings other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to our business.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
We documented our risk factors in Item 1A of Part I of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. There have been no material changes to our risk factors since the filing of that report.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Share repurchases are made from time to time in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. The most recent share repurchase program approved by the Board of Directors on October 31, 2016 authorized the repurchase of 1,000,000 shares of our common stock, in addition to the 192,089 shares that remain authorized under the prior program that was authorized by the Board of Directors on June 22, 2015.

For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2022 | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) | Average Price Paid Per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
July 1–31, 2022 | 54 | $ | 58.86 |  | — | 1,192,089
August 1–31, 2022 | 0 | $ | — |  | — | 1,192,089
September 1–30, 2022 | 0 | $ | — |  | — | 1,192,089
Total | 54 | $ | 58.86 |  | — | 1,192,089

(1)Includes 54 shares delivered or attested to in satisfaction of the exercise price and/or tax withholding obligations by employees who exercised stock options or restricted stock under employee share-based compensation plans.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Item # |  | Description |  | Method of Filing
3i |  | Restated Articles of Incorporation |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3i to the Company’s report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2006.
3ii |  | Amended and Restated By-Laws |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3iii to the Company’s Form 8-K dated December 14, 2010.
3iii |  | Articles of Amendment of Restated Articles of Incorporation of Tennant Company |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3iii to the Company's report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018.
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of CEO |  | Filed herewith electronically.
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of CFO |  | Filed herewith electronically.
32.1 |  | Section 1350 Certification of CEO |  | Filed herewith electronically.
32.2 |  | Section 1350 Certification of CFO |  | Filed herewith electronically.
101 |  | The following financial information from Tennant Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2022, formatted in Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (i) Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021; (iii) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021; (v) Consolidated Statements of Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021; and (vi) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |  | Filed herewith electronically.
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  | Filed herewith electronically.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  |  | TENNANT COMPANY
Date: |  | October 27, 2022 |  | /s/ Fay West
|  |  |  | Fay West Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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HIDDEN IXBRL
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