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Nature of Business, Acquisitions, Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2015
Acquisitions and Significant Accounting Policies |
Nature of Business, Acquisitions, Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements | 1. Nature of Business, Acquisitions, Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements World Fuel Services Corporation (the “Company”) was incorporated in Florida in July 1984 and along with its consolidated subsidiaries is referred to collectively in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K (“2015 10‑K Report”) as “World Fuel,” “we,” “our” and “us.” We are a global fuel logistics, transaction management and payment processing company, which provides energy management solutions to the aviation, marine and land transportation industries. We compete by providing our customers with value‑added benefits, including single‑supplier convenience, competitive pricing, the availability of trade credit, price risk management, logistical support, fuel quality control and fuel procurement outsourcing. We primarily contract with third parties for the delivery and storage of fuel products, however, we also operate storage facilities and transportation assets. We operate in three reportable segments consisting of aviation, marine and land. In our aviation segment, we offer fuel and related products and services to major commercial airlines, second and third tier airlines, cargo carriers, regional and low cost carriers, airports, fixed based operators, corporate fleets, fractional operators, private aircraft, military fleets and to the United States (“U.S.”) and foreign governments as well as intergovernmental organizations. Our marine segment product and service offerings include fuel, lubricants and related products and services to a broad base of customers, including international container and tanker fleets, commercial cruise lines, yachts and time charter operators, offshore rig owners and operators, the U.S. and foreign governments as well as other fuel suppliers. In our land segment, we offer fuel, crude oil, lubricants, natural gas and related products and services to customers including petroleum distributors operating in the land transportation market, retail petroleum operators, and industrial, commercial, residential and government customers. 2015 Acquisitions On September 1, 2015, we completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding stock of Pester Marketing Company (“Pester”), a leading distributor, transporter, and blender of branded motor fuels and lubricants to wholesale, industrial, commercial and agricultural customers. Pester is headquartered in Denver, Colorado and is also a leading operator of retail convenience stores in the Rocky Mountain region. In addition to the above acquisition, in 2015 we completed three acquisitions in our land segment and one acquisition in our aviation segment which were not material individually or in the aggregate. The estimated aggregate purchase price for the 2015 acquisitions was 3 million, and is subject to change based on the final value of the net assets acquired. The following reconciles the estimated aggregate purchase price for the 2015 acquisitions to the cash paid for the acquisitions, net of cash acquired (in millions):
Estimated purchase price |  | $ | 102.3
Less: Cash acquired |  |  | 8.7
Estimated purchase price, net of cash acquired |  |  | 93.6
Less: Amounts due to sellers and promissory notes issued |  |  | 0.5
Cash paid for acquisition of businesses |  | $ | 93.1
The estimated purchase price of the 2015 acquisitions was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair value as of the acquisition date. Since the valuations of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the 2015 acquisitions have not been finalized, the allocation of the purchase price of these acquisitions may change. The estimated purchase price allocation for the 2015 acquisitions is as follows (in millions):
Assets acquired: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 8.7
Accounts receivable |  |  | 8.9
Inventories |  |  | 7.4
Property and equipment |  |  | 40.7
Identifiable intangible assets |  |  | 25.9
Goodwill |  |  | 39.4
Other current and long-term assets |  |  | 31.1
Liabilities assumed: |  |  |
Short-term debt |  |  | (0.5)
Accounts payable |  |  | (10.7)
Customer Deposits |  |  | (1.5)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | (38.6)
Non-current income tax liabilities and other long term liabilities |  |  | (8.5)
Estimated purchase price |  | $ | 102.3
In connection with the 2015 acquisitions, we recorded goodwill of $39.4 million of which $1.7 million is anticipated to be deductible for tax purposes. The identifiable intangible assets consisted of $18.1 million of customer relationships, $4.8 million of supplier relationships and $2.1 million of other identifiable intangible assets with weighted average lives of 5.3 years, 6.2 years and 3.4 years, respectively, as well as $0.9 million of indefinite-lived trademark/trade name rights. The following presents the unaudited pro forma results for 2015 and 2014 as if the 2015 and 2014 acquisitions had been completed on January 1, 2014 (in millions, except per share data):
|  | 2015 |  | 2014
|  | (pro forma) |  | (pro forma)
Revenue |  | $ | 30,952.0 |  | $ | 44,432.0
Net income attributable to World Fuel |  | $ | 190.6 |  | $ | 231.1
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 2.71 |  | $ | 3.26
Diluted |  | $ | 2.70 |  | $ | 3.24
The financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the 2015 acquisitions have been included in our consolidated financial statements since their respective acquisition dates and did not have a significant impact on our revenue and net income for the 2015. 2014 Acquisitions On March 7, 2014, we completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding stock of Watson Petroleum Limited (now known as WFL (UK) Limited) (“Watson Petroleum”) a leading distributor of gasoline, diesel, heating oil, lubricants and other products and related services. Watson Petroleum is headquartered in Brinkworth, England and is one of the largest fuel distributors in the United Kingdom. The purchase price of Watson Petroleum was $164.3 million. On July 29, 2014, we completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding stock of Colt International, L.L.C. (“Colt”) a leading provider of contract fuel and international trip planning services in the general aviation marketplace. Colt is headquartered in Houston, Texas and offers services at more than 3,000 locations. The purchase price of Colt was $72.9 million. In addition to the above acquisitions, in 2014, we completed two acquisitions in our aviation segment and one acquisition in our marine segment, which were not material individually or in the aggregate. The financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the 2014 acquisitions have been included in our consolidated financial statements since their respective acquisition dates. The following reconciles the aggregate purchase price for the 2014 acquisitions to the cash paid for the acquisitions, net of cash acquired (in millions):
Purchase price |  | $ | 295.8
Less: Cash acquired |  |  | 20.2
Purchase price, net of cash acquired |  |  | 275.6
Less: Promissory notes issued |  |  | 9.0
Less: Amounts due to sellers |  |  | 3.4
Cash paid for acquisition of businesses |  | $ | 263.2
The purchase price for each of the 2014 acquisitions was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair value at the acquisition date. On an aggregate basis, the purchase price allocation for the 2014 acquisitions is as follows (in millions):
Assets acquired: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 20.2
Accounts receivable |  |  | 257.9
Inventories |  |  | 14.4
Property and equipment |  |  | 55.9
Identifiable intangible assets |  |  | 83.5
Goodwill |  |  | 177.8
Other current and long-term assets |  |  | 22.5
Liabilities assumed: |  |  |
Accounts payable |  |  | (247.6)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | (50.7)
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | (18.7)
Initial noncontrolling interest upon acquisition of businesses |  |  | (19.4)
Estimated purchase price |  | $ | 295.8
In connection with the acquisition of Watson Petroleum, we made a payment of £13.0 million ($21.7 million) to an escrow account related to an estimated assumed pension exit obligation and amounts due to sellers. During 2015, we completed the pension buy-out and the remaining escrow account balance of £3.4 million ($5.1 million) was paid to the sellers. As of December 31, 2015 we had an additional amount due to sellers of £2.1 million ($3.0 million) which is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For our 2014 acquisitions, we recorded goodwill of $177.8 million, of which $22.4 million is anticipated to be deductible for tax purposes. The aggregate identifiable intangible assets consisted of $55.5 million of customer relationships and $16.5 million of other identifiable intangible assets with weighted average lives of 4.9 years and 5.0 years, respectively, as well as $11.5 million of indefinite-lived trademark/trade name rights. The following presents the unaudited pro forma results for 2014 and 2013, as if the 2014 acquisitions had been completed on January 1, 2013 (in millions, except per share data):
|  | 2014 |  | 2013
|  | (pro forma) |  | (pro forma)
Revenue |  | $ | 44,071.8 |  | $ | 44,098.8
Net income attributable to World Fuel |  | $ | 226.6 |  | $ | 216.4
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 3.20 |  | $ | 3.04
Diluted |  | $ | 3.18 |  | $ | 3.01
In the aggregate, the 2014 acquisitions did not have a significant impact on our revenue and net income for 2014. 2013 Acquisitions In 2013, we completed three acquisitions in our land segment, which were not material individually or in the aggregate. The financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the 2013 acquisitions have been included in our consolidated financial statements since their respective acquisition dates. The following reconciles the aggregate purchase price for the 2013 acquisitions to the cash paid for the acquisitions, net of cash acquired (in millions):
The purchase price for each of the 2013 acquisitions was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimate |  |  |
Purchase price |  | $ | 43.8
Less: Cash acquired |  |  | 3.3
Purchase price, net of cash acquired |  |  | 40.5
Less: Promissory notes issued |  |  | 3.0
Cash paid for acquisition of businesses |  | $ | 37.5
During 2014, we completed the valuation of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the 2013 acquisitions. As a result, during 2014, we completed the purchase price allocation which primarily resulted in a $0.4 million increase to goodwill and a $0.5 million reduction in identifiable intangible assets. Additionally, in 2014, we paid $0.1 million of the amounts due to sellers that were outstanding as of December 31, 2013. The purchase price for each of the 2013 acquisitions was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair value at the acquisition date. On an aggregate basis, the purchase price allocation for the 2013 acquisitions is as follows (in millions):
Assets acquired: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 3.3
Accounts receivable |  |  | 31.3
Inventories |  |  | 8.8
Property and equipment |  |  | 3.9
Identifiable intangible assets |  |  | 13.5
Goodwill |  |  | 16.5
Other current and long-term assets |  |  | 2.7
Liabilities assumed: |  |  |
Accounts payable |  |  | (29.6)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | (3.5)
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | (3.1)
Purchase price |  | $ | 43.8
Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes include the accounts of our wholly‑owned and majority‑owned subsidiaries and joint ventures where we exercise operational control or have a primary benefit of its profits. All significant intercompany accounts, transactions and profits are eliminated upon consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires us to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Accordingly, actual results could materially differ from estimated amounts. We evaluate our estimated assumptions based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying amounts of cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value based on the short maturities of these instruments. We measure our cash surrender value of life insurance contracts, derivative contracts and related hedged items at their fair value in accordance with accounting guidance for fair value measurement. We believe the carrying value of our debt approximates fair value since these obligations bear interest at variable rates or fixed rates which are not significantly different than market rates. The accounting guidance on fair value measurements and disclosures establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of us. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect our assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available under the circumstances. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of the inputs as follows:
| 1. |  | Level 1 Inputs – Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access.
| 2. |  | Level 2 Inputs – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. We perform annual back‑testing to validate that these inputs represent observable inputs that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability.
| 3. |  | Level 3 Inputs – Inputs that are unobservable for the asset or liability.
The availability of observable inputs can vary and is affected by a wide variety of factors. To the extent that valuation is based on inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by us in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value of a specific asset or liability may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Fair value is a market‑based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant who holds the asset or owes the liability rather than an entity‑specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, our own assumptions are set to reflect those that we feel market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value have been categorized based upon the fair value hierarchy. Our Level 1 items consist of exchange traded futures. Our Level 2 items consist of commodity swaps, commodity collars, non‑designated derivatives in the form of physical forward purchase or sales commitments, hedged inventories and hedged physical forward purchase or sales commitments. Our Level 3 items consist of physical forward purchase or sales commitments, foreign currency forward contracts and the Earn‑out liability. Realized and unrealized gains and losses of our physical forward purchase or sales commitments measured at fair value on a recurring basis that utilized Level 3 inputs are recognized as a component of either revenue or cost of revenue (based on the underlying transaction type). Realized and unrealized gains and losses of our foreign currency forward contracts which were not treated as cash flow hedges, measured at fair value on a recurring basis that utilized Level 3 inputs are recognized as other expense/income. Realized and unrealized gains and losses of our short‑term investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis that utilized Level 3 inputs are recognized as other expense/income. Derivative instruments can have bid and ask prices that may be observed in the marketplace. Bid prices reflect the highest price that a market participant is willing to pay and ask prices reflect the lowest price that a market participant is willing to accept. Our policy is to consistently apply mid‑ market pricing for valuation of our derivative instruments. Fair value of derivative commodity contracts and hedged item commitments is derived using forward prices that take into account commodity prices, interest rates, credit risk ratings, option volatility and currency rates. In accordance with the guidance on fair value measurements and disclosures, the impact of our credit risk rating is also considered when measuring the fair value of liabilities. The fair value of derivative instruments may be based on a combination of valuation inputs that are on different hierarchy levels. The fair value disclosures are determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The nature of inputs that are considered Level 3 are model inputs. Commodity contracts categorized in Level 3 are due to the significance of the unobservable model inputs to their respective fair values. The unobservable model inputs, such as basis differentials, are based on the difference between the historical prices of our prior transactions and the underlying observable data as well as certain risks related to non-performance. The effect on our income before income taxes of a 10% change in the model input for non-performance risk would not be significant. Fair value of hedged item inventories is derived using spot commodity prices and basis differentials. Fair value of foreign currency contracts is derived using forward prices that take into account interest rates, credit risk ratings and currency rates. Factors that could warrant a Level 2 input to move to a Level 3 input may include lack of observable market data because of a decrease in market activity, a degradation of a short‑term investment which requires us to value the investment based on a Level 3 input, or a change in significance of a Level 3 input to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Our policy is to recognize transfers between Level 1, 2 or 3 as of the beginning of the reporting period in which the event or change in circumstances caused the transfer to occur. There were no significant changes to our valuation techniques during 2015 and 2014. Cash and Cash Equivalents Our cash equivalents consist principally of overnight investments, bank money market accounts and bank time deposits which have an original maturity date of less than 90 days. These securities are carried at cost, which approximates market value. Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Bad Debt Credit extension, monitoring and collection are performed for each of our business segments. Each segment has a credit committee that is responsible for approving credit limits above certain amounts, setting and maintaining credit standards, and managing the overall quality of the credit portfolio. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and adjust credit limits based upon payment history and the customer’s current creditworthiness, as determined by our review of our customer’s credit information. We extend credit on an unsecured basis to most of our customers. Accounts receivable are deemed past due based on contractual terms agreed to with our customers. We continuously monitor collections and payments from our customers and maintain a provision for estimated credit losses based upon our historical experience with our customers, current market and industry conditions affecting our customers and any specific customer collection issues that we have identified. Historical payment trends may not be a useful indicator of current or future credit worthiness of our customers, particularly in these difficult economic and financial markets. Accounts receivable are reduced by an allowance for bad debt. Inventories Inventories are valued using the average cost methodology and are stated at the lower of average cost or market. Components of inventory include fuel purchase costs, the related transportation costs and changes in the estimated fair market values for inventories included in a fair value hedge relationship. Derivatives We enter into financial derivative contracts in order to mitigate the risk of market price fluctuations in aviation, marine and land fuel, to offer our customers fuel pricing alternatives to meet their needs and to mitigate the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We also enter into proprietary derivative transactions, primarily intended to capitalize on arbitrage opportunities related to basis or time spreads related to fuel products we sell. We have applied the normal purchase and normal sales exception (“NPNS”), as provided by accounting guidance for derivative instruments and hedging activities, to certain of our physical forward sales and purchase contracts. While these contracts are considered derivative instruments under the guidance for derivative instruments and hedging activities, they are not recorded at fair value, but rather are recorded in our consolidated financial statements when physical settlement of the contracts occurs. If it is determined that a transaction designated as NPNS no longer meets the scope of the exception, the fair value of the related contract is recorded as an asset or liability on the consolidated balance sheets and the difference between the fair value and the contract amount is immediately recognized through earnings. Our derivatives that are subject to the accounting guidance for derivative instruments are recognized at their estimated fair market value in accordance with the accounting guidance for fair value measurements. If the derivative does not qualify as a hedge or is not designated as a hedge, changes in the estimated fair market value of the derivative are recognized as a component of revenue, cost of revenue or other income (expense), net (based on the underlying transaction type) in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Derivatives which qualify for hedge accounting may be designated as either a fair value or cash flow hedge. For our fair value hedges, changes in the estimated fair market value of the hedge instrument and the hedged item are recognized in the same line item as a component of either revenue or cost of revenue (based on the underlying transaction type) in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. For our cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the changes in the fair market value of the hedge is recognized as a component of other comprehensive income in the shareholders’ equity section of the consolidated balance sheets and subsequently reclassified into the same line item as the forecasted transaction when both are settled, while the ineffective portion of the changes in the estimated fair market value of the hedge is recognized as a component of other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Cash flows for our hedging instruments used in our hedges are classified in the same category as the cash flow from the hedged items. If for any reason hedge accounting is discontinued, then any cash flows subsequent to the date of discontinuance shall be classified in a manner consistent with the nature of the instrument. To qualify for hedge accounting, as either a fair value or cash flow hedge, the hedging relationship between the hedging instruments and hedged items must be highly effective over an extended period of time in achieving the offset of changes in fair values or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk at the inception of the hedge. We use a regression analysis based on historical spot prices in assessing the qualification for our fair value hedges. However, our measurement of hedge ineffectiveness for our fair value inventory hedges utilizes spot prices for the hedged item (inventory) and forward or future prices for the hedge instrument. Therefore, the excluded component (forward or future prices) in assessing hedge qualification, along with ineffectiveness, is included as a component of cost of revenue in earnings. Adjustments to the carrying amounts of hedged items are discontinued in instances where the related fair value hedging instrument becomes ineffective and any previously recorded fair market value changes are not adjusted until the fuel is sold. For more information on our derivatives, see Note 3. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are calculated using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Costs of major additions and improvements are capitalized while expenditures for maintenance and repairs, which do not extend the life of the asset, are expensed. Upon sale or disposition of property and equipment, the cost and related accumulated depreciation and amortization are eliminated from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is credited or charged to income. Long‑lived assets held and used by us are reviewed based on market factors and operational considerations for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Purchases of computer software are capitalized. External costs and certain internal costs (including payroll and payroll‑related costs of employees) directly associated with developing significant computer software applications for internal use are capitalized. Training and data conversion costs are expensed as incurred. Computer software costs are amortized using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful life of the software. Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets Goodwill arises because the purchase price paid reflects numerous factors, including the strategic fit and expected synergies these acquisitions bring to our existing operations. Goodwill is recorded at fair value and is reviewed at least annually at year-end (or more frequently under certain circumstances) for impairment. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment based on an assessment of qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of any individual reporting unit is less than its carrying amount (Step 0). If we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying value, then no further testing is required. Otherwise, we would perform the two-step impairment analysis. Step 1 requires us to compare the fair value of the reporting units to which goodwill was assigned to their respective carrying values. In calculating fair value, we use the income approach as our primary indicator of fair value. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, no further work is required and no impairment loss is recognized. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, the goodwill of the reporting unit is potentially impaired and the Company would then complete step 2 in order to measure the impairment loss. In connection with our acquisitions, we record identifiable intangible assets at fair value. Identifiable intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized over their estimated useful lives and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. We assess identifiable intangible assets not subject to amortization at least annually for potential impairment. Other Investments Our other investments consist primarily of equity investments, net of basis adjustments. These investments are accounted for under the equity method as we own less than 50 percent of the entities and exercise significant influence over the investee, but do not have operational or financial control. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had other investments of $71.1 million and $69.5 million, respectively, which are included within identifiable intangible and other non‑current assets. Extinguishment of Liabilities In the normal course of business, we accrue liabilities for fuel and services received for which invoices have not yet been received. These liabilities are derecognized, or extinguished, if either (i) payment is made to relieve our obligation for the liability or (ii) we are legally released from our obligation for the liability, such as when our legal obligations with respect to such liabilities lapse or otherwise no longer exist. We derecognized vendor liability accruals due to the legal release of our obligations in the amount of $8.2 million, $5.2 million and $8.5 million during 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, which is reflected as a reduction of cost of revenue in the accompanying consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Revenue Recognition Revenue from the sale of fuel is recognized when the sales price is fixed or determinable, collectability is reasonably assured and title passes to the customer, which is when the delivery of fuel is made to our customer directly from us, the supplier or a third‑party subcontractor. Our fuel sales are generated as a fuel reseller as well as from on‑hand inventory supply. When acting as a fuel reseller, we generally purchase fuel from the supplier, and contemporaneously resell the fuel to the customer, normally taking delivery for purchased fuel at the same place and time as the delivery is made to the customer. We record the gross sale of the fuel as we generally take inventory risk, have latitude in establishing the sales price, have discretion in the supplier selection, maintain credit risk and are the primary obligor in the sales arrangement. Revenue from fuel‑related services is recognized when services are performed, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. We record the sale of fuel‑related services on a gross basis as we generally have latitude in establishing the sales price, have discretion in supplier selection, maintain credit risk and are the primary obligor in the sales arrangement. Commission from fuel broker services is recognized when services are performed and collectability is reasonably assured. When acting as a fuel broker, we are paid a commission by the supplier. Revenue from card payment and processing transactions is recognized at the time the purchase is made by the customer using the charge card. Revenue from charge card transactions is generated from processing fees. Vendor and Customer Rebates and Branding Allowances We receive vendor rebates and branding allowances from a number of our fuel suppliers. Typically, a portion of the rebates and allowances is passed on to our customers under the same terms as required by our fuel suppliers. Generally, volume rebates are received from vendors under structured programs based on the level of fuel purchased or sold as specified in the applicable vendor agreements. Many of the vendor agreements require repayment of all or a portion of the amount received if we (or our customers, typically branded dealers) elect to discontinue selling the specified brand of fuel at certain locations. As of December 31, 2015, the estimated amount of fuel rebates and branding allowances that would have to be repaid upon de‑branding at these locations, net of the amount due to us from the branded dealers under similar agreements between us and such dealers were not significant. No liability is recorded for the amount of obligations which would become payable upon de‑branding. Some of these vendor rebate and branding allowance arrangements require that we make assumptions and judgments regarding, for example, the likelihood of attaining specified levels of purchases or selling specified volume of products. We routinely review the relevant, significant factors and make adjustments when the facts and circumstances dictate that an adjustment is warranted. Vendor volume rebates are recognized as a reduction of cost of revenue in the period earned when realization is probable and estimatable and when certain other conditions are met. The rebates passed on to our customers are recognized as a reduction of revenue in the period earned in accordance with the applicable customer agreements. The rebate terms of the customer agreements are generally similar to those of the vendor agreements. We also receive branding allowances from fuel suppliers to defray the costs of branding and enhancing certain of our customer locations. The branding allowances received are recorded as a reduction of cost of revenue. The amounts recorded as a reduction of revenue related to volume rebates and branding allowance arrangements paid to our customers and the amounts recorded as a reduction to cost of revenue related to volume rebates received from vendors were not significant during each of the years presented on the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Share‑Based Payment Awards We account for share‑based payment awards on a fair value basis. Under fair value accounting, the grant‑date fair value of the share‑based payment award is amortized as compensation expense, on a straight‑line basis, over the vesting period for both graded and cliff vesting awards. Annual compensation expense for share‑based payment awards is reduced by an expected forfeiture amount on outstanding share‑based payment awards. The estimated fair value of stock awards, such as restricted stock and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) is based on the grant‑date market value of our common stock, as defined in the respective plans under which the awards were granted. To determine the estimated fair value of stock‑settled stock appreciation rights (“SSAR Awards”), we use the Black‑Scholes option pricing model. The estimation of the fair value of SSAR Awards on the date of grant using an option‑pricing model is affected by our stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include our expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk‑ free interest rates and expected dividends. The expected term of SSAR Awards represents the estimated period of time from grant until exercise or conversion and is based on vesting schedules and expected post‑vesting, exercise and employment termination behavior. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our common stock over the period that is equivalent to the award’s expected life. Any adjustment to the historical volatility as an indicator of future volatility would be based on the impact to historical volatility of significant non‑recurring events that would not be expected in the future. Risk‑free interest rates are based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve at the time of grant for the period that is equivalent to the award’s expected life. Dividend yields are based on the historical dividends of World Fuel over the period that is equivalent to the award’s expected life, as adjusted for stock splits. Cash flows from income tax benefits resulting from income tax deductions in excess of the compensation cost recognized for share‑based payment awards (excess income tax benefits) are classified as financing cash flows. These excess income tax benefits are credited to capital in excess of par value. Foreign Currency The functional currency of our U.S. and foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar, except for certain subsidiaries which utilize their respective local currency as their functional currency. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are recognized upon settlement of foreign currency transactions. In addition, for unsettled foreign currency transactions, foreign currency translation gains and losses are recognized for changes between the transaction exchange rates and month‑end exchange rates. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in other income (expense), net, in the accompanying consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income in the period incurred. We recorded net foreign currency transaction losses of $1.9 million, $1.0 million and $2.8 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Revenues and expenses of the subsidiaries that have a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar have been translated into U.S. dollars at average exchange rates prevailing during the period. The assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries have been translated at the rates of exchange on the balance sheet dates. The resulting translation gain and loss adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a separate component of shareholders’ equity. We recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income net foreign currency translation adjustment losses of $49.6 million (net of $4.0 million of net foreign currency translation adjustment losses attributable to non-controlling interest), $30.9 million and $13.2 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments included in accumulated other comprehensive income amounted to net losses of $113.8 million, $60.2 million and $29.3 million as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and operating loss and income tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted income tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in income tax rates is recognized in the income tax provision in the period that includes the enactment date. We must assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered from our future taxable income, and to the extent we believe that recovery is not likely, we must establish a valuation allowance against those deferred tax assets. Deferred tax liabilities generally represent items for which we have already taken a deduction in our income tax return, but we have not yet recognized the items as expenses in our results of operations. Significant judgment is required in evaluating our tax positions, and in determining our provisions for income taxes, our deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets. We establish reserves when, despite our belief that the income tax return positions are fully supportable, certain positions are likely to be challenged and we may ultimately not prevail in defending those positions. U.S. income taxes have not been recognized on undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. Our intention is to reinvest these earnings permanently in active non‑U.S. business operations. Therefore, no income tax liability has been accrued for these earnings. Because of the availability of U.S. foreign tax credits, it is not practicable to determine the amount of U.S. income tax payable if such earnings are not reinvested indefinitely. Earnings per Common Share Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income attributable to World Fuel and available to common shareholders by the sum of the weighted average number of shares of common stock, stock units, restricted stock entitled to dividends not subject to forfeiture and vested RSUs outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income attributable to World Fuel and available to common shareholders by the sum of the weighted average number of shares of common stock, stock units, restricted stock entitled to dividends not subject to forfeiture and vested RSUs outstanding during the period and the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if our outstanding potentially dilutive securities had been issued. Potentially dilutive securities include restricted stock subject to forfeitable dividends, non‑vested RSUs and SSAR Awards. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted earnings per common share by application of the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, an increase in the fair market value of our common stock can result in a greater dilutive effect from potentially dilutive securities. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share for the periods presented (in millions, except per share amounts):
|  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to World Fuel |  | $ | 186.9 |  | $ | 221.7 |  | $ | 203.1
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares for basic earnings per common share |  |  | 70.2 |  |  | 70.8 |  |  | 71.2
Effect of dilutive securities |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.6
Weighted average common shares for diluted earnings per common share |  |  | 70.7 |  |  | 71.3 |  |  | 71.8
Weighted average securities which are not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per common share because their impact is anti-dilutive or their performance conditions have not been met |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 0.6
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 2.66 |  | $ | 3.13 |  | $ | 2.85
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 2.64 |  | $ | 3.11 |  | $ | 2.83
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Financial Instruments – Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. In January 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) to address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. The ASU supersedes the guidance to classify equity securities with readily determinable fair values into different categories, and requires equity securities (except those that are accounted for under the equity method or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income. It also simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring assessment for impairment qualitatively at each reporting period. This update is effective at the beginning of our 2018 fiscal year. We are currently evaluating whether the adoption of this new guidance will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. Income Taxes: Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. In November 2015, the FASB issued an ASU that changes how deferred taxes are classified on organizations’ balance sheets. The ASU eliminates the current requirement for organizations to present deferred tax liabilities and assets as current and noncurrent in a classified balance sheet. Instead, organizations will be required to classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent. The adoption of this ASU (pursuant to early adoption provisions) resulted in our deferred tax assets and liabilities being presented as non-current as of December 31, 2015. The guidance has been applied prospectively; therefore, the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2014 was not adjusted. Business Combinations: Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement – Period Adjustments. In September 2015, FASB issued an ASU, to simplify the accounting for adjustments made to provisional amounts recognized in a business combination; the amendments eliminate the requirement to retrospectively account for those adjustments. The ASU will require that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. It also requires that the acquirer record, in the same period’s financial statements, the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization, or other income effects, if any, as a result of the change to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. This update is effective at the beginning of our 2016 fiscal year. We do not believe the adoption of this new guidance will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. Inventory: Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory. In July 2015, the FASB issued an ASU which simplifies the guidance on the subsequent measurement of inventory by requiring inventory within the scope of this update to be measured at the lower of cost or net realizable value rather than the lower of cost or market. This update is effective at the beginning of our 2017 fiscal year. We are currently evaluating whether the adoption of this new guidance will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. Interest—Imputation of Interest: Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. In April 2015, the FASB issued an ASU which requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs are not affected by the amendments in this ASU. This update is effective at the beginning of our 2016 fiscal year. We do not believe the adoption of this new guidance will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. Consolidation: Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis. In February 2015, the FASB issued an ASU which is intended to improve targeted areas of consolidation guidance for legal entities such as limited partnerships, limited liability corporations, and securitization structures. This update is effective at the beginning of our 2016 fiscal year. We do not believe the adoption of this new guidance will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. Income Statement-Extraordinary and Unusual Items: Simplifying Income Statement Presentation by Eliminating the Concept of Extraordinary Items. In January 2015, the FASB issued an ASU which eliminates from generally accepted accounting principles in the United States the concept of extraordinary items. This update is effective at the beginning of our 2016 fiscal year. We do not believe the adoption of this new guidance will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. Derivatives and Hedging: Determining Whether the Host Contract in a Hybrid Financial Instrument Issued in the Form of a Share Is More Akin to Debt or to Equity. In November 2014, the FASB issued an ASU which clarifies how current generally accepted accounting principles in the United States should be interpreted in evaluating the economic characteristics and risks of a host contract in a hybrid financial instrument that is issued in the form of a share. This update is effective at the beginning of our 2016 fiscal year. We do not believe the adoption of this new guidance will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern: Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern. In August 2014, the FASB issued an ASU which requires management of the Company to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. This update is effective at the beginning of our 2017 fiscal year. We do not believe the adoption of this new guidance will have an impact on our financial statement disclosures. Compensation-Stock Compensation. Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That a Performance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period. In June 2014, the FASB issued an ASU which includes guidance that requires a performance target that affects vesting and that could be achieved after the requisite service period to be treated as a performance condition. This update is effective at the beginning of our 2016 fiscal year. We do not believe the adoption of this new guidance will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. Transfers and Servicing: Repurchase-to-Maturity Transactions, Repurchase Financings, and Disclosures. In June 2014, the FASB issued an ASU which changes the accounting for repurchase-to-maturity transactions and repurchase financing arrangements. It also requires additional disclosures about repurchase agreements and other similar transactions. This update became effective at the beginning of our 2015 fiscal year. The adoption of this ASU did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. Revenue from Contracts with Customers. In May 2014, the FASB issued an ASU which provides guidance for revenue recognition for any entity that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of non-financial assets. The ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in generally accepted accounting principles in the United States when it becomes effective. This update is effective at the beginning of our 2018 fiscal year. We are currently evaluating whether the adoption of this new guidance will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. Presentation of Financial Statements and Property, Plant, and Equipment: Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity. In April 2014, the FASB issued an ASU which changes the criteria for reporting discontinued operations and enhances disclosures in this area. It also addresses sources of confusion and inconsistent application related to financial reporting of discontinued operations guidance. This update became effective at the beginning of our 2015 fiscal year. The adoption of this ASU did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

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