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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
___________________
FORM 10-Q
___________________

☒ | Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

for the quarterly period ended: March 31, 2023

☐ | Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

for the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 000-10661
___________________
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
___________________

CA |  | 94-2792841
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

63 Constitution Drive
Chico, California 95973
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)(Zip Code)
(530) 898-0300
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock |  | TCBK |  | The NASDAQ Stock Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “accelerated filer”, “large accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

☒ |  | Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer
☐ |  | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company
☐ |  | Emerging growth company |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No
Indicate the number of shares outstanding for each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practical date:
Common stock, no par value: 33,206,788 shares outstanding as of May 5, 2023.

Table of Contents
TriCo Bancshares
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 3
Item 1 – Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 3
Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 37
Item 3 – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 56
Item 4 – Controls and Procedures | 56
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION | 57
Item 1 – Legal Proceedings | 57
Item 1A – Risk Factors | 57
Item 2 – Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 58
Item 6 – Exhibits | 59
Signatures | 60

1

Table of Contents
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND TERMS
The following listing provides a comprehensive reference of common acronyms and terms used throughout the document:

ACL | Allowance for Credit Losses
AFS | Available-for-Sale
AOCI | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
ASC | Accounting Standards Codification
CARES | Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act
CDs | Certificates of Deposit
CDI | Core Deposit Intangible
CECL | Current Expected Credit Loss
COVID-19 | Coronavirus Disease
CRE | Commercial Real Estate
DFPI | State Department of Financial Protection and Innovation
FASB | Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIC | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FHLB | Federal Home Loan Bank
FRB | Federal Reserve Board
FTE | Fully taxable equivalent
GAAP | Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (United States of America)
HELOC | Home equity line of credit
HTM | Held-to-Maturity
NPA | Nonperforming assets
OCI | Other Comprehensive Income
PCD | Purchase Credit Deteriorated
PPP | Paycheck Protection Program
ROUA | Right-of-Use Asset
RSU | Restricted Stock Unit
SBA | Small Business Administration
SERP | Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan
SFR | Single Family Residence
TDR | Troubled Debt Restructuring
VRB | Valley Republic Bancorp
XBRL | eXtensible Business Reporting Language

2

Table of Contents
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)
TRICO BANCSHARES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share data; unaudited)

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Assets: |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 77,933 |  |  | $ | 96,323 |
Cash at Federal Reserve and other banks | 32,402 |  |  | 10,907 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 110,335 |  |  | 107,230 |
Investment securities: |  |  |
Marketable equity securities | 2,640 |  |  | 2,598 |
Available for sale debt securities, net of allowance for credit losses of $0 | 2,405,812 |  |  | 2,452,438 |
Held to maturity debt securities, net of allowance for credit losses of $0 | 152,067 |  |  | 160,983 |
Restricted equity securities | 17,250 |  |  | 17,250 |
Loans held for sale | 226 |  |  | 1,846 |
Loans | 6,422,421 |  |  | 6,450,447 |
Allowance for credit losses | (108,407) |  |  | (105,680) |
Total loans, net | 6,314,014 |  |  | 6,344,767 |
Premises and equipment, net | 72,096 |  |  | 72,327 |
Cash value of life insurance | 134,544 |  |  | 133,742 |
Accrued interest receivable | 31,388 |  |  | 31,856 |
Goodwill | 304,442 |  |  | 304,442 |
Other intangible assets, net | 15,014 |  |  | 16,670 |
Operating leases, right-of-use | 30,000 |  |  | 26,862 |
Other assets | 252,566 |  |  | 257,975 |
Total assets | $ | 9,842,394 |  |  | $ | 9,930,986 |
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity: |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand | $ | 3,236,696 |  |  | $ | 3,502,095 |
Interest-bearing | 4,789,169 |  |  | 4,826,918 |
Total deposits | 8,025,865 |  |  | 8,329,013 |
Accrued interest payable | 1,643 |  |  | 1,167 |
Operating lease liability | 32,228 |  |  | 29,004 |
Other liabilities | 157,222 |  |  | 159,741 |
Other borrowings | 434,140 |  |  | 264,605 |
Junior subordinated debt | 101,051 |  |  | 101,040 |
Total liabilities | 8,752,149 |  |  | 8,884,570 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, no par value: 1,000,000 shares authorized, zero issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, no par value: 50,000,000 shares authorized; 33,195,250 and 33,331,513 issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively | 695,168 |  |  | 697,448 |
Retained earnings | 564,538 |  |  | 542,873 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax | (169,461) |  |  | (193,905) |
Total shareholders’ equity | 1,090,245 |  |  | 1,046,416 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 9,842,394 |  |  | $ | 9,930,986 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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TRICO BANCSHARES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands, except per share data; unaudited)

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees | $ | 82,415 |  |  | $ | 57,745 |  |  |  |  |
Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable securities | 18,622 |  |  | 9,962 |  |  |  |  |
Tax exempt securities | 1,307 |  |  | 942 |  |  |  |  |
Dividends | 304 |  |  | 261 |  |  |  |  |
Interest bearing cash at Federal Reserve and other banks | 259 |  |  | 285 |  |  |  |  |
Total interest and dividend income | 102,907 |  |  | 69,195 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 5,145 |  |  | 678 |  |  |  |  |
Other borrowings | 2,809 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |
Junior subordinated debt | 1,617 |  |  | 588 |  |  |  |  |
Total interest expense | 9,571 |  |  | 1,271 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | 93,336 |  |  | 67,924 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses | 4,195 |  |  | 8,330 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income after credit loss provision | 89,141 |  |  | 59,594 |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges and fees | 11,197 |  |  | 11,696 |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of loans | 206 |  |  | 1,246 |  |  |  |  |
Loss on sale of investment securities | (164) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Asset management and commission income | 934 |  |  | 887 |  |  |  |  |
Increase in cash value of life insurance | 802 |  |  | 638 |  |  |  |  |
Other | 660 |  |  | 629 |  |  |  |  |
Total non-interest income | 13,635 |  |  | 15,096 |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and related benefits | 32,563 |  |  | 28,597 |  |  |  |  |
Other | 21,231 |  |  | 17,850 |  |  |  |  |
Total non-interest expense | 53,794 |  |  | 46,447 |  |  |  |  |
Income before provision for income taxes | 48,982 |  |  | 28,243 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for income taxes | 13,149 |  |  | 7,869 |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 35,833 |  |  | $ | 20,374 |  |  |  |  |
Per share data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 1.08 |  |  | $ | 0.68 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 1.07 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |  |  |  |  |
Dividends per share | $ | 0.30 |  |  | $ | 0.25 |  |  |  |  |

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(In thousands; unaudited)

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 35,833 |  |  | $ | 20,374 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale securities arising during the period | 24,444 |  |  | (78,397) |  |  |  |  |
Change in minimum pension liability | — |  |  | 58 |  |  |  |  |
Change in joint beneficiary agreements | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 24,444 |  |  | (78,339) |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 60,277 |  |  | $ | (57,965) |  |  |  |  |

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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TRICO BANCSHARES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands, except share and per share data; unaudited)

| Shares of Common Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total
Balance at January 1, 2022 | 29,730,424 |  |  | $ | 532,244 |  |  | $ | 466,959 |  |  | $ | 981 |  |  | $ | 1,000,184 |
Net income |  |  |  |  | 20,374 |  |  |  |  | 20,374 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | (78,339) |  |  | (78,339) |
Stock options exercised | 3,325 |  |  | 55 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 55 |
RSU vesting |  |  | 565 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 565 |
PSU vesting |  |  | 247 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 247 |
RSUs released |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock | 4,105,518 |  |  | 173,585 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 173,585 |
Repurchase of common stock | (1,332) |  |  | (24) |  |  | (32) |  |  |  |  | (56) |
Dividends paid ($0.30 per share) |  |  |  |  | (7,433) |  |  |  |  | (7,433) |
Three months ended March 31, 2022 | 33,837,935 |  |  | $ | 706,672 |  |  | $ | 479,868 |  |  | $ | (77,358) |  |  | $ | 1,109,182 |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | 33,331,513 |  |  | $ | 697,448 |  |  | $ | 542,873 |  |  | $ | (193,905) |  |  | $ | 1,046,416 |
Net income |  |  |  |  | 35,833 |  |  |  |  | 35,833 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24,444 |  |  | 24,444 |
Stock options exercised | 4,000 |  |  | 78 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 78 |
RSU vesting |  |  | 728 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 728 |
PSU vesting |  |  | 313 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 313 |
RSUs released | 22,118 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Repurchase of common stock | (162,381) |  |  | (3,399) |  |  | (4,196) |  |  |  |  | (7,595) |
Dividends paid ($0.30 per share) |  |  |  |  | (9,972) |  |  |  |  | (9,972) |
Three months ended March 31, 2023 | 33,195,250 |  |  | $ | 695,168 |  |  | $ | 564,538 |  |  | $ | (169,461) |  |  | $ | 1,090,245 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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TRICO BANCSHARES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands; unaudited)

| For the three months ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 35,833 |  |  | $ | 20,374 |  |  |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation of premises and equipment, and amortization | 1,566 |  |  | 1,409 |  |  |
Amortization of intangible assets | 1,656 |  |  | 1,228 |  |  |
Provision for credit losses | 4,195 |  |  | 8,330 |  |  |
Amortization of investment securities premium, net | 174 |  |  | 5,618 |  |  |
Loss on sale of investment securities | 164 |  |  | — |  |  |
Originations of loans for resale | (6,281) |  |  | (30,187) |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of loans originated for resale | 8,058 |  |  | 33,509 |  |  |
Gain on sale of loans | (206) |  |  | (1,246) |  |  |
Change in market value of mortgage servicing rights | 209 |  |  | (274) |  |  |
Operating lease expense payments | (1,653) |  |  | (1,292) |  |  |
Gain on disposal of fixed assets | — |  |  | (1,078) |  |  |
Increase in cash value of life insurance | (802) |  |  | (638) |  |  |
(Gain) loss on marketable equity securities | (42) |  |  | 137 |  |  |
Equity compensation vesting expense | 1,041 |  |  | 812 |  |  |
Change in: |  |  |  |  |
Interest receivable | 468 |  |  | (83) |  |  |
Interest payable | 476 |  |  | (801) |  |  |
Amortization of operating lease ROUA | 1,739 |  |  | 1,374 |  |  |
Other assets and liabilities, net | (7,640) |  |  | (2,347) |  |  |
Net cash from operating activities | 38,955 |  |  | 34,845 |  |  |
Investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities of securities available for sale | 56,905 |  |  | 85,298 |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities of securities held to maturity | 8,842 |  |  | 12,894 |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of available for sale securities | 24,160 |  |  | — |  |  |
Purchases of securities available for sale | — |  |  | (247,354) |  |  |
Loan origination and principal collections, net | 26,558 |  |  | (161,865) |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of premises and equipment | — |  |  | 6,689 |  |  |
Purchases of premises and equipment | (1,213) |  |  | (631) |  |  |
Cash acquired from VRB, net of cash consideration paid | — |  |  | 426,883 |  |  |
Net cash from investing activities | 115,252 |  |  | 121,914 |  |  |
Financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net change in deposits | (303,148) |  |  | 131,839 |  |  |
Net change in other borrowings | 169,535 |  |  | (13,903) |  |  |
Repurchase of common stock, net of option exercises | (7,595) |  |  | — |  |  |
Dividends paid | (9,972) |  |  | (7,433) |  |  |
Exercise of stock options | 78 |  |  | — |  |  |
Net cash (used by) from financing activities | (151,102) |  |  | 110,503 |  |  |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | 3,105 |  |  | 267,262 |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 107,230 |  |  | 768,421 |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 110,335 |  |  | $ | 1,035,683 |  |  |

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Supplemental disclosure of noncash activities: |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities available for sale | $ | 34,540 |  |  | $ | (111,302) |  |  |
Loans transferred to held-for-sale | — |  |  | 12,044 |  |  |
Market value of shares tendered in-lieu of cash to pay for exercise of options and/or related taxes | 621 |  |  | 55 |  |  |
Obligations incurred in conjunction with leased assets | 4,484 |  |  | 521 |  |  |
Loans transferred to foreclosed assets | — |  |  | 313 |  |  |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow activity: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest expense | $ | 9,095 |  |  | $ | 1,546 |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Business combination (1) |  |  |  |  |
(1) During the period ended March 31, 2022, the VRB acquisition included fair value tangible assets acquired of $1.37 billion, liabilities assumed of $1.28 billion, resulting in goodwill of $0.09 billion.

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Description of Business and Basis of Presentation
TriCo Bancshares (the “Company” or “we”) is a California corporation organized to act as a bank holding company for Tri Counties Bank (the “Bank”). The Company and the Bank are headquartered in Chico, California. The Bank is a California-chartered bank that is engaged in the general commercial banking business in 33 California counties. The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting policies generally accepted in the United States of America and general practices in the banking industry. All adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of these consolidated financial statements have been included and are of a normal and recurring nature. The financial statements include the accounts of the Company. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The Company has five capital subsidiary business trusts (collectively, the “Capital Trusts”) that issued trust preferred securities, including two organized by the Company and three acquired with the acquisition of North Valley Bancorp. For financial reporting purposes, the Company’s investments in the Capital Trusts of $1.76 million are accounted for under the equity method and, accordingly, are not consolidated and are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. See the footnote 'Junior Subordinated Debt' for additional information on borrowings outstanding.
Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires Management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Annual Report”). The Company believes that the disclosures made are adequate to make the information not misleading.
Segment and Significant Group Concentration of Credit Risk
The Company grants agribusiness, commercial, consumer, and residential loans to customers located throughout California. The Company has a diversified loan portfolio within the business segments located in this geographical area. The Company currently classifies all its operation into one business segment that it denotes as community banking.
Geographical Descriptions
For the purpose of describing the geographical location of the Company’s operations, the Company has defined northern California as that area of California north of, and including, Stockton to the east and San Jose to the west; central California as that area of the state south of Stockton and San Jose, to and including, Bakersfield to the east and San Luis Obispo to the west; and southern California as that area of the state south of Bakersfield and San Luis Obispo.
Reclassification
Some items in the prior year consolidated financial statements were reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Reclassifications had no effect on prior year net income or shareholders’ equity.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Net cash flows are reported for loan and deposit transactions and other borrowings. For purposes of the consolidated statement of cash flows, cash, due from banks with original maturities less than 90 days, interest-earning deposits in other banks, and Federal funds sold are considered to be cash equivalents.
Allowance for Credit Losses - Securities
The Company measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type, then further disaggregated by sector and bond rating. Accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities was considered insignificant at March 31, 2023 and is therefore excluded from the estimate of credit losses. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts based on current and expected changes in credit ratings and default rates. Based on the implied guarantees of the U. S. Government or its agencies related to certain of these investment securities, and the absence of any historical or expected losses, substantially all qualify for a zero loss assumption.
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Management has separately evaluated its HTM investment securities from obligations of state and political subdivisions utilizing the historical loss data represented by similar securities over a period of time spanning nearly 50 years. As a result of this evaluation, management determined that the expected credit losses associated with these securities is not significant for financial reporting purposes and therefore, no allowance for credit losses has been recognized.
The Company evaluates AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Any impairment that is not credit related is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized as an allowance for credit losses on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings. Both the allowance for credit losses and the adjustment to net income may be reversed if conditions change. However, if the Company intends to sell an impaired available for sale debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell such a security before recovering its amortized cost basis, the entire impairment amount is recognized in earnings with a corresponding adjustment to the security's amortized cost basis. In evaluating available for sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions for impairment and the criteria regarding its intent or requirement to sell such securities, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and the results of reviews of the issuers' financial condition, among other factors. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the ACL when management believes the uncollectability of an available for sale debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. No security credit losses were recognized during the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Loans
Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold until maturity or payoff are reported at principle amount outstanding, net of deferred loan fees and costs. Loans are placed in nonaccrual status when reasonable doubt exists as to the full, timely collection of interest or principal, or a loan becomes contractually past due by 90 days or more with respect to interest or principal and is not well secured and in the process of collection. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, all interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against interest income. Income on such loans is then recognized only to the extent that cash is received and where the future collection of principal is considered probable. Interest accruals are resumed on such loans only when they are brought fully current with respect to interest and principal and when, in the judgment of Management, the loan is estimated to be fully collectible as to both principal and interest. Accrued interest receivable is not included in the calculation of the allowance for credit losses.
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans
The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the loan's amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged-off against the allowance when management believes the recorded loan balance is confirmed as uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. Regardless of the determination that a charge-off is appropriate for financial accounting purposes, the Company manages its loan portfolio by continually monitoring, where possible, a borrower's ability to pay through the collection of financial information, delinquency status, borrower discussion and the encouragement to repay in accordance with the original contract or modified terms, if appropriate.
Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses, which captures loan balances as of a point in time to form a cohort, then tracks the respective losses generated by that cohort of loans over the remaining life. The Company identified and accumulated loan cohort historical loss data beginning with the fourth quarter of 2008 and through the current period. In situations where the Company's actual loss history was not statistically relevant, the loss history of peers, defined as financial institutions with assets greater than three billion and less than ten billion, were utilized to create a minimum loss rate. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in relevant current loan-specific risk characteristics, such as historical timing of losses relative to the loan origination. In its loss forecasting framework, the Company incorporates forward-looking information through the use of macroeconomic scenarios applied over the forecasted life of the assets. These macroeconomic scenarios incorporate variables that have historically been key drivers of increases and decreases in credit losses. These variables include, but are not limited to changes in environmental conditions, such as California unemployment rates, household debt levels, changes in corporate debt yields, and U.S. gross domestic product.
PCD assets are assets acquired at a discount that is due, in part, to credit quality deterioration since origination. PCD assets are accounted for in accordance with ASC 326-20 and are initially recorded at fair value, by taking the sum of the present value of expected future cash flows and an allowance for credit losses, at acquisition. The allowance for credit losses for PCD assets is recorded through a gross-up of reserves on the balance sheet, while the allowance for acquired non-PCD assets, such as loans, is recorded through the provision for credit losses on the income statement, consistent with originated loans. Subsequent to acquisition, the allowance for credit losses for PCD loans will generally follow the same forward-looking estimation, provision, and charge-off process as non-PCD acquired and originated loans.
The Company has identified the following portfolio segments to evaluate and measure the allowance for credit loss:
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate - Non-owner occupied: These commercial properties typically consist of buildings which are leased to others for their use and rely on rents as the primary source of repayment. Property types are predominantly office, retail, or light industrial but the portfolio also has some special use properties. As such, the risk of loss associated with these properties is primarily driven by general
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economic changes or changes in regional economies and the impact of such on a tenant’s ability to pay. Ultimately this can affect occupancy, rental rates, or both. Additional risk of loss can come from new construction resulting in oversupply, the costs to hold or operate the property, or changes in interest rates. The terms on these loans at origination typically have maturities from five to ten years with amortization periods from fifteen to thirty years.
Commercial real estate - Owner occupied: These credits are primarily susceptible to changes in the financial condition of the business operated by the property owner. This may be driven by changes in, among other things, industry challenges, factors unique to the operating geography of the borrower, change in the individual fortunes of the business owner, general economic conditions and changes in business cycles. When default is driven by issues related specifically to the business owner, collateral values tend to provide better repayment support and may result in little or no loss. Alternatively, when default is driven more by general economic conditions, the underlying collateral may have devalued more and thus result in larger losses in the event of default. The terms on these loans at origination typically have maturities from five to ten years with amortization periods from fifteen to thirty years.
Multifamily: These commercial properties are generally comprised of more than four rentable units, such as apartment buildings, with each unit intended to be occupied as the primary residence for one or more persons. Multifamily properties are also subject to changes in general or regional economic conditions, such as unemployment, ultimately resulting in increased vacancy rates or reduced rents or both. In addition, new construction can create an oversupply condition and market competition resulting in increased vacancy, reduced market rents, or both. Due to the nature of their use and the greater likelihood of tenant turnover, the management of these properties is more intensive and therefore is more critical to the preclusion of loss.
Farmland: While the Company has few loans that were originated for the purpose of the acquisition of these commercial properties, loans secured by farmland represent unique risks that are associated with the operation of an agricultural businesses. The valuation of farmland can vary greatly over time based on the property's access to resources including but not limited to water, crop prices, foreign exchange rates, government regulation or restrictions, and the nature of ongoing capital investment needed to maintain the quality of the property. Loans secured by farmland typically represent less risk to the Company than other agriculture loans as the real estate typically provides greater support in the event of default or need for longer term repayment.
Consumer loans:
SFR 1-4 1st DT Liens: The most significant drivers of potential loss within the Company's residential real estate portfolio relate general, regional, or individual changes in economic conditions and their effect on employment and borrowers cash flow. Risk in this portfolio is best measured by changes in borrower credit score and loan-to-value. Loss estimates are based on the general movement in credit score, economic outlook and its effects on employment and the value of homes and the Bank’s historical loss experience adjusted to reflect the economic outlook and the unemployment rate.
SFR HELOCs and Junior Liens: Similar to residential real estate term loans, HELOCs and junior liens performance is also primarily driven by borrower cash flows based on employment status. However, HELOCs carry additional risks associated with the fact that most of these loans are secured by a deed of trust in a position that is junior to the primary lien holder. Furthermore, the risk that as the borrower's financial strength deteriorates, the outstanding balance on these credit lines may increase as they may only be canceled by the Company if certain limited criteria are met. In addition to the allowance for credit losses maintained as a percent of the outstanding loan balance, the Company maintains additional reserves for the unfunded portion of the HELOC.
Other: The majority of consumer loans are secured by automobiles, with the remainder primarily unsecured revolving debt (credit cards). These loans are susceptible to three primary risks; non-payment due to income loss, over-extension of credit and, when the borrower is unable to pay, shortfall in collateral value, if any. Typically non-payment is due to loss of job and will follow general economic trends in the marketplace driven primarily by rises in the unemployment rate. Loss of collateral value can be due to market demand shifts, damage to collateral itself or a combination of those factors. Credit card loans are unsecured and while collection efforts are pursued in the event of default, there is typically limited opportunity for recovery. Loss estimates are based on the general movement in credit score, economic outlook and its effects on employment and the Bank’s historical loss experience adjusted to reflect the economic outlook and the unemployment rate.
Commercial and Industrial:
Repayment of these loans is primarily based on the cash flow of the borrower, and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. A borrower's cash flow may be unpredictable, and collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most often, collateral includes accounts receivable, inventory, or equipment. Collateral securing these loans may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise, may be illiquid and may fluctuate in value based on the success of the business. Actual and forecast changes in gross domestic product are believed to be corollary to losses associated with these credits.
Construction:
While secured by real estate, construction loans represent a greater level of risk than term real estate loans due to the nature of the additional risks associated with the not only the completion of construction within an estimated time period and budget, but also the need to either sell the building or reach a level of stabilized occupancy sufficient to generate the cash flows necessary to support debt service and operating costs. The Company seeks to mitigate the additional risks associated with construction lending by requiring borrowers to comply with lower loan to value ratios and additional covenants as well as strong tertiary support of guarantors. The loss forecasting model applies the historical rate of loss for similar loans over the expected life of the asset as adjusted for macroeconomic factors.
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Agriculture Production:
Repayment of agricultural loans is dependent upon successful operation of the agricultural business, which is greatly impacted by factors outside the control of the borrower. These factors include adverse weather conditions, including access to water, that may impact crop yields, loss of livestock due to disease or other factors, declines in market prices for agriculture products, changes in foreign exchange, and the impact of government regulations. In addition, many farms are dependent on a limited number of key individuals whose injury or death may significantly affect the successful operation of the business. Consequently, agricultural production loans may involve a greater degree of risk than other types of loans.
Leases:
The loss forecasting model applies the historical rate of loss for similar loans over the expected life of the asset. Leases typically represent an elevated level of credit risk as compared to loans secured by real estate as the collateral for leases is often subject to a more rapid rate of depreciation or depletion. The ultimate severity of loss is impacted by the type of collateral securing the exposure, the size of the exposure, the borrower’s industry sector, any guarantors and the geographic market. Assumptions of expected loss are conditioned to the economic outlook and the other variables discussed above.
Unfunded commitments:
The estimated credit losses associated with these unfunded lending commitments is calculated using the same models and methodologies noted above and incorporate utilization assumptions at time of default. The reserve for unfunded commitments is maintained on the consolidated balance sheet in other liabilities.
Accounting Standards Recently Issued or Adopted
FASB issued ASU 2023-02, Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method. This ASU permits reporting entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2023. The adoption of this accounting guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. This ASU addresses feedback received from adopters of CECL, specifically regarding accounting guidance for TDRs and disclosures of gross write-offs by year of loan origination. Accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors will be eliminated under this amendment, while also enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Amendments in this ASU were effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2023 and applied on a prospective basis. The adoption of this accounting guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Note 2 - Business Combinations
On March 25, 2022, the Company completed its acquisition of Valley Republic Bancorp, including the merger of Valley Republic Bank into Tri Counties Bank, with Tri Counties Bank as the surviving entity, in accordance with the terms of the merger agreement dated as of July 27, 2021. The cash and stock transaction was valued at approximately $174.0 million in aggregate, based on TriCo's closing stock price of $42.48 on March 25, 2022. Under the terms of the merger agreement, the Company issued approximately 4.1 million shares, in addition to approximately $0.4 million in cash paid out for settlement of stock option awards at VRB.
The following table summarizes the consideration paid for VRB and the amounts of assets acquired and liabilities assumed that were recorded at the acquisition date (in thousands):
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|  |  |  |  | Fair Value as of March 25, 2022
Fair value of consideration transferred: |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of shares issued |  |  |  |  | $ | 173,585 |
Cash consideration |  |  |  |  | 431 |
Total fair value of consideration transferred |  |  |  |  | 174,016 |
Assets acquired: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  | 427,314 |
Securities available for sale |  |  |  |  | 109,716 |
Loans and leases |  |  |  |  | 771,353 |
Premises and equipment |  |  |  |  | 4,658 |
Cash value of life insurance |  |  |  |  | 13,609 |
Core deposit intangible |  |  |  |  | 10,635 |
Other assets |  |  |  |  | 29,744 |
Total assets acquired |  |  |  |  | 1,367,029 |
Liabilities assumed: |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  |  |  | (1,215,479) |
Subordinated debt |  |  |  |  | (47,236) |
SERP liability |  |  |  |  | (3,352) |
Other liabilities |  |  |  |  | (10,516) |
Total liabilities assumed |  |  |  |  | (1,276,583) |
Total net assets acquired |  |  |  |  | 90,446 |
Goodwill recognized |  |  |  |  | $ | 83,570 |

Note 3 - Investment Securities
The amortized cost, estimated fair values and allowance for credit losses of investments in debt securities are summarized in the following tables:

| March 31, 2023
(in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Debt Securities Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | 1,531,759 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (174,329) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,357,435 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 308,129 |  |  | 698 |  |  | (28,927) |  |  | — |  |  | 279,900 |
Corporate bonds | 6,165 |  |  | — |  |  | (427) |  |  | — |  |  | 5,738 |
Asset backed securities | 440,259 |  |  | 18 |  |  | (12,913) |  |  | — |  |  | 427,364 |
Non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations | 375,345 |  |  | — |  |  | (39,970) |  |  | — |  |  | 335,375 |
Total debt securities available for sale | $ | 2,661,657 |  |  | $ | 721 |  |  | $ | (256,566) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,405,812 |
Debt Securities Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | 148,700 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (9,942) |  |  | — |  |  | 138,759 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 3,367 |  |  | 14 |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,376 |
Total debt securities held to maturity | $ | 152,067 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | (9,947) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 142,135 |

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| December 31, 2022
(in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Debt Securities Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | 1,568,408 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (195,642) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,372,769 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 332,625 |  |  | 401 |  |  | (39,821) |  |  | — |  |  | 293,205 |
Corporate bonds | 6,164 |  |  | — |  |  | (413) |  |  | — |  |  | 5,751 |
Asset backed securities | 454,943 |  |  | 17 |  |  | (15,193) |  |  | — |  |  | 439,767 |
Non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations | 380,847 |  |  | — |  |  | (39,901) |  |  | — |  |  | 340,946 |
Total debt securities available for sale | $ | 2,742,987 |  |  | $ | 421 |  |  | $ | (290,970) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,452,438 |
Debt Securities Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | 154,830 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (11,013) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 143,819 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 6,153 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (47) |  |  | — |  |  | 6,119 |
Total debt securities held to maturity | $ | 160,983 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | (11,060) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 149,938 |

Proceeds from the sale of investment securities totaled $24.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, resulting in gross realized losses of $0.2 million. There were no sales of investment securities during the three months ended March 31, 2022. Investment securities with an aggregate carrying value of $648.4 million and $595.8 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, were pledged as collateral for specific borrowings, lines of credit or local agency deposits.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities at March 31, 2023 by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. At March 31, 2023, obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies with a cost basis totaling $1,502.5 billion consist almost entirely of residential real estate mortgage-backed securities whose contractual maturity, or principal repayment, will follow the repayment of the underlying mortgages. For purposes of the following table, the entire outstanding balance of these mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government corporations and agencies is categorized based on final maturity date. At March 31, 2023, the Company estimates the average remaining life of these mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government corporations and agencies to be approximately 6.53 years. Average remaining life is defined as the time span after which the principal balance has been reduced by half.
As of March 31, 2023, the contractual final maturity for available for sale and held to maturity investment securities is as follows:

Debt Securities | Available for Sale |  | Held to Maturity
(in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Due in one year | $ | 57,662 |  |  | $ | 56,205 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Due after one year through five years | 114,294 |  |  | 109,745 |  |  | 5,316 |  |  | 5,157 |
Due after five years through ten years | 407,960 |  |  | 389,802 |  |  | 9,592 |  |  | 9,081 |
Due after ten years | 2,081,741 |  |  | 1,850,060 |  |  | 137,159 |  |  | 127,897 |
Totals | $ | 2,661,657 |  |  | $ | 2,405,812 |  |  | $ | 152,067 |  |  | $ | 142,135 |

Gross unrealized losses on debt securities and the fair value of the related securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, were as follows:
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March 31, 2023: | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
(in thousands) | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Loss
Debt Securities Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | 298,264 |  |  | $ | (18,024) |  |  | $ | 1,058,654 |  |  | $ | (156,305) |  |  | $ | 1,356,918 |  |  | $ | (174,329) |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 126,230 |  |  | (7,797) |  |  | 105,039 |  |  | (21,130) |  |  | 231,269 |  |  | (28,927) |
Corporate bonds | 1,846 |  |  | (135) |  |  | 3,892 |  |  | (292) |  |  | 5,738 |  |  | (427) |
Asset backed securities | 112,239 |  |  | (1,994) |  |  | 309,739 |  |  | (10,919) |  |  | 421,978 |  |  | (12,913) |
Non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations | 73,343 |  |  | (2,639) |  |  | 248,617 |  |  | (37,331) |  |  | 321,960 |  |  | (39,970) |
Total debt securities available for sale | $ | 611,922 |  |  | $ | (30,589) |  |  | $ | 1,725,941 |  |  | $ | (225,977) |  |  | $ | 2,337,863 |  |  | $ | (256,566) |
Debt Securities Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | 41,389 |  |  | $ | (2,252) |  |  | $ | 97,370 |  |  | $ | (7,690) |  |  | $ | 138,759 |  |  | $ | (9,942) |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 1,050 |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,050 |  |  | (5) |
Total debt securities held to maturity | $ | 42,439 |  |  | $ | (2,257) |  |  | $ | 97,370 |  |  | $ | (7,690) |  |  | $ | 139,809 |  |  | $ | (9,947) |

December 31, 2022: | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
(in thousands) | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Loss
Debt Securities Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | 605,615 |  |  | $ | (61,408) |  |  | $ | 766,612 |  |  | $ | (134,234) |  |  | $ | 1,372,227 |  |  | $ | (195,642) |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 219,532 |  |  | (26,904) |  |  | 43,282 |  |  | (12,917) |  |  | 262,814 |  |  | (39,821) |
Corporate bonds | 5,751 |  |  | (413) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,751 |  |  | (413) |
Asset backed securities | 231,703 |  |  | (4,955) |  |  | 205,329 |  |  | (10,238) |  |  | 437,032 |  |  | (15,193) |
Non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations | 123,075 |  |  | (3,421) |  |  | 203,620 |  |  | (36,480) |  |  | 326,695 |  |  | (39,901) |
Total debt securities available for sale | $ | 1,185,676 |  |  | (97,101) |  |  | $ | 1,218,843 |  |  | $ | (193,869) |  |  | $ | 2,404,519 |  |  | $ | (290,970) |
Debt Securities Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | 143,577 |  |  | $ | (11,013) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 143,577 |  |  | $ | (11,013) |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 4,530 |  |  | (47) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,530 |  |  | (47) |
Total debt securities held to maturity | $ | 148,107 |  |  | $ | (11,060) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 148,107 |  |  | $ | (11,060) |

Obligations of U.S. government agencies: The unrealized losses on investments in obligations of U.S. government agencies are caused by interest rate increases and illiquidity. The contractual cash flows of these securities are guaranteed by U.S. Government Sponsored Entities (principally Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac). It is expected that the securities would not be settled at a price less than the amortized cost of the investment. Because management believes the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and because the Company does not intend to sell and more likely than not will not be required to sell, there is no impairment on these securities and there has been no allowance for credit losses recorded. At March 31, 2023, 261 debt securities representing obligations of U.S. government agencies had unrealized losses with aggregate depreciation of 10.97% from the Company’s amortized cost basis.
Obligations of states and political subdivisions: The unrealized losses on investments in obligations of states and political subdivisions were caused by increases in required yields by investors in these types of securities. It is expected that the securities would not be settled at a price less than the amortized cost of the investment. Because management believes the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and because the Company does not intend to sell and more likely than not will not be required to sell, there is no impairment on these securities and there has been no allowance for credit losses recorded as of March 31, 2023. At March 31, 2023, 159 debt securities representing obligations of states and political subdivisions had unrealized losses with aggregate depreciation of 11.07% from the Company’s amortized cost basis.
Corporate bonds: The unrealized losses on investments in corporate bonds were caused by increases in required yields by investors in these types of securities. It is expected that the securities would not be settled at a price less than the amortized cost of the investment. Because management believes the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and because the Company does not intend to sell and more likely than not will not be required to sell, there is no impairment on these securities and there has been no allowance for credit losses recorded as of March 31, 2023. At March 31, 2023, 6 debt securities representing corporate bonds had unrealized losses with aggregate depreciation of 6.93% from the Company’s amortized cost basis.
Asset backed securities: The unrealized losses on investments in asset backed securities were caused by increases in required yields by investors for these types of securities. At the time of purchase, each of these securities was rated AA or AAA and through March 31, 2023
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has not experienced any deterioration in credit rating. At March 31, 2023, 47 asset backed securities had unrealized losses with aggregate depreciation of 2.97% from the Company’s amortized cost basis. The Company continues to monitor these securities for changes in credit rating or other indications of credit deterioration. Because management believes the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and because the Company does not intend to sell and more likely than not will not be required to sell, there is no impairment on these securities and there has been no allowance for credit losses recorded as of March 31, 2023.
Non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations: The unrealized losses on investments in asset backed securities were caused by increases in required yields by investors in these types of securities. It is expected that the securities would not be settled at a price less than the amortized cost of the investment. Because management believes the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and because the Company does not intend to sell and more likely than not will not be required to sell, there is no impairment on these securities and there has been no allowance for credit losses as of and for the year ended March 31, 2023. At March 31, 2023, 22 asset backed securities had unrealized losses with aggregate depreciation of 11.04% from the Company’s amortized cost basis.
The Company monitors credit quality of debt securities held-to-maturity through the use of credit rating. The Company monitors the credit rating on a monthly basis. The following table summarizes the amortized cost of debt securities held-to-maturity at the dates indicated, aggregated by credit quality indicator:

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(in thousands) | AAA/AA/A |  | BBB/BB/B |  | AAA/AA/A |  | BBB/BB/B
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | 148,700 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 154,830 |  |  | $ | — |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 3,367 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,153 |  |  | — |
Total debt securities held to maturity | $ | 152,067 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 160,983 |  |  | $ | — |

Note 4 – Loans
A summary of loan balances at amortized cost are as follows:

(in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Commercial real estate: |  |  |
CRE non-owner occupied | $ | 2,161,059 |  |  | $ | 2,149,725 |
CRE owner occupied | 971,210 |  |  | 984,807 |
Multifamily | 946,693 |  |  | 944,537 |
Farmland | 274,997 |  |  | 280,014 |
Total commercial real estate loans | 4,353,959 |  |  | 4,359,083 |
Consumer: |  |  |
SFR 1-4 1st DT liens | 803,407 |  |  | 790,349 |
SFR HELOCs and junior liens | 375,591 |  |  | 393,666 |
Other | 54,799 |  |  | 56,728 |
Total consumer loans | 1,233,797 |  |  | 1,240,743 |
Commercial and industrial | 553,098 |  |  | 569,921 |
Construction | 225,996 |  |  | 211,560 |
Agriculture production | 47,062 |  |  | 61,414 |
Leases | 8,509 |  |  | 7,726 |
Total loans, net of deferred loan fees and discounts | $ | 6,422,421 |  |  | $ | 6,450,447 |
Total principal balance of loans owed, net of charge-offs | $ | 6,467,936 |  |  | $ | 6,496,210 |
Unamortized net deferred loan fees | (16,423) |  |  | (15,275) |
Discounts to principal balance of loans owed, net of charge-offs | (29,092) |  |  | (30,488) |
Total loans, net of unamortized deferred loan fees and discounts | $ | 6,422,421 |  |  | $ | 6,450,447 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans | $ | (108,407) |  |  | $ | (105,680) |

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Note 5 – Allowance for Credit Losses
For the periods indicated, the following tables summarize the activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans which is recorded as a contra asset, and the reserve for unfunded commitments which is recorded on the balance sheet within other liabilities:

| Allowance for credit losses – Three months ended March 31, 2023
(in thousands) | Beginning Balance |  |  |  | Charge-offs |  | Recoveries |  | Provision (benefit) |  | Ending Balance
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE non-owner occupied | $ | 30,962 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,001 |  |  | $ | 32,963 |
CRE owner occupied | 14,014 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 545 |  |  | 14,559 |
Multifamily | 13,132 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 741 |  |  | 13,873 |
Farmland | 3,273 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 269 |  |  | 3,542 |
Total commercial real estate loans | 61,381 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,556 |  |  | 64,937 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR 1-4 1st DT liens | 11,268 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 652 |  |  | 11,920 |
SFR HELOCs and junior liens | 11,413 |  |  |  |  | (42) |  |  | 65 |  |  | (522) |  |  | 10,914 |
Other | 1,958 |  |  |  |  | (142) |  |  | 51 |  |  | 195 |  |  | 2,062 |
Total consumer loans | 24,639 |  |  |  |  | (184) |  |  | 116 |  |  | 325 |  |  | 24,896 |
Commercial and industrial | 13,597 |  |  |  |  | (1,574) |  |  | 53 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 12,069 |
Construction | 5,142 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 513 |  |  | 5,655 |
Agriculture production | 906 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (74) |  |  | 833 |
Leases | 15 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 17 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans | 105,680 |  |  |  |  | (1,758) |  |  | 170 |  |  | 4,315 |  |  | 108,407 |
Reserve for unfunded commitments | 4,315 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (120) |  |  | 4,195 |
Total | $ | 109,995 |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,758) |  |  | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | 4,195 |  |  | $ | 112,602 |

In determining the allowance for credit losses, accruing loans with similar risk characteristics are generally evaluated collectively. To estimate expected losses the Company generally utilizes historical loss trends and the remaining contractual lives of the loan portfolios to determine estimated credit losses through a reasonable and supportable forecast period. Individual loan credit quality indicators including loan grade and borrower repayment performance have been statistically correlated with historical credit losses and various econometrics, including California unemployment, gross domestic product, and corporate bond yields. Model forecasts may be adjusted for inherent limitations or biases that have been identified through independent validation and back-testing of model performance to actual realized results.
The Company utilizes a forecast period of approximately eight quarters and obtains the forecast data from publicly available sources as of the balance sheet date. This forecast data continues to evolve and included improving shifts in the magnitude of changes for both the unemployment and GDP factors leading up to the balance sheet date, particularly CA unemployment trends. As compared to historical norms, inflation remains elevated from continued disruptions in the supply chain, wage pressures, and higher living costs such as housing and food prices Despite the expected continued benefit to the net interest income of the Company from the elevated rate environment, Management notes the rapid intervals of rate increases by the Federal Reserve and flattening or inversion of the yield curve, have boosted expectations of the US entering a recession within 12 months. As a result, management continues to believe that certain credit weakness are likely present in the overall economy and that it is appropriate to cautiously maintain a reserve level that incorporates such risk factors.
Purchased loans and leases that reflect a more-than-insignificant deterioration of credit from origination are considered PCD. For PCD loans and leases, the initial estimate of expected credit losses is recognized in the ACL on the date of acquisition using the same methodology as other loans and leases held-for-investment. The following table provides a summary of loans and leases purchased as part of the VRB acquisition with credit deterioration at acquisition:

| As of March 25, 2022 |  |
(in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Commercial and Industrial |  | Construction |  | Agriculture Production |  | Total
Par value | $ | 27,237 |  |  | $ | 3,877 |  |  | $ | 2,674 |  |  | $ | 25,645 |  |  | $ | 9,080 |  |  | $ | 68,513 |
ACL at acquisition | (1,573) |  |  | (144) |  |  | (81) |  |  | (201) |  |  | (38) |  |  | (2,037) |
Non-credit discount | (2,305) |  |  | (360) |  |  | (47) |  |  | (232) |  |  | (12) |  |  | (2,956) |
Purchase price | $ | 23,359 |  |  | $ | 3,373 |  |  | $ | 2,546 |  |  | $ | 25,212 |  |  | $ | 9,030 |  |  | $ | 63,520 |

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For the periods indicated, the following tables summarize the activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans which is recorded as a contra asset, and the reserve for unfunded commitments which is recorded on the balance sheet within other liabilities:

| Allowance for credit losses – Year ended December 31, 2022
(in thousands) | Beginning Balance |  | ACL of PCD Loans |  | Charge-offs |  | Recoveries |  | Provision (benefit) |  | Ending Balance
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE non-owner occupied | $ | 25,739 |  |  | $ | 746 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 4,476 |  |  | $ | 30,962 |
CRE owner occupied | 10,691 |  |  | 63 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3,258 |  |  | 14,014 |
Multifamily | 12,395 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 737 |  |  | 13,132 |
Farmland | 2,315 |  | 764 |  |  | (294) |  |  | — |  |  | 488 |  | 3,273 |
Total commercial real estate loans | 51,140 |  |  | 1,573 |  |  | (294) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 8,959 |  |  | 61,381 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR 1-4 1st DT liens | 10,723 |  |  | 144 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | 322 |  |  | 11,268 |
SFR HELOCs and junior liens | 10,510 |  |  | — |  |  | (22) |  |  | 429 |  |  | 496 |  |  | 11,413 |
Other | 2,241 |  |  | — |  |  | (572) |  |  | 235 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 1,958 |
Total consumer loans | 23,474 |  |  | 144 |  |  | (594) |  |  | 743 |  |  | 872 |  |  | 24,639 |
Commercial and industrial | 3,862 |  |  | 81 |  |  | (697) |  |  | 1,157 |  |  | 9,194 |  |  | 13,597 |
Construction | 5,667 |  |  | 201 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (726) |  |  | 5,142 |
Agriculture production | 1,215 |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | (351) |  |  | 906 |
Leases | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | 15 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans | 85,376 |  |  | 2,037 |  |  | (1,585) |  |  | 1,907 |  |  | 17,945 |  |  | 105,680 |
Reserve for unfunded commitments | 3,790 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 525 |  |  | 4,315 |
Total | $ | 89,166 |  |  | $ | 2,037 |  |  | $ | (1,585) |  |  | $ | 1,907 |  |  | $ | 18,470 |  |  | $ | 109,995 |

| Allowance for credit losses – Three months ended March 31, 2022
(in thousands) | Beginning Balance |  | ACL of PCD Loans |  | Charge-offs |  | Recoveries |  | Provision |  | Ending Balance
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE non-owner occupied | $ | 25,739 |  |  | $ | 746 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,570 |  |  | $ | 28,055 |
CRE owner occupied | 10,691 |  |  | 63 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,317 |  |  | 12,071 |
Multifamily | 12,395 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (408) |  |  | 11,987 |
Farmland | 2,315 |  |  | 764 |  |  | (294) |  |  | — |  |  | 94 |  |  | 2,879 |
Total commercial real estate loans | 51,140 |  |  | 1,573 |  |  | (294) |  |  | — |  |  | 2,573 |  |  | 54,992 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR 1-4 1st DT liens | 10,723 |  |  | 144 |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | (238) |  |  | 10,669 |
SFR HELOCs and junior liens | 10,510 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 175 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 10,843 |
Other | 2,241 |  |  | — |  |  | (119) |  |  | 71 |  |  | (26) |  |  | 2,167 |
Total consumer loans | 23,474 |  |  | 144 |  |  | (119) |  |  | 286 |  |  | (106) |  |  | 23,679 |
Commercial and industrial | 3,862 |  |  | 81 |  |  | (330) |  |  | 887 |  |  | 4,542 |  |  | 9,042 |
Construction | 5,667 |  |  | 201 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,569 |  |  | 7,437 |
Agriculture production | 1,215 |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (371) |  |  | 883 |
Leases | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 16 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans | 85,376 |  |  | 2,037 |  |  | (743) |  |  | 1,174 |  |  | 8,205 |  |  | 96,049 |
Reserve for unfunded commitments | 3,790 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 125 |  |  | 3,915 |
Total | $ | 89,166 |  |  | $ | 2,037 |  |  | $ | (743) |  |  | $ | 1,174 |  |  | $ | 8,330 |  |  | $ | 99,964 |

As part of the on-going monitoring of the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio, management tracks certain credit quality indicators including, but not limited to, trends relating to (i) the level of criticized and classified loans, (ii) net charge-offs, (iii) non-performing loans, and (iv) delinquency within the portfolio. The Company analyzes loans individually to classify the loans as to credit risk and grading. This analysis is performed annually for all outstanding balances greater than $1 million and non-homogeneous loans, such as commercial real
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estate loans, unless other indicators, such as delinquency, trigger more frequent evaluation. Loans below the $1 million threshold and homogenous in nature are evaluated as needed for proper grading based on delinquency and borrower credit scores.
The Company utilizes a risk grading system to assign a risk grade to each of its loans. Loans are graded on a scale ranging from Pass to Loss. A description of the general characteristics of the risk grades is as follows:
•Pass – This grade represents loans ranging from acceptable to very little or no credit risk. These loans typically meet most if not all policy standards in regard to: loan amount as a percentage of collateral value, debt service coverage, profitability, leverage, and working capital.
•Special Mention – This grade represents “Other Assets Especially Mentioned” in accordance with regulatory guidelines and includes loans that display some potential weaknesses which, if left unaddressed, may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or may inadequately protect the Company’s position in the future. These loans warrant more than normal supervision and attention.
•Substandard – This grade represents “Substandard” loans in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Loans within this rating typically exhibit weaknesses that are well defined to the point that repayment is jeopardized. Loss potential is, however, not necessarily evident. The underlying collateral supporting the credit appears to have sufficient value to protect the Company from loss of principal and accrued interest, or the loan has been written down to the point where this is true. There is a definite need for a well-defined workout/rehabilitation program.
•Doubtful – This grade represents “Doubtful” loans in accordance with regulatory guidelines. An asset classified as Doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in a loan classified Substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition, or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral, and financing plans.
•Loss – This grade represents “Loss” loans in accordance with regulatory guidelines. A loan classified as Loss is considered uncollectible and of such little value that its continuance as a bankable asset is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off the loan, even though some recovery may be affected in the future. The portion of the loan that is graded loss should be charged off no later than the end of the quarter in which the loss is identified.
Based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class of loans is as follows for the period indicated:

| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year – As of March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE non-owner occupied risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 29,991 |  |  | $ | 412,225 |  |  | $ | 293,358 |  |  | $ | 152,186 |  |  | $ | 225,912 |  |  | $ | 868,576 |  |  | $ | 120,771 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,103,019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Special Mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,430 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,905 |  |  | 25,555 |  |  | 1,556 |  |  | — |  | 54,446 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  |  | 827 |  |  | 743 |  |  | 218 |  |  | 1,806 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 3,594 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 29,991 |  |  | $ | 412,225 |  |  | $ | 301,615 |  |  | $ | 152,929 |  |  | $ | 246,035 |  |  | $ | 895,937 |  |  | $ | 122,327 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,161,059 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE owner occupied risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 17,630 |  |  | $ | 201,342 |  |  | $ | 194,894 |  |  | $ | 121,856 |  |  | $ | 63,323 |  |  | $ | 291,219 |  |  | $ | 33,526 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 923,790 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | 131 |  |  | 16,818 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 724 |  |  | 7,794 |  |  | 838 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,537 |
Substandard | — |  |  | 3,153 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,217 |  |  | 1,877 |  |  | 10,479 |  |  | 157 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,883 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 17,630 |  |  | $ | 204,626 |  |  | $ | 211,712 |  |  | $ | 127,305 |  |  | $ | 65,924 |  |  | $ | 309,492 |  |  | $ | 34,521 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 971,210 |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

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| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year – As of March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  | Total
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Multifamily risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 2,849 |  |  | $ | 178,177 |  |  | $ | 289,301 |  |  | $ | 95,352 |  |  | $ | 108,051 |  |  | $ | 239,322 |  |  | $ | 33,524 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 946,576 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 117 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 117 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 2,849 |  |  | $ | 178,177 |  |  | $ | 289,301 |  |  | $ | 95,352 |  |  | $ | 108,051 |  |  | $ | 239,439 |  |  | $ | 33,524 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 946,693 |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Farmland risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 14,429 |  |  | $ | 46,353 |  |  | $ | 53,146 |  |  | $ | 16,430 |  |  | $ | 18,037 |  |  | $ | 46,924 |  |  | $ | 52,382 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 247,701 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | 3,140 |  |  | — |  |  | 304 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | 3,386 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,830 |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  |  | 775 |  |  | 371 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,837 |  |  | 3,483 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,466 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 14,429 |  |  | $ | 49,493 |  |  | $ | 53,921 |  |  | $ | 17,105 |  |  | $ | 23,037 |  |  | $ | 61,147 |  |  | $ | 55,865 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 274,997 |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR 1-4 1st DT liens risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 15,719 |  |  | $ | 193,110 |  |  | $ | 271,654 |  |  | $ | 127,830 |  |  | $ | 32,755 |  |  | $ | 141,016 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 3,506 |  |  | $ | 785,598 |
Special Mention | — |  | 1,079 |  | — |  | 3,234 |  | 280 |  | 8,662 |  | — |  | 67 |  | 13,322
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 1,189 |  | — |  | — |  | 2,667 |  | — |  | 631 |  | 4,487
Doubtful/Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Total | $ | 15,719 |  |  | $ | 194,189 |  |  | $ | 272,843 |  |  | $ | 131,064 |  |  | $ | 33,035 |  |  | $ | 152,345 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 4,204 |  |  | $ | 803,407 |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR HELOCs and Junior Liens |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 362,806 |  |  | $ | 7,858 |  |  | $ | 371,143 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 646 |  | 23 |  | 669
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 3,159 |  | 620 |  | 3,779
Doubtful/Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Total | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 366,611 |  |  | $ | 8,501 |  |  | $ | 375,591 |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 43 |

Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 4,305 |  |  | $ | 11,888 |  |  | $ | 12,044 |  |  | $ | 9,376 |  |  | $ | 9,680 |  |  | $ | 6,274 |  |  | $ | 588 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 54,155 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 423 |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 221 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 4,305 |  |  | $ | 11,888 |  |  | $ | 12,057 |  |  | $ | 9,482 |  |  | $ | 9,880 |  |  | $ | 6,561 |  |  | $ | 626 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 54,799 |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 141 |

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| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year – As of March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  | Total
Commercial and industrial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 34,754 |  |  | $ | 107,807 |  |  | $ | 64,490 |  |  | $ | 15,801 |  |  | $ | 20,277 |  |  | $ | 11,093 |  |  | $ | 273,269 |  |  | $ | 402 |  |  | $ | 527,893 |
Special Mention | 44 |  | 2,750 |  | 60 |  | 20 |  | 29 |  | 1,037 |  | 9,453 |  | — |  | 13,393 |
Substandard | — |  | 1,223 |  | 1,869 |  | 3,235 |  | 11 |  | 298 |  | 5,076 |  | 100 |  | 11,812 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 34,798 |  |  | $ | 111,780 |  |  | $ | 66,419 |  |  | $ | 19,056 |  |  | $ | 20,317 |  |  | $ | 12,428 |  |  | $ | 287,798 |  |  | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | 553,098 |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,550 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 1,574 |

Construction loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 10,823 |  |  | $ | 93,294 |  |  | $ | 67,911 |  |  | $ | 41,776 |  |  | $ | 4,904 |  |  | $ | 6,736 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 225,444 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 458 |  |  | 94 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 552 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 10,823 |  |  | $ | 93,294 |  |  | $ | 67,911 |  |  | $ | 41,776 |  |  | $ | 5,362 |  |  | $ | 6,830 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 225,996 |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Agriculture production loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agriculture production risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 3,140 |  |  | $ | 2,567 |  |  | $ | 1,003 |  |  | $ | 929 |  |  | $ | 9,755 |  |  | $ | 21,690 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39,134 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |  |  | 4,769 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,872 |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,056 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,056 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 3,140 |  |  | $ | 2,567 |  |  | $ | 1,003 |  |  | $ | 929 |  |  | $ | 9,858 |  |  | $ | 29,515 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 47,062 |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 8,509 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $8,509
Special Mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 8,509 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,509 |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Total loans outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 139,419 |  |  | $ | 1,247,336 |  |  | $ | 1,249,365 |  |  | $ | 581,610 |  |  | $ | 483,868 |  |  | $ | 1,621,034 |  |  | $ | 898,564 |  |  | $ | 11,766 |  |  | $ | 6,232,962 |  |
Special Mention | 44 |  |  | 7,100 |  |  | 24,321 |  |  | 3,854 |  |  | 26,068 |  |  | 46,737 |  |  | 17,278 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 125,492 |  |
Substandard | — |  |  | 4,376 |  |  | 4,660 |  |  | 9,608 |  |  | 2,634 |  |  | 26,385 |  |  | 14,953 |  |  | 1,351 |  |  | 63,967 |  |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Total | $ | 139,463 |  |  | $ | 1,258,812 |  |  | $ | 1,278,346 |  |  | $ | 595,072 |  |  | $ | 512,570 |  |  | $ | 1,694,156 |  |  | $ | 930,795 |  |  | $ | 13,207 |  |  | $ | 6,422,421 |  |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,550 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 1,758 |  |

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| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year – As of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  | Total
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE non-owner occupied risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 399,910 |  |  | $ | 304,636 |  |  | $ | 152,960 |  |  | $ | 221,659 |  |  | $ | 147,842 |  |  | $ | 748,994 |  |  | $ | 123,794 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,099,795 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,033 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,681 |  |  | 1,346 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,060 |
Substandard | — |  |  | 864 |  |  | 768 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,059 |  |  | 4,179 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,870
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 399,910 |  |  | $ | 305,500 |  |  | $ | 153,728 |  |  | $ | 241,692 |  |  | $ | 148,901 |  |  | $ | 774,854 |  |  | $ | 125,140 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,149,725 |

Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE owner occupied risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 210,101 |  |  | $ | 197,787 |  |  | $ | 120,929 |  |  | $ | 64,244 |  |  | $ | 49,755 |  |  | $ | 251,137 |  |  | $ | 43,343 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 937,296 |
Special Mention | 131 |  |  | 16,296 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 731 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,971 |  |  | 879 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,242 |
Substandard | 3,213 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,249 |  |  | 1,893 |  |  | 1,103 |  |  | 10,654 |  |  | 157 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,269 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 213,445 |  |  | $ | 214,083 |  |  | $ | 126,412 |  |  | $ | 66,868 |  |  | $ | 50,858 |  |  | $ | 268,762 |  |  | $ | 44,379 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 984,807 |

Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Multifamily risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 159,318 |  |  | $ | 290,170 |  |  | $ | 96,937 |  |  | $ | 108,586 |  |  | $ | 106,287 |  |  | $ | 154,125 |  |  | $ | 28,989 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 944,412 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 125 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 125 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 159,318 |  |  | $ | 290,170 |  |  | $ | 96,937 |  |  | $ | 108,586 |  |  | $ | 106,287 |  |  | $ | 154,250 |  |  | $ | 28,989 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 944,537 |

Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Farmland risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 47,067 |  |  | $ | 53,275 |  |  | $ | 16,739 |  |  | $ | 18,589 |  |  | $ | 12,386 |  |  | $ | 34,528 |  |  | $ | 53,684 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 236,268 |
Special Mention | 3,139 |  | 783 |  | 246 |  | 5,000 |  | — |  | 3,991 |  | 14,275 |  | — |  | 27,434 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 1,772 |  | 765 |  | 3,158 |  | 7,094 |  | 3,523 |  | — |  | 16,312 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 50,206 |  |  | $ | 54,058 |  |  | $ | 18,757 |  |  | $ | 24,354 |  |  | $ | 15,544 |  |  | $ | 45,613 |  |  | $ | 71,482 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 280,014 |

Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR 1-4 1st DT liens risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 194,933 |  |  | $ | 265,370 |  |  | $ | 131,922 |  |  | $ | 33,395 |  |  | $ | 28,545 |  |  | $ | 115,469 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 2,924 |  |  | $ | 772,566 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,531 |  |  | 282 |  |  | 3,277 |  |  | 5,854 |  |  | — |  |  | 465 |  |  | 11,409 |
Substandard | — |  |  | 1,204 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,004 |  |  | 3,521 |  |  | — |  |  | 645 |  |  | 6,374 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 194,933 |  |  | $ | 266,574 |  |  | $ | 133,453 |  |  | $ | 33,677 |  |  | $ | 32,826 |  |  | $ | 124,844 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 4,034 |  |  | $ | 790,349 |

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| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year – As of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  | Total
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR HELOCs and Junior Liens |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 505 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 378,939 |  |  | $ | 8,462 |  |  | $ | 388,033 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,842 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 1,923 |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,072 |  |  | 638 |  |  | 3,710 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 505 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 383,853 |  |  | $ | 9,181 |  |  | $ | 393,666 |

Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 14,070 |  |  | $ | 12,990 |  |  | $ | 10,211 |  |  | $ | 10,650 |  |  | $ | 5,225 |  |  | $ | 1,945 |  |  | $ | 899 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 55,990 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | 485 |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |  |  | 92 |  |  | — |  |  | 96 |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | 253 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 14,070 |  |  | $ | 13,008 |  |  | $ | 10,330 |  |  | $ | 10,877 |  |  | $ | 5,401 |  |  | $ | 2,073 |  |  | $ | 969 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 56,728 |

Commercial and industrial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 125,710 |  |  | $ | 64,966 |  |  | $ | 17,746 |  |  | $ | 23,131 |  |  | $ | 7,628 |  |  | $ | 5,051 |  |  | $ | 297,341 |  |  | $ | 483 |  |  | $ | 542,056 |
Special Mention | 3,032 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 768 |  |  | 11,547 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,694 |
Substandard | 1,293 |  |  | 1,142 |  |  | 5,179 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 611 |  |  | 3,798 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 12,171 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 130,035 |  |  | $ | 66,247 |  |  | $ | 22,946 |  |  | $ | 23,194 |  |  | $ | 7,799 |  |  | $ | 6,430 |  |  | $ | 312,686 |  |  | $ | 584 |  |  | $ | 569,921 |

Construction loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 72,840 |  |  | $ | 72,308 |  |  | $ | 43,409 |  |  | $ | 15,358 |  |  | $ | 2,159 |  |  | $ | 4,900 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 210,974 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 457 |  | — |  | 129 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 586 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 72,840 |  |  | $ | 72,308 |  |  | $ | 43,409 |  |  | $ | 15,815 |  |  | $ | 2,159 |  |  | $ | 5,029 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 211,560 |

Agriculture production loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agriculture production risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 3,414 |  |  | $ | 2,777 |  |  | $ | 1,149 |  |  | $ | 1,104 |  |  | $ | 8,902 |  |  | $ | 1,058 |  |  | $ | 38,425 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 56,829 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 1,632 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,753 |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,832 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,832 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 3,414 |  |  | $ | 2,777 |  |  | $ | 1,149 |  |  | $ | 1,104 |  |  | $ | 8,992 |  |  | $ | 1,089 |  |  | $ | 42,889 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 61,414 |

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| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year – As of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  | Total
Leases: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 7,726 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,726 |
Special Mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 7,726 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,726 |

Total loans outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk ratings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 1,235,594 |  |  | $ | 1,264,279 |  |  | $ | 592,002 |  |  | $ | 496,716 |  |  | $ | 368,729 |  |  | $ | 1,317,334 |  |  | $ | 965,422 |  |  | $ | 11,869 |  |  | $ | 6,251,945 |
Special Mention | 6,302 |  |  | 17,236 |  |  | 2,109 |  |  | 26,230 |  |  | 3,681 |  |  | 39,328 |  |  | 31,568 |  |  | 546 |  |  | 127,000 |
Substandard | 4,506 |  |  | 3,210 |  |  | 13,010 |  |  | 3,221 |  |  | 6,357 |  |  | 26,409 |  |  | 13,405 |  |  | 1,384 |  |  | 71,502 |
Doubtful/Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 1,246,402 |  |  | $ | 1,284,725 |  |  | $ | 607,121 |  |  | $ | 526,167 |  |  | $ | 378,767 |  |  | $ | 1,383,071 |  |  | $ | 1,010,395 |  |  | $ | 13,799 |  |  | $ | 6,450,447 |

The following table shows the ending balance of current and past due originated loans by loan category as of the date indicated:

| Analysis of Past Due Loans - As of March 31, 2023
(in thousands) | 30-59 days |  | 60-89 days |  | > 90 days |  | Total Past Due Loans |  | Current |  | Total
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE non-owner occupied | $ | 623 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 623 |  |  | $ | 2,160,436 |  |  | $ | 2,161,059 |
CRE owner occupied | 156 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 410 |  |  | 970,800 |  |  | 971,210 |
Multifamily | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 946,693 |  |  | 946,693 |
Farmland | 150 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150 |  |  | 274,847 |  |  | 274,997 |
Total commercial real estate loans | 929 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 1,183 |  |  | 4,352,776 |  |  | 4,353,959 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR 1-4 1st DT liens | 442 |  |  | 557 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 1,355 |  |  | 802,052 |  |  | 803,407 |
SFR HELOCs and junior liens | — |  |  | 1,342 |  |  | 793 |  |  | 2,135 |  |  | 373,456 |  |  | 375,591 |
Other | 49 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 306 |  |  | 54,493 |  |  | 54,799 |
Total consumer loans | 491 |  |  | 2,035 |  |  | 1,270 |  |  | 3,796 |  |  | 1,230,001 |  |  | 1,233,797 |
Commercial and industrial | 471 |  |  | 1,620 |  |  | 364 |  |  | 2,455 |  |  | 550,643 |  |  | 553,098 |
Construction | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 457 |  |  | 225,539 |  |  | 225,996 |
Agriculture production | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47,062 |  |  | 47,062 |
Leases | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,509 |  |  | 8,509 |
Total | $ | 1,891 |  |  | $ | 3,815 |  |  | $ | 2,185 |  |  | $ | 7,891 |  |  | $ | 6,414,530 |  |  | $ | 6,422,421 |

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Table of Contents

| Analysis of Past Due Loans - As of December 31, 2022
(in thousands) | 30-59 days |  | 60-89 days |  | > 90 days |  | Total Past Due Loans |  | Current |  | Total
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE non-owner occupied | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,149,725 |  |  | $ | 2,149,725 |
CRE owner occupied | — |  |  | 98 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 984,634 |  |  | 984,807 |
Multifamily | 159 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 159 |  |  | 944,378 |  |  | 944,537 |
Farmland | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 280,014 |  | 280,014
Total commercial real estate loans | 159 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 332 |  |  | 4,358,751 |  |  | 4,359,083 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR 1-4 1st DT liens | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | 279 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 790,046 |  |  | 790,349 |
SFR HELOCs and junior liens | 172 |  |  | 166 |  |  | 707 |  |  | 1,045 |  |  | 392,621 |  |  | 393,666 |
Other | 26 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 56,613 |  |  | 56,728 |
Total consumer loans | 222 |  | 200 |  | 1,041 |  | 1,463 |  | 1,239,280 |  | 1,240,743
Commercial and industrial | 2,300 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 283 |  |  | 2,773 |  |  | 567,148 |  |  | 569,921 |
Construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | 379 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 211,181 |  |  | 211,560 |
Agriculture production | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61,414 |  |  | 61,414 |
Leases | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,726 |  |  | 7,726 |
Total | $ | 2,681 |  |  | $ | 488 |  |  | $ | 1,778 |  |  | $ | 4,947 |  |  | $ | 6,445,500 |  |  | $ | 6,450,447 |

The following table shows the ending balance of non accrual loans by loan category as of the date indicated:

| Non Accrual Loans
| As of March 31, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022
(in thousands) | Non accrual with no allowance for credit losses |  | Total non accrual |  | Past due 90 days or more and still accruing |  | Non accrual with no allowance for credit losses |  | Total non accrual |  | Past due 90 days or more and still accruing
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE non-owner occupied | $ | 1,671 |  |  | $ | 1,671 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,739 |  |  | $ | 1,739 |  |  | $ | — |
CRE owner occupied | 3,848 |  |  | 3,848 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,938 |  |  | 4,938 |  |  | — |
Multifamily | 117 |  |  | 117 |  |  | — |  |  | 125 |  |  | 125 |  |  | — |
Farmland | 371 |  |  | 371 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,772 |  |  | 1,772 |  |  | — |
Total commercial real estate loans | 6,007 |  |  | 6,007 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,574 |  |  | 8,574 |  |  | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR 1-4 1st DT liens | 3,532 |  |  | 3,532 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,117 |  |  | 4,220 |  |  | — |
SFR HELOCs and junior liens | 2,790 |  |  | 3,373 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,498 |  |  | 3,155 |  |  | — |
Other | 78 |  |  | 139 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | 84 |  |  | — |
Total consumer loans | 6,400 |  |  | 7,044 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,662 |  |  | 7,459 |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | 95 |  |  | 1,372 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 1,224 |  |  | 3,518 |  |  | — |
Construction | 457 |  |  | 457 |  |  | — |  |  | 491 |  |  | 491 |  |  | — |
Agriculture production | 957 |  |  | 957 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,279 |  |  | 1,279 |  |  | — |
Leases | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sub-total | 13,916 |  | 15,837 |  | 189 |  | 18,230 |  | 21,321 |  | —
Less: Guaranteed loans | (75) |  |  | (230) |  |  | — |  |  | (105) |  |  | (225) |  |  |
Total, net | $ | 13,841 |  |  | $ | 15,607 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 18,125 |  |  | $ | 21,096 |  |  | $ | — |

Interest income on non accrual loans that would have been recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, if all such loans had been current in accordance with their original terms, totaled $0.32 million and $0.17 million, respectively. Interest income actually recognized on these originated loans during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was $17 thousand and $13 thousand, respectively.
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The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans by class of loans as of the following periods:

| As of March 31, 2023
(in thousands) | Retail |  | Office |  | Warehouse |  | Other |  | Multifamily |  | Farmland |  | SFR-1st Deed |  | SFR-2nd Deed |  | Automobile/Truck |  | A/R and Inventory |  | Equipment |  | Total
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE non-owner occupied | $ | 749 |  |  | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 827 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,671 |
CRE owner occupied | 523 |  |  | 75 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,250 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,848 |
Multifamily | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 117 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 117 |
Farmland | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 371 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 371 |
Total commercial real estate loans | 1,272 |  |  | 170 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,077 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 371 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,007 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR 1-4 1st DT liens | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,532 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,532 |
SFR HELOCs and junior liens | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,705 |  |  | 1,308 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,013 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 124 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 130 |
Total consumer loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,237 |  |  | 1,308 |  |  | 124 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 6,675 |
Commercial and industrial | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,298 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 1,372 |
Construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 379 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 457 |
Agriculture production | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 957 |  |  | 957 |
Leases | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 1,272 |  |  | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,460 |  |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 5,315 |  |  | $ | 1,308 |  |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | 1,298 |  |  | $ | 1,033 |  |  | $ | 15,468 |

| As of December 31, 2022
(in thousands) | Retail |  | Office |  | Warehouse |  | Other |  | Multifamily |  | Farmland |  | SFR -1st Deed |  | SFR -2nd Deed |  | Automobile/Truck |  | A/R and Inventory |  | Equipment |  | Total
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE non-owner occupied | $ | 777 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 864 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,739 |
CRE owner occupied | 548 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 1,103 |  |  | 3,212 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,938 |
Multifamily | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 125 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 125 |
Farmland | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,772 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,772 |
Total commercial real estate loans | 1,325 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 1,103 |  |  | 4,076 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 1,772 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,574 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR 1-4 1st DT liens | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,220 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,220 |
SFR HELOCs and junior liens | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,664 |  |  | 1,121 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,785 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 68 |
Total consumer loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,884 |  |  | 1,121 |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 7,073 |
Commercial and industrial | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,874 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,596 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 3,518 |
Construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 379 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 112 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 491 |
Agriculture production | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,279 |  |  | 1,279 |
Leases | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 1,325 |  |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | 1,103 |  |  | $ | 6,334 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 1,772 |  |  | $ | 5,996 |  |  | $ | 1,121 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 1,596 |  |  | $ | 1,329 |  |  | $ | 20,935 |

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Modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty may include interest rate reductions, principal or interest forgiveness, forbearances, term extensions, and other actions intended to minimize economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of collateral.
The following tables show the amortized cost basis of loans that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the periods presented. The percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified to borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivables is also presented below.

|  |  |  | For the three months ended March 31, 2023
(in thousands) |  |  |  | Payment Delay/Term Extension |  |  |  | Total % of Loans Outstanding
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE non-owner occupied |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | — | %
CRE owner occupied |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Multifamily |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Farmland |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Total commercial real estate loans |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR 1-4 1st DT liens |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
SFR HELOCs and junior liens |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Total consumer loans |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 0.03 |
Construction |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Agriculture production |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Leases |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 177 |  |  |  |  | 0.03 | %

The following table presents the financial effect of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the quarter ended March 31, 2023.

|  | Weighted Average Months Term Extension
Commercial and industrial |  | 12

There were no loans with payment defaults by borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 which had material modifications in rate, term or principal forgiveness during the twelve months prior to default.
Note 6 - Leases
The Company records a ROUA on the consolidated balance sheets for those leases that convey rights to control use of identified assets for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company also records a lease liability on the consolidated balance sheets for the present value of future payment commitments. All of the Company’s leases are comprised of operating leases in which the Company is lessee of real estate property for branches, ATM locations, and general administration and operations. The Company has elected not to include short-term leases (i.e. leases with initial terms of 12 month or less) within the ROUA and lease liability. Known or determinable adjustments to the required minimum future lease payments were included in the calculation of the Company’s ROUA and lease liability. Adjustments to the required minimum future lease payments that are variable and will not be determinable until a future period, such as changes in the consumer price index, are included as variable lease costs. Additionally, expected variable payments for common area maintenance, taxes and insurance were unknown and not determinable at lease commencement and therefore, were not included in the determination of the Company’s ROUA or lease liability.
The value of the ROUA and lease liability is impacted by the amount of the periodic payment required, length of the lease term, and the discount rate used to calculate the present value of the minimum lease payments. The Company’s lease agreements often include one or more options to renew at the Company’s discretion. If at lease inception, the Company considers the exercising of a renewal option to be reasonably certain, the Company will include the extended term in the calculation of the ROU asset and lease liability. Topic 842 requires the use of the rate implicit in the lease whenever this rate is readily determinable. As this rate is rarely determinable, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate at lease inception, on a collateralized basis, over a similar term. The lease liability is reduced based on the discounted present value of remaining payments as of each reporting period. The ROUA value is measured using the amount of lease liability and adjusted for prepaid or accrued lease payments, remaining lease incentives, unamortized direct costs (if any), and impairment (if any).
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The following table presents the components of lease expense for the periods ended:

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Operating lease cost | $ | 1,609 |  |  | $ | 1,319 |  |  |  |  |
Short-term lease cost | 118 |  |  | 53 |  |  |  |  |
Variable lease cost | 12 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |
Sublease income | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total lease cost | $ | 1,739 |  |  | $ | 1,374 |  |  |  |  |

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the periods ended:

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows for operating leases | $ | 1,653 |  |  | $ | 1,292 |  |  |  |  |
ROUA obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities | $ | 4,484 |  |  | $ | 3,867 |  |  |  |  |

The following table presents the weighted average operating lease term and discount rate as of the period ended:

| March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) | 8.3 |  | 8.8 |  |
Weighted-average discount rate | 3.27 | % |  | 2.90 | % |  |

At March 31, 2023, future expected operating lease payments are as follows:

(in thousands) |
Periods ending December 31, |
2023 | $ | 4,505 |
2024 | 5,798 |
2025 | 5,229 |
2026 | 4,688 |
2027 | 4,001 |
Thereafter | 13,071 |
| 37,292 |
Discount for present value of expected cash flows | (5,064) |
Lease liability at March 31, 2023 | $ | 32,228 |

Note 7 - Deposits
A summary of the balances of deposits follows:

(in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Noninterest-bearing demand | $ | 3,236,696 |  |  | $ | 3,502,095 |
Interest-bearing demand | 1,635,706 |  |  | 1,718,541 |
Savings | 2,807,796 |  |  | 2,884,378 |
Time certificates, $250,000 or more | 94,917 |  |  | 46,350 |
Other time certificates | 250,750 |  |  | 177,649 |
Total deposits | $ | 8,025,865 |  |  | $ | 8,329,013 |

Overdrawn deposit balances of $1.4 million and $1.8 million were classified as consumer loans at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
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Note 8 - Subordinated Debentures
The following table summarizes the terms and recorded balances of each debenture as of the date indicated (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  | Coupon Rate (Variable) 3 mo. LIBOR + |  | As of March 31, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022
Subordinated Debt Series |  | Maturity Date |  | Face Value |  | Current Coupon Rate |  | Recorded Book Value |  | Recorded Book Value
TriCo Cap Trust I |  | 10/7/2033 |  | $ | 20,619 |  |  | 3.05 | % |  | 7.88 | % |  | $ | 20,619 |  |  | $ | 20,619 |
TriCo Cap Trust II |  | 7/23/2034 |  | 20,619 |  |  | 2.55 | % |  | 7.36 | % |  | 20,619 |  |  | 20,619 |
North Valley Trust II |  | 4/24/2033 |  | 6,186 |  |  | 3.25 | % |  | 8.06 | % |  | 5,527 |  |  | 5,503 |
North Valley Trust III |  | 7/23/2034 |  | 5,155 |  |  | 2.80 | % |  | 7.61 | % |  | 4,404 |  |  | 4,383 |
North Valley Trust IV |  | 3/15/2036 |  | 10,310 |  |  | 1.33 | % |  | 6.19 | % |  | 7,446 |  |  | 7,393 |
VRB Subordinated - 6% |  | 3/29/2029 |  | 16,000 |  |  | Fixed |  | 6.00 | % |  | 17,140 |  |  | 17,187 |
VRB Subordinated - 5% |  | 8/27/2035 |  | 20,000 |  |  | Fixed |  | 5.00 | % |  | 25,296 |  |  | 25,336 |
|  |  |  | $ | 98,889 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 101,051 |  |  | $ | 101,040 |

The VRB - 6% Subordinated Debt issuance has a fixed rate of 6.0% through March 29, 2024, then indexed to the three-month LIBOR plus 3.5% through the maturity date. The VRB - 5% Subordinated Debt issuance is fixed at 5.0% through August 27, 2025, then indexed to the three-month LIBOR plus 4.9% through the maturity date.
Note 9 - Commitments and Contingencies
The following table presents a summary of the Bank’s commitments and contingent liabilities:

(in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Financial instruments whose amounts represent risk: |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit: |  |  |
Commercial loans | $ | 726,505 |  |  | $ | 656,705 |
Consumer loans | 751,193 |  |  | 760,588 |
Real estate mortgage loans | 473,894 |  |  | 458,896 |
Real estate construction loans | 307,152 |  |  | 312,371 |
Standby letters of credit | 24,070 |  |  | 26,599 |
Deposit account overdraft privilege | 129,147 |  |  | 126,634 |

Note 10 - Shareholders’ Equity
Dividends Paid
The Bank paid to the Company cash dividends in the aggregate amounts of $18.2 million and $7.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Bank is regulated by the FDIC and the DFPI. Absent approval from the Commissioner of the DFPI, California banking laws generally limit the Bank’s ability to pay dividends to the lesser of (1) retained earnings or (2) net income for the last three fiscal years, less cash distributions paid during such period.
Stock Repurchase Plan
On February 25, 2021 the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 2.0 million shares of the Company's common stock (the 2021 Repurchase Plan), which approximated 6.7% of the shares outstanding as of the approval date. The actual timing of any share repurchases can be determined by the Company's management and therefore the total value of the shares to be purchased under the 2021 Repurchase Plan is subject to change. The 2021 Repurchase Plan has no expiration date (in accordance with applicable laws and regulations). During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company repurchased 150,000 and zero shares with market values of $7.0 million and $0, respectively.
Stock Repurchased Under Equity Compensation Plans
The Company's shareholder-approved equity compensation plans permit employees to tender recently vested shares in lieu of cash for the payment of exercise price, if applicable, and the tax withholding on such shares. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, exercising option holders tendered zero shares, respectively, of the Company’s common stock in connection with option exercises.
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Employees also tendered 12,381 and zero shares in connection with the tax withholding requirements of other share based awards during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In total, shares of the Company's common stock tendered had market values of $0.62 million and $0 during the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The tendered shares were retired. The market value of tendered shares is the last market trade price at closing on the day an option is exercised or the other share based award vests. Stock repurchased under equity incentive plans are not included in the total of stock repurchased under the 2021 Stock Repurchase Plans.
Note 11 - Stock Options and Other Equity-Based Incentive Instruments
On April 16, 2019, the Board of Directors adopted the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (2019 Plan) which was approved by shareholders on May 21, 2019. The 2019 Plan allows for up to 1,500,000 shares to be issued in connection with equity-based incentives. The Company’s 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (2009 Plan) expired on March 26, 2019. While no new awards can be granted under the 2009 Plan, existing grants continue to be governed by the terms, conditions and procedures set forth in any applicable award agreement.
Stock option activity during the three months ended March 31, 2023 is summarized in the following table:

| Number of Shares |  |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 15,500 |  |  |  |  | $ | 21.27 |
Options granted | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Options exercised | (4,000) |  |  |  |  | 19.46 |
Options forfeited | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Outstanding at March 31, 2023 | 11,500 |  |  |  |  | $ | 21.90 |

The following table shows the number, weighted-average exercise price, intrinsic value, and weighted average remaining contractual life of options exercisable, options not yet exercisable and total options outstanding as of March 31, 2023:

| Currently Exercisable |  | Currently Not Exercisable |  | Total Outstanding
Number of options | 11,500 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,500 |
Weighted average exercise price | $ | 21.90 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21.90 |
Intrinsic value (in thousands) | $ | 226 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 226 |
Weighted average remaining contractual term (yrs.) | 1.0 |  | 0 years |  | 1.0

As of March 31, 2023 all options outstanding are fully vested and are expected to be exercised prior to expiration. The Company did not modify any option grants during 2022 or the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Activity related to restricted stock unit awards during the three months ended March 31, 2023 is summarized in the following table:

| Service Condition Vesting RSUs |  | Market Plus Service Condition Vesting RSUs
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 139,194 |  |  | 114,481 |
RSUs granted | — |  |  | — |
RSUs added through dividend and performance credits | 817 |  |  | — |
RSUs released | (22,118) |  |  | — |
RSUs forfeited/expired | — |  |  | — |
Outstanding at March 31, 2023 | 117,893 |  |  | 114,481 |

The 117,893 of service condition vesting RSUs outstanding as of March 31, 2023 include a feature whereby each RSU outstanding is credited with a dividend amount equal to any common stock cash dividend declared and paid, and the credited amount is divided by the closing price of the Company’s stock on the dividend payable date to arrive at an additional amount of RSUs outstanding under the original grant. The dividend credits follow the same vesting requirements as the RSU awards and are not considered participating securities. The 117,893 of service condition vesting RSUs outstanding as of March 31, 2023 are expected to vest, and be released, on a weighted-average basis, over the next 2.1 years. The Company expects to recognize $3.1 million of pre-tax compensation costs related to these service condition vesting RSUs between March 31, 2023 and their vesting dates. The Company did not modify any service condition vesting RSUs during 2022 or during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
The 114,481 of market plus service condition vesting RSUs outstanding as of March 31, 2023 are expected to vest, and be released, on a weighted-average basis, over the next 2.1 years. The Company expects to recognize $1.8 million of pre-tax compensation costs related to these RSUs between March 31, 2023 and their vesting dates. As of March 31, 2023, the number of market plus service condition vesting
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RSUs outstanding that will actually vest, and be released, may be reduced to zero or increased to 171,722 depending on the total return of the Company’s common stock versus the total return of an index of bank stocks from the grant date to the vesting date. The Company did not modify any market plus service condition vesting RSUs during 2022 or during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Note 12 - Non-interest Income and Expense
The following table summarizes the Company’s non-interest income for the periods indicated:

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
ATM and interchange fees | $ | 6,344 |  |  | $ | 6,243 |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 3,431 |  |  | 3,834 |  |  |  |  |
Other service fees | 1,166 |  |  | 882 |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage banking service fees | 465 |  |  | 463 |  |  |  |  |
Change in value of mortgage servicing rights | (209) |  |  | 274 |  |  |  |  |
Total service charges and fees | 11,197 |  |  | 11,696 |  |  |  |  |
Increase in cash value of life insurance | 802 |  |  | 638 |  |  |  |  |
Asset management and commission income | 934 |  |  | 887 |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of loans | 206 |  |  | 1,246 |  |  |  |  |
Lease brokerage income | 98 |  |  | 158 |  |  |  |  |
Sale of customer checks | 288 |  |  | 104 |  |  |  |  |
Loss on sale of investment securities | (164) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) on marketable equity securities | 42 |  |  | (137) |  |  |  |  |
Other | 232 |  |  | 504 |  |  |  |  |
Total other non-interest income | 2,438 |  |  | 3,400 |  |  |  |  |
Total non-interest income | $ | 13,635 |  |  | $ | 15,096 |  |  |  |  |

The components of non-interest expense were as follows:

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Base salaries, net of deferred loan origination costs | $ | 23,000 |  |  | $ | 18,216 |  |  |  |  |
Incentive compensation | 2,895 |  |  | 2,583 |  |  |  |  |
Benefits and other compensation costs | 6,668 |  |  | 5,972 |  |  |  |  |
Total salaries and benefits expense | 32,563 |  |  | 26,771 |  |  |  |  |
Occupancy | 4,160 |  |  | 3,575 |  |  |  |  |
Data processing and software | 4,032 |  |  | 3,513 |  |  |  |  |
Equipment | 1,383 |  |  | 1,333 |  |  |  |  |
Intangible amortization | 1,656 |  |  | 1,228 |  |  |  |  |
Advertising | 759 |  |  | 637 |  |  |  |  |
ATM and POS network charges | 1,709 |  |  | 1,375 |  |  |  |  |
Professional fees | 1,589 |  |  | 876 |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunications | 595 |  |  | 521 |  |  |  |  |
Regulatory assessments and insurance | 792 |  |  | 720 |  |  |  |  |
Merger and acquisition expense | — |  |  | 4,032 |  |  |  |  |
Postage | 299 |  |  | 228 |  |  |  |  |
Operational (gain) losses | 435 |  |  | (183) |  |  |  |  |
Courier service | 339 |  |  | 414 |  |  |  |  |
Gain on disposal of fixed assets | — |  |  | (1,078) |  |  |  |  |
Other miscellaneous expense | 3,483 |  |  | 2,485 |  |  |  |  |
Total other non-interest expense | 21,231 |  |  | 19,676 |  |  |  |  |
Total non-interest expense | $ | 53,794 |  |  | $ | 46,447 |  |  |  |  |

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Note 13 - Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share represent income available to common shareholders divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share reflect additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued, as well as any adjustments to income that would result from assumed issuance. Potential common shares that may be issued by the Company relate to outstanding stock options and restricted stock units (RSUs), and are determined using the treasury stock method. Earnings per share have been computed based on the following:

| Three months ended March 31,
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income | $ | 35,833 |  |  | $ | 20,374 |
Average number of common shares outstanding | 33,296 |  |  | 30,050 |
Effect of dilutive stock options and restricted stock | 142 |  |  | 152 |
Average number of common shares outstanding used to calculate diluted earnings per share | 33,438 |  |  | 30,202 |
Options excluded from diluted earnings per share because of their antidilutive effect | — |  |  | — |

Note 14 – Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, are reported as a separate component of the equity section of the balance sheet identified as accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI), such items, along with net income, are components of other comprehensive income (loss) (OCI).
The components of other comprehensive income (loss) and related tax effects are as follows:

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on available for sale securities before reclassifications | $ | 34,540 |  |  | $ | (111,302) |  |  |  |  |
Amounts reclassified out of AOCI: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized loss on debt securities | 164 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on available for sale securities after reclassifications | 34,704 |  |  | (111,302) |  |  |  |  |
Tax effect | (10,260) |  |  | 32,905 |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on available for sale securities, net of tax | 24,444 |  |  | (78,397) |  |  |  |  |
Change in unfunded status of the supplemental retirement plans before reclassifications | 114 |  |  | 63 |  |  |  |  |
Amounts reclassified out of AOCI: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service cost | — |  |  | (7) |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of actuarial losses | (114) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |
Total amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income | (114) |  |  | (5) |  |  |  |  |
Change in unfunded status of the supplemental retirement plans after reclassifications | — |  |  | 58 |  |  |  |  |
Tax effect | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Change in unfunded status of the supplemental retirement plans, net of tax | — |  |  | 58 |  |  |  |  |
Change in joint beneficiary agreement liability before reclassifications | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Tax effect | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Change in joint beneficiary agreement liability before reclassifications, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 24,444 |  |  | $ | (78,339) |  |  |  |  |

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The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, included in shareholders’ equity, are as follows:

(in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Net unrealized gain on available for sale securities | $ | (255,845) |  |  | $ | (290,549) |
Tax effect | 75,637 |  |  | 85,897 |
Unrealized holding gain on available for sale securities, net of tax | (180,208) |  |  | (204,652) |
Unfunded status of the supplemental retirement plans | 13,901 |  |  | 13,901 |
Tax effect | (4,110) |  |  | (4,110) |
Unfunded status of the supplemental retirement plans, net of tax | 9,791 |  |  | 9,791 |
Joint beneficiary agreement liability | 956 |  |  | 956 |
Tax effect | — |  |  | — |
Joint beneficiary agreement liability, net of tax | 956 |  |  | 956 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | $ | (169,461) |  |  | $ | (193,905) |

Note 15 - Fair Value Measurement
The Company utilizes fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. In estimating fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that are consistent with the market approach, income approach, and/or the cost approach. Inputs to valuation techniques include the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability including assumptions about the risk inherent in a particular valuation technique, the effect of a restriction on the sale or use of an asset and the risk of nonperformance. Marketable equity securities, debt securities available-for-sale, loans held for sale, and mortgage servicing rights are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, the Company may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis, such loans held for investment and certain other assets. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application impairment write-downs of individual assets.
The Company groups assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observable nature of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:
Level 1 - Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.
Level 2 - Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.
Level 3 - Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use at least one significant assumption not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.
Marketable equity securities and debt securities available for sale - Marketable equity securities and debt securities available for sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices, if available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions. Level 1 securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange, U.S. Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter markets and money market funds. Level 2 securities include mortgage-backed securities issued by government sponsored entities, municipal bonds and corporate debt securities. The Company had no securities classified as Level 3 during any of the periods covered in these financial statements.
Loans held for sale - Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value of loans held for sale is based on what secondary markets are currently offering for loans with similar characteristics. As such, we classify those loans subjected to recurring fair value adjustments as Level 2.
Individually evaluated loans - Loans are not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. However, from time to time, certain loans have individual risk characteristics not consistent with a pool of loans and is individually evaluated for credit reserves. Loans for which it is probable that payment of interest and principal will not be made in accordance with the original contractual terms of the loan agreement are typically individually evaluated. The fair value of these loans are estimated using one of several methods, including collateral value, fair value of similar debt, enterprise value, liquidation value and discounted cash flows. Those loans not requiring an allowance represent loans for which the fair value of the expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investments in such loans. Loans where an allowance is established based on the fair value of collateral require classification in the fair value hierarchy. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price or a current appraised value which uses substantially observable data, the Company records the loan as nonrecurring Level 2. When an appraised value is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value, or the appraised value contains a significant unobservable assumption, such as deviations from
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comparable sales, and there is no observable market price, the Company records the loan as nonrecurring Level 3.
Foreclosed assets - Foreclosed assets include assets acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure. Foreclosed assets are held for sale and are initially recorded at fair value at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. Subsequent to foreclosure, management periodically performs valuations and the assets are carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. When the fair value of foreclosed assets is based on an observable market price or a current appraised value which uses substantially observable data, the Company records the loan as nonrecurring Level 2. When an appraised value is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value, or the appraised value contains a significant unobservable assumption, such as deviations from comparable sales, and there is no observable market price, the Company records the foreclosed asset as nonrecurring Level 3. Revenue and expenses from operations and changes in the valuation allowance are included in other non-interest expense.
Mortgage servicing rights - Mortgage servicing rights are carried at fair value. A valuation model, which utilizes a discounted cash flow analysis using a discount rate and prepayment speed assumptions is used in the computation of the fair value measurement. While the prepayment speed assumption is currently quoted for comparable instruments, the discount rate assumption currently requires a significant degree of management judgment and is therefore considered an unobservable input. As such, the Company classifies mortgage servicing rights subjected to recurring fair value adjustments as Level 3.
The table below presents the recorded amount of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

Fair value at March 31, 2023 | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Marketable equity securities | $ | 2,640 |  |  | $ | 2,640 |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 1,357,435 |  |  |  |  | 1,357,435 |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 279,900 |  |  |  |  | 279,900 |  |  |
Corporate bonds | 5,738 |  |  |  |  | 5,738 |  |  |
Asset backed securities | 427,364 |  |  |  |  | 427,364 |  |  |
Non-agency mortgage backed securities | 335,375 |  |  |  |  | 335,375 |  |  |
Loans held for sale | 226 |  |  |  |  | 226 |  |  |
Mortgage servicing rights | 6,553 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,553 |
Total assets measured at fair value | $ | 2,415,231 |  |  | $ | 2,640 |  |  | $ | 2,406,038 |  |  | $ | 6,553 |

Fair value at December 31, 2022 | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Marketable equity securities | $ | 2,598 |  |  | $ | 2,598 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Debt securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies | 1,372,769 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,372,769 |  |  | — |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 293,205 |  |  | — |  |  | 293,205 |  |  | — |
Corporate bonds | 5,751 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,751 |  |  | — |
Asset backed securities | 439,767 |  |  | — |  |  | 439,767 |  |  | — |
Non-agency mortgage backed securities | 340,946 |  |  |  |  | 340,946 |  |  |
Loans held for sale | 1,846 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,846 |  |  | — |
Mortgage servicing rights | 6,712 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,712 |
Total assets measured at fair value | $ | 2,463,594 |  |  | $ | 2,598 |  |  | $ | 2,454,284 |  |  | $ | 6,712 |

Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recognized on the actual date of the event or circumstances that caused the transfer, which generally corresponds with the Company’s quarterly valuation process. There were no transfers between any levels during the three months ended March 31, 2023 or the year ended December 31, 2022.
The following table provides a reconciliation of assets and liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) on a recurring basis during the time periods indicated. Had there been any transfer into or out of Level 3 during the time periods indicated, the amount included in the “Transfers into (out of) Level 3” column would represent the beginning balance of an item in the period (interim quarter) during which it was transferred (in thousands):

Three months ended March 31, | Beginning Balance |  | Transfers into (out of) Level 3 |  | Change Included in Earnings |  | Issuances |  | Ending Balance
2023: Mortgage servicing rights | $ | 6,712 |  |  |  |  | $ | (209) |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 6,553 |
2022: Mortgage servicing rights | $ | 5,874 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 6,405 |

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Three months ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The key unobservable inputs used in determining the fair value of mortgage servicing rights are mortgage prepayment speeds and the discount rate used to discount cash projected cash flows. Generally, any significant increases in the mortgage prepayment speed and discount rate utilized in the fair value measurement of the mortgage servicing rights will result in a negative fair value adjustments (and decrease in the fair value measurement). Conversely, a decrease in the mortgage prepayment speed and discount rate will result in a positive fair value adjustment (and increase in the fair value measurement).
The following table presents quantitative information about recurring Level 3 fair value measurements at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

As of March 31, 2023: | Fair Value (in thousands) |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Inputs |  | Range, Weighted Average
Mortgage Servicing Rights | $ | 6,553 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Constant prepayment rate |  | 121% - 216%; 130.0%
|  |  |  |  | Discount rate |  | 10% - 14%; 12%
As of December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage Servicing Rights | $ | 6,712 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Constant prepayment rate |  | 116% - 226.0%; 127.0%
|  |  |  |  | Discount rate |  | 10% - 14%; 12%

The tables below present the recorded investment in assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, as of the dates indicated, that had a write-down or an additional allowance provided during the periods indicated (in thousands):

March 31, 2023 | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated loans | $ | 1,223 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 1,223 |

December 31, 2022 | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated loans | $ | 5,719 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 5,719 |
Foreclosed assets | 311 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 311 |
Total assets measured at fair value | $ | 6,030 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 6,030 |

The tables below present the losses resulting from non-recurring fair value adjustments of assets and liabilities for the periods indicated (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Individually evaluated loans | $ | (277) |  |  | $ | (615) |
Foreclosed assets | — |  |  | (294) |
Total losses from non-recurring measurements | $ | (277) |  |  | $ | (909) |

The individually evaluated loan amounts above represent collateral dependent loans that have been adjusted to fair value. When the Company identifies a collateral dependent loan with unique risk characteristics, the Company evaluates the need for an allowance using the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs. Depending on the characteristics of a loan, the fair value of collateral is generally estimated by obtaining external appraisals. If the Company determines that the value of the loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan, the Company recognizes this impairment and adjust the carrying value of the loan to fair value through the allowance for credit losses. The loss represents charge-offs or impairments on collateral dependent loans for fair value adjustments based on the fair value of collateral. The carrying value of loans fully charged-off is zero.
The foreclosed assets amount above represents impaired real estate that has been adjusted to fair value. Foreclosed assets represent real estate which the Company has taken control of in partial or full satisfaction of loans. At the time of foreclosure, other real estate owned is recorded at fair value less costs to sell, which becomes the property’s new basis. Any write-downs based on the asset’s fair value at the date of acquisition are charged to the allowance for credit losses. After foreclosure, management periodically performs valuations such that the real estate is carried at the lower of its new cost basis or fair value, net of estimated costs to sell. Fair value adjustments on other real estate owned are recognized within net loss on real estate owned. The loss represents impairments on real estate owned for fair value adjustments based on the fair value of the real estate.
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The Company’s property appraisals are primarily based on the sales comparison approach and income approach methodologies, which consider recent sales of comparable properties, including their income generating characteristics, and then make adjustments to reflect the general assumptions that a market participant would make when analyzing the property for purchase. These adjustments may increase or decrease an appraised value and can vary significantly depending on the location, physical characteristics and income producing potential of each property. Additionally, the quality and volume of market information available at the time of the appraisal can vary from period to period and cause significant changes to the nature and magnitude of comparable sale adjustments. Given these variations, comparable sale adjustments are generally not a reliable indicator for how fair value will increase or decrease from period to period. Under certain circumstances, management discounts are applied based on specific characteristics of an individual property.
The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at March 31, 2023:

March 31, 2023 | Fair Value (in thousands) |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Inputs |  | Range, Weighted Average
Individually evaluated loans | $ | 1,223 |  |  | Sales comparison approach Income approach |  | Adjustment for differences between comparable sales; Capitalization rate |  | Not meaningful N/A

The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2022:

December 31, 2022 | Fair Value (in thousands) |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Inputs |  | Range, Weighted Average
Individually evaluated loans | $ | 5,719 |  |  | Sales comparison approach Income approach |  | Adjustment for differences between comparable sales; Capitalization rate |  | Not meaningful N/A
Foreclosed assets (Residential real estate) | $ | 311 |  |  | Sales comparison approach |  | Adjustment for differences between comparable sales |  | Not meaningful N/A

Fair values for financial instruments are management’s estimates of the values at which the instruments could be exchanged in a transaction between willing parties. The Company uses the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments. These estimates are subjective and may vary significantly from amounts that would be realized in actual transactions. In addition, other significant assets are not considered financial assets including, any mortgage banking operations, deferred tax assets, and premises and equipment. Further, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on the fair value estimates and have not been considered in any of these estimates.

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(in thousands) | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Level 1 inputs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 77,933 |  |  | $ | 77,933 |  |  | $ | 96,323 |  |  | $ | 96,323 |
Cash at Federal Reserve and other banks | 32,402 |  |  | 32,402 |  |  | 10,907 |  |  | 10,907 |
Level 2 inputs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities held to maturity | 152,067 |  |  | 142,135 |  |  | 160,983 |  |  | 149,938 |
Restricted equity securities | 17,250 |  |  | N/A |  | 17,250 |  |  | N/A
Level 3 inputs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, net | 6,314,014 |  |  | 6,073,450 |  |  | 6,344,767 |  |  | 6,153,155 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Level 2 inputs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 8,025,865 |  |  | 8,018,642 |  |  | 8,329,013 |  |  | 8,321,517 |
Other borrowings | 434,140 |  |  | 434,140 |  |  | 264,605 |  |  | 264,605 |
Level 3 inputs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Junior subordinated debt | 101,051 |  |  | 94,442 |  |  | 101,040 |  |  | 92,613 |

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(in thousands) | Contract Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Contract Amount |  | Fair Value
Off-balance sheet: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Level 3 inputs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commitments | $ | 2,258,744 |  |  | $ | 22,587 |  |  | $ | 2,188,560 |  |  | $ | 21,886 |
Standby letters of credit | 24,070 |  |  | 241 |  |  | 26,599 |  |  | 266 |
Overdraft privilege commitments | 129,147 |  |  | 1,291 |  |  | 126,634 |  |  | 1,266 |

Note 16 - Regulatory Matters
The Company is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Company’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.
Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total, Tier 1, and common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and of Tier 1 capital to average assets. The following tables present actual and required capital ratios as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 for the Company and the Bank under applicable Basel III Capital Rules. The minimum capital amounts presented include the minimum required capital levels as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 based on the then phased-in provisions of the Basel III Capital Rules. Capital levels required to be considered well capitalized are based upon prompt corrective action regulations, as amended to reflect the changes under the Basel III Capital Rules.

| Actual |  | Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | Required to be Considered Well Capitalized
As of March 31, 2023: | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
| (dollars in thousands)
Total Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 1,134,613 |  |  | 14.50 | % |  | $ | 821,668 |  |  | 10.50 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tri Counties Bank | $ | 1,127,852 |  |  | 14.42 | % |  | $ | 821,470 |  |  | 10.50 | % |  | $ | 782,352 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 994,155 |  |  | 12.70 | % |  | $ | 665,160 |  |  | 8.50 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tri Counties Bank | $ | 1,029,875 |  |  | 13.16 | % |  | $ | 665,000 |  |  | 8.50 | % |  | $ | 625,882 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Common equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 937,300 |  |  | 11.98 | % |  | $ | 547,779 |  |  | 7.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tri Counties Bank | $ | 1,029,875 |  |  | 13.16 | % |  | $ | 547,647 |  |  | 7.00 | % |  | $ | 508,529 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 994,155 |  |  | 10.20 | % |  | $ | 393,017 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tri Counties Bank | $ | 1,029,875 |  |  | 10.57 | % |  | $ | 392,873 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 491,091 |  |  | 5.00 | %

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| Actual |  |  |  | Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | Required to be Considered Well Capitalized
As of December 31, 2022: | Amount |  | Ratio |  |  |  |  |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
| (dollars in thousands)
Total Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 1,115,257 |  |  | 14.19 | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 825,234 |  |  | 10.50 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tri Counties Bank | $ | 1,107,941 |  |  | 14.10 | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 825,039 |  |  | 10.50 | % |  | $ | 785,751 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 974,325 |  |  | 12.40 | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 668,047 |  |  | 8.50 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tri Counties Bank | $ | 1,009,577 |  |  | 12.85 | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 667,888 |  |  | 8.50 | % |  | $ | 628,601 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Common equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 917,565 |  |  | 11.67 | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 550,156 |  |  | 7.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tri Counties Bank | $ | 1,009,577 |  |  | 12.85 | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 550,026 |  |  | 7.00 | % |  | $ | 510,738 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 974,325 |  |  | 10.14 | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 384,337 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tri Counties Bank | $ | 1,009,577 |  |  | 10.51 | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 384,146 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 480,183 |  |  | 5.00 | %

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, capital levels at the Company and the Bank exceed all capital adequacy requirements under the Basel III Capital Rules. Also, at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Bank’s capital levels exceeded the minimum amounts necessary to be considered well capitalized under the current regulatory framework for prompt corrective action.
The Basel III Capital Rules require for all banking organizations to maintain a capital conservation buffer above the minimum risk-based capital requirements in order to avoid certain limitations on capital distributions, stock repurchases and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. The capital conservation buffer is exclusively composed of common equity tier 1 capital, and it applies to each of the risk-based capital ratios but not the leverage ratio. At March 31, 2023, the Company and the Bank are in compliance with the capital conservation buffer requirement.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Cautionary Statements Regarding Forward-Looking Information
The statements contained herein that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements based on management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on the Company. Such statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict and are generally beyond our control. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be the same as those anticipated by management. We caution readers that a number of important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied or projected by, such forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the following: the strength of the United States economy in general and the strength of the local economies in which we conduct operations; the effects of, and changes in, trade, monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including interest rate policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; inflation, interest rate, market and monetary fluctuations impacts on the Company's business condition and financial operating results; the impact of changes in financial services industry policies, laws and regulations; regulatory restrictions on our ability to successfully market and price our products to consumers; technological changes; weather, natural disasters and other catastrophic events that may or may not be caused by climate change and their effects on economic and business environments in which the Company operates; the continuing adverse impact on the U.S. economy, including the markets in which we operate due to the lingering effects of the COVID-19 global pandemic; the impact of a slowing U.S. economy and potentially increased unemployment on the performance of our loan portfolio, the market value of our investment securities, the availability of, and cost of, sources of funding and the demand for our products; adverse developments with respect to U.S. or global economic conditions and other uncertainties, including the impact of supply chain disruptions, commodities prices, inflationary pressures and labor shortages on the economic recovery and our business; the impacts of international hostilities, terrorism or geopolitical events; the quality and quantity of our deposits; adverse developments in the financial services industry generally such as the recent bank failures and any related impact on depositor behavior or investor sentiment; risks related to the sufficiency of liquidity; the possibility that our recorded goodwill could become impaired, which may have an adverse impact on our earnings and capital; the costs or effects of mergers, acquisitions or dispositions we may make, as well as whether we are able to obtain any required governmental approvals in connection with any such mergers, acquisitions or dispositions, or identify and complete favorable transactions in the future, and/or realize the contemplated financial business benefits associated with any such activities; the regulatory and financial impacts associated with exceeding $10 billion in total assets; the negative impact on our reputation and profitability in the event customers experience economic harm or in the event that regulatory violations are identified; the ability to execute our business plan in new lending markets; the future operating or financial performance of the Company, including our outlook for future growth and changes in the level and direction of our nonperforming assets and charge-offs; the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses, including the timing and effects of the implementation of the current expected credit losses model; any deterioration in values of California real estate, both residential and commercial; the effectiveness of the Company's asset management activities in improving, resolving or liquidating lower-quality assets; the effect of changes in the financial performance and/or condition of our borrowers; changes in accounting standards and practices; possible other-than-temporary impairment of securities held by us due to changes in credit quality or rates; changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits; our ability to attract and maintain deposits and other sources of liquidity; the effects of changes in the level or cost of checking or savings account deposits on our funding costs and net interest margin; our noninterest expense and the efficiency ratio; competition and innovation with respect to financial products and services by banks, financial institutions and non-traditional providers including retail businesses and technology companies; the challenges of attracting, integrating and retaining key employees; the costs and effects of litigation and of unexpected or adverse outcomes in such litigation; the vulnerability of the Company's operational or security systems or infrastructure, the systems of third-party vendors or other service providers with whom the Company contracts, and the Company's customers to unauthorized access, computer viruses, phishing schemes, spam attacks, human error, natural disasters, power loss and data/security breaches and the cost to defend against and respond to such incidents; increased data security risks due to work from home arrangements and email vulnerability; failure to safeguard personal information; changes to U.S. tax policies, including our effective income tax rate; the effect of a fall in stock market prices on our brokerage and wealth management businesses; the transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate toward new interest rate benchmarks; and our ability to manage the risks involved in the foregoing. Additional factors that could cause results to differ materially from those described above can be found in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and all subsequent filings with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, and 15(d) of the Securities Act of 1934, as amended. Such filings are also available in the “Investor Relations” section of our website, https://www.tcbk.com/investor-relations and in other documents we file with the SEC. Annualized, pro forma, projections and estimates are not forecasts and may not reflect actual results. We undertake no obligation (and expressly disclaim any such obligation) to update or alter our forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law.
General
As TriCo Bancshares (referred to in this report as “we”, “our” or the “Company”) has not commenced any business operations independent of Tri Counties Bank (the “Bank”), the following discussion pertains primarily to the Bank. Average balances, including such balances used in calculating certain financial ratios, are generally comprised of average daily balances for the Company. Within Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, interest income, net interest income, and net interest yield are generally presented on a FTE basis. The Company believes the use of these non-generally accepted accounting principles (non-GAAP) measures provides additional clarity in assessing its results, and the presentation of these measures on a FTE basis is a common practice within the banking industry. Interest income and net interest income are shown on a non-FTE basis in the Part I - Financial Information section of this Form 10-Q, and a reconciliation of the FTE and non-FTE presentations is provided below in the discussion of net interest income.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The Company’s discussion and analysis of its financial condition and results of operations are based upon the Company’s consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of
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America. The preparation of these financial statements requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including those that materially affect the financial statements and are related to the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses, investments, mortgage servicing rights, fair value measurements, retirement plans and intangible assets. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. A detailed discussion related to the Company’s accounting policies including those related to estimates on the allowance for credit losses related to loans and investment securities, and impairment of intangible assets, can be found in Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Geographical Descriptions
For the purpose of describing the geographical location of the Company’s operations, the Company has defined northern California as that area of California north of, and including, Stockton to the east and San Jose to the west; central California as that area of the state south of Stockton and San Jose, to and including, Bakersfield to the east and San Luis Obispo to the west; and southern California as that area of the state south of Bakersfield and San Luis Obispo.
Financial Highlights
Performance highlights and other developments for the Company as of or for the three months ended March 31, 2023 included the following:
•For the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company’s return on average assets was 1.47%, while the return on average equity was 13.36%.
•Net income was $35.8 million compared to $36.3 million in the trailing quarter, and compared to $20.4 million in the same quarter of the prior year; Pre-tax pre-provision net revenue was $53.2 million compared to $55.3 million in the trailing quarter, and compared to $36.6 million in the same quarter of the prior year.
•Deposit balances for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, decreased by $303.1 million as compared to December 31, 2022. The deposit contraction during the quarter resulted in the loan to deposit ratio increasing to 80.0% as of March 31, 2023, as compared to 77.4% as of the trailing quarter. The Bank did not utilize brokered deposits or FRB borrowing facilities during the 2022 or 2023 periods.
•The efficiency ratio was 50.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to 51.8% for the trailing quarter.
•The provision for credit losses for loans and debt securities was approximately $4.2 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, as compared to a provision for credit losses of $4.2 million during the trailing quarter ended December 31, 2022, and a provision for credit losses of $8.3 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2022.
•The allowance for credit losses to total loans was 1.69% as of March 31, 2023, compared to 1.64% as of the trailing quarter end, and 1.64% as of March 31, 2022. Non-performing assets to total assets were 0.20% at March 31, 2023, as compared to 0.25% as of December 31, 2022, and 0.17% at March 31, 2022.
•Average yields on earning assets were 4.64%, an increase of 12 basis points over the 4.52% in the trailing quarter and an increase of 118 basis points over March 31, 2022; net interest margin was 4.21%, a change of 13 basis points from 4.34% in the trailing quarter and a change of 82 basis points from 3.39% as of quarter ended March 31, 2022.
•Balance sheet flexibility anchored in readily accessible sources of liquidity including undrawn borrowing capacities, on-balance sheet cash and unpledged investment securities totaling in excess of $4.4 billion
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TRICO BANCSHARES
Financial Summary
(In thousands, except per share amounts; unaudited)

|  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net interest income |  |  |  |  | $ | 93,336 |  |  | $ | 67,924 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  |  |  | (4,195) |  |  | (8,330) |
Non-interest income |  |  |  |  | 13,635 |  |  | 15,096 |
Non-interest expense |  |  |  |  | (53,794) |  |  | (46,447) |
Provision for income taxes |  |  |  |  | (13,149) |  |  | (7,869) |
Net income |  |  |  |  | $ | 35,833 |  |  | $ | 20,374 |
Per Share Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.08 |  |  | $ | 0.68 |
Diluted earnings per share |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.07 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |
Dividends paid |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  | $ | 0.25 |
Book value at period end |  |  |  |  | $ | 32.84 |  |  | $ | 32.78 |
Average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  | 33,296 |  |  | 30,050 |
Average diluted common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  | 33,438 |  |  | 30,202 |
Shares outstanding at period end |  |  |  |  | 33,195 |  |  | 33,838 |
At period end: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,422,421 |  |  | $ | 5,851,975 |
Total investment securities |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,577,769 |  |  | $ | 2,569,706 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,842,394 |  |  | $ | 10,118,328 |
Total deposits |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,025,865 |  |  | $ | 8,714,477 |
Other borrowings |  |  |  |  | $ | 434,140 |  |  | $ | 36,184 |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,090,245 |  |  | $ | 1,109,182 |
Financial Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
During the period: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average assets (annualized) |  |  |  |  | 1.47 | % |  | 0.94 | %
Return on average equity (annualized) |  |  |  |  | 13.36 | % |  | 8.19 | %
Net interest margin(1) (annualized) |  |  |  |  | 4.21 | % |  | 3.39 | %
Efficiency ratio |  |  |  |  | 50.29 | % |  | 55.95 | %
Average equity to average assets |  |  |  |  | 11.00 | % |  | 11.50 | %
At end of period: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity to assets |  |  |  |  | 11.08 | % |  | 10.96 | %
Total capital to risk-adjusted assets |  |  |  |  | 14.50 | % |  | 14.96 | %

(1) Fully Taxable Equivalent (FTE)
The Company announced net income of $35.8 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, compared to $36.3 million during the trailing quarter ended December 31, 2022, and $20.4 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2022. Diluted earnings per share were $1.07 for the first quarter of 2023, compared to $1.09 for the fourth quarter of 2022 and $0.67 during the first quarter of 2022..
Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis is designed to provide a better understanding of the significant changes and trends related to the Company and the Bank’s financial condition, operating results, asset and liability management, liquidity and capital resources and should be read in conjunction with the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and the Notes thereto located at Item 1 of this report.
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Net Interest Income
The Company’s primary source of revenue is net interest income, or the difference between interest income on interest-earning assets and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities. Following is a summary of the components of FTE net income for the periods indicated

| Three months ended |  |  |  |
(in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022 |  | Change |  | % Change
Interest income | $ | 102,907 |  |  | $ | 69,195 |  |  | $ | 33,712 |  |  | 48.7 | %
Interest expense | (9,571) |  |  | (1,271) |  |  | (8,300) |  |  | 653.0 | %
Fully tax-equivalent adjustment (FTE) (1) | 392 |  |  | 283 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 38.5 | %
Net interest income (FTE) | $ | 93,728 |  |  | $ | 68,207 |  |  | $ | 25,521 |  |  | 37.4 | %
Net interest margin (FTE) | 4.21 | % |  | 3.39 | % |  |  |  |
Acquired loans discount accretion, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount (included in interest income) | $ | 1,397 |  |  | $ | 1,323 |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | 5.6 | %
Net interest margin less effect of acquired loan discount accretion(1) | 4.15 | % |  | 3.32 | % |  | 0.83 | % |  |
PPP loans yield, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount (included in interest income) | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 1,097 |  |  | $ | (1,092) |  |  | (99.5) | %
Net interest margin less effect of PPP loan yield (1) | 4.21 | % |  | 3.36 | % |  | 0.85 | % |  |
Acquired loans discount accretion and PPP loan yield, net: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount (included in interest income) | $ | 1,402 |  |  | $ | 2,420 |  |  | $ | (1,018) |  |  | (42.1) | %
Net interest margin less effect of acquired loan discount accretion and PPP loan yield (1) | 4.15 | % |  | 3.29 | % |  | 0.86 | % |  |

(1)Certain information included herein is presented on a FTE basis and/or to present additional financial details which may be desired by users of this financial information. The Company believes the use of this non-generally accepted accounting principles (non-GAAP) measure provides additional clarity in assessing its results, and the presentation of these measures is a common practice within the banking industry.

Loans may be acquired at a premium or discount to par value, in which case, the premium is amortized (subtracted from) or the discount is accreted (added to) interest income over the remaining life of the loan. Generally, as time goes on, the dollar impact of loan discount accretion and loan premium amortization decrease as the purchased loans mature or pay off early. Upon the early pay off of a loan, any remaining unaccreted discount or unamortized premium is immediately taken into interest income; and as loan payoffs may vary significantly from quarter to quarter, so may the impact of discount accretion and premium amortization on interest income. The prepayment speed of portfolio loans, inclusive of those acquired at a premium or discount, is heavily influenced by the rate of change in interest rates. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2022, purchased loan discount accretion was $1.4 million, $1.8 million, and $1.3 million, respectively.
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Summary of Average Balances, Yields/Rates and Interest Differential
The following table presents, for the three month periods indicated, information regarding the Company’s consolidated average assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity, the amounts of interest income from average interest-earning assets and resulting yields, and the amount of interest expense paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Average loan balances include nonperforming loans. Interest income includes proceeds from loans on nonaccrual loans only to the extent cash payments have been received and applied to interest income. Yields on securities and certain loans have been adjusted upward to reflect the effect of income thereon exempt from federal income taxation at the current statutory tax rate (dollars in thousands).

| For the three months ended
| March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022
| Average Balance |  | Interest Income/ Expense |  | Rates Earned /Paid |  | Average Balance |  | Interest Income/ Expense |  | Rates Earned /Paid
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, excluding PPP | $ | 6,412,386 |  |  | $ | 82,410 |  |  | 5.21 | % |  | $ | 4,937,865 |  |  | $ | 56,648 |  |  | 4.65 | %
PPP loans | 1,572 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1.29 | % |  | 50,695 |  |  | 1,097 |  |  | 8.78 | %
Investment securities - taxable | 2,398,235 |  |  | 18,916 |  |  | 3.20 | % |  | 2,313,204 |  |  | 10,223 |  |  | 1.79 | %
Investment securities - nontaxable(1) | 189,050 |  |  | 1,699 |  |  | 3.64 | % |  | 143,873 |  |  | 1,225 |  |  | 3.45 | %
Total investments | 2,587,285 |  |  | 20,615 |  |  | 3.23 | % |  | 2,457,077 |  |  | 11,448 |  |  | 1.89 | %
Cash at Federal Reserve and other banks | 26,818 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 4.07 | % |  | 707,563 |  |  | 285 |  |  | 0.16 | %
Total interest-earning assets | 9,028,061 |  |  | 103,299 |  |  | 4.64 | % |  | 8,153,200 |  |  | 69,478 |  |  | 3.46 | %
Other assets | 850,866 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 625,056 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 9,878,927 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,778,256 |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits | $ | 1,673,114 |  |  | $ | 387 |  |  | 0.09 | % |  | $ | 1,597,309 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | 0.02 | %
Savings deposits | 2,898,463 |  |  | 4,154 |  |  | 0.58 | % |  | 2,571,023 |  |  | 327 |  |  | 0.05 | %
Time deposits | 274,805 |  |  | 604 |  |  | 0.89 | % |  | 301,499 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 0.36 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits | 4,846,382 |  |  | 5,145 |  |  | 0.43 | % |  | 4,469,831 |  |  | 679 |  |  | 0.06 | %
Other borrowings | 277,632 |  |  | 2,809 |  |  | 4.10 | % |  | 44,731 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 0.05 | %
Junior subordinated debt | 101,044 |  |  | 1,617 |  |  | 6.49 | % |  | 60,971 |  |  | 587 |  |  | 3.90 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 5,225,058 |  |  | 9,571 |  |  | 0.74 | % |  | 4,575,533 |  |  | 1,271 |  |  | 0.11 | %
Noninterest-bearing deposits | 3,372,194 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,052,099 |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities | 194,202 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 141,400 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity | 1,087,473 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,009,224 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 9,878,927 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,778,256 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest spread(2) |  |  |  |  | 3.90 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.35 | %
Net interest income and interest margin(3) |  |  | $ | 93,728 |  |  | 4.21 | % |  |  |  | $ | 68,207 |  |  | 3.39 | %

(1)Fully taxable equivalent (FTE). All yields and rates are calculated using specific day counts for the period and year as applicable.
(2)Net interest spread represents the average yield earned on interest-earning assets minus the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities.
(3)Net interest margin is computed by calculating the difference between interest income and interest expense, divided by the average balance of i nterest-earning assets, then annualized based on the number of days in the given period.
Net interest income (FTE) during the three months ended March 31, 2023, decreased $5.6 million or 5.6% to $93.7 million compared to $99.3 million during the three months ended December 31, 2022. In addition, net interest margin declined 13 basis points to 4.21%, compared to the trailing quarter. The decrease in net interest income is primarily attributed to an additional $3.0 million in deposit interest expense and $2.4 million in additional interest expense on other borrowings, both due to increases in interest rates as compared to the trailing quarter, respectively. Total interest income was effectively unchanged as compared to the trailing quarter, down $0.1 million or 0.1%.
As compared to the same quarter in the prior year, average loan yields, excluding PPP, increased 56 basis points from 4.65% during the three months ended March 31, 2022, to 5.21% during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The accretion of discounts from acquired loans added 9 and 7 basis points to loan yields during the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively. The rates paid on interest bearing deposits increased by 25 basis points during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, compared to the trailing quarter. The cost of interest-bearing deposits increased by 37 basis points between the quarter ended March 31, 2023, and the same quarter of the prior year. In addition, the level of noninterest-bearing deposits decreased by $290.3 million quarter over quarter but remains $320.1 million above quarter ended March 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, the ratio of average total noninterest-bearing deposits to total average deposits was 41.0%, as compared to 42.9% and 40.6% at December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022, respectively.

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Summary of Changes in Interest Income and Expense due to Changes in Average Asset and Liability Balances and Yields Earned and Rates Paid
The following table sets forth, for the period identified, a summary of the changes in interest income and interest expense from changes in average asset and liability balances (volume) and changes in average interest rates for the periods indicated. Changes not solely attributable to volume or rates have been allocated in proportion to the respective volume and rate components.

| Three months ended March 31, 2023 compared with three months ended March 31, 2022
(in thousands) | Volume |  | Rate |  | Total
Increase (decrease) in interest income: |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including PPP | $ | 16,063 |  |  | $ | 8,607 |  |  | $ | 24,670 |
Investment securities | 771 |  |  | 8,396 |  |  | 9,167 |
Cash at Federal Reserve and other banks | (272) |  |  | 256 |  |  | (16) |
Total interest-earning assets | 16,562 |  |  | 17,259 |  |  | 33,821 |
Increase (decrease) in interest expense: |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits | 4 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 303 |
Savings deposits | 41 |  |  | 3,786 |  |  | 3,827 |
Time deposits | (24) |  |  | 360 |  |  | 336 |
Other borrowings | 29 |  |  | 2,775 |  |  | 2,804 |
Junior subordinated debt | 391 |  |  | 639 |  |  | 1,030 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 441 |  |  | 7,859 |  |  | 8,300 |
Increase (decrease) in net interest income | $ | 16,121 |  |  | $ | 9,400 |  |  | $ | 25,521 |

The following commentary regarding net interest income, interest income and interest expense may be best understood while referencing the Summary of Average Balances, Yields/Rates and Interest Differential and the Summary of Changes in Interest Income and Expense due to Changes in Average Asset and Liability Balances and Yields Earned and Rates Paid shown above.
Net interest income (FTE) during the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased $25.5 million to $93.7 million compared to $68.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022. The overall increase in net interest income (FTE) was due to increases in both average investment and loan balances, which resulted in improvements totaling $0.8 million and $16.1 million, respectively, and higher yields further improving those earnings by $8.4 million and $8.6 million, respectively. Increasing interest rates boosted interest expenses on on interest-bearing liabilities, most significantly deposits and other borrowings, resulting in a net increase of $3.8 million and $2.8 million, respectively.
Asset Quality and Credit Loss Provisioning
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $4.2 million, as compared to $4.2 million during the trailing quarter, and $8.3 million during the first quarter of 2022.
The following table presents details of the provision for credit losses for the periods indicated:

| Three months ended
(dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Addition to (reversal of) allowance for credit losses | $ | 4,315 |  |  | $ | 4,300 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,205 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Addition to (reversal of) reserve for unfunded loan commitments | (120) |  |  | (55) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total provision for (reversal of) credit losses | $ | 4,195 |  |  | $ | 4,245 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,330 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The allowance for credit losses (ACL) was $108.4 million as of March 31, 2023, a net increase of $2.7 million over the immediately preceding quarter. The addition to the allowance for credit losses of $4.3 million during the quarter was the net effect of changes in required reserves due to qualitative factors, individually analyzed credits and quantitative reserves under the cohort model. On a comparative basis, the provision for credit losses of $8.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022 was largely the result of day 1 required reserves from loans acquired in connection with the Valley Republic Bank merger in the same period. For the current quarter, the qualitative components of the ACL resulted in a net increase in required reserves totaling approximately $4.7 million due to increased uncertainty in US economic policy, and the ramifications on local and statewide unemployment rates. Meanwhile, the quantitative component of the ACL decreased reserve requirements by approximately $1.9 million over the trailing quarter due to a decline in needed specific reserves on loans.
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The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans for the periods indicated:

| Three months ended |  |
(dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 105,680 |  |  | $ | 85,376 |  |  |  |  |
ACL at acquisition for PCD loans | — |  |  | 2,037 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses | 4,315 |  |  | 8,205 |  |  |  |  |
Loans charged-off | (1,758) |  |  | (743) |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries of previously charged-off loans | 170 |  |  | 1,174 |  |  |  |  |
Balance, end of period | $ | 108,407 |  |  | $ | 96,049 |  |  |  |  |

The Company utilizes a forecast period of approximately eight quarters and obtains the forecast data from publicly available sources as of the balance sheet date. This forecast data continues to evolve and included improving shifts in the magnitude of changes for both the unemployment and GDP factors leading up to the balance sheet date, particularly CA unemployment trends. As compared to historical norms, inflation remains elevated from continued disruptions in the supply chain, wage pressures, and higher living costs such as housing and food prices Despite the expected continued benefit to the net interest income of the Company from the elevated rate environment, Management notes the rapid intervals of rate increases by the Federal Reserve and flattening or inversion of the yield curve, have boosted expectations of the US entering a recession within 12 months. As a result, management continues to believe that certain credit weakness are likely present in the overall economy and that it is appropriate to cautiously maintain a reserve level that incorporates such risk factors.
Loans past due 30 days or more increased by $2.9 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 to $7.9 million, as compared to $4.9 million at December 31, 2022 but decreased by $0.5 million compared to the March 31, 2022 past due balance of $8.4 million. Non-performing loans were $16.0 million at March 31, 2023, a decrease of $5.3 million from $21.3 million as of December 31, 2022, and a decrease of $1.9 million from $14.1 million as of March 31, 2022. Of the $16.0 million loans designated as non-performing, approximately $10.2 million are less than 30 days past due as of March 31, 2023.
The following table illustrates the total loans by risk rating and their respective percentage of total loans for the periods presented.

| March 31, | % of Loans Outstanding |  | December 31, | % of Loans Outstanding |  | March 31, | % of Loans Outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 6,232,962 |  | 97.1 | % |  | $ | 6,251,945 |  | 96.9 | % |  | $ | 5,682,026 |  | 97.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Special Mention | 125,492 |  | 2.0 | % |  | 127,000 |  | 2.0 | % |  | 120,684 |  | 2.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Substandard | 63,967 |  | 1.0 | % |  | 71,502 |  | 1.1 | % |  | 49,265 |  | 0.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 6,422,421 |  |  |  | $ | 6,450,447 |  |  |  | $ | 5,851,975 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Classified loans to total loans | 1.00 | % |  |  | 1.11 | % |  |  | 0.84 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans past due 30+ days to total loans | 0.12 | % |  |  | 0.08 | % |  |  | 0.14 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The ratio of classified loans decreased to 1.00% as of March 31, 2023 as compared to 1.11% in the trailing quarter, but increased by 16 basis points from the equivalent period in 2022. The Company's criticized loan balances decreased during the current quarter by $9.0 million to $189.5 million as of March 31, 2023.
There were no changes to Other Real Estate Owned balances during the first quarter of 2023. As of March 31, 2023, other real estate owned consisted of nine properties with a carrying value of approximately $3.4 million.
Non-performing assets of $19.5 million at March 31, 2023 represented 0.20% of total assets, generally in line with the $24.8 million or 0.25% and $17.0 million or 0.17% as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022, respectively.
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Non-interest Income
The following table summarizes the Company’s non-interest income for the periods indicated (in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31, |  |  |  |
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
ATM and interchange fees | $ | 6,344 |  |  | $ | 6,243 |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | 1.6 | %
Service charges on deposit accounts | 3,431 |  |  | 3,834 |  |  | (403) |  |  | (10.5) | %
Other service fees | 1,166 |  |  | 882 |  |  | 284 |  |  | 32.2 | %
Mortgage banking service fees | 465 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 0.4 | %
Change in value of mortgage servicing rights | (209) |  |  | 274 |  |  | (483) |  |  | (176.3) | %
Total service charges and fees | 11,197 |  |  | 11,696 |  |  | (499) |  |  | (4.3) | %
Increase in cash value of life insurance | 802 |  |  | 638 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 25.7 | %
Asset management and commission income | 934 |  |  | 887 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 5.3 | %
Gain on sale of loans | 206 |  |  | 1,246 |  |  | (1,040) |  |  | (83.5) | %
Lease brokerage income | 98 |  |  | 158 |  |  | (60) |  |  | (38.0) | %
Sale of customer checks | 288 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 176.9 | %
Gain on sale of investment securities | (164) |  |  | — |  |  | (164) |  |  | n/m
Gain on marketable equity securities | 42 |  |  | (137) |  |  | 179 |  |  | (130.7) | %
Other | 232 |  |  | 504 |  |  | (272) |  |  | (54.0) | %
Total other non-interest income | 2,438 |  |  | 3,400 |  |  | (962) |  |  | (28.3) | %
Total non-interest income | $ | 13,635 |  |  | $ | 15,096 |  |  | $ | (1,461) |  |  | (9.7) | %

Non-interest income decreased $1.5 million or 9.7% to $13.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $15.1 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2022. Total service charges and fees declined by $0.5 million or 4.3% during the period, of which $0.9 million is due to waived or reversed fees related to the network outage disclosed in the Company's 8-K filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023. In addition, the declining mortgage related activity resulting from elevated interest rates reduced income recorded from the sale of loans by $1.0 million or 83.5%, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022.

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Non-interest Expense
The following table summarizes the Company’s non-interest expense for the periods indicated:

| Three months ended March 31, |  |  |  |
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Base salaries, net of deferred loan origination costs | $ | 23,000 |  |  | $ | 18,216 |  |  | $ | 4,784 |  |  | 26.3 | %
Incentive compensation | 2,895 |  |  | 2,583 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 12.1 | %
Benefits and other compensation costs | 6,668 |  |  | 5,972 |  |  | 696 |  |  | 11.7 | %
Total salaries and benefits expense | 32,563 |  |  | 26,771 |  |  | 5,792 |  |  | 21.6 | %
Occupancy | 4,160 |  |  | 3,575 |  |  | 585 |  |  | 16.4 | %
Data processing and software | 4,032 |  |  | 3,513 |  |  | 519 |  |  | 14.8 | %
Equipment | 1,383 |  |  | 1,333 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 3.8 | %
Intangible amortization | 1,656 |  |  | 1,228 |  |  | 428 |  |  | 34.9 | %
Advertising | 759 |  |  | 637 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 19.2 | %
ATM and POS network charges | 1,709 |  |  | 1,375 |  |  | 334 |  |  | 24.3 | %
Professional fees | 1,589 |  |  | 876 |  |  | 713 |  |  | 81.4 | %
Telecommunications | 595 |  |  | 521 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 14.2 | %
Regulatory assessments and insurance | 792 |  |  | 720 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 10.0 | %
Merger and acquisition expense | — |  |  | 4,032 |  |  | (4,032) |  |  | (100.0) | %
Postage | 299 |  |  | 228 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 31.1 | %
Operational losses (gain) | 435 |  |  | (183) |  |  | 618 |  |  | (337.7) | %
Courier service | 339 |  |  | 414 |  |  | (75) |  |  | (18.1) | %
Loss on disposal of fixed assets | — |  |  | (1,078) |  |  | 1,078 |  |  | (100.0) | %
Other miscellaneous expense | 3,483 |  |  | 2,485 |  |  | 998 |  |  | 40.2 | %
Total other non-interest expense | 21,231 |  |  | 19,676 |  |  | 1,555 |  |  | 7.9 | %
Total non-interest expense | $ | 53,794 |  |  | $ | 46,447 |  |  | $ | 7,347 |  |  | 15.8 | %
Average full time equivalent staff | 1,219 |  | 1,084 |  | 135 |  |  | 12.5 | %

Generally, the increases in recurring non-interest expense items reflect the VRB merger closing on March 25, 2022, and therefore, related expenses for the combined entities, less certain realized cost savings, are largely only being captured within the most recent three months ended March 31, 2023. Total non-interest expense increased $7.3 million or 15.8% to $53.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to $46.4 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2022. Total salaries and benefits expense increased by $5.8 million or 21.6% to $32.6 million, largely from a net increase of 135 full-time equivalent positions, 99 of which resulted from the aforementioned merger with VRB. Professional fees increased by $0.7 million which was directly associated with the cybersecurity incident disclosed in the Company's 8-K filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023. While management has accrued for costs incurred through the balance sheet date that are probable and reasonably estimable, additional expenses will be incurred in future periods as management works to complete its investigation of the incident. See also "Part II - Other Information - Item 1A — Risk Factors beginning on page 57.

Income Taxes
The Company’s effective tax rate was 26.8% for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, as compared to 27.9% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Differences between the Company's effective tax rate and applicable federal and state blended statutory rate of approximately 29.6% are due to the proportion of non-taxable revenues, non-deductible expenses, and benefits from tax credits as compared to the levels of pre-tax earnings.
Financial Condition
For financial reporting purposes, the Company does not separately track the changes in assets and liabilities based on branch location or regional geography. The following is a comparison of the quarterly change in certain assets and liabilities:
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Ending balances | March 31, |  | December 31, |  |  |  | Annualized % Change
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change |
Total assets | $ | 9,842,394 |  |  | $ | 9,930,986 |  |  | $ | (88,592) |  |  | (3.6) | %
Total loans | 6,422,421 |  |  | 6,450,447 |  |  | (28,026) |  |  | (1.7) |
Total investments | 2,577,769 |  |  | 2,633,269 |  |  | (55,500) |  |  | (8.4) |
Total deposits | 8,025,865 |  |  | 8,329,013 |  |  | (303,148) |  |  | (14.6) |
Other borrowings | 434,140 |  |  | 264,605 |  |  | 169,535 |  |  | 256.3

Loans outstanding declined by $28.0 million or 1.7% on an annualized basis during the quarter ended March 31, 2023. During the quarter, loan originations/draws totaled approximately $357.0 million while payoffs/repayments of loans totaled $389.0 million, which compares to originations/draws and payoffs/repayments during the trailing quarter ended of $470.0 million and $343.0 million, respectively. While management believes the loan pipeline remains sufficient to support the Company's objectives, origination activity continues to moderate due to customer sensitivity from the rising interest rate environment and the Company's continued focus on disciplined underwriting. Investment security balances decreased $55.5 million or 8.4% on an annualized basis as the result of prepayments/maturities totaling approximating $65.8 million and proceeds from sale of $24.2 million, partially offset by increases in the market value of securities of $34.6 million. Management seeks to utilize excess cash flows from the investment security portfolio to support loan growth or reduce borrowings thus resulting in an improved mix of earning assets. Deposit balances decreased by $303.1 million or 14.6% annualized during the period. Cash flow needs were supported by net increases in short-term FHLB advances which totaled $434.1 million as of the quarter ended March 31, 2023.
The following is a comparison of the year over year change in certain assets and liabilities:

Ending balances | As of March 31, |  |  |  | % Change
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change |
Total assets | $ | 9,842,394 |  |  | $ | 10,118,328 |  |  | $ | (275,934) |  |  | (2.7) | %
Total loans | 6,422,421 |  |  | 5,851,975 |  |  | 570,446 |  |  | 9.7 |
Total loans, excluding PPP | 6,420,903 |  |  | 5,795,370 |  |  | 625,533 |  |  | 10.8 |
Total investments | 2,577,769 |  |  | 2,569,706 |  |  | 8,063 |  |  | 0.3 |
Total deposits | 8,025,865 |  |  | 8,714,477 |  |  | (688,612) |  |  | (7.9) |
Total other borrowings | 434,140 |  |  | 36,184 |  |  | 397,956 |  |  | 1,099.8 |

Non-PPP loan balances increased as a result of organic activities by approximately $625.5 million or 10.8% during the twelve-month period ending March 31, 2023. Over the same period deposit balances have declined by $688.6 million or 7.9%. The Company has offset these declines through the deployment of excess cash balances and proceeds from short-term FHLB borrowings. As of March 31, 2023, short-term borrowings from the FHLB totaled $394.1 million and had an interest rate of 5.11%.
Investment Securities
Investment securities available for sale decreased $46.6 million to $2.4 billion as of March 31, 2023, compared to December 31, 2022. The decrease is attributed to $56.9 million in calls and principal repayments, partially offset by $34.7 million in market value appreciation. In addition, proceeds from the sale of investment securities totaled $24.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, resulting in gross realized losses of $0.16 million. There were no sales of investment securities during the three months ended March 31, 2022.
The following table presents the available for sale debt securities portfolio by major type as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(in thousands) | Fair Value |  | % |  | Fair Value |  | %
Debt securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | 1,357,435 |  |  | 56.4 | % |  | $ | 1,372,769 |  |  | 56.0 | %
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 279,900 |  |  | 11.6 | % |  | 293,205 |  |  | 12.0 | %
Corporate bonds | 5,738 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  | 5,751 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Asset backed securities | 427,364 |  |  | 17.8 | % |  | 439,767 |  |  | 17.9 | %
Non-agency mortgage backed | 335,375 |  |  | 13.9 | % |  | 340,946 |  |  | 13.9 | %
Total debt securities available for sale | $ | 2,405,812 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 2,452,438 |  |  | 100.0 | %

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| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | % |  | Amortized Cost |  | %
Debt securities held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. government and agencies | $ | 148,700 |  |  | 97.8 | % |  | $ | 154,830 |  |  | 96.2 | %
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 3,367 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | 6,153 |  |  | 3.8 | %
Total debt securities held to maturity | $ | 152,067 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 160,983 |  |  | 100.0 | %

Investment securities held to maturity decreased $8.9 million to $152.1 million as of March 31, 2023, as compared to December 31, 2022. This decrease is attributable to calls and principal repayments of $8.8 million, and amortization of net purchase premiums of $0.1 million.
Loans
The Company focuses its primary lending activities in six principal areas: commercial real estate loans, consumer loans, commercial and industrial loans, construction loans, agriculture production loans and leases. The interest rates charged for the loans made by the Company vary with the degree of risk, the size and duration of the loans, the borrower’s relationship with the Company and prevailing money market rates indicative of the Company’s cost of funds.
The majority of the Company’s loans are direct loans made to individuals, and local or regional businesses which service a variety of industries. The Company relies substantially on local promotional activity and personal contacts by bank officers, directors and employees to compete with other financial institutions. The Company makes loans to borrowers whose applications include a sound purpose, a viable repayment source and a plan of repayment established at inception and generally backed by a secondary source of repayment.
The following table shows the Company’s loan balances, net deferred loan costs and discounts, as of the dates indicated:

(in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Commercial real estate | $ | 4,353,959 |  |  | 67.8 | % |  | $ | 4,359,083 |  |  | 67.6 | %
Consumer | 1,233,797 |  |  | 19.2 | % |  | 1,240,743 |  |  | 19.2 | %
Commercial and industrial | 553,098 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | 569,921 |  |  | 8.8 | %
Construction | 225,996 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | 211,560 |  |  | 3.3 | %
Agriculture production | 47,062 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | 61,414 |  |  | 1.0 | %
Leases | 8,509 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 7,726 |  |  | 0.1 | %
Total loans | $ | 6,422,421 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 6,450,447 |  |  | 100.0 | %

Nonperforming Assets
The following tables set forth the amount of the Company’s NPAs as of the dates indicated. “Performing nonaccrual loans” are loans that may be current for both principal and interest payments, or are less than 90 days past due, but for which payment in full of both principal and interest is not expected, and are not well secured and in the process of collection:

(in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Performing nonaccrual loans | $ | 13,840 |  |  | $ | 19,543 |
Nonperforming nonaccrual loans | 1,996 |  |  | 1,770 |
Total nonaccrual loans | 15,836 |  |  | 21,313 |
Loans 90 days past due and still accruing | 189 |  |  | 8 |
Total nonperforming loans | 16,025 |  |  | 21,321 |
Foreclosed assets | 3,439 |  |  | 3,439 |
Total nonperforming assets | $ | 19,464 |  |  | $ | 24,760 |
Nonperforming assets to total assets | 0.20 | % |  | 0.25 | %
Nonperforming loans to total loans | 0.25 | % |  | 0.33 | %
Allowance for credit losses to nonperforming loans | 676 | % |  | 516 | %

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Changes in nonperforming assets during the three months ended March 31, 2023

(in thousands) | Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | New NPA / Valuation Adjustments |  | Pay-downs /Sales /Upgrades |  | Charge-offs/ (1) Write-downs |  | Transfers to Foreclosed Assets |  | Balance at March 31, 2023
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE non-owner occupied | $ | 1,739 |  |  | — |  |  | (68) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 1,671 |
CRE owner occupied | 4,938 |  |  | 97 |  |  | (1,187) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,848 |
Multifamily | 125 |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 117 |
Farmland | 1,772 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,401) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 371 |
Total commercial real estate loans | 8,574 |  |  | 97 |  |  | (2,664) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,007 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR 1-4 1st DT liens | 4,220 |  |  | 406 |  |  | (1,095) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,531 |
SFR HELOCs and junior liens | 3,155 |  |  | 427 |  |  | (166) |  |  | (43) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,373 |
Other | 76 |  |  | 110 |  |  | (2) |  |  | (45) |  |  | — |  |  | 139 |
Total consumer loans | 7,451 |  |  | 943 |  |  | (1,263) |  |  | (88) |  |  | — |  |  | 7,043 |
Commercial and industrial | 3,526 |  |  | 292 |  |  | (683) |  |  | (1,574) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,561 |
Construction | 491 |  |  | — |  |  | (34) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 457 |
Agriculture production | 1,279 |  |  | — |  |  | (322) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 957 |
Leases | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total nonperforming loans | 21,321 |  |  | 1,332 |  |  | (4,966) |  |  | (1,662) |  |  | — |  |  | 16,025 |
Foreclosed assets | 3,439 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,439 |
Total nonperforming assets | $ | 24,760 |  |  | 1,332 |  |  | (4,966) |  |  | (1,662) |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 19,464 |

(1) The table above does not include deposit overdraft charge-offs.
Nonperforming assets decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2023 by $5.3 million or 21.4% to $19.5 million compared to $24.8 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease in nonperforming assets during the first quarter of 2023 was primarily the result of nonperforming loan pay-downs/upgrades, which totaled $5.0 million during the quarter and charge-offs of $1.7 million. The nonperforming loans added during the period totaled $1.3 million. Management is actively engaged in the collection and recovery efforts for all nonperforming assets and believes that the loan loss reserves associated with these loans is sufficient as of March 31, 2023.
Loan charge-offs during the three months ended March 31, 2023
In the first quarter of 2023, the Company recorded $1.7 million in loan charge-offs and $0.01 million in deposit overdraft charge-offs less $0.1 million in loan recoveries and $0.1 million in deposit overdraft recoveries, which collectively resulted in $1.6 million in net charge-offs.

(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The Components of the Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans
The following table sets forth the allowance for credit losses for loans as of the dates indicated:

(in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Qualitative and forecast factor allowance | $ | 75,467 |  |  | $ | 70,777 |  |  | $ | 64,334 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cohort model allowance reserves | 32,054 |  |  | 32,489 |  |  | 30,880 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for individually evaluated loans | 886 |  |  | 2,414 |  |  | 835 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 108,407 |  |  | $ | 105,680 |  |  | $ | 96,049 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses for loans / total loans | 1.69 | % |  | 1.64 | % |  | 1.64 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

For additional information regarding the allowance for loan losses, including changes in specific, formula, and environmental factors allowance categories, see “Asset Quality and Loan Loss Provisioning” at “Results of Operations”, above. Based on the current conditions of the loan portfolio, management believes that the $108.4 million allowance for loan losses at March 31, 2023 is adequate to absorb probable losses inherent in the Bank’s loan portfolio. No assurance can be given, however, that adverse economic conditions or other circumstances will not result in increased losses in the portfolio.
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The following table summarizes the allocation of the allowance for credit losses between loan types and by percentage of the total allowance for credit losses on loans as of the dates indicated:

(in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022
Commercial real estate | $ | 64,937 |  |  | 59.9 | % |  | 61,381 |  |  | 58.1 | % |  | $ | 54,992 |  |  | 57.3 | %
Consumer | 24,896 |  |  | 23.0 | % |  | 24,639 |  |  | 23.3 | % |  | 23,852 |  |  | 24.8 | %
Commercial and industrial | 12,069 |  |  | 11.1 | % |  | 13,597 |  |  | 12.9 | % |  | 8,869 |  |  | 9.2 | %
Construction | 5,655 |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | 5,142 |  |  | 4.8 | % |  | 7,437 |  |  | 7.7 | %
Agriculture production | 833 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | 906 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | 883 |  |  | 0.9 | %
Leases | 17 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 15 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 16 |  |  | 0.1 | %
Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 108,407 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 105,680 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 96,049 |  |  | 100.0 | %

The following table summarizes the allocation of the allowance for credit losses as a percentage of the total loans for each loan category as of the dates indicated:

(in thousands) |  |  | March 31, 2023 |  |  |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022
Commercial real estate |  |  | 1.49 | % |  |  |  | 1.41 | % |  |  |  | 1.43 | %
Consumer |  |  | 2.02 | % |  |  |  | 1.99 | % |  |  |  | 2.10 | %
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 2.18 | % |  |  |  | 2.39 | % |  |  |  | 1.77 | %
Construction |  |  | 2.50 | % |  |  |  | 2.43 | % |  |  |  | 2.45 | %
Agriculture production |  |  | 1.77 | % |  |  |  | 1.48 | % |  |  |  | 1.27 | %
Leases |  |  | 0.20 | % |  |  |  | 0.19 | % |  |  |  | 0.20 | %
Total loans |  |  | 1.69 | % |  |  |  | 1.64 | % |  |  |  | 1.64 | %

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The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the periods indicated:

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 105,680 |  |  | $ | 85,376 |  |  |  |  |
ACL on PCD loans | — |  |  | 2,037 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for (reversal of) loan losses | 4,315 |  |  | 8,205 |  |  |  |  |
Loans charged-off: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE non-owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
CRE owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Multifamily | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Farmland | — |  |  | (294) |  |  |  |  |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR 1-4 1st DT liens | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
SFR HELOCs and junior liens | (42) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Other | (142) |  |  | (119) |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | (1,574) |  |  | (330) |  |  |  |  |
Construction | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Agriculture production | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Leases | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total loans charged-off | (1,758) |  |  | (743) |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries of previously charged-off loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE non-owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
CRE owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Multifamily | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Farmland | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SFR 1-4 1st DT liens | — |  | 40 |  |  |  |
SFR HELOCs and junior liens | 65 |  | 175 |  |  |  |
Other | 51 |  | 71 |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | 53 |  | 887 |  |  |  |
Construction | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Agriculture production | 1 |  | 1 |  |  |  |
Leases | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total recoveries of previously charged-off loans | 170 |  |  | 1,174 |  |  |  |  |
Net recoveries | (1,588) |  |  | 431 |  |  |  |  |
Balance at end of period | $ | 108,407 |  |  | $ | 96,049 |  |  |  |  |
Average total loans | $ | 6,413,958 |  |  | $ | 4,988,560 |  |  |  |  |
Ratios (annualized): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (charge-offs) recoveries during period to average loans outstanding during period | (0.10) | % |  | 0.03 | % |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses to average loans outstanding during period | 0.27 | % |  | 0.66 | % |  |  |  |

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Foreclosed Assets, Net of Allowance for Losses
The following table details the components and summarize the activity in foreclosed assets, net of allowances for losses, for the three months ended March 31, 2023:

(in thousands) | Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | Sales |  | Valuation Adjustments |  | Transfers from Loans |  | Balance at March 31, 2023
Land & construction | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 154 |
Residential real estate | 1,709 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,709 |
Commercial real estate | 1,576 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,576 |
Total foreclosed assets | $ | 3,439 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,439 |

Deposits
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company’s deposits decreased by $303.1 million to $8.7 billion at quarter end. There were no brokered deposits included in the deposit balances as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
See Note 9 to the condensed consolidated financial statements at Item 1 of Part I of this report for information about the Company’s commitments and contingencies including off-balance-sheet arrangements.
Capital Resources
The current and projected capital position of the Company and the impact of capital plans and long-term strategies are reviewed regularly by Management.
On February 25, 2021 the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 2,000,000 shares of the Company's common stock (the 2021 Repurchase Plan), which approximated 6.7% of the shares outstanding as of the approval date. The actual timing of any share repurchases will be determined by the Company's management and therefore the total value of the shares to be purchased under the 2021 Repurchase Plan is subject to change. The Company may repurchase its outstanding shares of common stock from time to time in open market or privately-negotiated transactions, including block trades, or pursuant to 10b5-1 trading plans. The 2021 Repurchase Plan has no expiration date (in accordance with applicable laws and regulations).
Concurrently with the announcement of the completion of the VRB merger, the Company announced the resumption of its 2021 Repurchase Plan planned activities. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company repurchased 150,000 and zero shares with market values of $7.0 million and $0, respectively.
Total shareholders' equity increased by $43.8 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, as a result of an improvement in accumulated other comprehensive losses of $24.4 million and net income of $35.8 million, partially offset by cash dividend payments on common stock of approximately $9.9 million. As a result, the Company’s book value was $32.84 per share at March 31, 2023, as compared to $31.39 and $32.78 at December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2022, respectively. The Company’s tangible book value per share, a non-GAAP measure, calculated by subtracting goodwill and other intangible assets from total shareholders’ equity and dividing that sum by total shares outstanding, was $23.22 per share at March 31, 2023, as compared to $21.76 and $23.04 at December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2022, respectively.
Trailing Quarter Balance Sheet Change

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Ratio |  | Minimum Regulatory Requirement |  | Ratio |  | Minimum Regulatory Requirement
Total risk based capital | 14.5 | % |  | 10.5 | % |  | 14.2 | % |  | 10.5 | %
Tier I capital | 12.7 | % |  | 8.5 | % |  | 12.4 | % |  | 8.5 | %
Common equity Tier 1 capital | 12.0 | % |  | 7.0 | % |  | 11.7 | % |  | 7.0 | %
Leverage | 10.2 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | 10.1 | % |  | 4.0 | %

See Note 10 and Note 16 to the condensed consolidated financial statements at Item 1 of Part I of this report for additional information about the Company’s capital resources.
As of March 31, 2023, we had an effective shelf registration statement on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission that allows us to issue various types of debt securities, as well as common stock, preferred stock, warrants, depository shares representing fractional interest in shares of preferred stock, purchase contracts and units from time to time in one or more offerings. Each issuance under the shelf
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registration statement will require the filing of a prospectus supplement identifying the amount and terms of the securities to be issued. The registration statement does not limit the amount of securities that may be issued thereunder. Our ability to issue securities is subject to market conditions and other factors including, in the case of our debt securities, our credit ratings and compliance with current and prospective covenants in credit agreements.
Liquidity
The Company's primary sources of liquidity include the following for the periods indicated:

(dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  |
Borrowing capacity at correspondent banks and FRB | $ | 2,853,219 |  |  | $ | 2,815,594 |  |  |
Less: borrowings outstanding | (394,095) |  |  | (216,700) |  |  |
Unpledged available-for-sale investment securities | 1,883,353 |  |  | 1,990,451 |  |  |
Cash held or in transit with FRB | 67,468 |  |  | 56,910 |  |  |
Total primary liquidity | $ | 4,409,945 |  |  | $ | 4,862,738.3 |  |  |

At March 31, 2023, the Company's primary sources of liquidity represented 54.9% of total deposits and 190.7% of estimated total uninsured deposits, respectively. As a secondary source of liquidity, the Company's held-to-maturity investment securities had a fair value of $142.1 million, including approximately $9.9 million in net unrealized losses or 0.6% of after tax total shareholders' equity.
The Company’s profitability during the first three months of 2023 generated cash flows from operations of $39.0 million compared to $34.8 million during the first three months of 2022. Net cash from investing activities was $115.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to net cash used by investing activities of $121.9 million during the three months ending 2022. Financing activities used $151.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to providing $110.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 deposit balance decreases of $303.1 million was the largest detractor of funding, which attributed to the increase in other borrowings of $169.5 million during the same period.
The changes in contractual obligations of the Company and Bank, to include but not limited to term subordinated debt, operating leases, deferred compensation and supplemental retirement plans as well as off-balance sheet commitments such as unfunded loans and letters of credit. These contractual obligations are otherwise consistent with similar balances or totals as of December 31, 2022.
The Company is dependent upon the payment of cash dividends by the Bank to service its commitments, which have historically included dividends to shareholders, scheduled debt service payments, and general operations. Shareholder dividends are expected to continue subject to the Board’s discretion and management's continuing evaluation of capital levels, earnings, asset quality and other factors. The Company expects that the cash dividends paid by the Bank to the Company will be sufficient to cover the Company's cash flow needs. However, the Company and its ability to generate liquidity through either the issuance of stock or debt, also serves as a potential source of strength for the Bank. Dividends paid by the Company to holders of its common stock used $10.0 million and $7.4 million of cash during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company’s liquidity is dependent on dividends received from the Bank. Dividends from the Bank are subject to certain regulatory restrictions.
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TRICO BANCSHARES—NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
(Unaudited. Dollars in thousands)
In addition to results presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP), this filing contains certain non-GAAP financial measures. Management has presented these non-GAAP financial measures in this filing because it believes that they provide useful and comparative information to assess trends in the Company's core operations reflected in the current quarter's results, and facilitate the comparison of our performance with the performance of our peers. However, these non-GAAP financial measures are supplemental and are not a substitute for any analysis based on GAAP. Where applicable, comparable earnings information using GAAP financial measures is also presented. Because not all companies use the same calculations, our presentation may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures as calculated by other companies. For a reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures, see the tables below:

| Three months ended |  |
(dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
Net interest margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquired loans discount accretion, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount (included in interest income) | $1,397 |  | $1,751 |  | $1,323 |  |  |  |
Effect on average loan yield | 0.09 | % |  | 0.11 | % |  | 0.11 | % |  |  |  |
Effect on net interest margin (FTE) | 0.06 | % |  | 0.07 | % |  | 0.07 | % |  |  |  |
Net interest margin (FTE) | 4.21 | % |  | 4.34 | % |  | 3.39 | % |  |  |  |
Net interest margin less effect of acquired loan discount accretion (Non-GAAP) | 4.15 | % |  | 4.27 | % |  | 3.32 | % |  |  |  |
PPP loans yield, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount (included in interest income) | $5 |  | $16 |  | $1,097 |  |  |  |
Effect on net interest margin (FTE) | — | % |  | — | % |  | 0.03 | % |  |  |  |
Net interest margin less effect of PPP loan yield (Non-GAAP) | 4.21 | % |  | 4.34 | % |  | 3.36 | % |  |  |  |
Acquired loan discount accretion and PPP loan yield, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount (included in interest income) | $1,402 |  | $1,767 |  | $2,420 |  |  |  |
Effect on net interest margin (FTE) | 0.06 | % |  | 0.07 | % |  | 0.10 | % |  |  |  |
Net interest margin less effect of acquired loan discount accretion and PPP yields, net (Non-GAAP) | 4.15 | % |  | 4.27 | % |  | 3.29 | % |  |  |  |

| Three months ended |  |
(dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
Pre-tax pre-provision return on average assets or equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (GAAP) | $35,833 |  | $36,343 |  | $20,374 |  |  |  |
Exclude provision for income taxes | 13,149 |  | 14,723 |  | 7,869 |  |  |  |
Exclude provision (benefit) for credit losses | 4,195 |  | 4,245 |  | 8,330 |  |  |  |
Net income before income tax and provision expense (Non-GAAP) | $53,177 |  | $55,311 |  | $36,573 |  |  |  |
Average assets (GAAP) | $9,878,927 |  | $9,932,931 |  | $8,778,256 |  |  |  |
Average equity (GAAP) | $1,087,473 |  | $1,016,468 |  | $1,009,224 |  |  |  |
Return on average assets (GAAP) (annualized) | 1.47 | % |  | 1.45 | % |  | 0.94 | % |  |  |  |
Pre-tax pre-provision return on average assets (Non-GAAP) (annualized) | 2.18 | % |  | 2.21 | % |  | 1.69 | % |  |  |  |
Return on average equity (GAAP) (annualized) | 13.36 | % |  | 14.19 | % |  | 8.19 | % |  |  |  |
Pre-tax pre-provision return on average equity (Non-GAAP) (annualized) | 19.83 | % |  | 21.59 | % |  | 14.70 | % |  |  |  |

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| Three months ended |  |
(dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
Return on tangible common equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average total shareholders' equity | $1,087,473 |  | $1,016,468 |  | $1,009,224 |  |  |  |
Exclude average goodwill | 304,442 |  | 306,192 |  | 226,676 |  |  |  |
Exclude average other intangibles | 15,842 |  | 17,521 |  | 12,604 |  |  |  |
Average tangible common equity (Non-GAAP) | $767,189 |  | $692,755 |  | $769,944 |  |  |  |
Net income (GAAP) | $35,833 |  | $36,343 |  | $20,374 |  |  |  |
Exclude amortization of intangible assets, net of tax effect | 1,166 |  | 1,199 |  | 865 |  |  |  |
Tangible net income available to common shareholders (Non-GAAP) | $36,999 |  | $37,542 |  | $21,239 |  |  |  |
Return on average equity | 13.36 | % |  | 14.19 | % |  | 8.19 | % |  |  |  |
Return on average tangible common equity (Non-GAAP) | 19.56 | % |  | 21.50 | % |  | 11.19 | % |  |  |  |

| Three months ended
(dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022
Tangible shareholders' equity to tangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders' equity (GAAP) | $1,090,245 |  | $1,046,416 |  | $990,338 |  | $1,042,177 |  | $1,109,182
Exclude goodwill and other intangible assets, net | 319,456 |  | 321,112 |  | 326,314 |  | 328,016 |  | 329,718
Tangible shareholders' equity (Non-GAAP) | $770,789 |  | $725,304 |  | $664,024 |  | $714,161 |  | $779,464
Total assets (GAAP) | $9,842,394 |  | $9,930,986 |  | $9,976,879 |  | $10,120,611 |  | $10,118,328
Exclude goodwill and other intangible assets, net | 319,456 |  | 321,112 |  | 326,314 |  | 328,016 |  | 329,718
Total tangible assets (Non-GAAP) | $9,522,938 |  | $9,609,874 |  | $9,650,565 |  | $9,792,595 |  | $9,788,610
Shareholders' equity to total assets (GAAP) | 11.08 | % |  | 10.54 | % |  | 9.93 | % |  | 10.30 | % |  | 10.96 | %
Tangible shareholders' equity to tangible assets (Non-GAAP) | 8.09 | % |  | 7.55 | % |  | 6.88 | % |  | 7.29 | % |  | 7.96 | %

| Three months ended
(dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | September 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022
Tangible common shareholders' equity per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible s/h equity (Non-GAAP) | $770,789 |  | $725,304 |  | $664,024 |  | $714,161 |  | $779,464
Common shares outstanding at end of period | 33,195,250 |  |  | 33,331,513 |  |  | 33,332,189 |  |  | 33,350,974 |  |  | 33,837,935 |
Common s/h equity (book value) per share (GAAP) | $32.84 |  | $31.39 |  | $29.71 |  | $31.25 |  | $32.78
Tangible common shareholders' equity (tangible book value) per share (Non-GAAP) | $23.22 |  | $21.76 |  | $19.92 |  | $21.41 |  | $23.04

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Based on the changes in interest rates occurring subsequent to December 31, 2022, the following update of the Company’s assessment of market risk as of March 31, 2023 is being provided. These updates and changes should be read in conjunction with the additional quantitative and qualitative disclosures in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, market interest rates, including many rates that serve as reference indices for variable rate loans and investment securities continued to increase. As noted above, these rate increases have continued to benefit growth in total interest income. As of March 31, 2023, the Company's loan portfolio consisted of approximately $6.4 billion in outstanding principal with a weighted average coupon rate of 5.0%. During the three-month periods ending March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the weighted average coupon on loan production in the quarter was 6.55% and 6.25%, respectively. Included in the March 31, 2023 loan total are variable rate loans totaling $3.6 billion, of which, $810.8 million are considered floating based on the Wall Street Prime index. In addition, the Company holds certain investment securities totaling $384.1 million which are subject to repricing on not less than a quarterly basis.
Management funds the acquisition of nearly all of its earning assets through its core deposit gathering activities. As of March 31, 2023, non-interest bearing deposits represented 40.3% of total deposits. Further, during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the cost of interest bearing deposits were 0.43% and the cost of total deposits were 0.25%. With the intent of stabilizing or increasing net interest income, management intends to continue to deploy its excess liquidity and seek to migrate certain earning assets into higher yielding categories (from investment securities and into loans, for example). However, in situations where deposit balances contract, management relies upon various borrowing facilities or the use of brokered deposits. Through the first quarter of 2023 and during the entire 2022 year, management did not utilize any brokered deposits. Management did however utilize borrowing lines from the FHLB and expects that such borrowings will be needed and likely continue to grow through the remainder of the year and into 2024. As the rate paid on these borrowed funds are correlated with short-term interest rates, the costs associated with these borrowings, particularly in a rising rate environment, are also expected to increase.
As of March 31, 2023 the overnight Federal funds rate, the rate primarily used in these interest rate shock scenarios, was 4.83%. These scenarios assume that 1) interest rates increase or decrease evenly (in a “ramp” fashion) over a twelve-month period and remain at the new levels beyond twelve months or 2) that interest rates change instantaneously (“shock”). The simulation results shown below assume no changes in the structure of the Company’s balance sheet over the twelve months being measured.
The following table summarizes the estimated effect on net interest income and market value of equity to changing interest rates as measured against a flat rate (no interest rate change) instantaneous parallel shock scenario over a twelve month period utilizing a interest sensitivity (GAP) analysis based on the Company's specific mix of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities as of March 31, 2023.
Interest Rate Risk Simulations:

Change in Interest Rates (Basis Points) | Estimated Change in Net Interest Income (NII) (as % of NII) |  | Estimated Change in Market Value of Equity (MVE) (as % of MVE)
+300 (shock) | (3.5) | % |  | (6.3) | %
+200 (shock) | (2.5) | % |  | (4.0) | %
+100 (shock) | (1.2) | % |  | (1.0) | %
+ 0 (flat) | — |  |  | — |
-100 (shock) | (2.1) | % |  | (3.9) | %
-200 (shock) | (4.6) | % |  | (11.0) | %
-300 (shock) | (6.6) | % |  | (23.4) | %

Item 4. Controls and Procedures
The Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2023. Disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), are controls and procedures designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported on a timely basis. Disclosure controls are also designed to reasonably assure that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based upon their evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2023.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no changes in our internal controls or in other factors that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal controls over financial reporting.
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1 - Legal Proceedings
Due to the nature of our business, we are involved in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. While the outcome of these matters is currently not determinable, we do not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
Item 1A - Risk Factors
The following risk factor represents a material update and addition to the risk factors previously disclosed in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the risk factors discussed in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which could materially affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, such as recent bank failures or concerns involving liquidity, may have a material effect on the Company’s operations, earnings and financial condition.
Late in the first quarter of 2023, the financial services industry was negatively affected by several bank failures. These recent events have caused general uncertainty and concern regarding the adequacy of liquidity within the banking sector as a whole and have decreased confidence in banks among depositors and investors. Although we were not directly affected by these bank failures, the resulting speed and ease in which news or rumors, including social media commentary, led depositors to withdraw or attempt to withdraw their funds from these and other financial institutions as well as caused the stock prices of many financial institutions to become volatile, in particular regional, as well as community banks like the Company. As a result of these recent events, customers may choose to maintain deposits with larger financial institutions or in other higher yielding alternatives, which could materially adversely impact the Company’s liquidity, loan funding capacity, net interest margin, capital and results of operations.
In response to these failures and the resulting market reaction, the Secretary of the Treasury approved actions enabling the FDIC to complete its resolutions of the failed banks in a manner that fully protects depositors by utilizing the Deposit Insurance Fund, including the use of Bridge Banks to assume all of the deposit obligations of the failed banks, while leaving unsecured lenders and equity holders of such institutions exposed to losses. In addition, the Federal Reserve Bank announced it would make available additional funding to eligible depository institutions under a Bank Term Funding Program to help assure banks have the ability to meet the needs of all their depositors. In an effort to strengthen public confidence in the banking system and protect depositors, regulators announced that any losses to the Deposit Insurance Fund to support uninsured depositors will be recovered by a special assessment on banks, as required by law, which is expected to increase the cost of our FDIC insurance assessments. However, it is uncertain whether these steps by the government will be sufficient to calm the financial markets, reduce the risk of significant depositor withdrawals at other institutions and thereby reduce the risk of additional bank failures. As a result of this uncertainty, we face the potential for reputational risk, deposit outflows, increased costs and competition for liquidity, and increased credit risk which, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Banking regulators have signaled further review of regulatory requirements and the potential for changes to laws or regulations governing banks and bank holding companies. Changes resulting from these events could include increased regulatory focus on deposit composition, the level of uninsured deposits, the level of unrealized losses in either available for sale or held to maturity securities portfolios, contingent liquidity, CRE loan composition and concentration, capital position and general oversight or supervisory or internal control structures regarding the foregoing. Changes in regulatory requirements could impact our ability to achieve our strategic objectives and may result in changes to our balance sheet position or business which could, in turn, negatively impact our profitability.
If we are required to sell securities to meet liquidity needs, we could realize significant losses.
As a result of increases in interest rates over the last year, the market values of previously issued government and other debt securities have declined in value, resulting in unrealized losses in our securities portfolio. While we anticipate that the scheduled cash flows generated from our investment portfolio will be adequate to support the liquidity needs of the Company, if we were required to sell these securities to expedite the generation of cash flows to meet liquidity needs, we may incur significant losses, which could impair our capital and financial condition and adversely affect our results of operations. Further, while we have taken actions to maximize our sources of liquidity, there is no guarantee that such sources will be available or sufficient in the event of sudden liquidity needs.
The following risk factor updates and supplements the risk factor regarding cyberattacks appearing on page 18 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023.
We were subject to a cyberattack, which could damage our reputation, result in the disclosure of confidential information, or create additional financial and legal exposure.
As previously disclosed in the Current Report 8-K filed by us on February 14, 2023, the Bank experienced a cybersecurity incident, where unusual network activity was detected, and management shut down networked systems which prevented access to internal systems, data and telephones for a limited period of time. Upon discovering the incident, the Bank immediately launched an investigation. A digital forensics firm was engaged to help determine the scope of the incident and identify potentially impacted data. We received a demand for
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ransom from a party claiming responsibility for the incident and the Bank promptly notified law enforcement and banking regulators. The Bank believes that its core banking systems, including those that facilitate loan or deposit related transactions, were not affected by this incident as evidenced by the Bank’s general ability to resume customer facing operations within two days. However, the Bank’s internal system access as well as communication capabilities, including e-mail correspondence and telephones, required approximately one week of time for the restoration process to be completed in a safe and secure environment.
The Bank continues to work with third-party forensic investigators to understand the nature and scope of the incident and to determine what information was accessed and who was impacted. The investigation is on-going.
While we continue to evaluate the full impact of this incident, we remain subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including legal, reputational, and financial risks, the results of our ongoing investigation of this security incident, any potential regulatory inquiries and/or litigation to which we may become subject in connection with this incident, and the extent of remediation and other additional costs that may be incurred by us. To date, we do not believe such financial consequences will be material, however the cybersecurity incident is still under investigation. Although the Company has insurance coverage, including cybersecurity insurance, the amount of coverage maintained may not cover all losses. We anticipate that we will incur additional expenses in future periods, including the notification of those impacted by the cybersecurity incident in accordance with applicable laws. Given the uncertainties about the impact of the incident and the inherent uncertainties involved in litigation, contractual obligations, government investigations and regulatory enforcement decisions, any outcomes from these risks could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and/or financial condition. In addition, litigation, regulatory interventions, and media reports of perceived security vulnerabilities and any resulting damage to our reputation or loss of confidence in the security of our systems could adversely affect our business. As cyber threats and the sophistication of threat actors continue to evolve, we have been and will likely continue to enhance our protective measures and will expend resources to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities or incidents.
Item 2 - Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The following table shows the repurchases made by the Company or any affiliated purchaser (as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act) during the periods indicated:

Period | (a) Total number of shares purchased (1) |  | (b) Average price paid per share |  | (c) Total number of shares purchased as of part of publicly announced plans or programs |  | (d) Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs at period end (2)
January 1-31, 2023 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,359,802 |
February 1-28, 2023 | 48,475 |  |  | 50.69 |  |  | 36,094 |  |  | 1,323,708 |
March 1-31, 2023 | 113,906 |  |  | 45.11 |  |  | 113,906 |  |  | 1,209,802 |
Total | 162,381 |  |  | $ | 46.77 |  |  | 150,000 |  |  |

(1)Includes shares purchased by the Company’s Employee Stock Ownership Plan in open market purchases and shares tendered by employees pursuant to various other equity incentive plans. See Notes 10 and 11 to the condensed consolidated financial statements at Item 1 of Part I of this report, for a discussion of the Company’s stock repurchased under equity compensation plans.
(2)Does not include shares that may be purchased by the Company’s Employee Stock Ownership Plan and pursuant to various other equity incentive plans. See Note 10 to the condensed consolidated financial statements at Item 1 of Part I of this report, for a discussion of the Company’s stock repurchase plan.
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Item 6 – Exhibits
EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No. |  | Exhibit
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of CEO
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of CFO
32.1 |  | Section 1350 Certification of CEO
32.2 |  | Section 1350 Certification of CFO
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

| TRICO BANCSHARES
| (Registrant)
Date: May 10, 2023 | /s/ Peter G. Wiese
| Peter G. Wiese
| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
| (Duly authorized officer and principal financial and chief accounting officer)

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