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Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

Note 16 Fair Value Measurements

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to disclose the fair value of its financial instruments. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. For disclosure purposes, the Company groups its financial and non-financial assets and liabilities into three different levels based on the nature of the instrument and the availability and reliability of the information that is used to determine fair value. The three levels are defined as follows:

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Level 1—Includes assets or liabilities in which the valuation methodologies are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

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Level 2—Includes assets or liabilities in which the inputs to the valuation methodologies are based on similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, such as interest rates, yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds and other inputs obtained from observable market input.

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Level 3—Includes assets or liabilities in which the inputs to the valuation methodology are based on at least one significant assumption that is not observable in the marketplace. These valuations may rely on management’s judgment and may include internally developed model-based valuation techniques.

Level 1 inputs are considered to be the most transparent and reliable and level 3 inputs are considered to be the least transparent and reliable. The Company assumes the use of the principal market to conduct a transaction of each particular asset or liability being measured and then considers the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. Whenever possible, the Company first looks for quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets (level 1 inputs) to value each asset or liability. However, when inputs from identical assets or liabilities on active markets are not available, the Company utilizes market observable data for similar assets and liabilities. The Company maximizes the use of observable inputs and limits the use of unobservable inputs to occasions when observable inputs are not available. The need to use unobservable inputs generally results from the lack of market liquidity of the actual financial instrument or of the underlying collateral. While third-party price indications may be available in those cases, limited trading activity can challenge the observability of those inputs.

Changes in the valuation inputs used for measuring the fair value of financial instruments may occur due to changes in current market conditions or other factors. Such changes may necessitate a transfer of the financial instruments to another level in the hierarchy based on the new inputs used. The Company recognizes these transfers at the end of the reporting period that the transfer occurs. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no transfers of financial instruments between the hierarchy levels.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of each instrument under the valuation hierarchy:

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Measured on a Recurring Basis

Investment securities available-for-sale—Investment securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value on a recurring basis. To the extent possible, observable quoted prices in an active market are used to determine fair value and, as such, these securities are classified as level 1. When quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities are not available, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, discounted cash flows or other pricing characteristics are used to estimate fair values and the securities are then classified as level 2.

Equity securities with readily determinable fair values—Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are generally traded on an exchange and market prices are readily available. These securities are carried at fair value on a recurring basis based on quoted market prices and are classified as level 1.

Loans held for sale—The Company has elected to record loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market at estimated fair value. The portfolio consists primarily of fixed rate residential mortgage loans that are sold within 45 days. The Company estimates fair value based on quoted market prices for similar loans in the secondary market and are classified as level 2.

Interest rate swap derivatives—The Company’s derivative instruments are limited to interest rate swaps that may be accounted for as fair value hedges or non-designated hedges. The fair values of the swaps incorporate credit valuation adjustments in order to appropriately reflect nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. The credit valuation adjustment is the dollar amount of the fair value adjustment related to credit risk and utilizes a probability weighted calculation to quantify the potential loss over the life of the trade. The credit valuation adjustments are calculated by determining the total expected exposure of the derivatives (which incorporates both the current and potential future exposure) and then applying the respective counterparties’ credit spreads to the exposure offset by marketable collateral posted, if any. Certain derivative transactions are executed with counterparties who are large financial institutions, or dealers. ISDA Master Agreements are employed for all contracts with dealers. These contracts contain bilateral collateral arrangements. The fair value inputs of these financial instruments are determined using discounted cash flow analysis through the use of third-party models whose significant inputs are readily observable market parameters, primarily yield curves, with appropriate adjustments for liquidity and credit risk, and are classified as level 2.

Mortgage banking derivatives—The Company relies on a third-party pricing service to value its mortgage banking derivative financial assets and liabilities, which the Company classifies as a level 3 valuation. The external valuation model to estimate the fair value of its interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale includes grouping the interest rate lock commitments by interest rate and terms, applying an average 88.1% estimated pull-through rate based on historical experience, and then multiplying by quoted investor prices determined to be reasonably applicable to the loan commitment groups based on interest rate, terms and rate lock expiration dates of the loan commitment groups. The Company also relies on an external valuation model to estimate the fair value of its forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans (i.e., an estimate of what the Company would receive or pay to terminate the forward delivery contract based on market prices for similar financial instruments), which includes matching specific terms and maturities of the forward commitments against applicable investor pricing.

The tables below present the financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 in the consolidated statements of financial condition utilizing the hierarchy structure described above:


	September 30, 2025
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Investment securities available-for-sale
U.S. Treasuries	$	73,962	$	—	$	—	$	73,962
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		—		208,517		—		208,517
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		—		327,527		—		327,527
Corporate debt		—		1,990		—		1,990
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values		4,113		—		—		4,113
Loans held for sale		—		22,252		—		22,252
Interest rate swap derivatives		—		28,536		—		28,536
Mortgage banking derivatives		—		—		412		412
Total assets at fair value	$	78,075	$	588,822	$	412	$	667,309
Liabilities:
Interest rate swap derivatives	$	—	$	11,322	$	—	$	11,322
Mortgage banking derivatives		—		—		14		14
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—	$	11,322	$	14	$	11,336


	December 31, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Investment securities available-for-sale
U.S. Treasuries	$	24,874	$	—	$	—	$	24,874
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		—		135,045		—		135,045
Other residential MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or sponsored enterprises		—		364,938		—		364,938
Corporate debt		—		1,962		—		1,962
Loans held for sale		—		24,495		—		24,495
Interest rate swap derivatives		—		39,637		—		39,637
Mortgage banking derivatives		—		—		386		386
Total assets at fair value	$	24,874	$	566,077	$	386	$	591,337
Liabilities:
Interest rate swap derivatives	$	—	$	9,076	$	—	$	9,076
Mortgage banking derivatives		—		—		10		10
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—	$	9,076	$	10	$	9,086

The table below details the changes in level 3 financial instruments during the nine months ended September 30, 2025:


	Mortgage banking
	derivatives, net
Balance at December 31, 2024	$	376
Gain included in earnings, net		111
Fees and (costs) included in earnings, net		(89)
Balance at September 30, 2025	$	398

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Measured on a Non-recurring Basis

Certain assets may be recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis as conditions warrant. These non-recurring fair value measurements typically result from the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting or a write-down occurring during the period.

Individually evaluated loans—The Company records individually evaluated loans based on the fair value of the collateral when it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all contractual amounts due in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement. The Company relies on third-party appraisals and internal assessments, utilizing a discount rate in the range of 6% - 32% with a weighted average discount rate of 9.9%, in determining the estimated fair values of these loans. The inputs used to determine the fair values of loans are considered level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy. At September 30, 2025, the Company recorded a specific reserve of $4.8 million related to 14 loans with a carrying balance of $16.9 million. At September 30, 2024, the Company recorded a specific reserve of $4.7 million related to 11 loans with a carrying balance of $19.5 million.

Mortgage servicing rights—MSRs represent the value associated with servicing residential real estate loans that have been sold to outside investors with servicing retained. The fair value for servicing assets is determined through discounted cash flow analysis and utilizes a discount rate and weighted average rate ranging from 9.5% to 10.0% at September 30, 2025 and prepayment speed assumption ranges of 6.6% to 12.4% with a weighted average rate of 6.9% at September 30, 2025. The weighted average MSRs are subject to impairment testing. The carrying values of these MSRs are reviewed quarterly for impairment based upon the calculation of fair value. For purposes of measuring impairment, the MSRs are stratified into certain risk characteristics including note type and note term. If the valuation model reflects a value less than the carrying value, MSRs are adjusted to fair value through a valuation allowance and the adjustment is included in mortgage banking income in the consolidated statements of operations. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded impairments totaling zero and $13 thousand, respectively. The inputs used to determine the fair values of MSRs are considered level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy.

SBA servicing asset—The SBA servicing asset represents the value associated with servicing small business real estate loans that have been sold to outside investors with servicing retained. The fair value for the SBA servicing asset is determined through a discounted cash flow analysis and utilizes a weighted average discount rate of 10.8% and a weighted average lifetime constant prepayment rate of 16.1%. The SBA servicing asset is amortized over the period of the estimated future net servicing life of the underlying assets, and it is evaluated quarterly for impairment based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to their amortized cost. Impairment is recognized on the income statement to the extent the fair value is less than the capitalized amount of the SBA servicing asset. The Company recorded $41.0 thousand of net impairment and no impairment for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company may be required to record fair value adjustments on other available-for-sale and municipal securities valued at par on a non-recurring basis.

The tables below provide information regarding losses from assets recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


	September 30, 2025
	Total		Losses from fair value changes
Individually evaluated loans	$	40,395	$	17,140
SBA servicing rights		2,611		41
Total	$	43,006	$	17,181


	September 30, 2024
	Total		Losses from fair value changes
Individually evaluated loans	$	43,684	$	8,387
Mortgage servicing rights		4,800		13
Total	$	48,484	$	8,400

The Company did not record any liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 or 2024.