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Revenue Recognition
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2024
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
Revenue Recognition Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for promised goods or services. The Company’s performance obligations are satisfied either over time or at a point in time, which can result in different revenue recognition patterns.
The following table illustrates the timing of the Company’s revenue recognition patterns:
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2024202320242023
Software products and services – point in time40.3 %37.0 %43.0 %36.8 %
Software products and services – over time50.0 30.9 41.5 26.6 
Drug Discovery – point in time— — 7.6 19.1 
Drug Discovery – over time9.7 32.1 7.9 17.5 
(a)Software Products and Services
The Company enters into contracts that can include various combinations of licenses, products and services, some of which are distinct and are accounted for as separate performance obligations. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the transaction price of the contract to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price ("SSP") basis. Revenue is recognized net of any sale and value-added taxes collected from customers and subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.
The Company’s software business derives revenue from five sources: (i) on-premise software license fees, (ii) hosted software subscription fees, (iii) software maintenance fees, (iv) professional services fees, and (v) contributions.
On-premise software. The Company’s on-premise software license arrangements grant customers the right to use its software on their own in-house servers or their own cloud instances for a specified term, typically for one year, though in recent years, the Company has entered into a small number of large multi-year on-premise software license agreements. The Company recognizes revenue for on-premise software license fees upfront, either upon transfer of control of the license or the effective date of the agreement, whichever is later. In instances where the timing of the transfer of control differs from the timing of invoicing, the Company considers whether a significant financing component exists. The Company has elected the practical expedient to not assess for significant financing where the term is less than one year. The Company’s updates and upgrades are not integral to maintaining the utility of the software licenses. Payments typically are received upfront or annually.
Hosted software. Hosted software revenue consists primarily of fees to provide the Company’s customers with hosted licenses, which allows these customers to access the Company’s cloud-based software solution on their own hardware without taking control of the licenses, and is recognized ratably over the term of the arrangement, which is typically one year, though in recent years, the Company has entered into a small number of large multi-year hosted software license agreements. When a customer enters into a hosted arrangement for which revenue is recognized over time, the amount paid upfront that is not recognized in the current period is included in deferred revenue in the Company's statement of financial position until the period in which it is recognized.
Software maintenance. Software maintenance includes technical support, updates, and upgrades related to the Company's on-premise software licenses. Software maintenance revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the arrangement. Software maintenance activities are performed in connection with the use of the Company's on-premise software, and may fluctuate from period to period.
Professional services. Professional services include training, technical setup, installation or assisting customers with modeling services, where the Company uses its software to perform tasks such as virtual screening on behalf of the Company’s customers. These services are generally not related to the core functionality of the Company’s software and are recognized as revenue when resources are consumed. Since each professional services agreement represents a unique, ad hoc engagement, professional services revenue may fluctuate from period to period.
Software contribution revenue. Software contribution revenue consists of funds received under non-reciprocal agreements with Gates Ventures, LLC and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The agreement with Gates Ventures, LLC was originally entered into in June 2020 and further extended through August 2026. The agreement is an unconditional non-exchange contribution without restrictions. Revenue was recognized annually from June 2020 through June 2022 and upon extension of the agreement in August 2023, when invoiced, in accordance with ASC Topic 958, Not-for-Profit Entities ("Topic 958"), as the agreement is not an exchange transaction.
The agreement with Gates Ventures, LLC initially covered the period from June 23, 2020 through June 22, 2023 for total consideration of up to $3,000. The Company recognized revenue of $1,000 upon entry into the agreement and $1,000 upon each of the first and second anniversary of the agreement. The agreement was then extended through August 13, 2026 and provides for total additional consideration of up to $6,000. The Company recognized revenue of $1,800 upon extension of the agreement in August 2023 and $2,000 upon the first anniversary of the extension. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had no deferred revenue balance related to this agreement. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had no accounts receivable related to this agreement.
The Company entered into a one-year agreement with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in July 2024 to fund the initiative to accelerate the expansion of the Company's computational platform to predict toxicity associated with binding to off-target proteins. Revenue is recognized as conditions are met and on a cost reimbursement basis in accordance with Topic 958. The Company recognized revenue of $1,124 related to this agreement during the three months ended September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had a $3,876 deferred revenue balance related to this agreement. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had no accounts receivable related to this agreement.
The following table presents the revenue recognized from the sources of software products and services revenue:
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2024202320242023
On-premise software$12,250 $13,806 $48,627 $50,564 
Hosted software8,814 5,463 24,077 14,366 
Software maintenance5,658 5,752 17,393 17,378 
Professional services2,038 2,083 7,482 6,361 
Revenue from contracts with customers28,760 27,104 97,579 88,669 
Software contribution3,124 1,800 3,124 1,800 
Total software revenue$31,884 $28,904 $100,703 $90,469 
(b)Drug Discovery
Drug discovery services. Revenue from drug discovery and collaboration services contracts is recognized either over time or at a point in time, typically by using costs incurred, hours expended to measure progress, or based on the achievement of milestones. Payments for services are generally due upfront at the start of a contract, upon achieving milestones stated in a contract, or upon consumption of resources. Services may at times include variable consideration, and the Company has estimated the amount of consideration that is variable using the most likely amount method. The Company evaluates milestones on a case-by-case basis, including whether there are factors outside the Company’s control that could result in a significant reversal of revenue, and the likelihood and magnitude of a potential reversal. If achievement of a milestone is not considered probable, the Company constrains (reduces) variable consideration to exclude the milestone payment until it is probable of being achieved. Upon removal of the constraint on variable consideration, revenue may be recognized at a point in time or over time by applying the allocation guidance of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("Topic 606").
As of September 30, 2024, milestones not yet achieved that were determined to be probable of achievement totaled $500, of which $500 was recognized as drug discovery milestone revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2023, there were no milestones not yet achieved that were determined to be probable of achievement, and no corresponding drug discovery milestone revenue was recognized for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Drug discovery contribution revenue. Drug discovery contribution revenue consists of funds received under an agreement with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation on a cost reimbursement basis, to perform services aimed at accelerating drug discovery in women’s health. The initial agreement began in November 2021 and expired in September 2023. In September 2023, the Company entered into a new agreement with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to perform services aimed at accelerating drug discovery in women's health that expires in October 2025. Revenue is recognized as conditions are met in accordance with Topic 958. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had deferred revenue balances related to these agreements of $74 and $1,581, respectively.
The following table presents the revenue recognized from the sources of drug discovery revenue:
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2024202320242023
Drug discovery services revenue from contracts with customers$2,813 $12,730 $17,012 $49,765 
Drug discovery contribution593 935 1,507 2,306 
Total drug discovery revenue$3,406 $13,665 $18,519 $52,071 
(c)Collaboration and License Agreement
On November 22, 2020, the Company entered into an exclusive, worldwide collaboration and license agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company ("BMS"), pursuant to which the Company and BMS agreed to collaborate in the discovery, research and preclinical development of new small molecule compounds for disease indications in oncology, neurology, and immunology therapeutics areas. Under the agreement, the Company was initially responsible, at its own cost and expense, for the discovery of small molecule compounds directed to five specified biological targets pursuant to a mutually agreed research plan for each such target. The initial targets included HIF-2 alpha and SOS1, which were two of the Company’s proprietary programs. In November 2021, the Company and BMS mutually agreed to replace the HIF-2 alpha target with another precision oncology target. Following the replacement election, all rights to the HIF-2 alpha target program reverted to the Company. In September 2022, BMS elected not to proceed with further development of another target and all rights to this program reverted to the Company, which increased revenue recognition in the third quarter of 2022 due to the accelerated completion of the Company's obligations related to the program. In December 2022, the Company and BMS entered into an amendment to the agreement to include an additional target in neurology on terms similar to the original agreement. In September 2023, BMS elected not to proceed with further development of two related oncology programs and all rights to these programs reverted to the Company, which increased revenue recognition in the third quarter of 2023 due to the accelerated completion of the Company's obligations related to those programs. In the first quarter of 2024, BMS elected not to proceed with further development of the SOS1 program based on portfolio prioritization decisions and all rights to this program reverted to the Company. In July 2024, BMS elected not to proceed with further development of an immunology target and all rights to this program reverted to the Company. There is one remaining neurology target under the agreement, as amended.
Once a development candidate meeting specified criteria for a target under the agreement has been identified by the Company, BMS will be solely responsible for the further development, manufacturing and commercialization of such development candidate at its own cost and expense. The Company is solely responsible for the development of any programs that have been returned by BMS.
Under the terms of the agreement, as amended, BMS paid the Company an initial upfront fee payment of $55.0 million in November 2020 and an additional upfront payment in December 2022. As of September 30, 2024, the Company is eligible to receive up to $482.0 million in total milestone payments for the one remaining neurology target currently subject to the collaboration, consisting of up to $257.0 million in the aggregate for the achievement of certain specified research, development, and regulatory milestones and $225.0 million in the aggregate for the achievement of certain specified commercial milestones. As of September 30, 2024, the Company has recognized $32.0 million in revenue related to milestones under this agreement.
The Company is also entitled to a tiered percentage royalty on annual net sales ranging from mid-single digits to low-double digits, subject to certain specified reductions. Royalties are payable by BMS on a licensed product-by-licensed product and country-by-country basis until the later of the expiration of the last valid claim covering the licensed product in such country, expiration of all applicable regulatory exclusivities in such country for such licensed product and the tenth anniversary of the first commercial sale of such licensed product in such country.
The Company assessed the collaboration and license agreement in accordance with Topic 606 and concluded that BMS is a customer based on the agreement structure. At inception, the Company identified one performance obligation for each of the five programs initially covered under the agreement, which includes research activities for each program and a license grant for the underlying intellectual property. The Company determined that the license grant for intellectual property is not separable from the research activities, as the research activities are expected to significantly modify or enhance the license grant over the period of service, and therefore are not distinct in the context of the contract.
The Company determined that the transaction price at the onset of the agreement is $55.0 million. Additional consideration to be paid to the Company upon the achievement of future milestone payments were excluded from the transaction price as they represent milestone payments that are not considered probable as of the inception date such that there is not a significant risk of revenue reversal.
The Company has allocated the transaction price of $55.0 million to each performance obligation based on the SSP of each performance obligation at inception, which was determined based on each performance obligation’s estimated SSP. The Company determined the estimated SSP at contract inception of the research activities based on internal estimates of the costs to perform the services, inclusive of a reasonable profit margin. Significant inputs used to determine the total costs to perform the research activities included the length of time required, the internal hours expected to be incurred on the services and the number and costs of various studies that will be performed to complete the research plan.
Revenue associated with the research activities is recognized on a proportional performance basis over the period of service for research activities, using input-based measurements of total costs of research incurred to estimate the proportion performed. Progress towards completion is remeasured at the end of each reporting period.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized $1.1 million and $10.1 million, respectively, of revenue associated with the agreement based on the research activities performed and milestones achieved. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $11.2 million and $40.0 million, respectively, of revenue associated with the agreement based on the research activities performed and milestones achieved. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there was $3.6 million and $7.3 million, respectively, of deferred revenue related to the agreement, which was classified as either current or non-current in the condensed consolidated balance sheet based on the period the services are expected to be performed. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had no outstanding receivables for this collaboration.
(d)Significant Judgments
Significant judgments and estimates are required under Topic 606. Due to the complexity of certain contracts, the actual revenue recognition treatment required under Topic 606 for the Company’s arrangements may be dependent on contract-specific terms and may vary in some instances.
The Company’s contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple software products and services, including training, professional services, technical support services, and rights to unspecified updates. Determining whether licenses and services are distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately, or are not distinct and therefore should be accounted for together, requires significant judgment. In some arrangements, such as most of the Company’s term-based software license arrangements, the Company has concluded that the licenses and associated services are distinct from each other. In other arrangements, including collaboration services arrangements, the licenses and certain services may not be distinct from each other. The Company’s time-based software arrangements may include multiple software licenses and a right to updates or upgrades to the licensed software products, and technical support. The Company has concluded that such promised goods and services are separate distinct performance obligations.
The Company is required to estimate the total consideration expected to be received from contracts with customers, including any variable consideration. For collaborative arrangements, under which the Company is eligible to receive variable consideration in the form of milestones payments, judgment is required to evaluate whether the milestones are considered probable of being achieved. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the constraint is removed and value of the associated milestone is included in the estimated transaction price using the most likely amount method based on contractual requirements and historical experience. Once the estimated transaction price is established, amounts are allocated to the performance obligations that have been identified. The transaction price is allocated to each separate performance obligation on a relative SSP basis consistent with the allocation objectives of Topic 606.
Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation. The Company rarely licenses or sells products on a standalone basis, so the Company is required to estimate the range of SSPs for each performance obligation. In instances where the SSP is not directly observable because the Company does not sell the license, product, or service separately, the Company determines the SSP using information that includes historical discounting practices, market conditions, cost-plus analysis, and other observable inputs. The Company typically has more than one SSP for individual performance obligations due to the stratification of those items by volume of sales, classes of customers and other relevant circumstances. In these instances, the Company may use information such as the size and geographic region of the customer in determining the SSP. Professional service revenue is recognized as costs and hours are incurred, and judgment is required in estimating both the project status and the costs incurred or hours expended.
If a group of agreements are so closely related to each other that they are, in effect, part of a single arrangement, such agreements are deemed to be one arrangement for revenue recognition purposes. The Company exercises significant judgment to evaluate the relevant facts and circumstances in determining whether the separate agreements should be accounted for separately or as, in substance, a single arrangement. The Company’s judgments about whether a group of contracts comprises a single arrangement can affect the allocation of consideration to the distinct performance obligations, which could have an effect on results of operations for the periods involved.
Judgment is required to determine the total costs to perform research activities, which include the length of time required, the internal hours expected to be incurred on the services, and the number and costs of various studies that may be performed by third parties to complete the research plan.
Generally, the Company has not experienced significant returns or refunds to customers.
The Company’s estimates related to revenue recognition may require significant judgment and a change in these estimates could have an effect on the Company’s results of operations during the periods involved.
(e)Contract Balances
The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers and these timing differences result in receivables, contract assets, or contract liabilities (deferred revenue) on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company records a contract asset when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing. A deferred revenue liability is recorded when revenue is expected to be recognized subsequent to invoicing. For the Company’s time-based software agreements, customers are generally invoiced at the beginning of the arrangement for the entire term, though when the term spans multiple years the customers may be invoiced on an annual basis. For certain drug discovery agreements where the milestones are deemed probable in a period prior to when the milestone is achieved, the Company records a contract asset for the full value of the milestone.
Contract assets are included in unbilled and other receivables within the condensed consolidated balance sheets and are transferred to receivables when the Company invoices the customer.
Contract balances were as follows:
As of
September 30,
2024		As of
December 31,
2023
Contract assets$30,528 $21,107 
Deferred revenue, short-term:
Software products and services32,978 44,218 
Drug discovery8,795 12,013 
Deferred revenue, long-term:
Software products and services1,862 2,407 
Drug discovery3,338 6,636 
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $16,959, $45,199, $25,439, and $55,807 of revenue, respectively, that was included in deferred revenue at the end of the respective preceding periods. All other deferred revenue activity is due to the timing of invoices in relation to the timing of revenue, as described above. The Company expects to recognize as revenue approximately 89% of its September 30, 2024 deferred revenue balance in the next 12 months and the remainder thereafter. Additionally, contracted but unsatisfied performance obligations that had not yet been billed to the customer or included in deferred revenue were $39,956 as of September 30, 2024.
Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms typically require payment within 30 to 60 days. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from that of invoicing, the Company has determined that its contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing the Company’s products and services, not to facilitate financing arrangements.
(f)Deferred Sales Commissions
The Company has applied the practical expedient for sales commission expense, as any material compensation paid to sales representatives to obtain a contract relates to a period of one year or less. The Company has not capitalized any costs related to sales commissions.