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Income Taxes
 3 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Note 11 - Income Taxes
Our income tax expense for the three months ended December 31, 2024 was $5.4 million, or 19.5% of pre-tax income, compared to $3.2 million, or 23.3% of pre-tax income, for the three months ended December 31, 2023. The effective income tax rate for the three months ended December 31, 2024 differed from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to non-deductible executive compensation, stock-based compensation expense, federal research and development tax credits and state and local income and franchise taxes. The effective income tax rate for the three months ended December 31, 2023 differed from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to non-deductible executive compensation, federal research and development tax credits and state and local income and franchise taxes.
As of each reporting date, management considers new evidence, both positive and negative, that could affect its view of the future realization of deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2024, we continued to maintain a valuation allowance related to certain federal and state attributes, which are not expected to be utilized prior to expiration.