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Equity Compensation | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2018
Share-based Compensation [Abstract] |
Equity Compensation | Equity Compensation Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units As of September 30, 2018, we had performance-based restricted stock units from 2016, 2017 and 2018 outstanding. These awards generally cliff vest at the end of a three year measurement period. However, employees whose employment terminates during the measurement period due to death, disability, or, in certain cases, retirement may receive a pro-rata payout based on the number of days they were employed during the measurement period. Participants are eligible to be awarded shares ranging from 0% to 200% of the original award amount, based on certain defined performance measures. The 2016, 2017 and 2018 awards have one measurement criteria: the three year total shareholder return (TSR) on the performance of our capital stock as compared to that of a specified group of peer companies. The TSR measurement criteria of the awards is considered a market condition. As such, the fair value of this measurement criteria was determined on the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model. We recognize compensation expense on all of these awards on a straight-line basis over the vesting period with no changes for final projected payout of the awards. We account for forfeitures as they occur. Below were the assumptions used in the Monte Carlo calculation:
| September 17, 2018 |  | February 8, 2018 |  | February 2, 2017
Expected volatility | 36.6% |  | 34.8% |  | 33.6%
Expected term (in years) | 3.0 |  | 3.0 |  | 3.0
Risk-free interest rate | 2.85% |  | 2.28% |  | 1.38%
Expected volatility – In determining expected volatility, we have considered a number of factors, including historical volatility. Expected term – We use the measurement period of the award to determine the expected term assumption for the Monte Carlo simulation valuation model. Risk-free interest rate – We use an implied “spot rate” yield on U.S. Treasury Constant Maturity rates as of the grant date for our assumption of the risk-free interest rate. Expected dividend yield – We do not currently pay dividends on our capital stock; therefore, a dividend yield of 0% was used in the Monte Carlo simulation valuation model. The following table summarizes the change in number of performance-based restricted stock units outstanding for the nine months ended September 30, 2018:
| Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units
Awards outstanding at December 31, 2017 | 169,202 |
Awards granted | 75,760 |
Stock issued | (81,230 | )
Awards forfeited | (18,599 | )
Awards outstanding at September 30, 2018 | 145,133 |
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized compensation expense for performance-based restricted stock units of approximately $1.3 million and $3.1 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recognized compensation expense for performance-based restricted stock units of approximately $1.4 million and $2.9 million, respectively. Time-Based Restricted Stock Units As of September 30, 2018, we had time-based restricted stock unit awards from 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 outstanding. The 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 grants all ratably vest on the first, second and third anniversaries of the original grant date. The remaining outstanding 2014 grants cliff vest on December 17, 2018, the fourth anniversary of the original grant date. Each restricted stock unit represents a right to receive one share of the Rogers’ capital stock at the end of the vesting period. The fair value of the award is determined by the market value of the underlying stock price at the grant date. We recognize compensation expense on all of these awards on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. We account for forfeitures as they occur. The following table summarizes the change in number of time-based restricted stock units outstanding for the nine months ended September 30, 2018:
| Time-Based Restricted Stock Units
Awards outstanding at December 31, 2017 | 173,331 |
Awards granted | 44,610 |
Stock issued | (79,375 | )
Awards forfeited | (16,302 | )
Awards outstanding at September 30, 2018 | 122,264 |
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized compensation expense for time-based restricted stock units of approximately $1.4 million and $4.2 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recognized compensation expense for time-based restricted stock units of approximately $1.6 million and $4.2 million, respectively. Deferred Stock Units We grant deferred stock units to non-management directors. These awards are fully vested on the date of grant and the related shares are generally issued on the 13-month anniversary of the grant date unless the individual elects to defer the receipt of those shares. Each deferred stock unit results in the issuance of one share of Rogers’ capital stock. The grant of deferred stock units is typically done annually during the second quarter of each year. The fair value of the award is determined by the market value of the underlying stock price at the grant date. The following table summarizes the change in number of deferred stock units outstanding during the nine months ended September 30, 2018:
| Deferred Stock Units
Awards outstanding at December 31, 2017 | 9,250 |
Awards granted | 8,400 |
Stock issued | (9,250 | )
Awards outstanding at September 30, 2018 | 8,400 |
During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized no compensation expense associated with the deferred stock units. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $0.9 million of compensation expense associated with the deferred stock units. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recognized compensation expense associated with the deferred stock units of $0.1 million and $1.0 million, respectively. Stock Options Stock options have been granted under various equity compensation plans, and they generally became exercisable in one-third increments on the second, third and fourth anniversaries of the grant dates. The maximum contractual term for all options was normally ten years. We used the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the grant-date fair value of an option. We have no t granted any stock options since the first quarter of 2012. The following table summarizes the change in number of stock options outstanding for the nine months ended September 30, 2018:
| Options Outstanding |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life in Years |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 | 33,283 |  |  | $ | 36.40 |  |  | 2.2 |  | $ | 4,177,655 |
Options exercised | (19,183 | ) |  | $ | 38.26 |  |  |  |  |
Options forfeited | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding, vested and exercisable at September 30, 2018 | 14,100 |  |  | $ | 33.88 |  |  | 2.5 |  | $ | 1,599,534 |
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the total intrinsic value of options exercised (i.e., the difference between the market price at time of exercise and the price paid by the individual to exercise the options) was $2.2 million, and the total amount of cash received from the exercise of these options was $0.7 million. Employee Stock Purchase Plan We have an employee stock purchase plan (ESPP) that allows eligible employees to purchase, through payroll deductions, shares of our capital stock at a discount to fair market value. The ESPP has two six month offering periods each year, the first beginning in January and ending in June and the second beginning in July and ending in December. The ESPP contains a look-back feature that allows the employee to acquire shares of our capital stock at a 15% discount from the underlying market price at the beginning or end of the applicable period, whichever is lower. We recognize compensation expense on this plan ratably over the offering period based on the fair value of the anticipated number of shares that will be issued at the end of each offering period. Compensation expense is adjusted at the end of each offering period for the actual number of shares issued. Fair value is determined based on two factors: (i) the 15% discount on the underlying stock’s market value on the first day of the applicable offering period and (ii) the fair value of the look-back feature determined by using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. We recognized approximately $0.1 million of compensation expense associated with the plan in each of the three-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 and approximately $0.3 million of compensation expense associated with each of the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for compensation-related costs for equity-based compensation, which may include disclosure of policies, compensation plan details, allocation of equity compensation, incentive distributions, equity-based arrangements to obtain goods and services, deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock ownership plan details and employee stock purchase plan details. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2228938 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2208855 + Details
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