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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Polices | Note 2: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation Our accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and the accounting policies described below. Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires that these Consolidated Financial Statements and most of the disclosures in these Notes be presented on a historical basis, as of or for the current annual period or prior annual periods. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Segment Reporting In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting—Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280) (“ASU 2023-07”), which expands reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with retrospective application required and early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 on January 1, 2024. See Note 19: Segments for reportable segment disclosure, updated for adoption of ASU 2023-07. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Income Statement In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”), which requires additional disclosures in the notes to financial statements, disaggregating specific expense categories within relevant income statement captions. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of the requirements on our consolidated financial statement disclosures. Income Taxes In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-09, Income Taxes—Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740) (“ASU 2023-09”), which expands income tax disclosure requirements to include additional information related to the rate reconciliation of our effective tax rates to statutory rates as well as additional disaggregation of taxes paid. The amendments in the ASU also remove disclosures related to certain unrecognized tax benefits and deferred taxes. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The amendments may be applied prospectively or retrospectively, and early adoption is permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of the requirements on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue in accordance with two different accounting standards: Topic 606, Revenue from contracts with customers (“Topic 606”), and Topic 842, Leases (“Topic 842”). Under Topic 606, revenue from contracts with customers is measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with the customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. A “performance obligation” is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to a customer and is the unit of account under Topic 606. We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for such products or services. Our contracts with customers generally do not include multiple performance obligations. Rental Revenue – Rental revenue is primarily comprised of revenues from rental agreements and freight charges billed to customers. We also charge customers for damaged equipment, which is assessed and billed at the time a rental asset is returned to the Company and recorded within Parts Sales and Services revenue. We record changes in the estimated collectability of operating lease trade receivables against rental revenue. Our rental contracts are for various types of equipment and tools under 28-day or monthly agreements which include automatic renewal provisions. The majority of our rental payments are due upon receipt, with a majority billed at the end of each 28-day or monthly period. Revenue is recognized ratably over the rental agreement period and in accordance with Topic 842. Unearned revenue is reported in deferred revenue and customer deposits in our consolidated balance sheets. We require our rental customers to maintain liability and property insurance covering the units during the rental term and to indemnify us from losses caused by the negligence of the customer, their employees or contractors during the rental term. We also provide rental customers the opportunity to enter into contracts containing a rental purchase option (“RPO”). The RPO allows the customer to earn credit towards the purchase price of the leased equipment. The earned credit is based on rental payments made. Certain leases containing these purchase options are classified as sales-type leases because the RPO purchase price related to the leased equipment is considered to be a “bargain purchase option” in the lease. However, distinguishing a sales-type lease from an operating lease in the Company's portfolio of rental contracts involves assessing whether a customer’s exercise of their purchase option meets the reasonably certain criteria of Topic 842. This assessment involves judgments about whether there exists a compelling economic reason for an exercise on the part of the customer, considering factors related to the rental contract itself, the underlying asset, specifics about the customer’s financial situation and market conditions related to rentals of similar classes of assets. Revenue on these lease contracts is recognized at the point in time when the Company is reasonably certain that the criteria are met. Revenue from these leases is recorded as equipment sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Equipment Sales – We sell both new and used equipment. There are no rights of return or warranties offered on equipment sales. The contractual sales price for each individual equipment represents the standalone selling price. Our used equipment is of a sufficiently unique nature, based on specific characteristics such as its age and usage, that it does not have an observable standalone selling price. Equipment sales revenue is recognized upon the transfer of control of equipment. Except for equipment sold under bill-and-hold arrangements, control is transferred when title and physical possession of the equipment has transferred to the customer, which is at the point in time of customer pickup or when the equipment is delivered to a specified destination and the Company has a present right to payment. Payment is usually due within 30 days subsequent to transfer of control of the equipment. Additionally, revenue is recognized for upfit services on heavy-duty trucks and cranes. We have bill and hold arrangements with a small number of customers who request to complete the purchase of equipment prior to their ability to take physical possession. In these cases, customers request that we retain physical possession of the equipment until customer pickup or delivery at a later date. Under these arrangements, control is transferred to the customer when the equipment is ready for transfer to the customer, the customer has taken legal title, and the Company has a present right to payment. Under the bill and hold arrangements, which are rare, we recognize sales only when all of the following criteria are met: 1) the customer’s reason for the bill-and-hold arrangement is substantive, 2) the equipment is separately identified as belonging to the customer, 3) the equipment is ready for transfer to the customer and 4) we do not have the ability to use the equipment or direct it to another customer. Parts Sales and Services – We sell aftermarket parts and services. We derive our services revenue primarily from maintenance and repair services on heavy-duty trucks and cranes. Revenue from these services includes parts sales needed to complete the service work. We recognize services revenue as the service work is completed. We record revenue on a point in time basis as parts are delivered. The amount of consideration we receive for parts is based upon a list price net of discounts and incentives, and the impact of such variable consideration is factored into the amount of revenue we recognize at any point in time. The amount of consideration received for services is based upon labor hours expended and parts utilized to perform and complete the necessary services for our customers. There are no rights of return or warranties offered on parts sales. Payment is usually due and collected within 30 days subsequent to delivery of parts or performance of service. We record sales tax billed to customers and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis and, consequently, these amounts are excluded from revenues and expenses. Sales taxes are recorded as accrued expenses when billed. Shipping and Handling Costs – We classify shipping and handling fees billed to customers related to the placement of rental units as rental revenue in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). We include the related shipping and handling costs in cost of rental revenue, excluding depreciation, in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Shipping and handling fees billed to customers related to the sale of equipment and parts are recorded as equipment sales or parts sales and services revenue, respectively. The related shipping and handling costs are recorded in cost of equipment sales or cost of parts sales and services, respectively. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consists of cash and short-term investments with remaining maturities of three months or less when acquired. The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents approximates its fair value. The Company maintains deposits at financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. Trade Receivables and Allowance for Credit Losses We are exposed to credit losses from trade receivables generated through our leasing, sales and service businesses. We assess each customer’s ability to pay for the products and services by conducting a credit review. The credit review considers expected billing exposure and timing for payment and the customer’s established credit rating. We perform a credit review of new customers at inception of the customer relationship and, for existing customers, when the customer transacts new leases or product orders after a period of dormancy. We also consider contract terms and conditions, country risk and business strategy in the evaluation. We monitor ongoing credit exposure through an active review of customer balances against contract terms and due dates. We may employ collection agencies and legal counsel to pursue recovery of defaulted receivables. The allowances for credit losses reflect the estimate of the amount of receivables that management assesses will be unable to be collected based on historical write-off experience and, as applicable, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectability. This estimate could require change based on changing circumstances, including changes in the economy or in the particular circumstances of individual customers. Accordingly, we may be required to increase or decrease the allowances. We review the adequacy of the allowance on a quarterly basis. The allowance for doubtful accounts is included in accounts receivable, net on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following:
(in $000s) | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Accounts receivable | $ | 233,688 |  |  | $ | 232,592 |
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts | (17,815) |  |  | (17,503) |
Accounts receivable, net | $ | 215,873 |  |  | $ | 215,089 |
The relationship between provision for losses on accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts is presented below:
| Year Ended December 31,
(in $000s) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Allowance - beginning of period | $ | 17,503 |  |  | $ | 19,241 |  |  | $ | 10,820 |
Provision for losses on accounts receivable | 10,777 |  |  | 8,585 |  |  | 12,650 |
Accounts written off during period, net of recoveries | (10,465) |  |  | (10,323) |  |  | (4,229) |
Allowance - end of period | $ | 17,815 |  |  | $ | 17,503 |  |  | $ | 19,241 |
Specifically identifiable lease revenue receivables not deemed probable of collection are recorded as a reduction of rental revenue. The remaining provision for credit losses, which relates to product sales and services, is recorded in selling, general and administrative expense. Inventory Inventory is carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company periodically reviews inventories on hand and maintains reserves for slow-moving, excess, or obsolete inventories. Whole goods inventory is comprised of chassis, attachments (i.e., boom cranes, aerial lifts, digger derricks, dump bodies, etc.), and the in-process costs incurred in the final assembly of those units. As part of our business model, we sell unassembled individual whole goods and whole goods with varying levels of customization direct to consumers or dealers. Whole goods inventory also includes new equipment purchased specifically for resale to customers, which purchases are recorded directly to inventory when received. Cost is determined by specific identification for whole goods inventory. Aftermarket parts and services inventories are recorded at standard cost. Rental Equipment and Property and Equipment Rental Equipment Rental equipment is primarily comprised of the cost of truck-mounted aerial lifts, cranes, trucks, trailers, digger derricks, line equipment, cranes, pressure diggers, underground and other machinery and equipment. The rental equipment we purchase is recorded at cost and depreciated over the estimated rentable life of the equipment using the straight-line method over useful lives, depending on product categories, ranging from 1 to 7 years, to an estimated residual value, depending on product categories, ranging from 0% to 35% of cost. Depreciation of rental equipment commences when a rental unit is placed into the rental fleet and becomes available to rent and the cost is depreciated whether or not the equipment is on rent. We reevaluate the estimated rentable life as rental equipment is purchased, estimating the period that the asset will be held, considering factors such as historical rental activity and expectations of future rental activity. We also reevaluate the estimated residual values of the applicable rental equipment. The residual value of equipment is affected by factors that include equipment age, amount of usage and market conditions. Market conditions for used equipment sales can also be affected by external factors such as the economy, natural disasters, fuel prices, supply of similar used equipment, the market price for similar new equipment, and incentives offered by manufacturers of new equipment. These factors are considered when estimating future residual values and depreciation periods. Expenditures for repair and maintenance that extend the useful life of the equipment and are necessary to keep an equipment unit in rentable condition are capitalized and depreciated over the estimated remaining useful life of the equipment, which is the period the repair and maintenance is expected to provide future economic benefit. When making repairs, we dispose of damaged and replaced components at their net carrying values. The cost of routine and recurring maintenance activities related to the rental fleet are charged to expense as incurred. Property and Equipment Property and equipment is primarily comprised of land, buildings and improvements, machinery and equipment, and vehicles and is carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method based on useful lives ranging from three to 39.5 years. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments that extend the useful lives of property and equipment are capitalized. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the lesser of the improvement’s useful life or the remaining lease term. Leases as Lessee We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception of an arrangement. Operating and finance lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Lease assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, while lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. As most leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date, in determining the present value of lease payments. The length of a lease term includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise those options. The Company does not recognize lease assets or liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less, and it recognizes these lease payments as lease cost on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We do not separate lease and non-lease components. The Company applies a portfolio approach to determine the discount rate for leases with similar characteristics. For our leases classified as operating, the ROU asset is measured throughout the lease term at the carrying amount of the lease liability, plus unamortized initial direct costs, plus/(minus) any unamortized prepaid/(accrued) lease payments, less the unamortized balance of lease incentives received. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Goodwill We recognize goodwill when the purchase price of an acquired business exceeds the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired, and goodwill is assigned to each of our three reporting units, which are ERS, TES and APS. Goodwill is not amortized for financial reporting purposes. See Note 10: Goodwill and Intangible Assets for summary of goodwill by reporting unit. We perform our assessment of goodwill impairment utilizing either a qualitative or quantitative impairment test, and we perform our test at least annually. Our annual assessment date is October 1, and we perform impairment tests in interim periods (e.g. other than October 1) when factors are identified that could indicate goodwill of any of our reporting units may be impaired. Examples of such factors may include a significant adverse change in business climate, weakness in an industry in which our reporting units operate or recent significant cash or operating losses with expectations that those losses will continue. The qualitative and quantitative impairment tests are described further below. Qualitative Impairment Test – The qualitative impairment test assesses company-specific, industry, market and general economic factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we conclude that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, or we elect not to use the qualitative impairment test, a quantitative impairment test is performed. Quantitative Impairment Test – The quantitative impairment test involves a comparison of the estimated fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount with the fair value of a reporting unit being estimated by using a discounted cash flow model (the “income approach”) that calculates fair value as the present value of expected cash flows of the reporting unit. Additionally, a market analysis is performed that encompasses an analysis of comparable publicly-traded companies (the “market approach”). Determining the fair value of a reporting unit requires judgment and the use of significant estimates that include assumptions about the reporting unit’s future revenue (considering expectations about rental and sales volumes and prices as well as capital spending related to the end-markets we serve), profitability and cash flows, long-term growth rates, amount and timing of estimated capital expenditures, inflation rates, risk adjusted cost of capital, operational plans, and current and future economic conditions, among other assumptions. The fair value of each reporting unit is determined using a weighted combination of the income and market approaches. We believe that the estimates and assumptions used in our impairment assessments are reasonable and based on available market information. We use a discounted cash flow methodology for the income approach. Under the income approach, the discounted cash flow model determines fair value based on the present value of projected cash flows over a specified period and a residual value related to future cash flows beyond the projection period. Both values are discounted using a rate that reflects the best estimate of the risk adjusted cost of capital at each reporting unit. Changes in these estimates, many of which fall under Level 3 within the fair value measurement hierarchy (refer to Note 2: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Fair Value Measurements to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K), could change our conclusion regarding the impairment of goodwill assets and potentially reduce the carrying value of goodwill on our balance sheet and reduce our income in the year in which it is recorded. The following is a discussion of the estimates and assumptions from our October 1, 2024 quantitative impairment test for the ERS, TES and APS reporting units: •The risk adjusted cost of capital varies by reporting unit and was in the range of 10.5% to 11.0% and represents our estimate of the overall after-tax rate of return required by equity and debt holders of a business enterprise. •Our projections were based on our assessment of macroeconomic variables, industry trends and market opportunities, as well as our strategic objectives and future growth plans. Revenue growth rates assumed ranged from approximately 7% to 14% for 2025 and from approximately 3% to 14% for 2026 and beyond. EBITDA Margin assumed ranged from approximately 6% to 43% for 2025 and from approximately 8% to 48% for 2026 and beyond. As a result of completing our October 1, 2024 quantitative impairment test, we determined that the fair value of the ERS, TES and APS reporting units exceeded their carrying values by 13%, 82% and 33%, respectively. While there is no “bright line” to determine whether or not a reporting unit’s fair value is substantially in excess of its carrying amount (“cushion”), significant adverse changes in business climate, weakness in an industry in which our reporting units operate (for example, electric utility T&D, telecom, rail and general infrastructure) or significant cash or operating losses and changes in expectations of profitability could reduce the amounts of cushion applicable to our reporting units and result in impairment of one or more of our reporting units’ goodwill. As a result of our analyses, the Company determined that there was no impairment of goodwill. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets, including Intangible Assets We evaluate the carrying value of long-lived assets held for use, including rental equipment and definite-lived intangible assets, for impairment whenever an event or circumstance has occurred (such as a significant adverse change in the business climate, operating performance metrics, or legal factors) which suggests that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment of a long-lived asset held for use (or relative asset group, if applicable) is measured when the anticipated separately identifiable undiscounted cash flows from the asset are less than the carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value. Fair value is determined primarily using anticipated cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved. Other intangible assets consist of customer relationships, non-compete agreements and trade names. We amortize intangible assets with finite lives over the period the economic benefits are estimated to be consumed. Definite lived intangibles are amortized using the straight-line method over their useful life, as we believe this method best matches the pattern of economic benefit. See Note 10: Goodwill and Intangible Assets for additional information. Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as an exit price representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date in the principal or most advantageous market. Fair value is a market-based measurement that is determined based on inputs, which refer broadly to assumptions that market participants use in pricing assets and liabilities. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated, or generally unobservable. Fair Value Hierarchy - In measuring fair value, we use observable market data when available and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs may be required to value certain financial instruments due to complexities in contract terms. Inputs used in fair value measurements are categorized into three fair value hierarchy levels for disclosure purposes. The entire fair value measurement is categorized based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are: Level 1 - Inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur with both sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Level 2 - Inputs that reflect quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities are available in active markets, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets or liabilities, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instruments. Level 3 - Inputs that are generally less observable or from unobservable sources in which there is little or no market data. These inputs may be used with internally developed methodologies that result in our best estimate of fair value. Valuation Techniques - Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are based on one or more of the following three valuation techniques: Market approach - Technique that uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. Income approach - Technique that converts future amounts to a single present amount based upon market expectations (including present value techniques, option-pricing, and excess earnings models). Cost approach - Technique that estimates the amount that would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (i.e., replacement cost). Assets and Liabilities with Recurring Fair Value Measurements - Certain assets and liabilities may be measured at fair value on an ongoing basis. We did not elect to apply the fair value option for recording financial assets and financial liabilities. We do not have any assets or liabilities which we measure at fair value on a recurring basis. Assets and Liabilities with Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements - Certain assets and liabilities are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis. These assets and liabilities, which include long-lived assets, goodwill, and intangible assets, are subject to fair value adjustment in certain circumstances. From time to time, the fair value is determined on these assets as part of related impairment tests. For certain assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations, we record the fair value as of the acquisition date. Other than acquisition adjustments, no adjustments to fair value or fair value measurements were required for non-financial assets and liabilities for all periods presented. See Note 10: Goodwill and Intangible Assets and Note 14: Fair Value Measurements for additional information. Deferred Financing Costs Direct costs incurred in connection with the issuance, and amendments thereto, of our debt are capitalized and amortized over the terms of the respective agreements using the effective interest method, or the straight-line method when not materially different than the effective interest method. The net carrying value of deferred financing costs are classified as a reduction to long-term debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheets (see Note 8: Long-Term Debt). The amortization is included in interest expense on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Accrued Expenses Accrued expenses consisted of the following:
(in $000s) | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Accrued interest | $ | 25,965 |  |  | $ | 16,891 |
Accrued salaries, wages and benefits | 32,850 |  |  | 41,667 |
Accrued sales taxes | 5,271 |  |  | 8,834 |
Other | 5,263 |  |  | 6,455 |
Total accrued expenses | $ | 69,349 |  |  | $ | 73,847 |
Cloud Computing Arrangement Implementation Costs The Company has entered into certain cloud-based hosting agreements that are accounted for as service contracts. For internal-use software obtained through a hosting arrangement that is a service contract, the Company capitalizes certain implementation costs, such as costs incurred to integrate, configure, and customize internal-use software, which are consistent with costs incurred during the application development stage for on-premises software. These capitalized development costs are recorded in other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Capitalized implementation costs are amortized straight-line over the term of the hosting arrangement plus any reasonably certain renewal periods, which together ranges from three years to 10 years. Cloud computing arrangements, net included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consisted of the following:
(in $000s) | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
Cloud computing arrangements | $ | 36,725 |  |  | $ | 37,916 |  |  |
Less: accumulated amortization | (21,977) |  |  | (16,058) |  |  |
Cloud computing arrangements, net | $ | 14,748 |  |  | $ | 21,858 |  |  |
Amortization expense for these assets is included in selling, general, and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, amortization expense was $6.9 million, $6.4 million and $4.3 million, respectively. Advertising Costs We promote our business through various industries media channels, and expense advertising costs as incurred to selling, general, and administrative expenses. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, advertising costs were approximately $6.2 million, $3.3 million and $3.1 million, respectively. Share-Based Compensation The fair value of equity-classified awards is determined at the grant date using techniques appropriate for the awards, which we use to determine compensation expense over the service period. We recognize compensation expense for our share-based payments over the requisite service period for the entire award and forfeitures are recognized as they occur. See Note 13: Share-Based Compensation for additional information. Income Taxes We utilize the asset and liability method in accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between financial accounting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Recognition of deferred tax assets is limited to amounts considered by management to be more-likely-than-not to be realized in future periods. A valuation allowance is established to reduce deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The effect on net deferred tax assets and liabilities resulting from a change in tax rates is recognized as income or expense in the period that the change in tax rates is enacted. We make certain estimates and judgments in determining income tax expense for financial statement purposes. These estimates and judgments are applied in the calculation of the deferred income tax expense or benefit associated with certain deferred tax assets and liabilities. Significant changes to these estimates may result in an increase or decrease to our tax provision in a subsequent period. Our income tax returns are subject to examination by federal, state and foreign tax authorities. There may be differing interpretations of tax laws and regulations, and as a result, disputes may arise with these tax authorities involving the timing and amount of deductions and allocation of income. With the exception of net operating loss carryforwards, we are generally no longer subject to federal, state, local, and foreign income tax examinations by tax authorities for years ending on or prior to December 31, 2019. We recognize uncertain income tax positions if it is more-likely-than-not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more-likely-than-not means a likelihood of more than 50%. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. Our determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgment. Unrecognized tax benefits are tax benefits claimed in our tax returns that do not meet recognition and measurement standards. Our policy is to record interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense (benefit) on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our uncertain income tax positions, unrecognized tax benefits, and accrued interest were not material. Acquisition Accounting We have made acquisitions of businesses in the past and may continue to make acquisitions in the future. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded based on their respective fair values at the date of acquisition. Long-lived assets (principally rental equipment), goodwill and other intangible assets generally represent the largest components of our acquisitions. Rental equipment is valued utilizing either a cost, market or income approach, or a combination of certain of these methods, depending on the asset being valued and the availability of market or income data. The intangible assets that we have acquired are non-compete agreements, customer relationships and trade names and associated trademarks. The estimated fair values of these intangible assets reflect various assumptions about discount rates, revenue growth rates, operating margins, royalty rates, customer attrition rates, terminal values, useful lives and other prospective financial information. Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the cost of the acquired entity over the net of the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. Non-compete agreements, customer relationships and trade names and associated trademarks are valued based on an excess earnings or income approach based on projected cash flows. Determining the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired is judgmental in nature and can involve the use of significant estimates and assumptions. The judgments made in determining the estimated fair value assigned to the assets acquired, as well as the estimated life of the assets, can materially impact net income (loss) in periods subsequent to the acquisition because of depreciation and amortization, and in certain instances through impairment charges if the asset becomes impaired in the future. As discussed above, we regularly review long-lived assets for impairments. When we make an acquisition of business, we also acquire other assets and assume liabilities. These other assets and liabilities typically include, but are not limited to, parts inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other working capital items. Because of their short-term nature, the fair values of these other assets and liabilities generally approximate the carrying values on the acquired entities’ balance sheets.

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