Note 17 — Income Taxes

The amounts of income (loss) before income taxes attributable to domestic and foreign operations were as follows:

		Year ended December 31,
	2015				2014				2013
						(in thousands)
Domestic		$	(53,553	)		$	(95,195	)		$	(84,942	)
Foreign		30,907				16,841				13,732

Total		$	(22,646	)		$	(78,354	)		$	(71,210	)

Significant components of the expense (benefit) for income taxes consisted of the following:

		Year ended December 31,
	2015				2014				2013
						(in thousands)
Current:
Federal		$	139			$	(2,464	)		$	(21,022	)
Foreign		6,952				2,325				3,921
State and local		(407		)		55				148

Total current expense (benefit) for income taxes		6,684				(84		)		(16,953		)

Deferred:
Federal		2,104				(11,230		)		(11,589		)
Foreign		516				(291		)		(462		)
State and local		28				191				57

Total deferred expense (benefit) for income taxes		2,648				(11,330		)		(11,994		)

Total expense (benefit) for income taxes		$	9,332			$	(11,414	)		$	(28,947	)

The income tax expense was reconciled to the tax expense computed at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate as follows:

		Year ended December 31,
	2015				2014				2013
						(in thousands)
Income tax expense (benefit) at U.S. statutory rates		$	(7,926	)		$	(27,424	)		$	(24,923	)
State taxes, net of U.S. federal impact		(1,607		)		(662		)		(1,554		)
Effect of international operations		(7,659		)		(6,160		)		(4,275		)
Domestic production activities deduction		—				—				1,554
Research and development tax credit		(1,628		)		(1,935		)		(3,151		)
Net change in valuation allowance		23,655				27,156				2,420
Change in accrual for unrecognized tax benefits		4,876				(1,940		)		577
Goodwill impairment		—				9,786				—
Change in contingent consideration		—				(10,279		)		290
Worthless stock deduction		(2,069		)		—				—
Change in entity tax status		904				—				—
Other		786				44				115

Total expense (benefit) for income taxes		$	9,332			$	(11,414	)		$	(28,947	)

The Company has not recorded excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation since fiscal year 2013 due to the U.S. net operating losses. At December 31, 2015, excess tax benefits were $0.5 million. The Company will record this amount to “Additional paid-in capital” when the excess tax benefits are utilized and reduce the Company’s current taxes payable.

Deferred income taxes reflect the effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting purposes and the amounts recognized for tax purposes. The tax effects of the temporary differences were as follows:

		December 31,
	2015				2014
		(in thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Inventory valuation		$	6,334			$	8,244
Net operating losses and credit carry forwards		53,918				39,750
Warranty and installation accruals		3,022				2,452
Share-based compensation		12,461				11,794
Other		5,787				2,647

Total deferred tax assets		81,522				64,887
Valuation allowance		(56,273		)		(34,909		)

Net deferred tax assets		25,249				29,978


Deferred tax liabilities:
Purchased intangible assets		32,550				34,018
Undistributed earnings		618				1,047
Depreciation		1,908				2,274

Total deferred tax liabilities		35,076				37,339

Net deferred taxes		$	(9,827	)		$	(7,361	)

The Company did not record a provision for U.S. federal income taxes or any additional withholding taxes on unremitted earnings in foreign subsidiaries in the amount of $100.1 million at December 31, 2015, as such amount is permanently reinvested. It is not practicable to determine the hypothetical amount of tax associated with such unremitted earnings if the Company were to assume they were remitted to the U.S. For financial reporting purposes, these balances are determined as amounts that exceed the tax basis of such investments. The Company has provided U.S. federal income taxes and additional withholding taxes on foreign earnings that are anticipated to be remitted.

At December 31, 2015 the Company had U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $87.8 million that will expire between 2031 and 2035, if not utilized. At December 31, 2015 the Company had U.S. foreign tax credit carryforwards of $7.5 million that will expire between 2023 and 2025 and U.S. federal research and development credits of $11.0 million that will expire between 2031 and 2035. The Company also has state and local net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $57.8 million (a net deferred tax asset of $2.8 million net of federal tax benefits and before the valuation allowance) that will expire between 2016 and 2036. In addition, the Company has state credits of $9.4 million some of which are indefinite and others that will expire between 2016 and 2030.

The Company makes assessments to estimate if sufficient taxable income will be generated in the future to use existing deferred tax assets. The Company’s cumulative three year loss in its domestic operations led to a full valuation allowance against the Company’s U.S. deferred tax assets in fiscal year 2014, because the Company could not conclude that such amounts are realizable on a more-likely-than-not basis. As the cumulative three year loss continued in 2015, the Company increased the valuation allowance by approximately $21.4 million during the period ended December 31, 2015.

The Company may amortize indefinite-lived intangible assets for tax purposes, which are not amortizable for financial reporting purposes. The deferred tax liability at December 31, 2015 includes $11.2 million relating to the tax effect of differences between financial reporting and tax bases of intangible assets that are not expected to reverse within the Company’s net operating loss carryforward period.

A roll-forward of the Company’s uncertain tax positions for all U.S. federal, state, and foreign tax jurisdictions was as follows:

	December 31,
	2015			2014			2013
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of year	$	4,276		$	6,228		$	5,818
Additions for tax positions related to current year	5,596			244			324
Additions for tax positions related to prior years	143			199			477
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years	—			(2,345		)	(224		)
Reductions due to the lapse of the applicable statute of limitations	(642		)	(38		)	—
Settlements	(221		)	(12		)	(167		)

Balance at end of year	$	9,152		$	4,276		$	6,228

If the amount of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2015 were recognized, the Company’s income tax provision would decrease by $5.1 million. The year to date change of $4.9 million primarily relates to the Company’s Development and Expansion Incentive tax rewards with the Singapore Economic Development Board. The gross amount of interest and penalties accrued in income tax payable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets was approximately $0.2 million and $0.3 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The Company or one of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction and various state, local, and foreign jurisdictions. All material federal income tax matters have been concluded for years through 2010 subject to subsequent utilization of net operating losses generated in such years. The Company’s U.S. federal tax returns from 2011 through 2013 were examined and are currently under joint committee review. All material state and local income tax matters have been reviewed through 2009. The majority of the Company’s foreign jurisdictions have been reviewed through 2010. Substantially all of the Company’s foreign jurisdictions’ statutes of limitation remain open with respect to the tax years from 2010 through 2015. It is reasonably possible that within the next twelve months the Company’s uncertain tax position will be reduced by approximately $2.0 million related to the completion of tax audits in various tax jurisdictions.