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Stock-Based Compensation | 6 Months Ended
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Oct. 28, 2017
Stock-Based Compensation |
Stock-Based Compensation | Note 9: Stock-Based Compensation The table below summarizes the total stock-based compensation expense we recognized for all outstanding grants in our consolidated statement of income:
|  | Quarter Ended |  | Six Months Ended |
(Unaudited, amounts in thousands) |  | 10/28/17 |  | 10/29/16 |  | 10/28/17 |  | 10/29/16 |
Equity-based awards expense |  | $ | 2,852 |  | $ | 2,551 |  | $ | 6,410 |  | $ | 5,880 |
Liability-based awards (income) expense |  | (588 | ) | (1,229 | ) | 308 |  | 270 |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | 2,264 |  | $ | 1,322 |  | $ | 6,718 |  | $ | 6,150 |
Stock Options. We granted 573,591 stock options to employees during the first quarter of fiscal 2018, and we have stock options outstanding from previous grants. We account for stock options as equity-based awards because when they are exercised, they will be settled in common shares. We recognize compensation expense for stock options over the vesting period equal to the fair value on the date our compensation committee approved the awards. The vesting period for our stock options ranges from one to four years, with accelerated vesting upon retirement. We expense options granted to retirement-eligible employees immediately. We estimate forfeiture rates based on our employees’ forfeiture history and believe they will approximate future results. We estimate the fair value of the employee stock options at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which requires management to make certain assumptions. We estimate expected volatility based on the historical volatility of our common shares. We base the average expected life on the contractual term of the stock option and expected employee exercise trends. We base the risk-free rate on U.S. Treasury issues with a term equal to the expected life assumed at the date of the grant. We calculated the fair value of stock options granted during the first quarter of fiscal 2018 using the following assumptions:
(Unaudited) |  | Fiscal 2018 grant |
Risk-free interest rate |  | 1.84 | %
Dividend rate |  | 1.61 | %
Expected life in years |  | 5.00 |
Stock price volatility |  | 32.12 | %
Fair value per share |  | $ | 7.16 |
Stock Appreciation Rights (“SARs”). We did not grant any SARs to employees during the first six months of fiscal 2018, but we have SARs outstanding from previous grants. SARs will be paid in cash upon exercise and, accordingly, we account for SARs as liability-based awards that we re-measure to reflect the fair value at the end of each reporting period. These awards vest at 25% per year, beginning one year from the grant date for a term of four years, with accelerated vesting upon retirement. We expense SARs granted to retirement-eligible employees immediately. We estimate the fair value of SARs at the end of each reporting period using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which requires management to make certain assumptions. We base the average expected life on the contractual term of the SARs and expected employee exercise trends (which is consistent with the expected life of our option awards). We base the risk-free rate on U.S. Treasury issues with a term equal to the expected life assumed at the end of the reporting period. In fiscal 2013, we granted SARs as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 27, 2013. These awards have exceeded their expected life and are re-measured based on their intrinsic value, which is the market value of our common stock on the last day of the reporting period less the exercise price, until the earlier of the exercise date or the contractual term date. At October 28, 2017, the intrinsic value per share of these awards was $15.73. In fiscal 2014, we granted SARs as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 26, 2014. At October 28, 2017, we measured the fair value of these SARs using the following assumptions:
(Unaudited) |  | Fiscal 2014 grant |
Risk-free interest rate |  | 1.28 | %
Dividend rate |  | 1.59 | %
Expected life in years |  | 0.63 |
Stock price volatility |  | 45.68 | %
Fair value per share |  | $ | 9.17 |
Restricted Stock. We granted 102,662 shares of restricted stock to employees during the first quarter of fiscal 2018. We also have shares of restricted stock outstanding from previous grants. We issue restricted stock at no cost to the employees, and the shares are held in an escrow account until the vesting period ends. If a recipient’s employment ends during the escrow period (other than through death or disability), the shares are returned at no cost to the company. We account for restricted stock awards as equity-based awards because when they vest, they will be settled in common shares. The fair value of the restricted stock awarded in the first quarter of fiscal 2018 was $27.25 per share, the market value of our common shares on the date of grant. We estimate forfeiture rates based on our employees’ forfeiture history and believe they will approximate future results. We recognize compensation expense for restricted stock over the vesting period equal to the fair value on the date our compensation committee approved the awards. Restricted stock awards vest at 25% per year, beginning one year from the grant date for a term of four years. Restricted Stock Units. During the second quarter of fiscal 2018, we granted 29,520 restricted stock units to our non-employee directors. These restricted stock units vest when the director leaves the board. We account for these restricted stock units as equity-based awards because when they vest, they will be settled in shares of our common stock. We measure and recognize compensation expense for these awards based on the market price of our common shares on the date of grant, which was $23.85. Performance Shares. During the first quarter of fiscal 2018, we granted 177,805 performance-based shares. We also have performance-based share awards outstanding from previous grants. Payout of these grants depends on our financial performance (80%) and a market-based condition based on the total return our shareholders receive on their investment in our stock relative to returns earned through investments in other public companies (20%). The performance share opportunity ranges from 50% of the employee’s target award if minimum performance requirements are met to a maximum of 200% of the target award based on the attainment of certain financial and shareholder-return goals over a specific performance period, which is generally three fiscal years. We account for performance-based shares as equity-based awards because when they vest, they will be settled in common shares. We estimate forfeiture rates based on our employees’ forfeiture history and believe they will approximate future results. For shares that vest based on our results relative to the performance goals, we expense as compensation cost the fair value of the shares as of the day we granted the awards recognized over the performance period, taking into account the probability that we will satisfy the performance goals. The fair value of each share of the awards we granted in fiscal 2018 that vest based on attaining performance goals was $25.93, the market value of our common shares on the date we granted the awards less the dividends we expect to pay before the shares vest. For shares that vest based on market conditions, we use a Monte Carlo valuation model to estimate each share’s fair value as of the date of grant, and, similar to the way in which we expense awards of stock options, we expense compensation cost over the vesting period regardless of the value that award recipients ultimately receive. Based on the Monte Carlo model, the fair value as of the grant date of the fiscal 2018 grant of shares that vest based on market conditions was $36.24.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for compensation-related costs for equity-based compensation, which may include disclosure of policies, compensation plan details, allocation of equity compensation, incentive distributions, equity-based arrangements to obtain goods and services, deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock ownership plan details and employee stock purchase plan details. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 40 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65895303&loc=d3e17540-113929 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68057994&loc=d3e25284-112666 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 14) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=27013229&loc=d3e301413-122809 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5070-113901 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5047-113901 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5444-113901 + Details
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