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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

for the quarterly period ended May 31, 2022

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

for the transition period from ______ to ______

Commission File No. 1-13146

THE GREENBRIER COMPANIES, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Oregon | 93-0816972
(State of Incorporation) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
One Centerpointe Drive, Suite 200, Lake Oswego, OR | 97035
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(503) 684-7000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock without par value |  | GBX |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, without par value, outstanding on July 5, 2022 was 32,587,686 shares.

FORM 10-Q

Table of Contents

|  | Page
| Forward-Looking Statements | 3
PART I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 4
Item 1. | Condensed Financial Statements | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity | 7
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 9
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 10
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 27
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 48
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 48
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION | 49
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 49
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 49
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 50
Item 6. | Exhibits | 51
| Signatures | 52

Forward-Looki ng Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements provide current expectations of future events and include any statement that does not relate to any historical or current fact. We use words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “can,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “future,” “intends,” “likely,” “may,” “potential,” “trend,” “seeks,” “should,” “strategy,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance.

Forward-looking statements are based on currently available operating, financial and market information and are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Actual future results and trends may differ materially depending on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to:

•
the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, the governmental reaction to COVID-19 and the related significant global volatility in general economic activity as more fully described in Part II Item 1A “Risk Factors” of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Company for the quarter ended November 30, 2021 and filed with the Commission on January 7, 2022;
•
we may be prevented from operating our manufacturing facilities, maintenance shops, wheel shops or other worksites due to the illness of our employees, “stay-at-home” regulations, and employee reluctance to appear for work for many different reasons including the implementation of any government-imposed vaccination or testing mandates;
•
impacts from any international conflicts or other geopolitical events, including the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine;
•
general inflation, including wage inflation and a rise in energy prices;
•
monetary and other policy interventions by governments and central banks aimed at decreasing aggregate demand, including the increase of interest rates;
•
a sustained decrease in, or uncertainty about, aggregate demand;
•
mismatch of supply and demand, interruptions of supply lines, inefficient or overloaded logistics platforms, among other factors may cause the markets for the inputs to our business to fail to operate effectively or efficiently (including sectoral price inflation);
•
price volatility for supplies to our business as well as goods and services in our industry;
•
changes in our product mix or revenue due to shifts in demand;
•
the cyclical nature of our business;
•
equipment failures, technological failures, costs and inefficiencies associated with changing of production lines, or transfer of production between facilities;
•
changes in demand for our railcar equipment and services;
•
our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of our new leasing strategy;
•
a decline in performance, or increase in efficiency, of the rail freight industry;
•
risks related to our operations outside of the United States (U.S.) including enforcement actions by regulators related to tax, environmental, labor, safety, or other regulations;
•
governmental policy changes impacting international trade and corporate tax;
•
the loss of, or reduction of, business from one or more of our limited number of customers;
•
a material delay in the movement of our products to customer delivery points; and
•
our inability to lease railcars at satisfactory rates, remarket leased railcars on favorable terms upon lease termination, or realize the expected residual values for end of life railcars due to changes in scrap prices.

The foregoing risks are described in more detail in Part I Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q which are incorporated herein by reference. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s opinions only as of the date hereof. Except as otherwise required by law, we do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements. All references to years refer to the fiscal years ended August 31st unless otherwise noted.

3

PART I. FINANCI AL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed F inancial Statements

Condensed Consolidated B alance Sheets

(In millions, except number of shares which are reflected in thousands, unaudited)

|  | May 31, 2022 |  |  | August 31, 2021 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 449.7 |  |  | $ | 646.8 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 16.1 |  |  |  | 24.6 |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 464.8 |  |  |  | 306.4 |
Income tax receivable |  |  | 129.4 |  |  |  | 112.1 |
Inventories |  |  | 781.7 |  |  |  | 573.6 |
Leased railcars for syndication |  |  | 142.9 |  |  |  | 51.6 |
Equipment on operating leases, net |  |  | 676.1 |  |  |  | 609.8 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 642.7 |  |  |  | 670.2 |
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates |  |  | 96.2 |  |  |  | 79.9 |
Intangibles and other assets, net |  |  | 177.8 |  |  |  | 183.6 |
Goodwill |  |  | 128.7 |  |  |  | 132.1 |
|  | $ | 3,706.1 |  |  | $ | 3,390.7 |
Liabilities and Equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Revolving notes |  | $ | 303.3 |  |  | $ | 372.2 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | 639.0 |  |  |  | 569.8 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 72.9 |  |  |  | 73.3 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 33.3 |  |  |  | 42.8 |
Notes payable, net |  |  | 1,202.6 |  |  |  | 826.5 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingently redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | 27.8 |  |  |  | 29.7 |
Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Greenbrier |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock - without par value; 25,000 shares authorized; none outstanding |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock - without par value; 50,000 shares authorized; 32,588 and 32,397 shares outstanding at May 31, 2022 and August 31, 2021 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 420.5 |  |  |  | 469.7 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 886.5 |  |  |  | 881.7 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (36.6 | ) |  |  | (43.7 | )
Total equity – Greenbrier |  |  | 1,270.4 |  |  |  | 1,307.7 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  | 156.8 |  |  |  | 168.7 |
Total equity |  |  | 1,427.2 |  |  |  | 1,476.4 |
|  | $ | 3,706.1 |  |  | $ | 3,390.7 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

4

Condensed Consolidated Sta tements of Income

(In millions, except number of shares which are reflected in thousands and per share amounts, unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Manufacturing |  | $ | 650.9 |  |  | $ | 339.7 |  |  | $ | 1,659.1 |  |  | $ | 845.7 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 101.5 |  |  |  | 80.9 |  |  |  | 260.5 |  |  |  | 218.1 |
Leasing & Management Services |  |  | 41.1 |  |  |  | 29.6 |  |  |  | 107.4 |  |  |  | 85.0 |
|  |  | 793.5 |  |  |  | 450.2 |  |  |  | 2,027.0 |  |  |  | 1,148.8 |
Cost of revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Manufacturing |  |  | 611.3 |  |  |  | 292.4 |  |  |  | 1,567.9 |  |  |  | 775.1 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 91.1 |  |  |  | 73.7 |  |  |  | 244.0 |  |  |  | 203.4 |
Leasing & Management Services |  |  | 14.8 |  |  |  | 8.9 |  |  |  | 36.4 |  |  |  | 36.8 |
|  |  | 717.2 |  |  |  | 375.0 |  |  |  | 1,848.3 |  |  |  | 1,015.3 |
Margin |  |  | 76.3 |  |  |  | 75.2 |  |  |  | 178.7 |  |  |  | 133.5 |
Selling and administrative expense |  |  | 57.4 |  |  |  | 49.3 |  |  |  | 156.4 |  |  |  | 136.4 |
Net (gain) loss on disposition of equipment |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | (34.3 | ) |  |  | (0.8 | )
Earnings (loss) from operations |  |  | 19.6 |  |  |  | 25.7 |  |  |  | 56.6 |  |  |  | (2.1 | )
Other costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and foreign exchange |  |  | 14.9 |  |  |  | 10.2 |  |  |  | 39.3 |  |  |  | 30.9 |
Net loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4.8 |
Earnings (loss) before income tax and earnings from unconsolidated affiliates |  |  | 4.7 |  |  |  | 10.7 |  |  |  | 17.3 |  |  |  | (37.8 | )
Income tax (expense) benefit |  |  | (1.1 | ) |  |  | 6.9 |  |  |  | (2.9 | ) |  |  | 36.0 |
Earnings (loss) before earnings from unconsolidated affiliates |  |  | 3.6 |  |  |  | 17.6 |  |  |  | 14.4 |  |  |  | (1.8 | )
Earnings from unconsolidated affiliates |  |  | 4.0 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 10.0 |  |  |  | 1.3 |
Net earnings (loss) |  |  | 7.6 |  |  |  | 20.0 |  |  |  | 24.4 |  |  |  | (0.5 | )
Net (earnings) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | (4.5 | ) |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 1.2 |
Net earnings attributable to Greenbrier |  | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | 19.7 |  |  | $ | 26.7 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.61 |  |  | $ | 0.82 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.09 |  |  | $ | 0.59 |  |  | $ | 0.79 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |
Weighted average common shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 32,588 |  |  |  | 32,573 |  |  |  | 32,560 |  |  |  | 32,726 |
Diluted |  |  | 33,661 |  |  |  | 33,605 |  |  |  | 33,626 |  |  |  | 33,747 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

5

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(In millions, unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net earnings (loss) |  | $ | 7.6 |  |  | $ | 20.0 |  |  | $ | 24.4 |  |  | $ | (0.5 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Translation adjustment |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |  | (7.4 | ) |  |  | 9.3 |
Reclassification of derivative financial instruments recognized in net earnings (loss) 1 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | 3.9 |
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative financial instruments 2 |  |  | 13.1 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 10.7 |  |  |  | (0.2 | )
Other (net of tax effect) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | (0.2 | )
|  |  | 16.8 |  |  |  | 6.7 |  |  |  | 7.2 |  |  |  | 12.8 |
Comprehensive income |  |  | 24.4 |  |  |  | 26.7 |  |  |  | 31.6 |  |  |  | 12.3 |
Comprehensive (earnings) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | (4.6 | ) |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 1.2 |
Comprehensive income attributable to Greenbrier |  | $ | 19.8 |  |  | $ | 26.4 |  |  | $ | 33.8 |  |  | $ | 13.5 |

1 Net of tax effect of ($0.7 million) and ($0.4 million) for the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 and ($1.4 million) and ($1.2 million) for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021.

2 Net of tax effect of ($4.5 million) and ($0.4 million) for the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 and ($4.3 million) and $0.3 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

6

Condensed Consolidated Stat ements of Equity

(In millions, except per share amounts, unaudited)

| Attributable to Greenbrier |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common Stock Shares |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Equity - Greenbrier |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total Equity |  | Contingently Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest |
Balance August 31, 2021 |  | 32.4 |  | $ | 469.7 |  | $ | 881.7 |  | $ | (43.7 | ) | $ | 1,307.7 |  | $ | 168.7 |  | $ | 1,476.4 |  | $ | 29.7 |
Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of ASU 2020-06 (see Note 1) |  | — |  |  | (58.9 | ) |  | 4.9 |  |  | — |  |  | (54.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | (54.0 | ) |  | — |
Net earnings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 26.7 |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  | 26.3 |  |  | (1.9 | )
Other comprehensive income, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | — |
Noncontrolling interest adjustments |  | — |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | (1.5 | ) |  | 0.7 |  |  | — |
Joint venture partner distribution declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10.1 | ) |  | (10.1 | ) |  | — |
Restricted stock awards (net of cancellations) |  | 0.2 |  |  | 11.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 11.9 |  |  | — |
Unamortized restricted stock |  | — |  |  | (15.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (15.3 | ) |  | — |
Restricted stock amortization |  | — |  |  | 10.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 10.9 |  |  | — |
Cash dividends ($0.81 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (26.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (26.8 | ) |  |
Balance May 31, 2022 |  | 32.6 |  | $ | 420.5 |  | $ | 886.5 |  | $ | (36.6 | ) | $ | 1,270.4 |  | $ | 156.8 |  | $ | 1,427.2 |  | $ | 27.8 |

| Attributable to Greenbrier |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common Stock Shares |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Equity - Greenbrier |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total Equity |  | Contingently Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest |
Balance February 28, 2022 |  | 32.6 |  | $ | 413.4 |  | $ | 892.5 |  | $ | (53.3 | ) | $ | 1,252.6 |  | $ | 154.1 |  | $ | 1,406.7 |  | $ | 28.5 |
Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of ASU 2020-06 (see Note 1) |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | — |
Net earnings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 8.3 |  |  | (0.7 | )
Other comprehensive income, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16.7 |  |  | 16.7 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 16.8 |  |  | — |
Noncontrolling interest adjustments |  | — |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  | 1.3 |  |  | — |
Joint venture partner distribution declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.7 | ) |  | (1.7 | ) |  | — |
Restricted stock amortization |  | — |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | — |
Cash dividends ($0.27 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9.1 | ) |  | — |
Balance May 31, 2022 |  | 32.6 |  | $ | 420.5 |  | $ | 886.5 |  | $ | (36.6 | ) | $ | 1,270.4 |  | $ | 156.8 |  | $ | 1,427.2 |  | $ | 27.8 |

7

| Attributable to Greenbrier |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common Stock Shares |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Equity - Greenbrier |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total Equity |  | Contingently Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest |
Balance August 31, 2020 |  | 32.7 |  | $ | 460.4 |  | $ | 885.5 |  | $ | (52.8 | ) | $ | 1,293.1 |  | $ | 180.0 |  | $ | 1,473.1 |  | $ | 31.1 |
Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of ASU 2016-13 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  | — |
Net earnings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  | 0.3 |  |  | (0.8 | )
Other comprehensive income, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12.8 |  |  | 12.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 12.8 |  |  | — |
Noncontrolling interest adjustments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |
Joint venture partner distribution declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23.0 | ) |  | (23.0 | ) |  | — |
Investment by joint venture partner |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | — |
Restricted stock awards (net of cancellations) |  | 0.1 |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | — |
Unamortized restricted stock |  | — |  |  | (17.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (17.9 | ) |  | — |
Restricted stock amortization |  | — |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | — |
Repurchase of stock |  | (0.4 | ) |  | (20.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | (20.0 | ) |  | — |
2.875% Convertible senior notes, due 2028 - equity component, net of tax |  | — |  |  | 56.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 56.3 |  |  | — |
2.875% Convertible senior notes, due 2028 issuance costs - equity component, net of tax |  | — |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  | — |
2.875% Convertible senior notes, due 2024 - equity component extinguishment, net of tax |  | — |  |  | (28.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (28.5 | ) |  | — |
2.25% Convertible senior notes, due 2024 - equity component extinguishment, net of tax |  | — |  |  | (8.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (8.2 | ) |  | — |
Cash dividends ($0.81 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (26.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (26.7 | ) |  | — |
Balance May 31, 2021 |  | 32.4 |  | $ | 467.8 |  | $ | 859.0 |  | $ | (40.0 | ) | $ | 1,286.8 |  | $ | 163.9 |  | $ | 1,450.7 |  | $ | 30.3 |

| Attributable to Greenbrier |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common Stock Shares |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Equity - Greenbrier |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total Equity |  | Contingently Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest |
Balance February 28, 2021 |  | 32.8 |  | $ | 467.0 |  | $ | 848.2 |  | $ | (46.7 | ) | $ | 1,268.5 |  | $ | 175.9 |  | $ | 1,444.4 |  | $ | 30.0 |
Net earnings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 19.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 19.7 |  |  | 0.3 |
Other comprehensive income, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | — |
Noncontrolling interest adjustments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | — |
Joint venture partner distribution declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20.6 | ) |  | (20.6 | ) |  | — |
Investment by joint venture partner |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | — |
Restricted stock awards (net of cancellations) |  | — |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  | — |
Restricted stock amortization |  | — |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | — |
Repurchase of stock |  | (0.4 | ) |  | (20.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | (20.0 | ) |  | — |
2.875% Convertible senior notes, due 2028 - equity component, net of tax |  | — |  |  | 56.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 56.3 |  |  | — |
2.875% Convertible senior notes, due 2028 issuance costs - equity component, net of tax |  | — |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  | — |
2.875% Convertible senior notes, due 2024 - equity component extinguishment, net of tax |  | — |  |  | (28.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (28.5 | ) |  | — |
2.25% Convertible senior notes, due 2024 - equity component extinguishment, net of tax |  | — |  |  | (8.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (8.2 | ) |  | — |
Cash dividends ($0.27 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (8.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (8.9 | ) |  | — |
Balance May 31, 2021 |  | 32.4 |  | $ | 467.8 |  | $ | 859.0 |  | $ | (40.0 | ) | $ | 1,286.8 |  | $ | 163.9 |  | $ | 1,450.7 |  | $ | 30.3 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

8

Condensed Consolidated Statem ents of Cash Flows

(In millions, unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings (loss) |  | $ | 24.4 |  |  | $ | (0.5 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings (loss) to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 16.9 |  |  |  | 20.2 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 75.9 |  |  |  | 75.6 |
Net gain on disposition of equipment |  |  | (34.3 | ) |  |  | (0.8 | )
Accretion of debt discount |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4.6 |
Stock based compensation expense |  |  | 10.9 |  |  |  | 12.5 |
Net loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4.8 |
Noncontrolling interest adjustments |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 0.3 |
Other |  |  | 3.4 |  |  |  | 1.8 |
Decrease (increase) in assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | (160.3 | ) |  |  | (49.2 | )
Income tax receivable |  |  | (17.3 | ) |  |  | (66.0 | )
Inventories |  |  | (224.2 | ) |  |  | (92.3 | )
Leased railcars for syndication |  |  | (77.6 | ) |  |  | (55.5 | )
Other assets |  |  | (16.1 | ) |  |  | 0.9 |
Increase (decrease) in liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | 77.2 |  |  |  | 18.6 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | (8.0 | ) |  |  | 1.2 |
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (328.4 | ) |  |  | (123.8 | )
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of assets |  |  | 155.1 |  |  |  | 12.2 |
Capital expenditures |  |  | (248.8 | ) |  |  | (62.9 | )
Investments in and advances to / repayments from unconsolidated affiliates |  |  | (4.2 | ) |  |  | 0.7 |
Cash distribution from unconsolidated affiliates and other |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  | 0.7 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (96.1 | ) |  |  | (49.3 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in revolving notes with maturities of 90 days or less |  |  | (97.3 | ) |  |  | 147.6 |
Proceeds from revolving notes with maturities longer than 90 days |  |  | 35.0 |  |  |  | 112.0 |
Repayments of revolving notes with maturities longer than 90 days |  |  | — |  |  |  | (286.0 | )
Proceeds from issuance of notes payable |  |  | 323.3 |  |  |  | 373.8 |
Repayments of notes payable |  |  | (15.0 | ) |  |  | (308.5 | )
Debt issuance costs |  |  | (7.2 | ) |  |  | (14.1 | )
Repurchase of stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | (20.0 | )
Dividends |  |  | (26.9 | ) |  |  | (26.9 | )
Investment by joint venture partner |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7.0 |
Cash distribution to joint venture partner |  |  | (9.4 | ) |  |  | (24.1 | )
Tax payments for net share settlement of restricted stock |  |  | (3.5 | ) |  |  | (2.8 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 199.0 |  |  |  | (42.0 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes |  |  | 19.9 |  |  |  | 9.9 |
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | (205.6 | ) |  |  | (205.2 | )
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of period |  |  | 671.4 |  |  |  | 842.1 |
End of period |  | $ | 465.8 |  |  | $ | 636.9 |
Balance sheet reconciliation |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 449.7 |  |  | $ | 628.2 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 16.1 |  |  |  | 8.7 |
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash as presented above |  | $ | 465.8 |  |  | $ | 636.9 |
Cash paid during the period for |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest |  | $ | 33.3 |  |  | $ | 20.7 |
Income taxes, net |  | $ | 11.1 |  |  | $ | 9.9 |
Non-cash activity |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfers between Leased railcars for syndication and Inventories and Equipment on operating leases, net |  | $ | 13.0 |  |  | $ | 78.1 |
Capital expenditures accrued in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  | $ | 1.9 |
Change in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities associated with dividends declared |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | 0.2 |
Change in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities associated with cash distributions to joint venture partner |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

9

Notes to Condensed Consoli dated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

Note 1 – Interim Financial Statements

The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. and its subsidiaries (Greenbrier or the Company) as of May 31, 2022 and for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 have been prepared to reflect all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results and cash flows for the periods indicated. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the entire year ending August 31, 2022.

Certain notes and other information have been condensed or omitted from the interim financial statements presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Therefore, these unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 31, 2021.

In the first quarter of 2022 the Company renamed two of its reportable segments to more prominently display the nature of the customer solutions it provides and markets in which it operates. The new names of its reportable segments are Manufacturing (unchanged), Maintenance Services (previously Wheels, Repair & Parts), and Leasing & Management Services (previously Leasing & Services). The name changes have no impact on the organization’s reporting structure nor on financial information previously reported. Separately, effective September 1, 2021, the Company changed its measurement basis for allocating syndication revenue between the Manufacturing and Leasing & Management Services reportable segments. This change in measurement reflects the information currently used by management to assess the Company's operating performance in accordance with its refined leasing strategy and has no impact to the Company’s total consolidated revenue. Segment results for the prior periods have been recast to conform to the current period presentation.

Greenbrier-Astra Rail was formed in 2017 between the Company’s existing European operations headquartered in Poland and Astra Rail, based in Romania. Greenbrier-Astra Rail is controlled by the Company with an approximate 75% interest. In 2017, Astra Rail received a put option to sell its entire noncontrolling interest to Greenbrier. The option was exercisable 30 business days prior to and up until June 1, 2022. During the second quarter of 2022, the option was extended to be exercisable 30 business days prior to and up until June 1, 2026.

Management Estimates – The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP) requires judgment on the part of management to arrive at estimates and assumptions on matters that are inherently uncertain. These estimates may affect the amount of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities within the financial statements. Estimates and assumptions are periodically evaluated and may be adjusted in future periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Initial Adoption of Accounting Standards

Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity

In August 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update 2020-06, Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (ASU 2020-06), which simplifies the accounting for certain convertible instruments, amends guidance on derivative scope exceptions for contracts in an entity’s own equity and modifies the guidance on diluted EPS calculations as a result of these changes. The Company adopted this guidance effective September 1, 2021 on a modified retrospective basis and recorded a cumulative effect adjustment to increase Retained earnings by $5 million. The impact of adoption also resulted in a reduction to Additional paid in capital of approximately $59 million related to amounts attributable to conversion options that had previously been recorded in equity and the associated derecognition of related deferred tax liabilities of $17 million. Additionally, the Company recorded an increase to its convertible notes balance by an aggregate amount of approximately $71 million as a result of derecognizing the debt discount. The adoption of this guidance also decreased the amount of non-cash interest expense to be recognized in future periods as a result of eliminating the discount associated with the equity component. The Company did not incur any impact to liquidity or cash flows. As of September 1, 2021, when calculating net

10

earnings attributable to Greenbrier per share of common stock, the Company uses the if-converted method as required under ASU 2020-06 to determine the dilutive effect of its convertible notes.

Simplification of Accounting for Income Taxes

In December 2019, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (ASU 2019-12), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 for: recognizing deferred taxes for investments, performing intra-period allocations and calculating taxes in interim periods. The ASU also improves consistent application of GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance to reduce complexity in certain areas, including recognizing deferred taxes for tax goodwill and allocating taxes to members of a consolidated group. The Company adopted this guidance September 1, 2021 with no impact to the Company's consolidated financial statements. The ongoing application of ASU 2019-12 is not expected to materially impact the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Prospective Accounting Changes

Reference Rate Reform

In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (ASU 2020-04), which provides practical expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The elective amendments provide expedients to contract modification, affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The expedients and exceptions provided by this guidance apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference the London interbank offered rate (LIBOR) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued as a result of reference rate reform. This guidance is not applicable to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022. The guidance can be applied immediately through December 31, 2022. The Company expects to adopt this standard when LIBOR is discontinued if there is a mismatch in its interest rate swap and derivatives for a period of time. The Company does not expect a material impact to its financial condition, results of operations or disclosures based on the current debt portfolio and capital structure.

Note 2 – Asset Backed Securities

GBX Leasing 2022-1 LLC (GBXL I) was formed as a wholly owned special purpose entity (SPE) of GBX Leasing to securitize the leasing assets of GBX Leasing. On February 9, 2022, GBXL I (Issuer) issued $323.3 million of term notes secured by a portfolio of railcars and associated operating leases and other assets, acquired and owned by GBXL I. Greenbrier Management Services, LLC (GMS) entered into certain agreements relating to the management and servicing of the Issuer’s assets. The Company used the net proceeds received from the issuance of the term notes to pay down the GBX Leasing warehouse credit facility.

The Company evaluated the accounting for the transaction and concluded that, based on its equity investment in the Issuer combined with GMS’s capacity as servicer, the Company is the primary beneficiary of the SPE and will consolidate the SPE for financial reporting purposes.

Issued debt includes principal of $302.6 million of GBXL I Series 2022-1 Class A Secured Railcar Equipment Notes (Class A Notes) and $20.7 million of GBXL I Series 2022-1 Class B Secured Railcar Equipment Notes (Class B Notes), collectively the GBXL Series 2022-1 Notes (the GBXL Notes). The GBXL Notes bear interest at fixed rates of 2.87% and 3.45% for the Class A Notes and Class B Notes, respectively. The GBXL Notes are payable monthly and have a legal maturity date of February 20, 2052. The Company incurred $5.0 million in debt issuance costs, which will be amortized to interest expense through the expected repayment period. Both Class A and Class B Notes have an anticipated repayment date of January 20, 2029 and a legal maturity date. While the legal maturity date is in 2052, the cash flows generated from the railcar assets will pay down the GBXL Notes in line with the agreement, which based on expected cash flow payments, would result in repayment in advance of the legal maturity date. If the principal amount of the GBXL Notes has not been repaid in full by the anticipated repayment date, then the Issuer will also be required to pay additional interest to the holders at a rate equal to 4.00% per annum.

11

The GBXL Notes are obligations of the Issuer only and are nonrecourse to Greenbrier. The GBXL Notes are subject to a Master Indenture between the Issuer and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, as supplemented by a Series 2022-1 Supplement dated February 9, 2022. The GBXL Notes may be subject to acceleration upon the occurrence of certain events of default.

The following table summarizes the Issuer's net carrying amount of the assets transferred and the related debt.

(in millions) |  | May 31, 2022 |
Assets |  |  |
Restricted cash |  | $ | 7.0 |
Equipment on operating leases, net |  |  | 406.4 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Notes payable, net |  | $ | 315.7 |

Note 3 – Revenue Recognition

Contract balances

Contract assets primarily consist of unbilled receivables related to marine vessel construction for which the respective contracts do not yet permit billing at the reporting date, and railcar maintenance and conversion inventories. Contract liabilities primarily consist of customer prepayments for manufacturing, maintenance, and other management-type services, for which the Company has not yet satisfied the related performance obligations.

The contract balances are as follows:

(in millions) |  | Balance sheet classification |  | May 31, 2022 |  |  | August 31, 2021 |  |  | $ change |
Contract assets |  | Accounts receivable, net |  | $ | 16.7 |  |  | $ | 5.9 |  |  | $ | 10.8 |
Contract assets |  | Inventories |  | $ | 13.4 |  |  | $ | 6.7 |  |  | $ | 6.7 |
Contract liabilities 1 |  | Deferred revenue |  | $ | 27.8 |  |  | $ | 36.4 |  |  | $ | (8.6 | )

1 Contract liabilities balance includes deferred revenue within the scope of Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).

For the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022, the Company recognized $1.5 million and $14.8 million, respectively, of revenue that was included in Contract liabilities as of August 31, 2021.

Performance obligations

As of May 31, 2022, the Company has entered into contracts with customers for which revenue has not yet been recognized. The following table outlines estimated revenue related to performance obligations wholly or partially unsatisfied, that the Company anticipates will be recognized in future periods.

(in millions) |  | May 31, 2022 |
Revenue type: |  |  |
Manufacturing – Railcar sales |  | $ | 2,835.7 |
Manufacturing – Marine |  | $ | 40.6 |
Manufacturing – Conversions |  | $ | 227.1 |
Management services |  | $ | 124.4 |
Other |  | $ | 7.6 |
Manufacturing – Railcars intended for syndication 1 |  | $ | 639.8 |

1 Not a performance obligation as defined in Topic 606.

Based on current production and delivery schedules and existing contracts, approximately $2.5 billion of Railcar sales are expected to be recognized in fiscal 2022 and 2023 while the remaining amount is expected to be recognized into 2024. The table above excludes estimated revenue to be recognized at the Company’s Brazilian manufacturing operations, as they are accounted for under the equity method.

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Revenue amounts reflected in Railcars intended for syndication may be syndicated to third parties or held in the Company’s fleet depending on a variety of factors.

Marine revenue is expected to be recognized through 2023 as vessel construction is completed.

Conversions represent orders to modernize existing railcars and are expected to be recognized through 2023.

Management services includes management and maintenance services of which approximately 49% are expected to be performed through 2026 and the remaining amount through 2037.

Note 4 – Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in first-out method. Work-in-process includes material, labor and overhead. Finished goods includes completed wheels, parts and railcars not on lease or in transit. The following table summarizes the Company’s inventory balance:

(in millions) |  | May 31, 2022 |  |  | August 31, 2021 |
Manufacturing supplies and raw materials |  | $ | 561.3 |  |  | $ | 352.8 |
Work-in-process |  |  | 149.9 |  |  |  | 167.3 |
Finished goods |  |  | 84.2 |  |  |  | 73.4 |
Excess and obsolete adjustment |  |  | (13.7 | ) |  |  | (19.9 | )
|  | $ | 781.7 |  |  | $ | 573.6 |

Note 5 – Intangibles and Other Assets, net

Intangible assets that are determined to have finite lives are amortized over their useful lives. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized and are periodically evaluated for impairment.

The following table summarizes the Company’s identifiable intangible and other assets balance:

(in millions) |  | May 31, 2022 |  |  | August 31, 2021 |
Intangible assets subject to amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships |  | $ | 87.5 |  |  | $ | 89.8 |
Accumulated amortization |  |  | (65.3 | ) |  |  | (64.1 | )
Other intangibles |  |  | 42.4 |  |  |  | 40.3 |
Accumulated amortization |  |  | (15.8 | ) |  |  | (13.0 | )
|  |  | 48.8 |  |  |  | 53.0 |
Intangible assets not subject to amortization |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 2.4 |
Prepaid and other assets |  |  | 33.4 |  |  |  | 26.7 |
Operating lease ROU assets |  |  | 39.4 |  |  |  | 39.8 |
Nonqualified savings plan investments |  |  | 44.2 |  |  |  | 47.7 |
Debt issuance costs, net |  |  | 7.8 |  |  |  | 8.6 |
Assets held for sale |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  | 5.4 |
Total Intangible and other assets, net |  | $ | 177.8 |  |  | $ | 183.6 |

Amortization expense was $1.9 million and $7.3 million for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022, respectively and $2.9 million and $8.5 million for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2021, respectively. Amortization expense for the years ending August 31, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 and 2026 is expected to be $9.2 million, $8.1 million, $7.5 million, $6.4 million and $6.1 million, respectively.

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Note 6 – Revolving Notes

Senior secured credit facilities, consisting of four components, aggregated to $1.1 billion as of May 31, 2022.

As of May 31, 2022, a $600.0 million revolving line of credit, maturing August 2026, secured by substantially all the Company’s U.S. assets not otherwise pledged as security for term loans or the warehouse credit facility, existed to provide working capital and interim financing of equipment, principally for the Company’s U.S. and Mexican operations. Advances under this North American credit facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 1.50% or Prime plus 0.50% depending on the type of borrowing. Available borrowings under the credit facility are generally based on defined levels of eligible inventory, receivables, property, plant and equipment and leased equipment, as well as total debt to consolidated capitalization and fixed charges coverage ratios.

As of May 31, 2022, a $350.0 million non-recourse warehouse credit facility existed to support the operations of GBX Leasing, a joint venture in which the Company owns approximately 95%. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 2.0%. The warehouse credit facility converts to a term loan in April 2023 and matures in April 2025.

As of May 31, 2022, lines of credit totaling $73.7 million secured by certain of the Company’s European assets, with variable rates that range from Warsaw Interbank Offered Rate (WIBOR) plus 1.2% to WIBOR plus 1.5% and Euro Interbank Offered Rate (EURIBOR) plus 1.1%, were available for working capital needs of the Company’s European manufacturing operations. The European lines of credit in clude $35.4 million which are guaranteed by the Company. European credit facilities are regularly renewed. Currently, these European credit facilities have maturities that range from July 2022 through October 2023.

As of May 31, 2022, the Company’s Mexican railcar manufacturing operations had four lines of credit totaling $120.0 million for working capital needs. The first line of credit provides up to $30.0 million, of which the Company and its joint venture partner have each guaranteed 50%. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 3.75% to 4.25%. The Mexican railcar manufacturing joint venture will be able to draw amounts available under this facility through June 2024. The second line of credit provides up to $35.0 million, of which the Company and its joint venture partner have each guaranteed 50%. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 3.70%. The Mexican railcar manufacturing joint venture will be able to draw amounts available under this facility through June 2023. The third line of credit provides up to $50.0 million and matures in October 2024. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 4.25%. The fourth line of credit provides up to $5.0 million and matures in September 2022. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 2.95%.

Credit facility balances:

(in millions) |  | May 31, 2022 |  |  | August 31, 2021 |
North America |  | $ | 160.0 |  |  | $ | 160.0 |
Mexico |  |  | 85.0 |  |  |  | 15.0 |
Europe |  |  | 58.3 |  |  |  | 50.2 |
GBX Leasing |  |  | - |  |  |  | 147.0 |
Total Revolving notes |  | $ | 303.3 |  |  | $ | 372.2 |

Outstanding commitments under the North American credit facility included letters of credit which totaled $6.9 million and $8.4 million as of May 31, 2022 and August 31, 2021, respectively.

As of May 31, 2022, the Company had an aggregate of $85.0 million available to draw down under committed credit facilities.

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Note 7 – Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

(in millions) |  | May 31, 2022 |  |  | August 31, 2021 |
Trade payables |  | $ | 327.6 |  |  | $ | 265.1 |
Other accrued liabilities |  |  | 116.0 |  |  |  | 109.1 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 41.7 |  |  |  | 42.6 |
Accrued payroll and related liabilities |  |  | 125.2 |  |  |  | 125.1 |
Accrued warranty |  |  | 28.5 |  |  |  | 27.9 |
|  | $ | 639.0 |  |  | $ | 569.8 |

Note 8 – Warranty Accruals

Warranty costs are estimated and charged to operations to cover a defined warranty period. The estimated warranty cost is based on the history of warranty claims for each particular product type. For new product types without a warranty history, preliminary estimates are based on historical information for similar product types. The warranty accruals, included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, are reviewed periodically and updated based on warranty trends and expirations of warranty periods.

Warranty accrual activity:

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 30.1 |  |  | $ | 42.7 |  |  | $ | 27.9 |  |  | $ | 45.2 |
Charged to cost of revenue, net |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | (9.2 | ) |  |  | 7.6 |  |  |  | (7.9 | )
Payments |  |  | (3.1 | ) |  |  | (2.0 | ) |  |  | (6.4 | ) |  |  | (5.8 | )
Currency translation effect |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | (0.6 | ) |  |  | 0.1 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 28.5 |  |  | $ | 31.6 |  |  | $ | 28.5 |  |  | $ | 31.6 |

Note 9 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax effect as appropriate, consisted of the following:

(in millions) |  | Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Financial Instruments |  |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment |  |  | Other |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |
Balance, August 31, 2021 |  | $ | (7.4 | ) |  | $ | (35.8 | ) |  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  | $ | (43.7 | )
Other comprehensive gain (loss) before reclassifications |  |  | 10.7 |  |  |  | (7.5 | ) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 3.3 |
Amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3.8 |
Balance, May 31, 2022 |  | $ | 7.1 |  |  | $ | (43.3 | ) |  | $ | (0.4 | ) |  | $ | (36.6 | )

The amounts reclassified out of Accumulated other comprehensive loss into the Consolidated Statements of Income, with financial statement caption, were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  |  |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Financial Statement Caption
(Gain) loss on derivative financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | Revenue and Cost of revenue
Interest rate swap contracts |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | Interest and foreign exchange
|  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | Total before tax
|  |  | (0.7 | ) |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  | Income tax expense
|  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | Net of tax

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|  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |  |  |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Financial Statement Caption
(Gain) loss on derivative financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | Revenue and Cost of revenue
Interest rate swap contracts |  |  | 4.3 |  |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | Interest and foreign exchange
|  |  | 5.2 |  |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | Total before tax
|  |  | (1.4 | ) |  |  | (1.2 | ) |  | Income tax expense
|  | $ | 3.8 |  |  | $ | 3.9 |  |  | Net of tax

Note 10 – Earnings Per Share

The shares used in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share are reconciled as follows:

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |
(In thousands) | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Weighted average basic common shares outstanding (1) |  | 32,588 |  |  |  | 32,573 |  |  |  | 32,560 |  |  |  | 32,726 |
Dilutive effect of 2.875% convertible notes due 2024 (2) (3) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Dilutive effect of 2.875% convertible notes due 2028 (4) |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Dilutive effect of 2.25% convertible notes due 2024 (2) (5) | N/A |  |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | — |
Dilutive effect of restricted stock units (2) (6) |  | 1,073 |  |  |  | 1,032 |  |  |  | 1,066 |  |  |  | 1,021 |
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding |  | 33,661 |  |  |  | 33,605 |  |  |  | 33,626 |  |  |  | 33,747 |

(1) Restricted stock grants and restricted stock units that are considered participating securities, including some grants subject to certain performance criteria, are included in weighted average basic common shares outstanding when the Company is in a net earnings position.

(2) The dilutive effect of common stock equivalents was excluded from the share calculation for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2021 as the average stock price was less than the applicable conversion price and therefore was anti-dilutive under previous applicable guidance. See further discussion below.

(3) The dilutive effect of the 2.875% Convertible notes due 2024 was excluded for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 as they were considered anti-dilutive under the “if converted” method as further discussed below.

(4) The dilutive effect of the 2.875% Convertible notes due 2028 was excluded for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 as the average stock price was less than the applicable conversion price and therefore was considered anti-dilutive. As these notes require cash settlement for the principal, only a premium is potentially dilutive under the "if converted" method as further discussed below. These convertible notes were issued in April 2021.

(5) The 2.25% Convertible notes due 2024 were retired in April 2021.

(6) Restricted stock units that are not considered participating securities and restricted stock units subject to performance criteria, for which actual levels of performance above target have been achieved, are included in weighted average diluted common shares outstanding when the Company is in a net earnings position.

Basic earnings per common share (EPS) is computed by dividing Net earnings attributable to Greenbrier by weighted average basic common shares outstanding, which includes restricted stock grants and restricted stock units that are considered participating securities when the Company is in a net earnings position.

The Company's approach for calculating diluted EPS was modified beginning September 1, 2021 upon the adoption of Accounting Standard Update 2020-06, Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. See Note 1 - Interim Financial Statements for additional information.

For the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022, diluted EPS was calculated using the more dilutive of two methods. The first method includes the dilutive effect, using the treasury stock method, associated with restricted stock units that are not considered participating securities and performance based restricted stock units subject to performance criteria, for which actual levels of performance above target have been achieved. The second method supplements the first by also including the “if converted” effect of the 2.875% Convertible notes due 2024 and shares underlying the 2.875% Convertible notes due 2028, when there is a conversion premium. Under the “if converted” method, debt issuance and interest costs, both net of tax, associated with the convertible notes due 2024 are added back to net earnings and the share count is increased by the shares underlying the convertible notes.

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For the three and nine months ended May 31, 2021, diluted EPS was calculated using the treasury stock method associated with shares underlying the 2.875% Convertible notes due 2024, 2.25% convertible notes due 2024, restricted stock units that are not considered participating securities and performance based restricted stock units subject to performance criteria, for which actual levels of performance above target have been achieved.

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |
(in millions, except shares which are reflected in thousands, and per share amounts) | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net earnings attributable to Greenbrier | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | 19.7 |  |  | $ | 26.7 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |
Weighted average basic common shares outstanding |  | 32,588 |  |  |  | 32,573 |  |  |  | 32,560 |  |  |  | 32,726 |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.61 |  |  | $ | 0.82 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |
Net earnings attributable to Greenbrier | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | 19.7 |  |  | $ | 26.7 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |
Add back: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and debt issuance costs on the 2.875% convertible notes due 2024, net of tax | n/a |  |  | n/a |  |  | n/a |  |  | n/a |
Earnings before interest and debt issuance costs on the 2.875% convertible notes due 2024 | n/a |  |  | n/a |  |  | n/a |  |  | n/a |
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding |  | 33,661 |  |  |  | 33,605 |  |  |  | 33,626 |  |  |  | 33,747 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 0.09 |  |  | $ | 0.59 |  |  | $ | 0.79 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |

Note 11 – Stock Based Compensation

The value of stock based compensation awards is amortized as compensation expense from the date of grant through the earlier of the vesting period or in some instances the recipient’s eligible retirement date. Stock based compensation expense consists of restricted stock unit awards.

Stock based compensation expense was $5.0 million and $10.9 million for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022, respectively and $3.5 million and $12.5 million for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2021, respectively. Compensation expense is recorded in Selling and administrative expense and Cost of revenue on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Note 12 – Derivative Instruments

Foreign operations give rise to market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Foreign currency forward exchange contracts with established financial institutions are utilized to hedge a portion of that risk. Interest rate swap agreements are used to reduce the impact of changes in interest rates on certain current and probable future debt. The Company’s foreign currency forward exchange contracts and interest rate swap agreements are designated as cash flow hedges, and therefore the effective portion of unrealized gains and losses is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss.

At May 31, 2022 exchange rates, notional amounts of forward exchange contracts for the purchase of Polish Zlotys and the sale of Euros; and the purchase of Mexican Pesos and the sale of U.S. Dollars aggregated to $100.3 million. The fair value of the contracts is included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Accounts payable and accrued liabilities when in a loss position, or as Accounts receivable, net when in a gain position. As the contracts mature at various dates through October 2023, any such gain or loss remaining will be recognized in manufacturing revenue or cost of revenue along with the related transactions. In the event that the underlying transaction does not occur or does not occur in the period designated at the inception of the hedge, the amount classified in accumulated other comprehensive loss would be reclassified to the results of operations in Interest and foreign exchange at the time of occurrence. At May 31, 2022 exchange rates, approximately $2.6 million would be reclassified to revenue or cost of revenue in the next year.

At May 31, 2022, interest rate swap agreements maturing from September 2023 through January 2032 had notional amounts that aggregated to $408.2 million. The fair value of the contracts is included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities when in a loss position, or in Accounts receivable, net when in a gain position. As interest expense on the underlying debt is recognized, amounts corresponding to the interest rate

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swap are reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss and charged or credited to interest expense. At May 31, 2022 interest rates, approximately $0.8 million would be reclassified to interest expense in the next year.

Fair Values of Derivative Instruments

(in millions)

|  | Asset Derivatives |  |  | Liability Derivatives |
|  |  |  | May 31, 2022 |  |  | August 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  | May 31, 2022 |  |  | August 31, 2021 |
|  | Balance sheet location |  | Fair Value |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Balance sheet location |  | Fair Value |  |  | Fair Value |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign forward exchange contracts |  | Accounts receivable, net |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | $ | 2.3 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |
Interest rate swap contracts |  | Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 12.4 |  |  |  | — |  |  | Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 10.0 |
|  |  |  | $ | 13.6 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 10.3 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign forward exchange contracts |  | Accounts receivable, net |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.1 |

The Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Statements of Income

(in millions)

Three Months Ended May 31, 2022 and 2021

Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships |  | Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivatives |  | Gain (loss) recognized in income on derivatives three months ended May 31, |
|  |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Foreign forward exchange contract |  | Interest and foreign exchange |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |

Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships | Gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives three months ended May 31, |  | Location of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income | Gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income three months ended May 31, |  | Location of gain (loss) on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing) | Gain (loss) recognized on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing) three months ended May 31, |
| 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Foreign forward exchange contracts | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  | Revenue | $ | (0.6 | ) |  | $ | (0.5 | ) | Revenue | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |
Foreign forward exchange contracts |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  | Cost of revenue |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | — |  | Cost of revenue |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | — |
Interest rate swap contracts |  | 15.2 |  |  |  | (0.5 | ) | Interest and foreign exchange |  | (1.7 | ) |  |  | (1.3 | ) | Interest and foreign exchange |  | — |  |  |  | — |
| $ | 17.5 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | (2.2 | ) |  | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |

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The following table presents the amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Income in which the effects of the cash flow hedges are recorded and the effects of the cash flow hedge activity on these line items for the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | For The Three Months Ended May 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | Total |  |  | Amount of gain (loss) on cash flow hedge activity |  |  | Total |  |  | Amount of gain (loss) on cash flow hedge activity |
Revenue |  | $ | 793.5 |  |  | $ | (0.6 | ) |  | $ | 450.2 |  |  | $ | (0.5 | )
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 717.2 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 375.0 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest and foreign exchange |  | $ | 14.9 |  |  | $ | (1.7 | ) |  | $ | 10.2 |  |  | $ | (1.3 | )

Nine Months Ended May 31, 2022 and 2021

Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships |  | Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivatives |  | Gain (loss) recognized in income on derivatives nine months ended May 31, |
|  |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Foreign forward exchange contract |  | Interest and foreign exchange |  | $ | (0.2 | ) |  | $ | — |

Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships |  | Gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives nine months ended May 31, |  |  | Location of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income |  | Gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income nine months ended May 31, |  |  | Location of gain (loss) on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing) |  | Gain (loss) recognized on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing) nine months ended May 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Foreign forward exchange contracts |  | $ | (3.5 | ) |  | $ | (1.1 | ) |  | Revenue |  | $ | (1.0 | ) |  | $ | (1.1 | ) |  | Revenue |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |
Foreign forward exchange contracts |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | — |  |  | Cost of revenue |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | Cost of revenue |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 0.1 |
Interest rate swap contracts |  |  | 17.5 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | Interest and foreign exchange |  |  | (4.3 | ) |  |  | (3.9 | ) |  | Interest and foreign exchange |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 14.9 |  |  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (5.2 | ) |  | $ | (5.1 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |

|  | For The Nine Months Ended May 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | Total |  |  | Amount of gain (loss) on cash flow hedge activity |  |  | Total |  |  | Amount of gain (loss) on cash flow hedge activity |
Revenue |  | $ | 2,027.0 |  |  | $ | (1.0 | ) |  | $ | 1,148.8 |  |  | $ | (1.1 | )
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 1,848.3 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 1,015.3 |  |  | $ | (0.1 | )
Interest and foreign exchange |  | $ | 39.3 |  |  | $ | (4.3 | ) |  | $ | 30.9 |  |  | $ | (3.9 | )

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Note 13 – Segment Information

The Company operates in three reportable segments: Manufacturing; Maintenance Services; and Leasing & Management Services.

The accounting policies of the segments are described in the summary of significant accounting policies in the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 31, 2021. Performance is evaluated based on Earnings (loss) from operations. Corporate includes selling and administrative costs not directly related to goods and services and certain costs that are intertwined among segments due to our integrated business model. The Company does not allocate Interest and foreign exchange or Income tax (expense) benefit for either external or internal reporting purposes. Intersegment sales and transfers are valued as if the sales or transfers were to third parties. Related revenue and margin are eliminated in consolidation and therefore are not included in consolidated results in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

In the first quarter of 2022 the Company renamed two of its reportable segments to more prominently display the nature of the customer solutions it provides and markets in which it operates. The new names of its reportable segments are Manufacturing (unchanged), Maintenance Services (previously Wheels, Repair & Parts), and Leasing & Management Services (previously Leasing & Services). The name changes have no impact on the organization’s reporting structure nor on financial information previously reported. Separately, effective September 1, 2021, the Company changed its measurement basis for allocating syndication revenue between the Manufacturing and Leasing & Management Services reportable segments. This change in measurement reflects the information currently used by management to assess the Company's operating performance in accordance with its refined leasing strategy and has no impact to the Company’s total consolidated revenue. Segment results for the prior periods have been recast to conform to the current period presentation.

The information in the following table is derived directly from the segments’ internal financial reports used for corporate management purposes.

For the three months ended May 31, 2022:

|  | Revenue |  |  | Earnings (loss) from operations |
(in millions) |  | External |  |  | Intersegment |  |  | Total |  |  | External |  |  | Intersegment |  |  | Total |
Manufacturing |  | $ | 650.9 |  |  | $ | 38.3 |  |  | $ | 689.2 |  |  | $ | 20.5 |  |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | 22.3 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 101.5 |  |  |  | 8.6 |  |  |  | 110.1 |  |  |  | 8.6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8.6 |
Leasing & Management Services |  |  | 41.1 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 41.7 |  |  |  | 19.2 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 19.3 |
Eliminations |  |  | — |  |  |  | (47.5 | ) |  |  | (47.5 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1.9 | ) |  |  | (1.9 | )
Corporate |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (28.7 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (28.7 | )
|  | $ | 793.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 793.5 |  |  | $ | 19.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19.6 |

For the nine months ended May 31, 2022:

|  | Revenue |  |  | Earnings (loss) from operations |
(in millions) |  | External |  |  | Intersegment |  |  | Total |  |  | External |  |  | Intersegment |  |  | Total |
Manufacturing |  | $ | 1,659.1 |  |  | $ | 79.5 |  |  | $ | 1,738.6 |  |  | $ | 34.6 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 36.7 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 260.5 |  |  |  | 17.4 |  |  |  | 277.9 |  |  |  | 10.4 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10.4 |
Leasing & Management Services |  |  | 107.4 |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 108.7 |  |  |  | 84.0 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 84.1 |
Eliminations |  |  | — |  |  |  | (98.2 | ) |  |  | (98.2 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2.2 | ) |  |  | (2.2 | )
Corporate |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (72.4 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (72.4 | )
|  | $ | 2,027.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,027.0 |  |  | $ | 56.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 56.6 |

20

For the three months ended May 31, 2021:

|  | Revenue |  |  | Earnings (loss) from operations |
(in millions) |  | External |  |  | Intersegment |  |  | Total |  |  | External |  |  | Intersegment |  |  | Total |
Manufacturing |  | $ | 339.7 |  |  | $ | 7.5 |  |  | $ | 347.2 |  |  | $ | 29.1 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 29.6 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 80.9 |  |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 83.2 |  |  |  | 4.2 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 4.3 |
Leasing & Management Services |  |  | 29.6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 29.6 |  |  |  | 14.5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14.5 |
Eliminations |  |  | — |  |  |  | (9.8 | ) |  |  | (9.8 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (0.6 | ) |  |  | (0.6 | )
Corporate |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (22.1 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (22.1 | )
|  | $ | 450.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 450.2 |  |  | $ | 25.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25.7 |

For the nine months ended May 31, 2021:

|  | Revenue |  |  | Earnings (loss) from operations |
(in millions) |  | External |  |  | Intersegment |  |  | Total |  |  | External |  |  | Intersegment |  |  | Total |
Manufacturing |  | $ | 845.7 |  |  | $ | 30.5 |  |  | $ | 876.2 |  |  | $ | 16.7 |  |  | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | 19.8 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 218.1 |  |  |  | 4.2 |  |  |  | 222.3 |  |  |  | 6.4 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 6.5 |
Leasing & Management Services |  |  | 85.0 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 86.0 |  |  |  | 31.7 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 31.8 |
Eliminations |  |  | — |  |  |  | (35.7 | ) |  |  | (35.7 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3.3 | ) |  |  | (3.3 | )
Corporate |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (56.9 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (56.9 | )
|  | $ | 1,148.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,148.8 |  |  | $ | (2.1 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2.1 | )

|  | Total assets |
(in millions) |  | May 31, 2022 |  |  | August 31, 2021 |
Manufacturing |  | $ | 1,814.1 |  |  | $ | 1,493.5 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 266.8 |  |  |  | 260.9 |
Leasing & Management Services |  |  | 1,158.3 |  |  |  | 949.4 |
Unallocated, including cash |  |  | 466.9 |  |  |  | 686.9 |
|  | $ | 3,706.1 |  |  | $ | 3,390.7 |

Reconciliation of Earnings (loss) from operations to Earnings (loss) before income tax and earnings from unconsolidated affiliates:

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Earnings (loss) from operations |  | $ | 19.6 |  |  | $ | 25.7 |  |  | $ | 56.6 |  |  | $ | (2.1 | )
Interest and foreign exchange |  | $ | 14.9 |  |  | $ | 10.2 |  |  | $ | 39.3 |  |  | $ | 30.9 |
Net loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4.8 |
Earnings (loss) before income tax and earnings from unconsolidated affiliates |  | $ | 4.7 |  |  | $ | 10.7 |  |  | $ | 17.3 |  |  | $ | (37.8 | )

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Note 14 – Leases

Lessor

Equipment on operating leases is reported net of accumulated depreciation of $42.5 million and $34.4 million as of May 31, 2022 and August 31, 2021, respectively. Depreciation expense was $5.5 million and $15.9 million for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and $3.3 million and $10.1 million for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2021, respectively. In addition, certain railcar equipment leased-in by the Company on operating leases is subleased to customers under non-cancelable operating leases with lease terms ranging from one to approximately fourteen years. Operating lease rental revenues included in the Company’s Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 was $16.0 million and $47.3 million, respectively, which included $3.8 million and $12.3 million, respectively, of revenue as a result of daily, monthly or car hire utilization arrangements. Operating lease rental revenues included in the Company’s Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2021 was $8.0 million and $32.1 million, respectively, which included $2.8 million and $10.2 million, respectively, of revenue as a result of daily, monthly or car hire utilization arrangements.

Aggregate minimum future amounts receivable under all non-cancelable operating leases and subleases at May 31, 2022, will mature as follows:

(in millions) |  |  |
Remaining three months of 2022 |  | $ | 12.9 |
2023 |  |  | 36.0 |
2024 |  |  | 29.3 |
2025 |  |  | 22.4 |
2026 |  |  | 19.6 |
Thereafter |  |  | 56.5 |
|  | $ | 176.7 |

Lessee

The Company leases railcars, real estate, and certain equipment under operating and, to a lesser extent, finance lease arrangements. As of and for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, finance leases were not a material component of the Company's lease portfolio. The Company’s real estate and equipment leases have remaining lease terms ranging from less than one year to 76 years, with some including options to extend up to 15 years. The Company recognizes a lease liability and corresponding right-of-use (ROU) asset based on the present value of lease payments. To determine the present value of lease payments, as most of its leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate is used to discount the lease payments based on information available at lease commencement date. The Company gives consideration to its recent debt issuances as well as publicly available data for instruments with similar characteristics when estimating its incremental borrowing rate.

The components of operating lease costs were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Operating lease expense |  | $ | 2.7 |  |  | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 7.9 |  |  | $ | 10.4 |
Short-term lease expense |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | 3.6 |
Total |  | $ | 3.8 |  |  | $ | 3.9 |  |  | $ | 11.7 |  |  | $ | 14.0 |

22

Aggregate minimum future amounts payable under operating leases having initial or remaining non-cancelable terms at May 31, 2022 will mature as follows:

(in millions) |  |  |
Remaining three months of 2022 |  | $ | 2.6 |
2023 |  |  | 10.4 |
2024 |  |  | 9.1 |
2025 |  |  | 6.4 |
2026 |  |  | 5.1 |
Thereafter |  |  | 12.7 |
Total lease payments |  | $ | 46.3 |
Less: Imputed interest |  |  | (4.6 | )
Total lease obligations |  | $ | 41.7 |

The table below presents additional information related to the Company’s leases:

Weighted average remaining lease term: |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 12.2 Years |
Weighted average discount rate: |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 2.7 | %

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases were as follows:

(in millions) |  | Nine months ended May 31, 2022 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 8.6 |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 6.9 |

Note 15 – Commitments and Contingencies

Portland Harbor Superfund Site

The Company’s Portland, Oregon manufacturing facility (the Portland Property) is located adjacent to the Willamette River. In December 2000, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified portions of the Willamette River bed known as the Portland Harbor, including the portion fronting the Company’s manufacturing facility, as a federal "National Priority List" or "Superfund" site due to sediment contamination (the Portland Harbor Site). The Company and more than 140 other parties have received a "General Notice" of potential liability from the EPA relating to the Portland Harbor Site. The letter advised the Company that it may be liable for the costs of investigation and remediation (which liability may be joint and several with other potentially responsible parties) as well as for natural resource damages resulting from releases of hazardous substances to the site. Ten private and public entities, including the Company (the Lower Willamette Group or LWG), signed an Administrative Order on Consent (AOC) to perform a remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) of the Portland Harbor Site under EPA oversight, and several additional entities did not sign such consent, but nevertheless contributed financially to the effort. The EPA-mandated RI/FS was produced by the LWG and cost over $110 million during a 17-year period. The Company bore a percentage of the total costs incurred by the LWG in connection with the investigation. The Company’s aggregate expenditure during the 17-year period was not material. Some or all of any such outlay may be recoverable from other responsible parties. The EPA issued its Record of Decision (ROD) for the Portland Harbor Site on January 6, 2017 and accordingly on October 26, 2017, the AOC was terminated.

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Separate from the process described above, which focused on the type of remediation to be performed at the Portland Harbor Site and the schedule for such remediation, 83 parties, including the State of Oregon and the federal government, entered into a non-judicial mediation process to try to allocate costs associated with remediation of the Portland Harbor Site. Approximately 110 additional parties signed tolling agreements related to such allocations. On April 23, 2009, the Company and the other AOC signatories filed suit against 69 other parties due to a possible limitations period for some such claims; Arkema Inc. et al v. A & C Foundry Products, Inc. et al, U.S. District Court, District of Oregon, Case #3:09-cv-453-PK. All but 12 of these parties elected to sign tolling agreements and be dismissed without prejudice, and the case has been stayed by the court until January 14, 2025.

The EPA's January 6, 2017 ROD identifies a clean-up remedy that the EPA estimates will take 13 years of active remediation, followed by 30 years of monitoring with an estimated undiscounted cost of $1.7 billion. The EPA typically expects its cost estimates to be accurate within a range of -30% to +50%, but this ROD states that changes in costs are likely to occur as a result of new data collected over a 2-year period prior to final remedy design. The EPA has identified 15 Sediment Decision Units within the ROD cleanup area. One of the units, RM9W, includes the nearshore area of the river sediments offshore of the Portland Property as well as downstream of the facility. It also includes a portion of the Company’s riverbank. The ROD does not break down total remediation costs by Sediment Decision Unit. The EPA's ROD concluded that more data was needed to better define clean-up scope and cost. On December 19, 2017, the EPA announced that it had entered a new AOC with a group of four potentially responsible parties to conduct additional sampling during 2018 and 2019 to provide more certainty about clean-up costs and aid the mediation process to allocate those costs. The parties to the mediation, including the Company, agreed to help fund the additional sampling, which is now complete. The EPA requested that potentially responsible parties enter AOCs during 2019 agreeing to conduct remedial design studies. Some parties have signed AOCs, including one party with respect to RM9W which includes the area offshore of the Company’s manufacturing facility. The Company has not signed an AOC in connection with remedial design, but will assist in conducting or funding a portion of the RM9W remedial design. The allocation process is continuing in parallel with the process to define the remedial design.

The ROD does not address responsibility for the costs of clean-up, nor does it allocate such costs among the potentially responsible parties. Responsibility for funding and implementing the EPA's selected cleanup remedy will be determined at an unspecified later date. Based on the investigation to date, the Company believes that it did not contribute in any material way to contaminants of concern in the river sediments or the damage of natural resources in the Portland Harbor Site and that the damage in the area of the Portland Harbor Site adjacent to its property precedes the Company’s ownership of the Portland Property. Because these environmental investigations are still underway, sufficient information is currently not available to determine the Company’s liability, if any, for the cost of any required remediation or restoration of the Portland Harbor Site or to estimate a range of potential loss. Based on the results of the pending investigations and future assessments of natural resource damages, the Company may be required to incur costs associated with additional phases of investigation or remedial action, and may be liable for damages to natural resources. In addition, the Company may be required to perform periodic maintenance dredging in order to continue to launch vessels from its launch ways in Portland, Oregon, on the Willamette River, and the river's classification as a Superfund site could result in some limitations on future dredging and launch activities. Any of these matters could adversely affect the Company’s business and Consolidated Financial Statements, or the value of the Portland Property.

On January 30, 2017 the Confederated Tribes and Bands of Yakama Nation sued 33 parties including the Company as well as the U.S. and the State of Oregon for costs it incurred in assessing alleged natural resource damages to the Columbia River from contaminants deposited in Portland Harbor. Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation v. Air Liquide America Corp., et al., U.S. Court for the District of Oregon Case No. 3i17-CV-00164-SB. The complaint does not specify the amount of damages the plaintiff will seek. The case has been stayed until January 14, 2025.

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Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Regulation of Portland Manufacturing Operations

The Company entered into a Voluntary Cleanup Agreement with the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) in which the Company agreed to conduct an investigation of whether, and to what extent, past or present operations at the Portland Property may have released hazardous substances into the environment. The Company has also signed an Order on Consent with the DEQ to finalize the investigation of potential onsite sources of contamination that may have a release pathway to the Willamette River. Interim precautionary measures are also required in the order and the Company is discussing with the DEQ potential remedial actions which may be required. The Company’s aggregate expenditure has not been material, however it could incur significant expenses for remediation. Some or all of any such outlay may be recoverable from other responsible parties.

Other Litigation, Commitments and Contingencies

In connection with the acquisition of the manufacturing business of American Railcar Industries, Inc. (ARI), the Company agreed to assume potential legacy liabilities (known and unknown) related to railcars manufactured by ARI. Among these potential liabilities are certain retrofit and repair obligations arising from regulatory actions by the Federal Railroad Administration and the Association of American Railroads. In some cases, the seller shares with the Company the costs of these retrofit and repair obligations. The Company currently is not able to determine if any of these liabilities will have a material adverse impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

From time to time, Greenbrier is involved as a defendant in litigation in the ordinary course of business, the outcomes of which cannot be predicted with certainty. While the ultimate outcome of such legal proceedings cannot be determined at this time, the Company believes that the resolution of pending litigation will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

As of May 31, 2022, the Company had outstanding letters of credit aggregating to $6.9 million assoc iated with performance guarantees, facility leases and workers compensation insurance.

Note 16 – Fair Value Measures

Certain assets and liabilities are reported at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value, for this disclosure, is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants, under a three-tier fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1 - observable inputs such as unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments;

Level 2 - inputs, other than the quoted market prices in active markets for similar instruments, which are observable, either directly or indirectly; and

Level 3 - unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data available, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of May 31, 2022 were:

(in millions) |  | Total |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 (1) |  |  | Level 3 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | $ | 13.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13.6 |  |  | $ | — |
Nonqualified savings plan investments |  |  | 44.2 |  |  |  | 44.2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cash equivalents |  |  | 109.1 |  |  |  | 109.1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 166.9 |  |  | $ | 153.3 |  |  | $ | 13.6 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | — |

25

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of August 31, 2021 were:

(in millions) |  | Total |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 (1) |  |  | Level 3 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | — |
Nonqualified savings plan investments |  |  | 47.7 |  |  |  | 47.7 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cash equivalents |  |  | 228.9 |  |  |  | 228.9 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 276.7 |  |  | $ | 276.6 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | $ | 10.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10.5 |  |  | $ | — |

(1)
Level 2 assets and liabilities include derivative financial instruments that are valued based on observable inputs. See Note 12 - Derivative Instruments for further discussion.

Note 17 – Related Party Transactions

The Company has a 41.9% interest in Axis, LLC (Axis), a joint venture. The Company purchased $3.5 million and $9.7 million for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022, respectively and $3.3 million and $10.0 million for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2021, respectively of railcar components from Axis.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Executive Summary

We operate in three reportable segments: Manufacturing; Maintenance Services; and Leasing & Management Services. Our segments are operationally integrated. The Manufacturing segment, which currently operates from facilities in the U.S., Mexico, Poland, Romania and Turkey, produces double-stack intermodal railcars, tank cars, conventional railcars, automotive railcar products and marine vessels. The Maintenance Services segment performs wheel and axle servicing, railcar maintenance and produces a variety of parts for the rail industry in North America. The Leasing & Management Services segment, which includes GBX Leasing, owns approximately 11,800 railcars as of May 31, 2022. We also provide management services for approximately 421,000 railcars for railroads, shippers, carriers, institutional investors and other leasing and transportation companies in North America as of May 31, 2022. Through unconsolidated affiliates we produce rail and industrial components and have an ownership stake in a railcar manufacturer in Brazil.

We identify three general trends impacting our business at present, all of which we believe are reflected in our results for the nine months ended May 31, 2022. First, we believe the North American freight rail equipment market continues to emerge from the cyclical decrease in economic activity which began prior to the emergence of COVID-19. Second, we believe global economic activity continues to recover from the historic sharp dramatic decrease resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Third, inflation, rising interest rates, price volatility, supply chain disruptions and geopolitical disquiet, demand concerted management focus for successful execution across the business. While we believe the current market and broader economic environment most likely will present many positive opportunities for our business, as we navigate the recovery, we face a number of challenges which include:

•
An increase in the price and the shortage of certain materials and components;
•
Shipping and transportation delays;
•
Shortages of skilled labor;
•
Effects of inflation and policy reactions thereto, currency volatility and increases in interest rates.

In February 2022, the Russian Federation commenced a military invasion of Ukraine. As a result of this action, various nations have instituted economic sanctions against the Russian Federation. The full extent of short and long-term implications of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and related sanctions are difficult to predict at this time but may have an adverse effect on the global economic markets generally and could exacerbate the existing challenges noted above. Since the commencement of the military invasion of Ukraine, there has been an increase in the price of steel and a shortage of certain materials and components. We do not have operations in Ukraine or Russia.

As described in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Part I Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 31, 2021 and our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, the items described above may have a material negative impact on our business, liquidity, results of operations and stock price. Beyond these general observations, we are unable to predict when, how, or with what magnitude these items will impact our business.

27

We believe we have the management expertise and are well-positioned to navigate the immediate challenges of increasing production rates safely amidst emerging COVID variants and geopolitical disquiet, while managing labor and supply chain continuity. Despite the challenging operating environment, we achieved the following accomplishments during the first nine months of 2022 as we navigate the recovery phase:

•
Revenue increased by $878.2 million and 76.4% compared to the same period last year driven by an 80.6% increase in railcar deliveries.
•
Obtained new railcar orders of 19,800 units valued at approximately $2.3 billion during the nine months ended May 31, 2022.
•
Increased our backlog to an estimated value of $3.6 billion as of May 31, 2022, which is our highest backlog value in 6 years.
•
In February 2022, we completed our first offering of railcar asset-backed securities and long-term financing for GBX Leasing.
•
In September 2021, we acquired more than 3,600 railcars, a portion of which is held in GBX Leasing. The railcar acquisition advances our strategy to increase the scale of our lease fleet assets.
•
Increased our global headcount by approximately 30% during a challenging labor market to support higher levels of business activity.

Our backlog remains strong with railcar deliveries into 2024 and marine deliveries into 2023. Our railcar backlog was 30,900 units with an estimated value of $3.6 billion as of May 31, 2022. Backlog units for lease may be syndicated to third parties or held in our lease fleet depending on a variety of factors. Multi-year supply agreements are a part of rail industry practice. A portion of the orders included in backlog reflects an assumed product mix. Under terms of the orders, the exact mix and pricing will be determined in the future, which may impact backlog. Approximately 4% of backlog units and estimated backlog value as of May 31, 2022 was associated with our Brazilian manufacturing operations which is accounted for under the equity method. Marine backlog as of May 31, 2022 was $41 million.

Our backlog of railcar units and marine vessels is not necessarily indicative of future results of operations. Certain orders in backlog are subject to customary documentation and completion of terms. Customers may attempt to cancel or modify orders in backlog. Historically, little variation has been experienced between the quantity ordered and the quantity actually delivered, though the timing of deliveries may be modified from time to time.

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Three Months Ended May 31, 2022 Compared to the Three Months Ended May 31, 2021

Overview

Revenue, Cost of revenue, Margin and Earnings from operations (operating profit) presented below, include amounts from external parties and exclude intersegment activity that is eliminated in consolidation.

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |
(in millions, except per share amounts) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Manufacturing |  | $ | 650.9 |  |  | $ | 339.7 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 101.5 |  |  |  | 80.9 |
Leasing & Management Services |  |  | 41.1 |  |  |  | 29.6 |
|  |  | 793.5 |  |  |  | 450.2 |
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Manufacturing |  |  | 611.3 |  |  |  | 292.4 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 91.1 |  |  |  | 73.7 |
Leasing & Management Services |  |  | 14.8 |  |  |  | 8.9 |
|  |  | 717.2 |  |  |  | 375.0 |
Margin: |  |  |  |  |  |
Manufacturing |  |  | 39.6 |  |  |  | 47.3 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 10.4 |  |  |  | 7.2 |
Leasing & Management Services |  |  | 26.3 |  |  |  | 20.7 |
|  |  | 76.3 |  |  |  | 75.2 |
Selling and administrative |  |  | 57.4 |  |  |  | 49.3 |
Net (gain) loss on disposition of equipment |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  |  | 0.2 |
Earnings from operations |  |  | 19.6 |  |  |  | 25.7 |
Interest and foreign exchange |  |  | 14.9 |  |  |  | 10.2 |
Net loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4.8 |
Earnings before income taxes and earnings from unconsolidated affiliates |  |  | 4.7 |  |  |  | 10.7 |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  |  | (1.1 | ) |  |  | 6.9 |
Earnings before earnings from unconsolidated affiliates |  |  | 3.6 |  |  |  | 17.6 |
Earnings from unconsolidated affiliates |  |  | 4.0 |  |  |  | 2.4 |
Net earnings |  |  | 7.6 |  |  |  | 20.0 |
Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | (4.5 | ) |  |  | (0.3 | )
Net earnings attributable to Greenbrier |  | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | 19.7 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.09 |  |  | $ | 0.59 |

Performance for our segments is evaluated based on operating profit or loss. Corporate includes selling and administrative costs not directly related to goods and services and certain costs that are intertwined among segments due to our integrated business model. Management does not allocate Interest and foreign exchange or Income tax (expense) benefit for either external or internal reporting purposes.

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Operating profit (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |
Manufacturing |  | $ | 20.5 |  |  | $ | 29.1 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 8.6 |  |  |  | 4.2 |
Leasing & Management Services |  |  | 19.2 |  |  |  | 14.5 |
Corporate |  |  | (28.7 | ) |  |  | (22.1 | )
|  | $ | 19.6 |  |  | $ | 25.7 |

29

Consolidated Results

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | Change |
Revenue |  | $ | 793.5 |  |  | $ | 450.2 |  |  | $ | 343.3 |  |  |  | 76.3 | %
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 717.2 |  |  | $ | 375.0 |  |  | $ | 342.2 |  |  |  | 91.3 | %
Margin (%) |  |  | 9.6 | % |  |  | 16.7 | % |  |  | (7.1 | %) |  | * |
Net earnings attributable to Greenbrier |  | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | 19.7 |  |  | $ | (16.6 | ) |  |  | (84.3 | %)

* Not meaningful

Through our integrated business model, we provide a broad range of custom products and services in each of our segments, which have various average selling prices and margins. The demand for and mix of products and services delivered changes from period to period, which causes fluctuations in our results of operations.

The 76.3% increase in revenue for the three months ended May 31, 2022 as compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021 was primarily due to a 91.6% increase in Manufacturing revenue. The increase in Manufacturing revenue was primarily attributed to a 75.0% increase in railcar deliveries.

The 91.3% increase in cost of revenue for the three months ended May 31, 2022 as compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021 was primarily due to a 109.1% increase in Manufacturing cost of revenue. The increase in Manufacturing cost of revenue was primarily attributed to a 75.0% increase in railcar deliveries and higher steel and other input costs during the three months ended May 31, 2022.

Margin as a percentage of revenue was 9.6% and 16.7% for the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The overall margin as a percentage of revenue was negatively impacted by a decrease in Manufacturing margin from 13.9% to 6.1% primarily attributed to higher costs and inefficiencies in our Manufacturing operations in part due to ramping up production. Many of our customer contracts include price escalation provisions. When certain of our manufacturing costs increase, we are able to increase the sales price to our customers. While this has no impact to our margin dollars, the increase in revenue and cost of sales has a negative impact to our margin as a percentage of revenue.

The $16.6 million decrease in net earnings attributable to Greenbrier for the three months ended May 31, 2022 as compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021 was primarily due to the following:

•
An increase in Selling and administrative expense for the three months ended May 31, 2022 primarily attributed to an increase in employee related costs, legal, consulting, and travel associated with increased business activity.
•
Income tax expense for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to an income tax benefit for the three months ended May 31, 2021. The income tax benefit for the three months ended May 31, 2021 primarily related to accelerated depreciation and the impact of the CARES Act which allowed us to carry back tax losses to years when tax rates were higher, resulting in a tax benefit.
•
An increase in Interest and foreign exchange for the three months ended May 31, 2022 primarily attributed to an increase in interest expense from higher levels of borrowings.

These were partially offset by:

•
Net loss on extinguishment of debt for the three months ended May 31, 2021.

30

Manufacturing Segment

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % |
(In millions, except railcar deliveries) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | Change |
Revenue |  | $ | 650.9 |  |  | $ | 339.7 |  |  | $ | 311.2 |  |  |  | 91.6 | %
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 611.3 |  |  | $ | 292.4 |  |  | $ | 318.9 |  |  |  | 109.1 | %
Margin (%) |  |  | 6.1 | % |  |  | 13.9 | % |  |  | (7.8 | %) |  | * |
Operating profit ($) |  | $ | 20.5 |  |  | $ | 29.1 |  |  | $ | (8.6 | ) |  |  | (29.6 | %)
Operating profit (%) |  |  | 3.1 | % |  |  | 8.6 | % |  |  | (5.5 | %) |  | * |
Deliveries |  |  | 4,900 |  |  |  | 2,800 |  |  |  | 2,100 |  |  |  | 75.0 | %

* Not meaningful

Our Manufacturing segment primarily generates revenue from manufacturing a wide range of freight railcars and from the conversion of existing or in-service railcars through our facilities in North America and Europe. We also manufacture a broad range of ocean-going and river barges for transporting merchandise between ports within the United States.

Manufacturing revenue increased $311.2 million or 91.6% for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021. The increase in revenue was primarily attributed to a 75.0% increase in railcar deliveries. The increase was also due to the additional revenue associated with an increase in steel and other input costs during the three months ended May 31, 2022, as many of our customer contracts include price escalation provisions when certain of our manufacturing costs increase.

Manufacturing cost of revenue increased $318.9 million or 109.1% for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributed to a 75.0% increase in the volume of railcar deliveries and higher steel and other input costs as well as inefficiencies in our Manufacturing operations in part due to ramping up production during the three months ended May 31, 2022.

Manufacturing margin as a percentage of revenue decreased 7.8% for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021. The decrease in margin percentage for the three months ended May 31, 2022 was primarily attributed to higher costs and inefficiencies in our Manufacturing operations in part due to ramping up production. Many of our customer contracts include price escalation provisions. When certain of our manufacturing costs increase, we are able to increase the sales price to our customers. While this has no impact to our margin dollars, the increase in revenue and cost of sales has a negative impact to our margin as a percentage of revenue. In addition, the margin percentage for three months ended May 31, 2021 benefited from a $15.8 million favorable resolution of warranty and other loss contingencies associated with our international operations.

Manufacturing operating profit decreased $8.6 million for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021. The decrease in operating profit was primarily attributed to the three months ended May 31, 2021 benefiting from a favorable resolution of warranty and other loss contingencies associated with our international operations. This was partially offset by an increase in railcar deliveries for the three months ended May 31, 2022.

31

Maintenance Services Segment

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | Change |
Revenue |  | $ | 101.5 |  |  | $ | 80.9 |  |  | $ | 20.6 |  |  |  | 25.5 | %
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 91.1 |  |  | $ | 73.7 |  |  | $ | 17.4 |  |  |  | 23.6 | %
Margin (%) |  |  | 10.2 | % |  |  | 8.9 | % |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | * |
Operating profit ($) |  | $ | 8.6 |  |  | $ | 4.2 |  |  | $ | 4.4 |  |  |  | 104.8 | %
Operating profit (%) |  |  | 8.5 | % |  |  | 5.2 | % |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | * |

* Not meaningful

Our Maintenance Services segment primarily generates revenue from railcar component manufacturing and servicing and from providing railcar maintenance services.

Maintenance Services revenue increased $20.6 million or 25.5% for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021. The increase was primarily attributed to higher volumes due to increased demand. The increase was also due to higher scrap metal pricing and volumes.

Maintenance Services cost of revenue increased $17.4 million or 23.6% for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher costs associated with an increase in volumes and an increase in material and labor costs.

Maintenance Services margin as a percentage of revenue increased 1.3% for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021. The increase in margin percentage was primarily attributed to an increase in scrap metal pricing. This was partially offset by higher material and labor costs during the three months ended May 31, 2022.

Maintenance Services operating profit increased $4.4 million or 104.8% for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021. The increase in operating profit was primarily attributed to higher volumes and an increase in scrap metal pricing. This was partially offset by higher material and labor costs during the three months ended May 31, 2022.

32

Leasing & Management Services Segment

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | Change |
Revenue |  | $ | 41.1 |  |  | $ | 29.6 |  |  | $ | 11.5 |  |  |  | 38.9 | %
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 14.8 |  |  | $ | 8.9 |  |  | $ | 5.9 |  |  |  | 66.3 | %
Margin (%) |  |  | 64.0 | % |  |  | 69.9 | % |  |  | (5.9 | %) |  | * |
Operating profit ($) |  | $ | 19.2 |  |  | $ | 14.5 |  |  | $ | 4.7 |  |  |  | 32.4 | %
Operating profit (%) |  |  | 46.7 | % |  |  | 49.0 | % |  |  | (2.3 | %) |  | * |

* Not meaningful

Our Leasing & Management Services segment generates revenue from leasing railcars from our lease fleet which includes GBX Leasing, providing various management services, syndication revenue associated with leases attached to new railcar sales, and interim rent on leased railcars for syndication.

Leasing & Management Services revenue increased $11.5 million or 38.9% for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021. The increase was primarily attributed to higher syndication revenue from an increase in the volume of new railcar sales with leases attached and higher interim rent on leased railcars for syndication.

Leasing & Management Services cost of revenue increased $5.9 million or 66.3% for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher costs from the additions to our lease fleet.

Leasing & Management Services margin as a percentage of revenue decreased 5.9% for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021. The decrease in margin percentage was primarily attributed to a benefit associated with a lease transfer fee on previously syndicated railcars during the three months ended May 31, 2021. This was partially offset by higher syndication activity during the three months ended May 31, 2022.

Leasing & Management Services operating profit increased $4.7 million for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021. The increase was primarily attributed to higher syndication activity.

33

Selling and Administrative Expense

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | Change |
Selling and administrative expense |  | $ | 57.4 |  |  | $ | 49.3 |  |  | $ | 8.1 |  |  |  | 16.4 | %

Selling and administrative expense was $57.4 million or 7.2% of revenue for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to $49.3 million or 11.0% of revenue for the prior comparable period. The $8.1 million increase was primarily attributed to an increase in employee related costs, legal, consulting, and travel associated with increased business activity.

Net Gain (Loss) on Disposition of Equipment

Net gain (loss) on disposition of equipment primarily includes the sale of assets from our lease fleet (Equipment on operating leases, net) and disposition of property, plant and equipment. Assets are periodically sold in the normal course of business in order to accommodate customer demand and to manage risk and liquidity.

Net gain on disposition of equipment was $0.7 million for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to net loss on disposition of equipment of $0.2 million for the three months ended May 31, 2021.

Interest and Foreign Exchange

Interest and foreign exchange expense was composed of the following:

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Increase |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | (Decrease) |
Interest and foreign exchange: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and other expense |  | $ | 15.4 |  |  | $ | 10.9 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |
Foreign exchange gain |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  |  | 0.2 |
|  | $ | 14.9 |  |  | $ | 10.2 |  |  | $ | 4.7 |

The $4.7 million increase in interest and foreign exchange expense for the three months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021 was primarily attributed to an increase in interest expense from higher levels of borrowings.

Net Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

Net loss on extinguishment of debt was $4.8 million for the three months ended May 31, 2021, which relates to the retirement of $207.1 million of our 2.875% convertible notes due 2024 and $50 million of our 2.25% convertible notes due 2024.

Income Tax

For the three months ended May 31, 2022, we had income tax expense of $1.1 million on pre-tax income of $4.7 million for an effective tax rate of 23%. The provision for income taxes during interim quarterly reporting periods is based on our estimates of the effective tax rates for the full fiscal year and may be positively or negatively by adjustments that are required to be reported in the quarter.

34

For the three months ended May 31, 2021, we had an income tax benefit of $6.9 million on pre-tax income of $10.7 million. The tax benefit for the three months ended May 31, 2021 primarily related to accelerated depreciation and the impact of the CARES Act which allows us to carry back tax losses to years when tax rates were higher, resulting in a tax benefit.

The effective tax rate can fluctuate year-to-year due to changes in the mix of foreign and domestic pre-tax earnings. It can also fluctuate with changes in the proportion of pre-tax earnings attributable to our Mexican railcar manufacturing joint venture. The joint venture is treated as a partnership for tax purposes and, as a result, the partnership’s entire pre-tax earnings are included in earnings (loss) before income taxes and earnings from unconsolidated affiliates, whereas only our 50% share of the tax is included in Income tax (expense) benefit.

Earnings From Unconsolidated Affiliates

Through unconsolidated affiliates we produce rail and industrial components and have an ownership stake in a railcar manufacturer in Brazil. We record the results from these unconsolidated affiliates on an after-tax basis.

Earnings from unconsolidated affiliates was $4.0 million and $2.4 million for the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase was primarily related to higher profitability at our Brazil operations.

Noncontrolling Interest

Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest was $4.5 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest primarily represents our joint venture partner's share in the results of operations of our Mexican railcar manufacturing joint ventures, adjusted for intercompany sales, and our European partner’s share of the results of our European operations.

35

Nine Months Ended May 31, 2022 Compared to the Nine Months Ended May 31, 2021

Overview

Revenue, Cost of revenue, Margin and Earnings (loss) from operations (operating profit or loss) presented below, include amounts from external parties and exclude intersegment activity that is eliminated in consolidation.

|  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |
(in millions, except per share amounts) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Manufacturing |  | $ | 1,659.1 |  |  | $ | 845.7 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 260.5 |  |  |  | 218.1 |
Leasing & Management Services |  |  | 107.4 |  |  |  | 85.0 |
|  |  | 2,027.0 |  |  |  | 1,148.8 |
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Manufacturing |  |  | 1,567.9 |  |  |  | 775.1 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 244.0 |  |  |  | 203.4 |
Leasing & Management Services |  |  | 36.4 |  |  |  | 36.8 |
|  |  | 1,848.3 |  |  |  | 1,015.3 |
Margin: |  |  |  |  |  |
Manufacturing |  |  | 91.2 |  |  |  | 70.6 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 16.5 |  |  |  | 14.7 |
Leasing & Management Services |  |  | 71.0 |  |  |  | 48.2 |
|  |  | 178.7 |  |  |  | 133.5 |
Selling and administrative |  |  | 156.4 |  |  |  | 136.4 |
Net gain on disposition of equipment |  |  | (34.3 | ) |  |  | (0.8 | )
Earnings (loss) from operations |  |  | 56.6 |  |  |  | (2.1 | )
Interest and foreign exchange |  |  | 39.3 |  |  |  | 30.9 |
Net loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4.8 |
Earnings (loss) before income taxes and earnings from unconsolidated affiliates |  |  | 17.3 |  |  |  | (37.8 | )
Income tax (expense) benefit |  |  | (2.9 | ) |  |  | 36.0 |
Earnings (loss) before earnings from unconsolidated affiliates |  |  | 14.4 |  |  |  | (1.8 | )
Earnings from unconsolidated affiliates |  |  | 10.0 |  |  |  | 1.3 |
Net earnings (loss) |  |  | 24.4 |  |  |  | (0.5 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 1.2 |
Net earnings attributable to Greenbrier |  | $ | 26.7 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.79 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |

Performance for our segments is evaluated based on operating profit or loss. Corporate includes selling and administrative costs not directly related to goods and services and certain costs that are intertwined among segments due to our integrated business model. Management does not allocate Interest and foreign exchange or Income tax (expense) benefit for either external or internal reporting purposes.

|  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Operating profit (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |
Manufacturing |  | $ | 34.6 |  |  | $ | 16.7 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 10.4 |  |  |  | 6.4 |
Leasing & Management Services |  |  | 84.0 |  |  |  | 31.7 |
Corporate |  |  | (72.4 | ) |  |  | (56.9 | )
|  | $ | 56.6 |  |  | $ | (2.1 | )

36

Consolidated Results

|  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | Change |
Revenue |  | $ | 2,027.0 |  |  | $ | 1,148.8 |  |  | $ | 878.2 |  |  |  | 76.4 | %
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 1,848.3 |  |  | $ | 1,015.3 |  |  | $ | 833.0 |  |  |  | 82.0 | %
Margin (%) |  |  | 8.8 | % |  |  | 11.6 | % |  |  | (2.8 | %) |  | * |
Net earnings attributable to Greenbrier |  | $ | 26.7 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 26.0 |  |  | * |

* Not meaningful

Through our integrated business model, we provide a broad range of custom products and services in each of our segments, which have various average selling prices and margins. The demand for and mix of products and services delivered changes from period to period, which causes fluctuations in our results of operations.

The 76.4% increase in revenue for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021 was primarily due to a 96.2% increase in Manufacturing revenue. The increase in Manufacturing revenue was primarily attributed to an 80.6% increase in railcar deliveries.

The 82.0% increase in cost of revenue for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021 was primarily due to a 102.3% increase in Manufacturing cost of revenue. The increase in Manufacturing cost of revenue was primarily attributed to an 80.6% increase in railcar deliveries and higher steel and other input costs during the nine months ended May 31, 2022.

Margin as a percentage of revenue was 8.8% and 11.6% for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The overall margin as a percentage of revenue was negatively impacted by a decrease in Manufacturing margin from 8.3% to 5.5% primarily attributed to higher costs and inefficiencies in our Manufacturing operations in part due to ramping up production. Many of our customer contracts include price escalation provisions. When certain of our manufacturing costs increase, we are able to increase the sales price to our customers. While this has no impact to our margin dollars, the increase in revenue and cost of sales has a negative impact to our margin as a percentage of revenue.

The $26.0 million increase in net earnings attributable to Greenbrier for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021 was primarily due to the following:

•
An increase in Margin primarily due to higher railcar deliveries and syndication revenue for the nine months ended May 31, 2022.
•
An increase in Net gain on disposition of equipment for the nine months ended May 31, 2022.

These were partially offset by:

•
The income tax benefit for the nine months ended May 31, 2021 primarily related to accelerated depreciation and the impact of the CARES Act which allowed us to carry back tax losses to years when tax rates were higher, resulting in a tax benefit.
•
An increase in Selling and administrative expense for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 was primarily attributed to higher costs for legal, consulting and travel associated with increased business activity. The increase was also attributed to higher employee related costs.

37

Manufacturing Segment

|  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % |
(In millions, except railcar deliveries) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | Change |
Revenue |  | $ | 1,659.1 |  |  | $ | 845.7 |  |  | $ | 813.4 |  |  |  | 96.2 | %
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 1,567.9 |  |  | $ | 775.1 |  |  | $ | 792.8 |  |  |  | 102.3 | %
Margin (%) |  |  | 5.5 | % |  |  | 8.3 | % |  |  | (2.9 | %) |  | * |
Operating profit ($) |  | $ | 34.6 |  |  | $ | 16.7 |  |  | $ | 17.9 |  |  |  | 107.2 | %
Operating profit (%) |  |  | 2.1 | % |  |  | 2.0 | % |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | * |
Deliveries |  |  | 13,000 |  |  |  | 7,200 |  |  |  | 5,800 |  |  |  | 80.6 | %

* Not meaningful

Our Manufacturing segment primarily generates revenue from manufacturing a wide range of freight railcars and from the conversion of existing or in-service railcars through our facilities in North America and Europe. We also manufacture a broad range of ocean-going and river barges for transporting merchandise between ports within the United States.

Manufacturing revenue increased $813.4 million or 96.2% for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The increase in revenue was primarily attributed to an 80.6% increase in railcar deliveries. The increase was also due to the additional revenue associated with an increase in steel and other input costs during the nine months ended May 31, 2022, as many of our customer contracts include price escalation provisions when certain of our manufacturing costs increase.

Manufacturing cost of revenue increased $792.8 million or 102.3% for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributed to an 80.6% increase in the volume of railcar deliveries and higher steel and other input costs as well as inefficiencies in our Manufacturing operations in part due to ramping up production during the nine months ended May 31, 2022.

Manufacturing margin as a percentage of revenue decreased 2.9% for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The decrease in margin percentage for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 was primarily attributed to higher costs and inefficiencies in our Manufacturing operations in part due to ramping up production. Many of our customer contracts include price escalation provisions. When certain of our manufacturing costs increase, we are able to increase the sales price to our customers. While this has no impact to our margin dollars, the increase in revenue and cost of sales has a negative impact to our margin as a percentage of revenue. In addition, the margin percentage for nine months ended May 31, 2021 benefited from a $15.8 million favorable resolution of warranty and other loss contingencies associated with our international operations.

Manufacturing operating profit increased $17.9 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The increase in operating profit was primarily attributed to an increase in railcar deliveries.

38

Maintenance Services Segment

|  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | Change |
Revenue |  | $ | 260.5 |  |  | $ | 218.1 |  |  | $ | 42.4 |  |  |  | 19.4 | %
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 244.0 |  |  | $ | 203.4 |  |  | $ | 40.6 |  |  |  | 20.0 | %
Margin (%) |  |  | 6.3 | % |  |  | 6.7 | % |  |  | (0.4 | %) |  | * |
Operating profit ($) |  | $ | 10.4 |  |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | 4.0 |  |  |  | 62.5 | %
Operating profit (%) |  |  | 4.0 | % |  |  | 2.9 | % |  |  | 1.1 | % |  | * |

* Not meaningful

Our Maintenance Services segment primarily generates revenue from railcar component manufacturing and servicing and from providing railcar maintenance services.

Maintenance Services revenue increased $42.4 million or 19.4% for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The increase was primarily attributed to higher volumes due to increased demand and an increase in scrap metal pricing and volume as we scrap wheels and other components.

Maintenance Services cost of revenue increased $40.6 million or 20.0% for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher costs associated with an increase in volumes and an increase in material and labor costs.

Maintenance Services margin as a percentage of revenue decreased 0.4% for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The decrease in margin percentage was primarily attributed to higher material and labor costs during the nine months ended May 31, 2022. This was partially offset by an increase in scrap metal pricing.

Maintenance Services operating profit increased $4.0 million or 62.5% for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The increase in operating profit was primarily attributed to higher volumes and an increase in scrap metal pricing. This was partially offset by higher material and labor costs during the nine months ended May 31, 2022.

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Leasing & Management Services Segment

|  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | Change |
Revenue |  | $ | 107.4 |  |  | $ | 85.0 |  |  | $ | 22.4 |  |  |  | 26.4 | %
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 36.4 |  |  | $ | 36.8 |  |  | $ | (0.4 | ) |  |  | (1.1 | %)
Margin (%) |  |  | 66.1 | % |  |  | 56.7 | % |  |  | 9.4 | % |  | * |
Operating profit ($) |  | $ | 84.0 |  |  | $ | 31.7 |  |  | $ | 52.3 |  |  |  | 165.0 | %
Operating profit (%) |  |  | 78.2 | % |  |  | 37.3 | % |  |  | 40.9 | % |  | * |

* Not meaningful

Our Leasing & Management Services segment generates revenue from leasing railcars from our lease fleet which includes GBX Leasing, providing various management services, syndication revenue associated with leases attached to new railcar sales, interim rent on leased railcars for syndication and the sale of railcars purchased from third parties with the intent to resell. The gross proceeds from the sale of these railcars are recorded in revenue and the costs of purchasing these railcars are recorded in cost of revenue.

Leasing & Management Services revenue increased $22.4 million or 26.4% for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The increase was primarily attributed to higher syndication revenue from an increase in the volume of new railcar sales with leases attached and higher leasing revenue primarily from additions to our fleet. These were partially offset by a decrease in the sale of railcars which we had purchased from third parties with the intent to resell.

Leasing & Management Services cost of revenue decreased $0.4 million or 1.1% for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to lower volumes of railcars sold that we purchased from third parties. This was partially offset by an increase in costs from the additions to our lease fleet.

Leasing & Management Services margin as a percentage of revenue increased 9.4% for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The increase in margin percentage was primarily attributed to higher syndication activity. In addition, the margin percentage for the nine months ended May 31, 2021 was negatively impacted by higher sales of railcars that we purchased from third parties which have lower margin percentages.

Leasing & Management Services operating profit increased $52.3 million or 165% for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The increase was primarily attributed to a higher net gain on disposition of equipment and higher syndication activity.

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Selling and Administrative Expense

|  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | % |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | Change |
Selling and administrative expense |  | $ | 156.4 |  |  | $ | 136.4 |  |  | $ | 20.0 |  |  |  | 14.7 | %

Selling and administrative expense was $156.4 million or 7.7% of revenue for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to $136.4 million or 11.9% of revenue for the prior comparable period. The $20.0 million increase was primarily attributed to higher costs for legal, consulting and travel associated with increased business activity. The increase was also attributed to higher employee related costs.

Net Gain on Disposition of Equipment

Net gain on disposition of equipment primarily includes the sale of assets from our lease fleet (Equipment on operating leases, net) and disposition of property, plant and equipment. Assets are periodically sold in the normal course of business in order to accommodate customer demand and to manage risk and liquidity.

Net gain on disposition of equipment was $34.3 million and $0.8 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in Net gain on disposition of equipment was primarily attributed to sales of assets from our lease fleet during the nine months ended May 31, 2022.

Interest and Foreign Exchange

Interest and foreign exchange expense was composed of the following:

|  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |  |  | Increase |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | (Decrease) |
Interest and foreign exchange: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and other expense |  | $ | 38.7 |  |  | $ | 31.3 |  |  | $ | 7.4 |
Foreign exchange (gain) loss |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  |  | 1.0 |
|  | $ | 39.3 |  |  | $ | 30.9 |  |  | $ | 8.4 |

The $8.4 million increase in interest and foreign exchange expense for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021 was primarily attributed to an increase in interest expense from higher levels of borrowings and interest rates.

Net Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

Net loss on extinguishment of debt was $4.8 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2021, which relates to the retirement of $207.1 million of our 2.875% convertible notes due 2024 and $50 million of our 2.25% convertible notes due 2024.

Income Tax

For the nine months ended May 31, 2022, we had income tax expense of $2.9 million on pre-tax income of $17.3 million for an effective tax rate of 17%. The provision for income taxes during interim quarterly reporting periods is based on our estimates of the effective tax rates for the full fiscal year and may be positively or negatively by adjustments that are required to be reported in the quarter. Tax expense for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 included net favorable discrete items.

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For the nine months ended May 31, 2021, we had an income tax benefit of $36.0 million on pre-tax loss of $37.8 million. The tax benefit for the nine months ended May 31, 2021 primarily related to accelerated depreciation and the impact of the CARES Act which allows us to carry back to years when tax rates were higher, resulting in a tax benefit. The tax benefit is derived from the US Federal tax rate differential between the 2016 tax rate of 35% and our current rate of 21%.

The effective tax rate can fluctuate year-to-year due to changes in the mix of foreign and domestic pre-tax earnings. It can also fluctuate with changes in the proportion of pre-tax earnings attributable to our Mexican railcar manufacturing joint venture. The joint venture is treated as a partnership for tax purposes and, as a result, the partnership’s entire pre-tax earnings are included in earnings (loss) before income taxes and earnings from unconsolidated affiliates, whereas only our 50% share of the tax is included in Income tax (expense) benefit.

Earnings From Unconsolidated Affiliates

Through unconsolidated affiliates we produce rail and industrial components and have an ownership stake in a railcar manufacturer in Brazil. We record the results from these unconsolidated affiliates on an after-tax basis.

Earnings from unconsolidated affiliates was $10.0 million and $1.3 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase was primarily related to higher profitability at our Brazil operations.

Noncontrolling Interest

Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest was $2.3 million and $1.2 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest primarily represents our joint venture partner's share in the results of operations of our Mexican railcar manufacturing joint ventures, adjusted for intercompany sales, and our European partner’s share of the results of our European operations.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

|  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net cash used in operating activities |  | $ | (328.4 | ) |  | $ | (123.8 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (96.1 | ) |  |  | (49.3 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 199.0 |  |  |  | (42.0 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes |  |  | 19.9 |  |  |  | 9.9 |
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | (205.6 | ) |  | $ | (205.2 | )

We have been financed through cash generated from operations and borrowings. At May 31, 2022 cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash were $465.8 million, a decrease of $205.6 million from $671.4 million at August 31, 2021.

Cash Flows From Operating Activities

The change in cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021 was primarily due to a net increase in working capital associated with increased production rates and from higher steel and other input costs.

Cash Flows From Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities primarily related to capital expenditures net of proceeds from the sale of assets and investment activity with our unconsolidated affiliates. The change in cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021 was primarily attributable to an increase in capital expenditures due to additions to our lease fleet as part of our leasing strategy, partially offset by an increase in proceeds from the sale of assets compared to the prior year.

|  | Nine Months Ended May 31, |
(in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Capital expenditures: |  |  |  |  |  |
Leasing & Management Services |  | $ | 219.4 |  |  | $ | 41.6 |
Manufacturing |  |  | 25.4 |  |  |  | 14.9 |
Maintenance Services |  |  | 4.0 |  |  |  | 6.4 |
Total capital expenditures (gross) |  | $ | 248.8 |  |  | $ | 62.9 |
Proceeds from sales of assets |  |  | (155.1 | ) |  |  | (12.2 | )
Total capital expenditures (net of proceeds) |  | $ | 93.7 |  |  | $ | 50.7 |

Capital expenditures primarily relate to additions to our lease fleet and on-going investments into the safety and productivity of our facilities. Proceeds from the sale of assets primarily relate to sales of railcars from our lease fleet within Leasing & Management Services. Assets from our lease fleet are periodically sold in the normal course of business to accommodate customer demand and to manage risk and liquidity. Proceeds from sales of assets are expected to be approximately $155 million for 2022.

Capital expenditures for 2022 are expected to be approximately $310 million for Leasing & Management Services, approximately $50 million for Manufacturing and approximately $10 million for Maintenance Services. Capital expenditures for 2022 primarily relate to additions to our lease fleet reflecting our enhanced leasing strategy and continued investments into the safety and productivity of our facilities.

Cash Flows From Financing Activities

The change in cash provided by (used in) financing activities for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021 was primarily attributed to proceeds from debt, net of repayments. During the nine months ended May 31, 2022 we issued asset backed securities of $323.3 million, and used proceeds to pay down our credit facility for GBX Leasing.

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Dividend & Share Repurchase Program

A quarterly dividend of $0.27 per share was declared on July 6, 2022.

The Board of Directors has authorized our company to repurchase shares of our common stock. The share repurchase program has an expiration date of January 31, 2023. The amount remaining for repurchase was $100.0 million as of May 31, 2022. Under the share repurchase program, shares of common stock may be purchased on the open market or through privately negotiated transactions from time to time. The timing and amount of purchases will be based upon market conditions, securities law limitations and other factors. The program may be modified, suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice. The share repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares in any period. There were no shares repurchased under the share repurchase program during the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021.

Cash, Borrowing Availability and Credit Facilities

As of May 31, 2022, we had $449.7 million in Cash and cash equivalents and $85.0 million in available borrowings. Our current cash balance is part of our strategy to maintain strong liquidity to respond to current uncertainties.

Senior secured credit facilities, consisting of four components, aggregated to $1.1 billion as of May 31, 2022. We had an aggregate of $85.0 million available to draw down under committed credit facilities as of May 31, 2022. This amount consists of $34.6 million available on the North American credit facility, $15.4 million on the European credit facilities and $35.0 million on the Mexican credit facilities.

As of May 31, 2022, a $600.0 million revolving line of credit, maturing August 2026, secured by substantially all our U.S. assets not otherwise pledged as security for term loans or the warehouse credit facility, existed to provide working capital and interim financing of equipment, principally for our U.S. and Mexican operations. Advances under this North American credit facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 1.50% or Prime plus 0.50% depending on the type of borrowing. Available borrowings under the credit facility are generally based on defined levels of eligible inventory, receivables, property, plant and equipment and leased equipment, as well as total debt to consolidated capitalization and fixed charges coverage ratios.

As of May 31, 2022, a $350.0 million non-recourse warehouse credit facility existed to support the operations of GBX Leasing, a joint venture in which we own approximately 95%. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 2.0%. The warehouse credit facility converts to a term loan in April 2023 and matures in April 2025.

As of May 31, 2022, lines of credit totaling $73.7 million secured by certain of our European assets, with variable rates that range from Warsaw Interbank Offered Rate (WIBOR) plus 1.2% to WIBOR plus 1.5% and Euro Interbank Offered Rate (EURIBOR) plus 1.1%, were available for working capital needs of our European manufacturing operations. The European lines of credit include $35.4 million which are guaranteed by us. European credit facilities are regularly renewed. Currently, these European credit facilities have maturities that range from July 2022 through October 2023.

As of May 31, 2022, our Mexican railcar manufacturing operations had four lines of credit totaling $120.0 million for working capital needs. The first line of credit provides up to $30.0 million, of which we and our joint venture partner have each guaranteed 50%. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 3.75% to 4.25%. The Mexican railcar manufacturing joint venture will be able to draw amounts available under this facility through June 2024. The second line of credit provides up to $35.0 million, of which we and our joint venture partner have each guaranteed 50%. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 3.70%. The Mexican railcar manufacturing joint venture will be able to draw amounts available under this facility through June 2023. The third line of credit provides up to $50.0 million and matures in October 2024. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 4.25%. The fourth line of credit provides up to $5.0 million and matures in September 2022. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 2.95%.

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Credit facility balances:

(in millions) |  | May 31, 2022 |  |  | August 31, 2021 |
North America |  | $ | 160.0 |  |  | $ | 160.0 |
Mexico |  |  | 85.0 |  |  |  | 15.0 |
Europe |  |  | 58.3 |  |  |  | 50.2 |
GBX Leasing |  |  | - |  |  |  | 147.0 |
Total Revolving notes |  | $ | 303.3 |  |  | $ | 372.2 |

Outstanding commitments under the North American credit facility included letters of credit which totaled $6.9 million and $8.4 million as of May 31, 2022 and August 31, 2021, respectively.

Other Information

The revolving and operating lines of credit, along with notes payable, contain covenants with respect to us and our various subsidiaries, the most restrictive of which, among other things, limit our ability to: incur additional indebtedness or guarantees; pay dividends or repurchase stock; enter into financing leases; create liens; sell assets; engage in transactions with affiliates, including joint ventures and non U.S. subsidiaries, including but not limited to loans, advances, equity investments and guarantees; enter into mergers, consolidations or sales of substantially all our assets; and enter into new lines of business. The covenants also require certain maximum ratios of debt to total capitalization and minimum levels of fixed charges (interest plus rent) coverage. As of May 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all such restrictive covenants.

From time to time, we may seek to repurchase or otherwise retire or exchange securities, including outstanding convertible notes, borrowings and equity securities, and take other steps to reduce our debt, extend the maturities of our debt or otherwise improve our balance sheet. These actions may include open market repurchases, unsolicited or solicited privately negotiated transactions or other retirements, repurchases or exchanges. Such retirements, repurchases or exchanges of one note or security for another note or security (now or hereafter existing), if any, will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, prevailing market conditions, trading levels of our debt, our liquidity requirements and contractual restrictions, if applicable. The amounts involved in any such transactions may, individually or in the aggregate, be material and may involve all or a portion of a particular series of notes or other indebtedness which may reduce the float and impact the trading market of notes or other indebtedness which remain outstanding.

We have global operations that conduct business in their local currencies as well as other currencies. To mitigate the exposure to transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency, we enter into foreign currency forward exchange contracts with established financial institutions to protect the margin on a portion of foreign currency sales in firm backlog. Given the strong credit standing of the counterparties, no provision has been made for credit loss due to counterparty non-performance.

To mitigate the exposure to changes in interest rates, we have managed a portion of our variable rate debt with interest rate swap agreements, effectively converting $408.2 million of variable rate debt to fixed rate debt as of May 31, 2022.

We expect existing funds and cash generated from operations, together with proceeds from financing activities including borrowings under existing credit facilities and long-term financings, to be sufficient to fund expected debt repayments, working capital needs, planned capital expenditures, additional investments in our unconsolidated affiliates and dividends during the next twelve months.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not currently have off balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires judgment on the part of management to arrive at estimates and assumptions on matters that are inherently uncertain. These estimates may affect the amount of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities within the financial statements. Estimates and assumptions are periodically evaluated and may be adjusted in future periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Income taxes -The asset and liability method is used to account for income taxes. We are required to estimate the timing of the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities, make assumptions about the future deductibility of deferred tax assets and assess deferred tax liabilities based on enacted law and tax rates for each tax jurisdiction to determine the amount of deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred income taxes are provided for the temporary effects of differences between assets and liabilities recognized for financial statement and income tax reporting purposes. Valuation allowances reduce deferred tax assets to an amount that will more likely than not be realized. We recognize liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on whether evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit.

It is inherently difficult and subjective to estimate whether a valuation allowance or uncertain tax position is necessary. In making this assessment, management may analyze future taxable income, reversing temporary differences and/or ongoing tax planning strategies. Should a change in circumstances lead to a change in judgment about the realizability of deferred tax assets in future years, the Company would adjust related valuation allowances in the period that the change in circumstances occurs, along with a corresponding increase or charge to income. Changes in tax law or court interpretations may result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an additional charge to the tax provision.

Warranty accruals - Warranty costs to cover a defined warranty period are estimated and charged to operations. The estimated warranty cost is based on historical warranty claims for each particular product type. For new product types without a warranty history, preliminary estimates are based on historical information for similar product types.

These estimates are inherently uncertain as they are based on historical data for existing products and judgment for new products. If warranty claims are made in the current period for issues that have not historically been the subject of warranty claims and were not taken into consideration in establishing the accrual or if claims for issues already considered in establishing the accrual exceed expectations, warranty expense may exceed the accrual for that particular product. Conversely, there is the possibility that claims may be lower than estimates. The warranty accrual is periodically reviewed and updated based on warranty trends. However, as we cannot predict future claims, the potential exists for the difference in any one reporting period to be material.

Environmental costs - At times we may be involved in various proceedings related to environmental matters. We estimate future costs for known environmental remediation requirements and accrue for them when it is probable that we have incurred a liability and the related costs can be reasonably estimated based on currently available information. Adjustments to these liabilities are made when additional information becomes available that affects the estimated costs to study or remediate any environmental issues or when expenditures for which reserves are established are made.

Judgments used in determining if a liability is estimable are subjective and based on known facts and our historic experience. If further developments in or resolution of an environmental matter result in facts and circumstances that differ from those assumptions used to develop these reserves, the accrual for environmental remediation could be materially understated or overstated. Due to the uncertain nature of environmental matters, there can be no assurance that we will not become involved in future litigation or other proceedings or, if we were found to be responsible or liable in any litigation or proceeding, that such costs would not be material to us.

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Goodwill - In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 350, Intangibles–Goodwill and Other (ASC 350), the Company evaluates goodwill for possible impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The Company uses a two-step process to assess the realizability of goodwill. The first step is a qualitative assessment that analyzes current economic indicators associated with a particular reporting unit. If the qualitative assessment indicates a stable or improved fair value, no further testing is required. If a qualitative assessment indicates it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company will proceed to the quantitative second step where the fair value of a reporting unit is calculated based on weighted income and market-based approaches.

If the fair value of a reporting unit is lower than its carrying value, an impairment to goodwill is recorded, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill in the reporting unit. We performed our annual goodwill impairment test during the third quarter of 2022 and concluded that goodwill was not impaired.

As of May 31, 2022, our goodwill balance was $128.7 million of which $85.7 million related to our Manufacturing segment and $43.0 million related to our Maintenance Services segment. Our Manufacturing segment includes the North America Manufacturing reporting unit with a goodwill balance of $56.6 million; and the Europe Manufacturing reporting unit with a goodwill balance of $29.1 million.

Pursuant to the authoritative guidance, we make certain judgments and assumptions to determine our reporting units, which determines the carrying values for each reporting unit. Judgments related to qualitative factors include changes in economic considerations, market and industry trends, business strategy, cost factors, and financial performance, among others, to determine if there are indicators of a significant decline in the fair value of a particular reporting unit.

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Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITAT IVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

We have global operations that conduct business in their local currencies as well as other currencies. To mitigate the exposure to transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of each entity, we enter into foreign currency forward exchange contracts to protect revenue or margin on a portion of forecasted foreign currency sales and expenses. At May 31, 2022 exchange rates, notional amounts of forward exchange contracts for the purchase of Polish Zlotys and the sale of Euros; and the purchase of Mexican Pesos and the sale of U.S. Dollars aggregated to $100.3 million. Because of the variety of currencies in which purchases and sales are transacted and the interaction between currency rates, it is not possible to predict the impact of a movement in a single foreign currency exchange rate would have on future operating results.

In addition to exposure to transaction gains or losses, we are also exposed to foreign currency exchange risk related to the net asset position of our foreign subsidiaries. At May 31, 2022, net assets of foreign subsidiaries aggregated $203.4 million and a 10% strengthening of the U.S. Dollar relative to the foreign currencies would result in a decrease in equity of $20.4 million, or 1.4% of Total equity - Greenbrier. This calculation assumes that each exchange rate would change in the same direction relative to the U.S. Dollar.

Interest Rate Risk

We have managed a portion of our variable rate debt with interest rate swap agreements, effectively converting $408.2 million of variable rate debt to fixed rate debt. Notwithstanding these interest rate swap agreements, we are still exposed to interest rate risk relating to our revolving debt and a portion of term debt, which are at variable rates. At May 31, 2022, 77% of our outstanding debt had fixed rates and 23% had variable rates. At May 31, 2022, a uniform 10% increase in variable interest rates would result in approximately $0.8 million of additional annual interest expense.

Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management has evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported in a timely manner, and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended May 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHE R INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

There is hereby incorporated by reference the information disclosed in Note 15 to Consolidated Financial Statements, Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

This Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with Part I Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 31, 2021 and our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. Except as set forth below, there have been no material changes in the Risk Factors described in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

Inflation in the global economy could negatively impact our business and results of operations.

General inflation in the United States, Europe and other geographies has risen to levels not experienced in recent decades. General inflation, including rising prices for energy, metals, components, and other inputs as well as rising wages negatively impact our business by increasing our operating costs. General inflation also negatively impacts our business by decreasing the capital for our customers to deploy to purchase our goods and services. Inflation may cause our customers to reduce or delay orders for our goods and services thereby causing a decrease in sales of our goods and services.

Increases in the price of materials and components used in the production of our products could negatively impact our profit margin on the sale of our products.

A significant portion of our business depends on the adequate supply of numerous specialty and other parts and components at cost effective prices such as brakes, wheels, side frames, bolsters, and bearings for the railcar business. Our manufacturing operations depend on our ability to obtain timely deliveries of materials in acceptable quantities and quality from our suppliers. Prices for materials may continue to increase due to the armed conflict in Ukraine, and trends in the global economy, among other reasons. Although a portion of the costs we must incur to meet our contractual obligations are subject to escalation clauses which allow us to pass through costs to our customers, we will absorb some cost increases thereby decreasing margin on some of our customer contracts.

Monetary and other policy interventions by governments and central banks, including the increase of interest rates, as well as uncertainly about governmental macroeconomic policies, could negatively impact our business and results of operations.

The United States Federal Reserve raised its benchmark interest rate by three-quarters of a percentage point in June 2022. Several other central banks, including the European Central Bank, have signaled increases in benchmark interest rates. Rising interest rates increases our borrowing costs potentially decreasing our profitability. Additionally, increased borrowing costs faced by our customers could result in decreased demand for our products. Monetary interventions also risk a sustained decline in aggregate demand, either globally or within one more geographic market. A decline in demand for our products would most likely have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.

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Our business may be negatively impacted as a result of armed conflict in Ukraine.

In February 2022, the Russian Federation commenced a military invasion of Ukraine. We cannot predict the full impact of the armed conflict in Ukraine, the economic sanctions imposed on Russia, and the related economic and geopolitical instability, including instability in the manufacturing and freight rail markets. Some of our operations, particularly in Europe, have experienced higher energy costs, an increase in the price and availability of steel and certain other materials and components, disruptions in transportation and supply chains, higher manufacturing and borrowing costs. There is a risk we will not be successful in renegotiating existing agreements to allow us to pass through these increased prices of manufacturing. As a result of these impacts and due to the lack of new railcar orders in Europe during the third quarter of 2022, we have slowed down production at our European manufacturing facilities. These negative factors may continue to occur along with other risks to our business that may emerge which include, among others, prolonged heightened inflation, macroeconomic interventions in response to inflation, cyber disruptions or attacks, and disruptions in credit markets. All of these factors and others could disrupt our business directly and could disrupt the business of our customers thereby reducing or delaying orders of our goods and services. Prolonged civil unrest, political instability or uncertainty, military activities, or broad-based sanctions could have an adverse effect on our operations and business outlook.

Disruptions in the supply of materials and components used in the production of our products could negatively impact our business and results of operations.

Supply chains were severely disrupted by the COVID-19 global pandemic. Armed conflict in Ukraine has also severely disrupted supply chains for the materials and components that we use in manufacturing our products. Certain materials for our products are currently available from a limited number of suppliers and, as a result, we may have limited control over pricing, availability, and delivery schedules. The inability to purchase a sufficient quantity of materials on a timely basis could create disruptions in our production and result in delays while we attempt to engage alternative suppliers. Any such disruption or conditions could harm our business and adversely impact our results of operations.

A material disruption in the movement of rail traffic could impair our ability to deliver railcars and other products to our customers in a timely manner which could prevent us from meeting customer demand, reduce our sales, and negatively impact our results of operations.

Once a railcar or other product is manufactured in one of our plants, it must be moved by rail to a customer delivery point. In many cases, the manufacturing plant and the delivery point are in different countries. Many different and unrelated factors could cause a delay in our ability to move our goods in a timely manner from the manufacturing plant to the delivery point including physical disruptions such as natural disasters and power outages, labor stoppages or shortages hindering the operation of railroads and related transportation infrastructure, regulatory and bureaucratic inefficiency and unresponsiveness, and other causes. A material disruption in the movement of rail traffic could negatively impact our business and results of operations.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equi ty Securities and Use of Proceeds

The Board of Directors has authorized the Company to repurchase shares of the Company’s common stock. The share repurchase program has an expiration date of January 31, 2023. The amount remaining for repurchase was $100.0 million as of May 31, 2022. There were no share repurchases during the three months ended May 31, 2022 under this program.

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Item 6. E xhibits

(a)
List of Exhibits:

3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant dated March 28, 2022.
10.1 |  | Amended and Restated Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between the Registrant and William A. Furman.
10.2 |  | Amended and Restated Fifth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Alejandro Centurion.
31.1 |  | Certification pursuant to Rule 13a – 14 (a).
31.2 |  | Certification pursuant to Rule 13a – 14 (a).
32.1 |  | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 |  | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (Formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

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SIGNA TURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | THE GREENBRIER COMPANIES, INC.
Date: | July 11, 2022 |  | By: | /s/ Adrian J. Downes
|  |  |  | Adrian J. Downes
|  |  |  | Senior Vice President,
|  |  |  | Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer
|  |  |  | (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

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