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Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Receivables [Abstract] |
Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net | Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net Our loan portfolio was comprised of the following at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 ($ in thousands):
Loan Type |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Commercial mortgage loans, net(1) |  | $ | 8,121,109 |  |  | $ | 7,012,312 |
Subordinate loans and other lending assets, net |  | 560,881 |  |  | 844,948 |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 8,681,990 |  |  | $ | 7,857,260 |
——————— (1)Includes $138.3 million and $97.8 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, of contiguous financing structured as subordinate loans. Our loan portfolio consisted of 98% floating rate loans, based on amortized cost, as of each of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Activity relating to our loan portfolio for the year ended December 31, 2022 was as follows ($ in thousands):
|  | Principal Balance |  | Deferred Fees/Other Items (1) |  | Specific CECL Allowance |  | Carrying Value, Net(2)
December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 8,072,377 |  |  | $ | (36,529) |  |  | $ | (145,000) |  |  | $ | 7,890,848 |
New funding of loans |  | 3,027,742 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,027,742 |
Add-on loan fundings(3) |  | 596,919 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 596,919 |
Loan repayments and sales |  | (2,214,621) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,214,621) |
(Loss) gain on foreign currency translation |  | (360,818) |  |  | 4,382 |  |  | — |  |  | (356,436) |
Decrease in Specific CECL Allowance, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,500 |  |  | 11,500 |
Realized (loss) on investment |  | (22,147) |  |  | (2,747) |  |  | — |  |  | (24,894) |
Transfer to real estate owned |  | (225,036) |  |  | (1,423) |  |  | — |  |  | (226,459) |
Deferred fees and other items |  | — |  |  | (46,874) |  |  | — |  |  | (46,874) |
Payment-in-kind interest and amortization of fees |  | 18,351 |  |  | 32,138 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,489 |
December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 8,892,767 |  |  | $ | (51,053) |  |  | $ | (133,500) |  |  | $ | 8,708,214 |
General CECL Allowance(4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (26,224) |
Carrying value, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,681,990 |
——————— (1)Other items primarily consist of purchase discounts or premiums, cost recovery interest, exit fees, deferred origination expenses, and the activity of unconsolidated joint ventures. (2)December 31, 2021 carrying value excludes General CECL Allowance of $33.6 million. (3)Represents fundings committed prior to 2022. (4)$4.3 million of the General CECL Allowance is excluded from this table because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. The following table details overall statistics for our loan portfolio at the dates indicated ($ in thousands):
|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Number of loans |  | 61 |  |  | 67 |
Principal balance |  | $ | 8,892,767 |  |  | $ | 8,072,377 |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 8,681,990 |  |  | $ | 7,857,260 |
Unfunded loan commitments(1) |  | $ | 1,041,654 |  |  | $ | 1,357,122 |
Weighted-average cash coupon(2) |  | 7.2 | % |  | 4.5 | %
Weighted-average remaining fully-extended term(3) |  | 2.8 years |  | 2.9 years
Weighted-average expected term(4) |  | 1.7 years |  | 2.3 years
——————— (1)Unfunded loan commitments are funded to finance construction costs, tenant improvements, leasing commissions, or carrying costs. These future commitments are funded over the term of each loan, subject in certain cases to an expiration date. (2)For floating rate loans, based on applicable benchmark rates as of the specified dates. For loans placed on non-accrual the interest rate used in calculating weighted-average cash coupon is 0%. (3)Assumes all extension options are exercised. (4)Expected term represents our estimated timing of repayments as of the specified dates. Excludes risk-rated 5 loans. Property Type The table below details the property type of the properties securing the loans in our portfolio at the dates indicated ($ in thousands):
|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Property Type |  | Carrying Value |  | % of Portfolio(1) |  | Carrying Value |  | % of Portfolio(1)
Hotel |  | $ | 2,117,079 |  |  | 24.3 | % |  | $ | 1,875,439 |  |  | 23.8 | %
Office |  | 1,671,006 |  |  | 19.2 |  |  | 1,700,779 |  |  | 21.6 |
Residential |  | 1,537,541 |  |  | 17.7 |  |  | 1,434,186 |  |  | 18.2 |
Retail |  | 1,364,752 |  |  | 15.7 |  |  | 1,126,332 |  |  | 14.3 |
Healthcare |  | 575,144 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 316,321 |  |  | 4.0 |
Mixed Use |  | 559,809 |  |  | 6.4 |  |  | 269,839 |  |  | 3.4 |
Industrial |  | 296,860 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 377,068 |  |  | 4.8 |
Other(2) |  | 586,023 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 790,884 |  |  | 9.9 |
Total |  | $ | 8,708,214 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 7,890,848 |  |  | 100.0 | %
General CECL Allowance(3) |  | (26,224) |  |  |  |  | (33,588) |  |  |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 8,681,990 |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,857,260 |  |  |
(1)Percentage of portfolio calculations are made prior to consideration of General CECL Allowance. (2)Other property types include parking garages (3.1%), caravan parks (2.3%) and urban predevelopment (1.3%) in 2022, and parking garages (3.3%), caravan parks (2.8%), multifamily development (2.2%), and urban predevelopment (1.6%) in 2021. (3)$4.3 million and $3.1 million of the General CECL Allowance for 2022 and 2021, respectively, is excluded from this table because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Geography The table below details the geographic distribution of the properties securing the loans in our portfolio at the dates indicated ($ in thousands):
|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Geographic Location |  | Carrying Value |  | % of Portfolio(1) |  | Carrying Value |  | % of Portfolio(1)
United Kingdom |  | $ | 2,470,532 |  |  | 28.4 | % |  | $ | 2,297,286 |  |  | 29.1 | %
New York City |  | 2,049,493 |  |  | 23.5 |  |  | 2,000,661 |  |  | 25.4 |
Other Europe(2) |  | 1,542,462 |  |  | 17.7 |  |  | 1,295,870 |  |  | 16.4 |
Southeast |  | 642,542 |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | 708,920 |  |  | 9.0 |
Midwest |  | 592,756 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  | 689,274 |  |  | 8.7 |
West |  | 584,247 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 356,097 |  |  | 4.5 |
Other(3) |  | 826,182 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | 542,740 |  |  | 6.9 |
Total |  | $ | 8,708,214 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 7,890,848 |  |  | 100.0 | %
General CECL Allowance(4) |  | (26,224) |  |  |  |  | (33,588) |  |  |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 8,681,990 |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,857,260 |  |  |
(1)Percentage of portfolio calculations are made prior to consideration of General CECL Allowance. (2)Other Europe includes Italy (5.4%), Germany (4.9%), Spain (3.8%), Sweden (2.8%) and Ireland (0.7%) in 2022 and Germany (6.1%), Sweden (3.6%), Spain (3.3%), Italy (2.6%), and Ireland (0.8%) in 2021. (3)Other includes Northeast (5.5%), Southwest (2.3%), Mid-Atlantic (1.4%) and Other (0.3%) in 2022 and Southwest (3.5%), Mid-Atlantic (1.6%), Northeast (1.5%), and Other (0.3%) in 2021. (4)$4.3 million and $3.1 million of the General CECL Allowance for 2022 and 2021, respectively, is excluded from this table because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Risk Rating We assess the risk factors of each loan and assign a risk rating based on a variety of factors, including, without limitation, loan to value ("LTV") ratio, debt yield, property type, geographic and local market dynamics, physical condition, cash flow volatility, leasing and tenant profile, loan structure and exit plan, and project sponsorship. This review is performed quarterly. Based on a 5-point scale, our loans are rated "1" through "5," from less risk to greater risk, which ratings are defined as follows: 1. Very low risk 2. Low risk 3. Moderate/average risk 4. High risk/potential for loss: a loan that has a risk of realizing a principal loss 5. Impaired/loss likely: a loan that has a high risk of realizing principal loss, has incurred principal loss, or an impairment has been recorded The following tables present the carrying value of our loan portfolio by year of origination and internal risk rating and gross write-offs by year of origination as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively ($ in thousands):
December 31, 2022
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Amortized Cost by Year Originated
Risk Rating |  | Number of Loans |  | Total |  | % of Portfolio |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Prior
1 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2 |  | 2 |  |  | 65,943 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 65,943 |
3 |  | 54 |  |  | 8,401,925 |  |  | 96.5 | % |  |  | 2,575,455 |  |  | 2,462,499 |  |  | 687,329 |  |  | 1,637,050 |  |  | 479,769 |  |  | 559,823 |
4 |  | 2 |  |  | 27,451 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,951 |  |  | 7,500 |
5 |  | 3 |  |  | 212,895 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 212,895 |
Total |  | 61 |  |  | $ | 8,708,214 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | $ | 2,575,455 |  |  | $ | 2,462,499 |  |  | $ | 687,329 |  |  | $ | 1,637,050 |  |  | $ | 499,720 |  |  | $ | 846,161 |
General CECL Allowance(1) |  | (26,224) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total carrying value, net | $ | 8,681,990 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Risk Rating |  | 3.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross write-offs |  | $ | 7,000 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,000 |
December 31, 2021
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Amortized Cost by Year Originated
Risk Rating |  | Number of Loans |  | Total |  | % of Portfolio |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Prior
1 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2 |  | 1 |  |  | 32,000 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,000 |
3 |  | 62 |  |  | 7,372,081 |  |  | 93.5 | % |  |  | 2,622,248 |  |  | 644,404 |  |  | 2,307,948 |  |  | 828,270 |  |  | 389,264 |  |  | 579,947 |
4 |  | 1 |  |  | 81,980 |  |  | 1.0 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81,980 |  |  | — |
5 |  | 3 |  |  | 404,787 |  |  | 5.1 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 177,483 |  |  | 227,304 |
Total |  | 67 |  |  | $ | 7,890,848 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | $ | 2,622,248 |  |  | $ | 644,404 |  |  | $ | 2,307,948 |  |  | $ | 828,270 |  |  | $ | 648,727 |  |  | $ | 839,251 |
General CECL Allowance(1) |  | (33,588) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total carrying value, net | $ | 7,857,260 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Risk Rating |  | 3.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross write-offs |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
——————— (1)$4.3 million and $3.1 million of the General CECL Allowance for 2022 and 2021, respectively, is excluded from the tables above because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. CECL In accordance with ASU 2016-13 "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments", which we refer to as the "CECL Standard", we record allowances for loans and held-to-maturity debt securities that are deducted from the carrying amount of the assets to present the net carrying value of the amounts expected to be collected on the assets. We record loan specific allowances as a practical expedient under the CECL Standard ("Specific CECL Allowance"), which we apply to assets that are collateral dependent and where the borrower or sponsor is experiencing financial difficulty. For the remainder of the portfolio, we record a general allowance ("General CECL Allowance", and together with the Specific CECL Allowance, "CECL Allowances"), in accordance with the CECL Standard on a collective basis by assets with similar risk characteristics. We have elected to use the weighted average remaining maturity ("WARM") method in determining a General CECL Allowance for a majority of our portfolio. In the future, we may use other acceptable methods, such as a probability-of-default/loss-given-default method. The following schedule illustrates changes in CECL Allowances f or the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively ($ in thousands):
|  | Specific CECL Allowance(1) |  | General CECL Allowance |  | Total CECL Allowance |  | CECL Allowance as % of Amortized Cost(1) |
|  |  | Funded | Unfunded | Total |  |  | General | Total |
December 31, 2021 | $ | 145,000 |  |  | $ | 33,588 |  | $ | 3,106 |  | $ | 36,694 |  |  | $ | 181,694 |  |  | 0.49 | % | 2.26 | % |
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Allowances (Reversals) | 13,396 |  |  | (7,364) |  | 1,241 |  | (6,123) |  |  | $ | 7,273 |  |  |  |  |
| Write-offs | (24,896) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | (24,896) |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2022 | $ | 133,500 |  |  | $ | 26,224 |  | $ | 4,347 |  | $ | 30,571 |  |  | $ | 164,071 |  |  | 0.36 | % | 1.86 | % |
——————— (1)Loans evaluated for Specific CECL Allowance are excluded from General CECL Allowance pool
|  | Specific CECL Allowance(1) |  | General CECL Allowance |  | Total CECL Allowance |  | CECL Allowance as % of Amortized Cost(1)
|  |  | Funded | Unfunded | Total |  |  | General | Total
December 31, 2020 | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | 38,102 |  | $ | 3,365 |  | $ | 41,467 |  |  | $ | 216,467 |  |  | 0.67 | % | 3.23 | %
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Reversals | (20,000) |  |  | (4,514) |  | (259) |  | (4,773) |  |  | (24,773) |  |  |  |
| Write-offs | (10,000) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | (10,000) |  |  |  |
December 31, 2021 | $ | 145,000 |  |  | $ | 33,588 |  | $ | 3,106 |  | $ | 36,694 |  |  | $ | 181,694 |  |  | 0.49 | % | 2.26 | %
——————— (1)Loans evaluated for Specific CECL Allowance are excluded from General CECL Allowance pool For information on General and Specific CECL allowance changes during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, see below. General CECL Allowance In determining the General CECL Allowance using the WARM method, an annual historical loss rate, adjusted for macroeconomic estimates, is applied to the amortized cost of an asset, or pool of assets, over each subsequent period for the assets' remaining expected life. We considered various factors including (i) historical loss experience in the commercial real estate lending market, (ii) timing of expected repayments and satisfactions, (iii) expected future funding, (iv) capital subordinate to us when we are the senior lender, (v) capital senior to us when we are the subordinate lender, and (vi) our current and future view of the macroeconomic environment for a reasonable and supportable forecast period. The CECL Standard requires the use of significant judgment to arrive at an estimated credit loss. There is significant uncertainty related to future macroeconomic conditions as the result of COVID-19, including inflation, labor shortages and interest rates. We derived an annual historical loss rate based on a commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS") database with historical losses from 1998 through the fourth quarter of 2022 provided by a third party, Trepp LLC. We applied various filters to arrive at a CMBS dataset most analogous to our current portfolio from which to determine an appropriate historical loss rate. The annual historical loss rate was further adjusted to reflect our expectations of the macroeconomic environment for a reasonable and supportable forecast period. The shortened four quarter forecast period was adopted at the onset of COVID-19 pandemic in response to heightened macroeconomic uncertainty brought by the pandemic. With the pandemic gradually subduing in response to global and domestic vaccination efforts and other public safety measures, we are reverting to a longer forecast period of six quarters effective December 31, 2022. In assessing the macroeconomic environment, we consider macroeconomic factors, including unemployment rate, commercial real estate prices, and market liquidity. We compared the historical data for each metric to historical commercial real estate losses in order to determine the correlation of the data. We used projections, obtained from third-party service providers, of each factor to approximate the impact the macroeconomic outlook may have on our loss rate. The General CECL Allowance on subordinate loans is calculated by incorporating both the loan balance of the position(s) of the structurally senior third-party lender(s) and the balance of our subordinate loan(s). The subordinate loans, by virtue of being the first loss position, are required to absorb losses prior to the senior position(s) being impacted, resulting in a higher percentage allowance attributable to the subordinate loan. The General CECL Allowance on unfunded loan commitments is time-weighted based on our expected commitment to fund such obligations. The General CECL Allowance on unfunded commitments is recorded as a liability on our consolidated balance sheets within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities. We have made an accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable ($65.4 million and $41.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively), included in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets, from the amortized cost basis of the related commercial mortgage loans and subordinate loans and other lending assets in determining the General CECL Allowance, as any uncollectible accrued interest receivable is written off in a timely manner. Although our secured debt obligations and senior secured term loan financing have a minimum tangible net worth maintenance covenant, the General CECL Allowance has no impact on these covenants as we are permitted to add back the General CECL Allowance for the computation of tangible net worth as defined in the respective agreements. The following schedule sets forth our General CECL Allowance as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 ($ in thousands):
|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Commercial mortgage loans, net |  | $ | 22,848 |  |  | $ | 22,554 |
Subordinate loans and other lending assets, net |  | 3,376 |  |  | 11,034 |
Unfunded commitments(1) |  | 4,347 |  |  | 3,106 |
Total General CECL Allowance |  | $ | 30,571 |  |  | $ | 36,694 |
——————— (1)The General CECL Allowance on unfunded commitments is recorded as a liability on our consolidated balance sheets within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities. Our General CECL allowance decreased by $6.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily related to portfolio seasoning and changes in expected loan repayment dates. The decrease was partially offset by a more adverse macroeconomic outlook. Our General CECL Allowance decreased by $4.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily related to portfolio seasoning and improved macroeconomic outlook, which was partially offset by new loan originations. Specific CECL Allowance For collateral-dependent loans where we have deemed the borrower/sponsor to be experiencing financial difficulty, we have elected to apply a practical expedient in accordance with the CECL Standard in which the fair value of the underlying collateral is compared to the amortized cost of the loan in determining a Specific CECL Allowance. The Specific CECL Allowance is determined as the difference between the fair value of the underlying collateral and the carrying value of the loan (prior to the Specific CECL Allowance). When the repayment or satisfaction of a loan is dependent on a sale, rather than operations, of the collateral, the fair value is adjusted for the estimated cost to sell the collateral. Collateral-dependent loans evaluated for a Specific CECL Allowance are removed from the General CECL pool. The fair value of the underlying collateral is determined by using method(s) such as discounted cash flow, the market approach, or direct capitalization approach. The key unobservable inputs used to determine the fair value of the underlying collateral may vary depending on the information available to us and market conditions as of the valuation date. We regularly evaluate the extent and impact of any credit migration associated with the performance and/or value of the underlying collateral property as well as the financial and operating capability of the borrower/sponsor on a loan-by-loan basis. The Specific CECL Allowance is evaluated on a quarterly basis. Specifically, a property’s operating results and any cash reserves are analyzed and used to assess (i) whether cash from operations is sufficient to cover the debt service requirements currently and into the future, (ii) the ability of the borrower to refinance the loan and/or (iii) the liquidation value of the underlying collateral. We also evaluate the financial wherewithal of any loan guarantors as well as the borrower’s competency in managing and operating the properties. In addition, we consider the overall economic environment, real estate sector and geographic sub-market in which the borrower operates. Such impairment analysis is completed and reviewed by asset management and finance personnel who utilize various data sources, including (i) periodic financial data such as debt service coverage ratio, property occupancy, tenant profile, rental rates, operating expenses, the borrower’s exit plan, and capitalization and discount rates, (ii) site inspections and (iii) current credit spreads and discussions with market participants. The following table summarizes our risk rated 5 loans as of December 31, 2022, which were analyzed for Specific CECL Allowances ($ in thousands):
Type | Property type | Location | Amortized cost prior to Specific CECL Allowance | Specific CECL Allowance | Amortized cost | Interest recognition status/ as of date | Risk rating
Mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |
| Retail(1)(2) | Cincinnati, OH | $166,583 | $67,000 | $99,583 | Non-Accrual/ 10/1/2019 | 5
| Hotel(3) | Atlanta, GA | 97,832 | — | 97,832 | Non-Accrual/ 5/1/2022 | 5
Mortgage total: |  | $264,415 | $67,000 | $197,415 |  |
Mezzanine |  |  |  |  |  |
| Residential(4) | Manhattan, NY | $81,980 | $66,500 | $15,480 | Non-Accrual/ 7/1/2021 | 5
Mezzanine total: |  | $81,980 | $66,500 | $15,480 |  |
Total: |  | $346,395 | $133,500 | $212,895 |  |
——————— (1)The fair value of retail collateral was determined by applying a capitalization rate of 8.5%. (2)In September 2018, we entered a joint venture with Turner Consulting II, LLC ("Turner Consulting"), through an entity which owns the underlying property that secures our loan. Turner Consulting contributed 10% of the venture’s equity and we contributed 90%. The entity was deemed to be a VIE and we determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of that VIE as we do not have the power to direct the entity's activities. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, $1.8 million and $1.4 million, respectively of interest paid was applied towards reducing the carrying value of the loan. The related profit and loss from the joint venture was immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. (3)The fair value of the hotel collateral was determined by applying a capitalization rate of 9.3% and a discount rate of 11.3%. During the year ended December 31, 2022, $1.4 million of interest paid was applied towards reducing the carrying value of the loan. During the three months ended December 31, 2022, we wrote off the previously recorded Specific CECL Allowance and reduced the principal balance of the loan by $7.0 million, which was recorded as a realized loss within realized gain (loss) on investments in our December 31, 2022 consolidated statement of operations. (4)The fair value of the residential collateral was determined by making certain projections and assumptions with respect to future performance and a discount rate of 10%. We cease accruing interest on loans if we deem the interest to be uncollectible with any previously accrued uncollected interest on the loan charged to interest income in the same period. The amortized cost basis for loans on non-accrual was $468.0 million an d $639.6 million as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Under certain circumstances, we may apply the cost recovery method under which interest collected on a loan reduces the loan's amortized cost. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we receive d $3.2 million and $1.4 million, respectively, i n interest that reduced amort ized cost under the cost recovery method. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the amortized cost basis for loans with accrued interest past due 90 or more days was $581.3 million and $757.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, there were no loans with accrued interest between 30 and 89 days past due. As of December 31, 2021, the amortized cost basis for loans with accrued interest between 30 and 89 days past due was $19.0 million. During the third quarter of 2022, we refinanced our three mezzanine loans, and originated a commercial mortgage loan as part of an overall recapitalization. All of the loans are secured by an ultra-luxury residential property in Manhattan, NY. These loans have an aggregate amortized cost at December 31, 2022 of $736.3 million (inclusive of $82.5 million of payment- in-kind interest). As of December 31, 2022, these loans include (i) a $274.1 million commercial mortgage loan (“Senior Loan”), (ii) a $191.6 million senior mezzanine loan (“Senior Mezzanine Loan”), (iii) a $255.1 million junior mezzanine loan (“Junior Mezzanine A Loan”), and (iv) a $15.5 million junior mezzanine loan (net of a $66.5 million Specific CECL Allowance) (“Junior Mezzanine B Loan” together with the Junior Mezzanine A Loan collectively referred to as “Junior Mezzanine Loan”). In refinancing the Senior Mezzanine Loan and Junior Mezzanine Loan, we modified the loan terms with the borrower by modifying the interest rates from LIBOR+15.7% to SOFR+9.0% on the Senior Mezzanine Loan, from LIBOR+22.5% to SOFR+15.0% on the Junior Mezzanine A Loan, and from LIBOR+17.5% to SOFR+15.0% on the Junior Mezzanine B Loan. We also extended the term on all three loans from July 2022 to September 2024. Based on our analysis under ASC 310-20 “Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs” (“ASC 310-20”), we have deemed this refinance to be a continuation of our existing loans. We opted to cease accruing interest on the Junior Mezzanine A Loan and Junior Mezzanine B Loan as of July 1, 2021 based on a waterfall sharing arrangement with a subordinate capital provider. We will continue to not accrue interest on the Junior Mezzanine Loan following this refinancing. In accordance with ASC 326 and adoption of ASU 2022-02, we have classified the refinancing of the Senior Mezzanine Loan and Junior Mezzanine Loan as an interest rate reduction and term extension. The aggregate amortized cost of the Senior Mezzanine Loan and Junior Mezzanine Loan as of December 31, 2022 totaled $462.2 million, or 5.3% of our aggregate commercial mortgage loans and subordinate loans and other lending assets by amortized cost. As of March 31, 2022, sales velocity on the underlying property lagged behind the borrower's business plan and management's expectations. Based on this information as of March 31, 2022, we deemed the borrower to be experiencing financial difficulty and accordingly changed the risk rating to a 5 and recorded $30.0 million of Specific CECL Allowance on the Junior Mezzanine B Loan. During the quarter ended December 31, 2022, we recorded an additional $36.5 million Specific CECL Allowance on the Junior Mezzanine B Loan, bringing the total loan Specific CECL Allowance to $66.5 million, due to slower sales pace across the ultra-luxury residential segment at the end of 2022 in response to broader market uncertainty. The modified loan terms as discussed above have been reflected in our calculation of CECL for the quarter ended December 31, 2022. R efer to "CECL" section above for additional information regarding our calculation of CECL allowance. As of December 31, 2022, our amortized cost basis in this loan was $15.5 million, and its risk rating remained as a 5. In March 2017, we originated a first mortgage secured by a hotel in Atlanta, GA. As of May 1, 2022, due to slower than expected recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, we deemed the borrower to be experiencing financial difficulty and ceased accruing interest. During the second quarter of 2022, we recorded a $7.0 million Specific CECL Allowance. Additionally, during 2022, we modified the loan to provide two short term extensions to the borrower. During the fourth quarter of 2022, the loan went into maturity default. We are in discussions with the sponsor regarding consensual foreclosure, and expect to reach an agreement in the first quarter of 2023. In anticipation of the upcoming foreclosure, we wrote off the previously recorded Specific CECL Allowance, and recorded a $7.0 million realized loss on the loan within realized gain (loss) on investments in the consolidated statement of operations. A s of December 31, 2022, the loan had a principal balance of $98.2 million and amortized cost of $97.8 million. As of December 31, 2022 the loan has a risk rating of 5. As of December 31, 2022, the re were $9.5 million of unfunded commitments related to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the entire loan portfolio. In October 2020, we entered a joint venture with CCOF Design Venture, LLC, which owns the underlying properties that secured our first mortgage loan. The entity in which we own an interest, and which owns the underlying properties, was deemed to be a VIE and we determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of that VIE as we do not have the power to direct the entity's activities. The related profit and loss from the joint venture was immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. During the third quarter of 2022, $53.0 million of the previously recorded $68.0 million Specific CECL Allowance was reversed based on the fair value of the property prior to the sale. During the fourth quarter of 2022, we recorded an additional Specific CECL Allowance of $2.9 million, based on higher estimated costs to sell. Shortly thereafter in the fourth quarter of 2022, we sold the property and recognized a realized loss on investment of $17.9 million in the consolidated statement of operations, which represented a write-off of the $17.9 million previously recorded Specific CECL Allowance. In conjunction with the sale of the underlying property, we provided $133.0 million ($119.0 million funded at close) of seller financing in the form of a floating-rate first mortgage. In 2018, we originated a $38.5 million commercial mortgage loan secured by a hotel in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. During the fourth quarter of 2020, the loan was recapitalized with the minority equity holder in the property. In connection with this recapitalization, the sponsor committed to contribute $11.4 million in new equity and we received approximately $5.9 million of principal that paid down the existing loan. We wrote down our principal by $11.0 million which was recorded as a realized loss within realized gain (loss) on investments in our December 31, 2020 consolidated statement of operations. The realized loss included a $9.5 million write-off of previously recorded Specific CECL Allowance. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the recapitalized loan had a principal balance of $27.1 million and $25.7 million, respectively and amortized cost of $27.0 million and $25.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the loan has a risk rating of 3. In 2015, we originated a $157.8 million loan secured by a hotel in New York City. During the second quarter of 2020, the loan was restructured. In connection with this restructuring, the borrower committed to contribute additional equity of $15.0 million and concurrently we wrote down our principal on this loan by $15.0 million, which had been previously recorded as a Specific CECL Allowance. We recorded a $15.0 million realized loss within realized gain (loss) on investments in our December 31, 2020 consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the loan had a principal balance of $142.8 million and an amortized cost of $145.9 million and $145.3 million, respectively. Additionally, as of both December 31, 2022 and 2021, the loan has a risk rating of 3 and is on accrual status. Other Loan and Lending Assets Activity We recognized payment-in-kind interest of $10.0 million, $47.7 million, and $46.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We recognized $3.8 million, $1.5 million, and $0.2 million in pre-payment penalties and accelerated fees for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. We recognized $3.7 million of shared appreciation fees for the year ended December 31, 2021 related to a first mortgage loan secured by a portfolio of residential-for-rent assets located in the United States, which is recorded in other income in the consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, our portfolio included other lending assets, which are subordinate risk retention interests in securitization vehicles. The underlying mortgages related to our subordinate risk retention interests are secured by a portfolio of properties located throughout the United States. Our maximum exposure to loss from the subordinate risk retention interests is limited to the book value of such interests. The book value as of December 31, 2022 was $51.1 million, consisting of one interest with a weighted average maturity of 1.4 years and the book value as of December 31, 2021 was $64.6 million consisting of two interests with a weighted average maturity of 4.5 years. We are not obligated to provide, and do not intend to provide financial support to these subordinate risk retention interests. These interests are accounted for as held-to-maturity and recorded at carrying value on our consolidated balance sheets. In November 2020, the borrower under a £309.2 million commercial mortgage loan ($422.7 million assuming conversion into U.S. Dollars ("USD")), of which we owned £247.5 million ($338.4 million assuming conversion into USD), secured by an urban retail property located in London, United Kingdom, entered into administration triggering an event of default. In accordance with the loan agreement, we were entitled to collect default interest in addition to the contractual interest we had been earning. During the first quarter of 2022, our commercial mortgage loan was fully satisfied and all accrued contractual and default interest was collected. During the third quarter of 2022 one of our commercial mortgage loans collateralized by an office building located in London, United Kingdom was not repaid upon its contractual maturity, triggering an event of default. To provide the borrower with additional time to refinance the loan, we agreed to a conditional waiver of the event of default and modified the terms of the loan agreement to include (i) a short-term extension and (ii) default interest of 2.0%, which we commenced accruing in addition to our contractual rate. At December 31, 2022, the loan had an amortized cost basis of £93.7 million ($113.3 million assuming conversion into USD), including £20.8 million ($25.1 million assuming conversion into USD) of subordinate participation sold accounted for as secured borrowing. In January 2023, the loan was fully satisfied, including all contractual and default interest accrued to date. See "Note 20 - Subsequent Events" for further discussion. Loan Sales From time to time, we may enter into sale transactions with other parties. All sale transactions are evaluated in accordance with ASC 860. The following loan sale occurred in 2022: During the third quarter of 2022, we transferred a portion of our unfunded commitment of £293.4 million ($327.7 million assuming conversion into USD) in a commercial mortgage loan secured by a mixed use property located in London, United Kingdom to entities managed by affiliates of the Manager. In addition to transferring the unfunded commitment, we also transferred a proportionate share of the origination fee associated with such unfunded commitment, resulting in a reduction to our amortized cost basis. We evaluated the transfer under ASC 860 and determined the transfer met the criteria for sale accounting. We recorded no gain or loss on the sale. In the fourth quarter of 2022, we sold our interest in a $100.0 million subordinate loan secured by an office building located in Manhattan, NY. We determined that this transaction qualifies as a sale and accounted for it as such. We recorded no gain or loss related to this sale. The following loan sales occurred in 2021: In the fourth quarter of 2021, we sold our interest in a $31.2 million subordinate loan secured by a residential-for-sale inventory property located in Boston, MA. We determined that this transaction qualifies as a sale and accounted for it as such. We recorded no gain or loss related to this sale. Additionally, during the fourth quarter of 2021, we sold our interest in a subordinate loan, previously classified as held for sale. The subordinate loan was secured by a mixed-used property with an outstanding principal of $41.9 million. We determined that this transaction qualifies as a sale and accounted for it as such. We recorded a loss of approximately $0.8 million in connection with this sale within realized gain (loss) on investments in the December 31, 2021 consolidated statement of operations. The following loan sales occurred in 2020: In the first quarter of 2020, we sold £62.2 million ($81.3 million assuming conversion into USD) in a mezzanine loan and £50.0 million ($65.3 million assuming conversion into USD) unfunded commitment of a senior mortgage secured by a mixed-use property in London, United Kingdom to a fund managed by an affiliate of the Manager, that was originated by us in December 2019. We determined that this transaction qualified as a sale and accounted for it as such. We recorded no gain or loss related to this sale. In the second quarter of 2020, we sold interests in three construction loans, with aggregate commitments of $376.9 million (of which approximately $127.0 million was funded at the time of sale). The sales were made to entities managed by affiliates of the Manager. We determined that these transactions qualified as sales and accounted for them as such. We recorded a loss of approximately $1.4 million in connection with these sales within realized gain (loss) on investments in our December 31, 2020 consolidated statement of operations. In the third quarter of 2020, we sold our interest in a foreign residential-for-sale inventory loan, with outstanding principal of £97.5 million ($124.2 million assuming conversion into USD). We determined this transaction qualifies as a sale and accounted for it as such. We recorded a loss of approximately $1.0 million in connection with this sale within realized gain (loss) on investments in our December 31, 2020 consolidated statement of operations. In the fourth quarter of 2020, we sold our interest in a residential-for-sale inventory loan secured by property in New York, NY, with outstanding principal of $73.4 million. We determined this transaction qualified as a sale and accounted for it as such. We recorded a loss of approximately $2.7 million in connection with this sale within realized gain (loss) on investments in our December 31, 2020 consolidated statement of operations.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for claims held for amounts due a entity, excluding financing receivables. Examples include, but are not limited to, trade accounts receivables, notes receivables, loans receivables. Includes disclosure for allowance for credit losses. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 310 -SubTopic 10 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2196772 + Details
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