Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of our consolidated subsidiaries. All intercompany amounts have been eliminated. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Our most significant estimates include loan loss allowances. Actual results could differ from those estimates. We currently operate in one reporting segment. Principles of Consolidation We consolidate all entities that we control through either majority ownership or voting rights. In addition, we consolidate all VIEs of which we are considered the primary beneficiary. VIEs are defined as entities in which equity investors (i) do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest and/or (ii) do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. The entity that consolidates a VIE is known as its primary beneficiary and is generally the entity with (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance, and (ii) the right to receive benefits from the VIE or the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. Consolidated Joint Venture In the third quarter of 2022, we contributed an assemblage of properties in downtown Brooklyn, NY to a joint venture with WG Bowtie, LLC, a real estate developer. The entity was deemed to be a VIE of which we were deemed to be the primary beneficiary. Through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, we hold a 100% equity ownership interest in the joint venture and our partner is only entitled to profit upon achievement of certain returns under our joint venture agreement. See further discussion in Note 5 – Assets and Liabilities Related to Real Estate Owned." Barclays Securitization During the second quarter of 2020, we entered into a private securitization with Barclays Bank plc. We have determined that the issuer of this securitization, ACRE Debt 2 PLC, is a VIE of which we were deemed to be the primary beneficiary, because we have the power to direct the activities of the VIE, and therefore, we consolidated the operations of this entity in accordance with GAAP. The collateral assets of the securitization are included in commercial mortgage loans, net on our consolidated balance sheets. The liabilities of the securitization to the senior noteholders, excluding the notes held by us, are included in secured debt arrangements, net on our consolidated balance sheet. See further discussion in "Note 7 - Secured Debt Arrangements, Net." Unconsolidated Joint Ventures In September 2018, we entered a joint venture with Turner Consulting II, LLC ("Turner Consulting"), through an entity which owns the underlying property that secures our loan. Turner Consulting contributed 10% of the venture’s equity and we contributed 90%. The entity was deemed to be a VIE and we determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of that VIE as we do not have the power to direct the entity's activities. See further discussion in "Note 4 – Commercial Mortgage, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net." In October 2020, we entered a joint venture with CCOF Design Venture, LLC ("CCOF"), which owns the underlying properties that secured our first mortgage loan. The entity in which we own an interest, and which owns the underlying properties was deemed to be a VIE and we determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of that VIE as we do not have the power to direct the entities activities. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the underlying properties were sold to a third party and proceeds of the sale were distributed to the joint venture partners. The joint venture is expected to be dissolved in the first quarter of 2023. Risks and Uncertainties Although more normalized activities have resumed and there has been improved global economic activity due to global and domestic vaccination efforts, there are still various uncertainties around the impact COVID-19 and its variants will have on our business and the economy as a whole, including longer-term macroeconomic effects on supply chains, inflation and labor shortages. For example, in response to recent inflationary pressure, the U.S. Federal Reserve and other global central banks have raised interest rates in 2022 and have indicated likely further interest rate increases. We believe the estimates used in preparing our financial statements and related footnotes are reasonable and supportable based on the best information available to us as of December 31, 2022. The uncertainty over the ultimate impact of COVID-19 and its variants, supply chain disruptions and labor shortages, rising inflation and increases in interest rates on the global economy generally and our business in particular may materially impact the accuracy of the estimates and assumptions used in the financial statements and related footnotes and, as a result, actual results may vary significantly from estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents represent cash held in banks and liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less. Substantially all of the Company's cash on deposit is in interest bearing accounts with major financial institutions and exceeds federally insured limits. As of both December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had no restricted cash on our consolidated balance sheets. Classification of Investments and Valuations of Financial Instruments Our investments consist primarily of commercial mortgage loans, subordinate loans, and other lending assets that are classified as held-to-maturity. Classification of Loans Loans held to maturity are stated at the principal amount outstanding, adjusted for deferred fees and current allowance for loan losses, if any, in accordance with GAAP. Loans held for sale are classified as such if there is a reasonable expectation to sell them in the short-term following the reporting date. Loans classified as held for sale are stated at the lower of amortized cost or fair value, in accordance with GAAP. As of both December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no loans classified as held for sale on our consolidated balance sheets. Securities, held-to-maturity GAAP requires that at the time of purchase, we designate investment securities as held-to-maturity or trading, depending on our investment strategy and ability to hold such securities to maturity. Held-to-maturity securities where we have not elected to apply the fair value option are stated at cost plus any premiums or discounts, which are amortized or accreted through the consolidated statements of operations using the effective interest method. Current Expected Credit Losses ("CECL") In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2016-13 "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" ("ASU 2016-13"), which we refer to as the "CECL Standard." In accordance with the CECL Standard, we record allowances for our commercial mortgage loans and subordinate loans and other lending assets that are held-to-maturity. These allowances are deducted from the carrying amount of the assets to present the net carrying value of the amounts expected to be collected on the assets. As a practical expedient in accordance with the CECL Standard, we record loan specific allowances ("Specific CECL Allowance") for assets that are collateral dependent and where the borrower or sponsor is experiencing financial difficulty. For the remainder of the loan portfolio, we record a general allowance ("General CECL Allowance", and together with Specific CECL Allowance, "CECL Allowances") on a collective basis by assets with similar risk characteristics. We adopted the CECL Standard through a cumulative-effect adjustment to accumulated deficit on January 1, 2020. Subsequent changes to the CECL Allowance are recognized through net income on our consolidated statement of operations. The CECL Standard requires an entity to consider historical loss experience, current conditions, and a reasonable and supportable forecast of the macroeconomic environment. The FASB recognizes the weighted average remaining maturity ("WARM") method as an acceptable approach for computing current expected credit losses. We utilize the WARM method to determine a General CECL Allowance for a majority of our portfolio. In the future, we may use other acceptable methods, such as a probability-of-default/loss-given-default method. Specific CECL Allowance Our loans are typically collateralized by commercial real estate. As a result, we regularly evaluate the extent and impact of any credit migration associated with the performance and/or value of the underlying collateral property as well as the financial and operating capability of the borrower/sponsor on a loan-by-loan basis. Specifically, a property’s operating results and any cash reserves are analyzed and used to assess (i) whether cash flows from operations are sufficient to cover the debt service requirements currently and into the future, (ii) the ability of the borrower to refinance the loan, and/or (iii) the property’s liquidation value. We also evaluate the financial wherewithal of any loan guarantors as well as the borrower’s competency in managing and operating the properties. In addition, we consider the overall economic environment, real estate sector, and geographic sub-market in which the borrower operates. Such analyses are completed and reviewed by asset management and finance personnel, who utilize various data sources, including (i) periodic financial data such as debt service coverage ratio, property occupancy, tenant profile, rental rates, operating expenses, the borrower’s exit plan, and capitalization and discount rates, (ii) site inspections, and (iii) current credit spreads and discussions with market participants. For loans where we have deemed the borrower/sponsor to be experiencing financial difficulty, we have elected to apply a practical expedient in accordance with the CECL Standard. In accordance with the practical expedient approach, we determine the loan loss provision to be the difference between the fair value of the underlying collateral and the carrying value of the loan (prior to the loan loss allowance). When the repayment or satisfaction of a loan is dependent on a sale, rather than operations, of the collateral, the fair value is adjusted for the estimated cost to sell the collateral. The fair value of the underlying collateral is determined by using method(s) such as discounted cash flow, the market approach, or direct capitalization approach. The key unobservable inputs used to determine the fair value of the underlying collateral may vary depending on the information available to us and market conditions as of the valuation date. If we deem all or any portion of a loan balance uncollectible, that amount is written-off. General CECL Allowance In accordance with the WARM method, an annual historical loss rate is applied to the amortized cost of an asset or pool of assets over the remaining expected life. The WARM method requires consideration of the timing of expected future fundings of existing commitments and repayments over each asset’s remaining life. An annual loss factor, adjusted for macroeconomic estimates, is applied over each subsequent period and aggregated to arrive at the General CECL Allowance. In determining the General CECL Allowance, we considered various factors including (i) historical loss experience in the commercial real estate lending market, (ii) timing of expected repayments and satisfactions, (iii) expected future funding, (iv) capital subordinate to us when we are the senior lender, (v) capital senior to us when we are the subordinate lender, and (vi) our current and future view of the macroeconomic environment. The standard requires the use of significant judgment to arrive at an estimated credit loss. There is significant uncertainty related to future macroeconomic conditions as the result of COVID-19. We derived an annual historical loss rate based on a CMBS database with historical losses from 1998 through the fourth quarter of 2022 provided by a third party, Trepp LLC. We applied various filters to arrive at a CMBS dataset most analogous to our current portfolio from which to determine an appropriate historical loss rate. The annual historical loss rate was further adjusted to reflect our expectations of the macroeconomic environment for a reasonable and supportable forecast period. The General CECL Allowance on subordinate loans is calculated by incorporating both the loan balance of the position(s) of the structurally senior third-party lender(s) and the balance of our subordinate loan(s). The subordinate loans, by virtue of being the first loss position, are required to absorb losses prior to the senior position(s) being impacted, resulting in a higher percentage allowance attributable to the subordinate loan. The General CECL Allowance on unfunded loan commitments is time-weighted based on our expected commitment to fund such obligations. The General CECL Allowance on unfunded commitments is recorded as a liability on our consolidated balance sheets within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities. At adoption, the General CECL Allowance was $30.9 million and was recorded in our consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity. Refer to "Note 4 - Commercial Mortgage, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net" for further information regarding CECL. Assets and Liabilities Related to Real Estate Owned In order to maximize recovery against a defaulted loan, we may assume legal title or physical possession of the underlying collateral through foreclosure or the execution of a deed in lieu of foreclosure. Foreclosed properties are classified as real estate owned and recognized at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets in accordance with the acquisition method under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, “Business Combinations.” When determining the fair value of real estate assets and liabilities, we make certain assumptions including, but not limited to, consideration of projected operating cash flows, comparable selling prices and projected cash flows from the eventual disposition of the real estate asset based upon our estimate of a capitalization rate and discount rate. Real estate assets and liabilities are evaluated for impairment on a quarterly basis. A real estate asset is considered impaired when the sum of estimated future undiscounted cash flows to be generated by the real estate asset over the estimated remaining holding period is less than the carrying value of such real estate asset. An impairment charge is recorded equal to the excess of the carrying value of the real estate asset over the fair value. Real Estate Owned, Held for Investment Real estate assets that are acquired for investment are assumed at their estimated fair value at acquisition and presented net of accumulated depreciation and impairments, if applicable. Upon acquisition, we allocate the value of acquired real estate assets based on the fair value of the acquired land, building, furniture, fixtures and equipment, and intangible assets, if applicable. Real estate assets are depreciated using the straight-line method over the assets' estimated useful lives of up to 40 years for buildings and up to 8 years for furniture, fixtures and equipment. Renovations and/or replacements that improve or extend the life of the real estate asset are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. The cost of ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. For real estate projects under development, we capitalize costs incurred to prepare the property for its intended use in accordance with ASC Topic 970, "Real Estate — General." Such costs can include costs related to acquisition, construction, financing, development and real estate taxes. Real Estate Owned, Held for Sale Real estate owned is classified as held for sale in the period in which the six criteria under ASC Topic 360, "Property, Plant, and Equipment" are met: (1) we commit to a plan and have the authority to sell the asset; (2) the asset is available for sale in its current condition; (3) we have initiated an active marketing plan to locate a buyer for the asset; (4) the sale of the asset is both probable and expected to qualify for full sales recognition within a period of 12 months; (5) the asset is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reflective of its current fair value; and (6) we do not anticipate changes to our plan to sell the asset. Real estate owned, held for sale is held at the lower of cost or fair market value. Once a real estate asset is classified as held for sale, depreciation expense is no longer recorded. Deferred Financing Costs Costs incurred in connection with financings are capitalized and amortized over the respective financing terms and are reflected on the accompanying consolidated statement of operations as a component of interest expense. At both December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $27.7 million of capitalized financing costs, net of amortization, included as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of our debt. Earnings per Share GAAP requires the use of the two-class method of computing earnings per share for all periods presented for each class of common stock and participating security as if all earnings for the period had been distributed. Under the two-class method, during periods of net income, the net income is first reduced for dividends declared on all classes of securities to arrive at undistributed earnings. During periods of net losses, the net loss is reduced for dividends declared on participating securities only if the security has the right to participate in the earnings of the entity and an objectively determinable contractual obligation to share in net losses of the entity. The remaining earnings are allocated to common stockholders and participating securities to the extent that each security shares in earnings as if all of the earnings for the period had been distributed. Each total is then divided by the applicable number of shares to arrive at basic earnings per share. For the diluted earnings, the denominator includes all outstanding shares of common stock and all potential shares of common stock assumed issued if they are dilutive. The numerator is adjusted for any changes in income or loss that would result from the assumed conversion of these potential shares of common stock. The dilutive effect to earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is determined using the "if converted" method whereby, if the conversion of the convertible notes would be dilutive, interest expense on the outstanding notes is added back to the diluted earnings numerator and all of the potentially dilutive shares are included in the diluted common shares outstanding denominator for the computation of diluted earnings per share. Foreign Currency From time to time we enter into transactions denominated in currencies other than USD. Foreign exchange gains and losses arising on such transactions are recorded as a gain or loss in our consolidated statement of operations. Assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than USD are translated to USD at the exchange rate prevailing at the reporting date and income, expenses, gains, and losses are translated at the prevailing exchange rate on the dates that they were recorded. Hedging Instruments and Hedging Activities Consistent with maintaining our qualification as a REIT, in the normal course of business, we use a variety of derivative financial instruments to manage, or hedge, interest rate and foreign currency risk. Derivatives are used for hedging purposes rather than speculation. There is a gain or loss associated with forward points on our foreign currency hedges, which reflect the interest rate differentials, at the time of entering into the hedge, between the applicable local base rate of our foreign currency investments and the comparable rate in the U.S. GAAP requires an entity to recognize all derivatives as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheets and to measure those instruments at fair value. To the extent the instrument qualifies for hedge accounting, the fair value adjustments will be recorded as a component of other comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. We have not designated any of our derivative instruments as hedges under GAAP and therefore, changes in the fair value of our derivatives are recorded directly in earnings. We determine fair value of our derivative contracts using quotations from a third-party expert. The fair value is derived by comparing the contracted forward exchange rate to the current market exchange rate, as well as by using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. If our hedging activities do not achieve the desired results, reported earnings may be adversely affected. Income Taxes We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856-859 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. Under those sections, a REIT which distributes at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains and determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction, as a dividend to its stockholders each year and which meets certain other conditions will not be taxed on that portion of its taxable income which is distributed to its stockholders. We have elected to treat certain consolidated subsidiaries and may in the future elect to treat newly formed subsidiaries, as taxable REIT subsidiaries. Taxable REIT subsidiaries may participate in non-real estate related activities and/or perform noncustomary services for tenants and are subject to U.S. federal and state income tax at regular corporate tax rates. Our major tax jurisdictions are U.S. federal, New York State and New York City and the statute of limitations is open for all jurisdictions for the years 2019 through 2022. We do not have any unrecognized tax benefits and do not expect a change in our position for unrecognized tax benefits in the next 12 months. Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures Investments are accounted for under the equity method when (i) requirements for consolidation are not met, and (ii) we have significant influence over the operations of the investee. Equity method investments are initially recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted for our share of net income or loss and cash contributions and distributions each period. This adjustment is made at the end of each reporting period, generally on a one quarter lag, based on the best information available to us. Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is measured based on the excess of the carrying amount of an investment over its estimated fair value. Impairment analyses are based on current plans, intended holding periods and available information at the time the analyses are prepared. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is subjective and is based, in part, on assumptions regarding future occupancy and rental rates of the underlying property and capital requirements that could differ materially from actual results. Refer to Principals of Consolidation above for additional details related to two unconsolidated joint ventures concluded to be VIEs and assessed for consolidation. Secured Debt Arrangements Secured debt arrangements are accounted for as financing transactions, unless they meet the criteria for sale accounting. Loans financed through a secured debt arrangement remain on our consolidated balance sheets as an asset and cash received from the purchaser is recorded on our consolidated balance sheets as a liability. Interest incurred in accordance with secured debt arrangements is recorded as interest expense. Securitization/Sale and Financing Arrangements We periodically sell our financial assets, such as commercial mortgage loans, subordinate loans and other lending assets. In connection with these transactions, we may retain or acquire senior or subordinated interests in the related assets. Gains and losses on such transactions are recognized using the guidance in ASC 860, "Transfers and Servicing", which is based on a financial-components approach that focuses on control. Under this approach, after a transfer of financial assets that meets the criteria for treatment as a sale-legal isolation, ability of transferee to pledge or exchange the transferred assets without constraint, and transferred control an entity recognizes the financial assets it retains and any liabilities it has incurred, derecognizes the financial assets it has sold, and derecognizes liabilities when extinguished. We determine the gain or loss on sale of the assets by allocating the carrying value of the sold asset between the sold asset and the interests retained based on their relative fair values, as applicable. The gain or loss on sale is the difference between the cash proceeds from the sale and the amount allocated to the sold asset. When a transfer does not meet the criteria of a sale under ASC 860, we account for such transfer as a secured borrowing on our consolidated balance sheets as both an asset and a non-recourse liability. The non-recourse liability is recorded under "Participations Sold" and the income earned is recorded as interest income and an identical amount is recorded as interest expense on our consolidated statements of operations. Senior Secured Notes We include our senior secured notes in our consolidated balance sheets as a liability, net of original issue discount and deferred financing costs. Discount or transaction expenses are deferred and amortized through the maturity. Interest paid in accordance with our senior secured notes is recorded in interest expense. Senior Secured Term Loans We include our senior secured term loans (the "Term Loans") in our consolidated balance sheets as a liability, net of original issue discount and deferred financing costs. Discount or transaction expenses are deferred and amortized through the maturity. Interest paid in accordance with our Term Loans is recorded in interest expense. Interest is net of our interest rate swap, which was terminated in May 2020 and our interest rate cap, which was entered into in June 2020. Convertible Senior Notes We include our convertible senior notes in our consolidated balance sheets as a liability, net of original issue discount. Discounts are deferred and amortized through the maturity of the notes. Interest paid in accordance with our convertible senior notes is recorded in interest expense. Revenue Recognition Interest income on our lending assets is accrued based on the actual coupon rate adjusted for accretion of any purchase discounts, the amortization of any purchase premiums and the accretion of any deferred fees, in accordance with GAAP. Loans that are significantly past due may be placed on non-accrual if we determine it is probable that we will not collect all payments which are contractually due. When a loan is placed on non-accrual, interest is only recorded as interest income when it's received. Under certain circumstances, we may apply cost recovery under which interest collected on a loan reduces its amortized cost. The cost recovery method will no longer apply if collection of all principal and interest is reasonably assured. A loan may be placed back on accrual status if we determine it is probable that we will collect all payments which are contractually due. Operating revenue from real estate owned, held for sale that is a hotel property represents revenue associated with the operations of the hotel property. Revenue from the operation of the hotel property is recognized when guestrooms are occupied or services have been rendered. Revenues are recorded net of any discounts and sales and other taxes collected from customers. Revenues consist of room sales, food and beverage sales and other hotel revenues. Gains or losses on the sale of real estate assets, including residential property, are recognized in accordance with ASC 610-20, "Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets". We use specific identification method to allocate costs. Share-based Payments We account for share-based compensation to our independent directors, to the Manager and to employees of the Manager and its affiliates using the fair value-based methodology prescribed by GAAP. Compensation cost related to restricted common stock issued is measured at its fair value at the grant date and amortized into expense over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06 "Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity" ("ASU 2020-06"). The intention of ASU 2020-06 is to address the complexities in accounting for certain financial instruments with a debt and equity component. Under ASU 2020-06, the number of accounting models for convertible notes will be reduced and entities that issue convertible debt will be required to use the if-converted method for the computation of diluted "Earnings per share" under ASC 260. ASU 2020-06 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021 and may be adopted through either a modified retrospective method of transition or a fully retrospective method of transition. We adopted ASU 2020-06 through the modified retrospective method on January 1, 2022 through an adjustment to additional paid-in capital, retained earnings, and the carrying values our Convertible Notes. The net impact to stockholders' equity of adopting ASU 2020-06 was $3.4 million. In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04 "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) – Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting" ("ASU 2020-04"). ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to debt instruments, derivatives, and other contracts that reference London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or other reference rates expected to be discontinued as a result of reference rate reform. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06 "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848" ("ASU 2022-06"), which defers the expiration of ASC 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024. We have loan agreements, debt agreements, and an interest rate cap that incorporate LIBOR as a referenced interest rate. It is difficult to predict what effect, if any, the phase-out of LIBOR and the use of alternative benchmarks may have on our business or on the overall financial markets. During the fourth quarter of 2021, we have adopted optional expedients per ASU 2020-04 for certain of our commercial mortgage loans and debt agreements denominated in British Pound Sterling ("GBP") and Euro ("EUR") with contracts that reference GBP LIBOR and EUR LIBOR, respectively. As prescribed by the optional expedients within ASU 2020-04, we have accounted for applicable modified contracts that incorporate alternative benchmarks as if they are not substantially different. We will continue to evaluate the possible adoption of any such expedients or exceptions for certain of our commercial mortgage loans and debt agreements denominated in USD. In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02 "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures" ("ASU 2022-02"). The intention of ASU 2022-02 is to simplify the guidance surrounding loan modifications and restructurings and to eliminate the accounting guidance related to troubled debt restructurings ("TDR"). The new guidance deviates from TDR guidance as disclosures are now based on whether a modification or restructuring with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty results in principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, other-than-insignificant payment delay or term extension as opposed to simply a concession. The new guidance requires disclosure by class of financing receivables, of the types of modifications, the financial effects of those modifications and the performance of those modified receivables in the trailing twelve months after modification. Accounting for credit losses under ASC 326 "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses", is also updated to allow entities to use any acceptable method to determine credit losses as a result of modification or restructuring with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. ASU 2022-02 also requires disclosure of gross write-offs recorded in the current period, on a year-to-date basis, by year of origination in the vintage disclosures. ASU 2022-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. Entities are able to early adopt these amendments, including adoption in an interim period, and have the ability to early adopt the TDR enhancements separately from the vintage disclosures. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, the guidance should be applied as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period. During the third quarter of 2022, we have early adopted the TDR enhancements and new vintage disclosure requirements under of ASU 2022-02. Refer to "Note 4 -Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net."

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of our consolidated subsidiaries. All intercompany amounts have been eliminated. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Our most significant estimates include loan loss allowances. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

We consolidate all entities that we control through either majority ownership or voting rights. In addition, we consolidate all VIEs of which we are considered the primary beneficiary. VIEs are defined as entities in which equity investors (i) do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest and/or (ii) do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. The entity that consolidates a VIE is known as its primary beneficiary and is generally the entity with (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance, and (ii) the right to receive benefits from the VIE or the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE.

In the third quarter of 2022, we contributed an assemblage of properties in downtown Brooklyn, NY to a joint venture with WG Bowtie, LLC, a real estate developer. The entity was deemed to be a VIE of which we were deemed to be the primary beneficiary. Through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, we hold a 100% equity ownership interest in the joint venture and our partner is only entitled to profit upon achievement of certain returns under our joint venture agreement. See further discussion in Note 5 – Assets and Liabilities Related to Real Estate Owned."

that the issuer of this securitization, ACRE Debt 2 PLC, is a VIE of which we were deemed to be the primary beneficiary, because we have the power to direct the activities of the VIE, and therefore, we consolidated the operations of this entity in accordance with GAAP. The collateral assets of the securitization are included in commercial mortgage loans, net on our consolidated balance sheets. The liabilities of the securitization to the senior noteholders, excluding the notes held by us, are included in secured debt arrangements, net on our consolidated balance sheet. See further discussion in "Note 7 - Secured Debt Arrangements, Net."

In September 2018, we entered a joint venture with Turner Consulting II, LLC ("Turner Consulting"), through an entity which owns the underlying property that secures our loan. Turner Consulting contributed 10% of the venture’s equity and we contributed 90%. The entity was deemed to be a VIE and we determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of that VIE as we do not have the power to direct the entity's activities. See further discussion in "Note 4 – Commercial Mortgage, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net."

In October 2020, we entered a joint venture with CCOF Design Venture, LLC ("CCOF"), which owns the underlying properties that secured our first mortgage loan. The entity in which we own an interest, and which owns the underlying properties was deemed to be a VIE and we determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of that VIE as we do not have the power to direct the entities activities. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the underlying properties were sold to a third party and proceeds of the sale were distributed to the joint venture partners. The joint venture is expected to be dissolved in the first quarter of 2023.

Although more normalized activities have resumed and there has been improved global economic activity due to global and domestic vaccination efforts, there are still various uncertainties around the impact COVID-19 and its variants will have on our business and the economy as a whole, including longer-term macroeconomic effects on supply chains, inflation and labor shortages. For example, in response to recent inflationary pressure, the U.S. Federal Reserve and other global central banks have raised interest rates in 2022 and have indicated likely further interest rate increases. We believe the estimates used in preparing our financial statements and related footnotes are reasonable and supportable based on the best information available to us as of December 31, 2022. The uncertainty over the ultimate impact of COVID-19 and its variants, supply chain disruptions and labor shortages, rising inflation and increases in interest rates on the global economy generally and our business in particular may materially impact the accuracy of the estimates and assumptions used in the financial statements and related footnotes and, as a result, actual results may vary significantly from estimates.

GAAP requires that at the time of purchase, we designate investment securities as held-to-maturity or trading, depending on our investment strategy and ability to hold such securities to maturity. Held-to-maturity securities where we have not elected to apply the fair value option are stated at cost plus any premiums or discounts, which are amortized or accreted through the consolidated statements of operations using the effective interest method.

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2016-13 "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" ("ASU 2016-13"), which we refer to as the "CECL Standard." In accordance with the CECL Standard, we record allowances for our commercial mortgage loans and subordinate loans and other lending assets that are held-to-maturity. These allowances are deducted from the carrying amount of the assets to present the net carrying value of the amounts expected to be collected on the assets. As a practical expedient in accordance with the CECL Standard, we record loan specific allowances ("Specific CECL Allowance") for assets that are collateral dependent and where the borrower or sponsor is experiencing financial difficulty. For the remainder of the loan

portfolio, we record a general allowance ("General CECL Allowance", and together with Specific CECL Allowance, "CECL Allowances") on a collective basis by assets with similar risk characteristics. We adopted the CECL Standard through a cumulative-effect adjustment to accumulated deficit on January 1, 2020. Subsequent changes to the CECL Allowance are recognized through net income on our consolidated statement of operations.

The CECL Standard requires an entity to consider historical loss experience, current conditions, and a reasonable and supportable forecast of the macroeconomic environment. The FASB recognizes the weighted average remaining maturity ("WARM") method as an acceptable approach for computing current expected credit losses. We utilize the WARM method to determine a General CECL Allowance for a majority of our portfolio. In the future, we may use other acceptable methods, such as a probability-of-default/loss-given-default method.

Our loans are typically collateralized by commercial real estate. As a result, we regularly evaluate the extent and impact of any credit migration associated with the performance and/or value of the underlying collateral property as well as the financial and operating capability of the borrower/sponsor on a loan-by-loan basis. Specifically, a property’s operating results and any cash reserves are analyzed and used to assess (i) whether cash flows from operations are sufficient to cover the debt service requirements currently and into the future, (ii) the ability of the borrower to refinance the loan, and/or (iii) the property’s liquidation value. We also evaluate the financial wherewithal of any loan guarantors as well as the borrower’s competency in managing and operating the properties. In addition, we consider the overall economic environment, real estate sector, and geographic sub-market in which the borrower operates. Such analyses are completed and reviewed by asset management and finance personnel, who utilize various data sources, including (i) periodic financial data such as debt service coverage ratio, property occupancy, tenant profile, rental rates, operating expenses, the borrower’s exit plan, and capitalization and discount rates, (ii) site inspections, and (iii) current credit spreads and discussions with market participants.

For loans where we have deemed the borrower/sponsor to be experiencing financial difficulty, we have elected to apply a practical expedient in accordance with the CECL Standard. In accordance with the practical expedient approach, we determine the loan loss provision to be the difference between the fair value of the underlying collateral and the carrying value of the loan (prior to the loan loss allowance). When the repayment or satisfaction of a loan is dependent on a sale, rather than operations, of the collateral, the fair value is adjusted for the estimated cost to sell the collateral. The fair value of the underlying collateral is determined by using method(s) such as discounted cash flow, the market approach, or direct capitalization approach. The key unobservable inputs used to determine the fair value of the underlying collateral may vary depending on the information available to us and market conditions as of the valuation date. If we deem all or any portion of a loan balance uncollectible, that amount is written-off.

In accordance with the WARM method, an annual historical loss rate is applied to the amortized cost of an asset or pool of assets over the remaining expected life. The WARM method requires consideration of the timing of expected future fundings of existing commitments and repayments over each asset’s remaining life. An annual loss factor, adjusted for macroeconomic estimates, is applied over each subsequent period and aggregated to arrive at the General CECL Allowance.

In determining the General CECL Allowance, we considered various factors including (i) historical loss experience in the commercial real estate lending market, (ii) timing of expected repayments and satisfactions, (iii) expected future funding, (iv) capital subordinate to us when we are the senior lender, (v) capital senior to us when we are the subordinate lender, and (vi) our current and future view of the macroeconomic environment. The standard requires the use of significant judgment to arrive at an estimated credit loss. There is significant uncertainty related to future macroeconomic conditions as the result of COVID-19.

We derived an annual historical loss rate based on a CMBS database with historical losses from 1998 through the fourth quarter of 2022 provided by a third party, Trepp LLC. We applied various filters to arrive at a CMBS dataset most analogous to our current portfolio from which to determine an appropriate historical loss rate. The annual historical loss rate was further adjusted to reflect our expectations of the macroeconomic environment for a reasonable and supportable forecast period.

The General CECL Allowance on subordinate loans is calculated by incorporating both the loan balance of the position(s) of the structurally senior third-party lender(s) and the balance of our subordinate loan(s). The subordinate loans, by virtue of being the first loss position, are required to absorb losses prior to the senior position(s) being impacted, resulting in a higher percentage allowance attributable to the subordinate loan. The General CECL Allowance on unfunded loan commitments is time-weighted based on our expected commitment to fund such obligations. The General CECL Allowance on unfunded commitments is recorded as a liability on our consolidated balance sheets within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities. At adoption, the General CECL Allowance was $30.9 million and was recorded in our consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity.

In order to maximize recovery against a defaulted loan, we may assume legal title or physical possession of the underlying collateral through foreclosure or the execution of a deed in lieu of foreclosure. Foreclosed properties are classified as real estate owned and recognized at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets in accordance with the acquisition method under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, “Business Combinations.” When determining the fair value of real estate assets and liabilities, we make certain assumptions including, but not limited to, consideration of projected operating cash flows, comparable selling prices and projected cash flows from the eventual disposition of the real estate asset based upon our estimate of a capitalization rate and discount rate.

Real estate assets and liabilities are evaluated for impairment on a quarterly basis. A real estate asset is considered impaired when the sum of estimated future undiscounted cash flows to be generated by the real estate asset over the estimated remaining holding period is less than the carrying value of such real estate asset. An impairment charge is recorded equal to the excess of the carrying value of the real estate asset over the fair value.

Real estate assets that are acquired for investment are assumed at their estimated fair value at acquisition and presented net of accumulated depreciation and impairments, if applicable. Upon acquisition, we allocate the value of acquired real estate assets based on the fair value of the acquired land, building, furniture, fixtures and equipment, and intangible assets, if applicable. Real estate assets are depreciated using the straight-line method over the assets' estimated useful lives of up to 40 years for buildings and up to 8 years for furniture, fixtures and equipment. Renovations and/or replacements that improve or extend the life of the real estate asset are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. The cost of ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. For real estate projects under development, we capitalize costs incurred to prepare the property for its intended use in accordance with ASC Topic 970, "Real Estate — General." Such costs can include costs related to acquisition, construction, financing, development and real estate taxes.

Real estate owned is classified as held for sale in the period in which the six criteria under ASC Topic 360, "Property, Plant, and Equipment" are met: (1) we commit to a plan and have the authority to sell the asset; (2) the asset is available for sale in its current condition; (3) we have initiated an active marketing plan to locate a buyer for the asset; (4) the sale of the asset is both probable and expected to qualify for full sales recognition within a period of 12 months; (5) the asset is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reflective of its current fair value; and (6) we do not anticipate changes to our plan to sell the asset. Real estate owned, held for sale is held at the lower of cost or fair market value. Once a real estate asset is classified as held for sale, depreciation expense is no longer recorded.

GAAP requires the use of the two-class method of computing earnings per share for all periods presented for each class of common stock and participating security as if all earnings for the period had been distributed. Under the two-class method, during periods of net income, the net income is first reduced for dividends declared on all classes of securities to arrive at undistributed earnings. During periods of net losses, the net loss is reduced for dividends declared on participating securities only if the security has the right to participate in the earnings of the entity and an objectively determinable contractual obligation to share in net losses of the entity.

The remaining earnings are allocated to common stockholders and participating securities to the extent that each security shares in earnings as if all of the earnings for the period had been distributed. Each total is then divided by the applicable number of shares to arrive at basic earnings per share. For the diluted earnings, the denominator includes all outstanding shares of common stock and all potential shares of common stock assumed issued if they are dilutive. The numerator is adjusted for any changes in income or loss that would result from the assumed conversion of these potential shares of common stock.

From time to time we enter into transactions denominated in currencies other than USD. Foreign exchange gains and losses arising on such transactions are recorded as a gain or loss in our consolidated statement of operations. Assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than USD are translated to USD at the exchange rate prevailing at the reporting date and income, expenses, gains, and losses are translated at the prevailing exchange rate on the dates that they were recorded.

Consistent with maintaining our qualification as a REIT, in the normal course of business, we use a variety of derivative financial instruments to manage, or hedge, interest rate and foreign currency risk. Derivatives are used for hedging purposes rather than speculation. There is a gain or loss associated with forward points on our foreign currency hedges, which reflect the interest rate differentials, at the time of entering into the hedge, between the applicable local base rate of our foreign currency investments and the comparable rate in the U.S.

GAAP requires an entity to recognize all derivatives as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheets and to measure those instruments at fair value. To the extent the instrument qualifies for hedge accounting, the fair value adjustments will be recorded as a component of other comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. We have not designated any of our derivative instruments as hedges under GAAP and therefore, changes in the fair value of our derivatives are recorded directly in earnings.

We determine fair value of our derivative contracts using quotations from a third-party expert. The fair value is derived by comparing the contracted forward exchange rate to the current market exchange rate, as well as by using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. If our hedging activities do not achieve the desired results, reported earnings may be adversely affected.

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856-859 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. Under those sections, a REIT which distributes at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains and determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction, as a dividend to its stockholders each year and which meets certain other conditions will not be taxed on that portion of its taxable income which is distributed to its stockholders.

We have elected to treat certain consolidated subsidiaries and may in the future elect to treat newly formed subsidiaries, as taxable REIT subsidiaries. Taxable REIT subsidiaries may participate in non-real estate related activities and/or perform noncustomary services for tenants and are subject to U.S. federal and state income tax at regular corporate tax rates. Our major tax jurisdictions are U.S. federal, New York State and New York City and the statute of limitations is open for all jurisdictions for the years 2019 through 2022. We do not have any unrecognized tax benefits and do not expect a change in our position for unrecognized tax benefits in the next 12 months.

Investments are accounted for under the equity method when (i) requirements for consolidation are not met, and (ii) we have significant influence over the operations of the investee. Equity method investments are initially recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted for our share of net income or loss and cash contributions and distributions each period. This adjustment is made at the end of each reporting period, generally on a one quarter lag, based on the best information available to us. Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is measured based on the excess of the carrying amount of an investment over its estimated fair value. Impairment analyses are based on current plans, intended holding periods and available information at the time the analyses are prepared. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is subjective and is based, in part, on assumptions regarding future occupancy and rental rates of the underlying property and capital requirements that could differ materially from actual results.

We periodically sell our financial assets, such as commercial mortgage loans, subordinate loans and other lending assets. In connection with these transactions, we may retain or acquire senior or subordinated interests in the related assets. Gains and losses on such transactions are recognized using the guidance in ASC 860, "Transfers and Servicing", which is based on a financial-components approach that focuses on control. Under this approach, after a transfer of financial assets that meets the criteria for treatment as a sale-legal isolation, ability of transferee to pledge or exchange the transferred assets without constraint, and transferred control an entity recognizes the financial assets it retains and any liabilities it has incurred, derecognizes the financial assets it has sold, and derecognizes liabilities when extinguished. We determine the gain or loss on sale of the assets by allocating the carrying value of the sold asset between the sold asset and the interests retained based on their relative fair values, as applicable. The gain or loss on sale is the difference between the cash proceeds from the sale and the amount allocated to the sold asset.

When a transfer does not meet the criteria of a sale under ASC 860, we account for such transfer as a secured borrowing on our consolidated balance sheets as both an asset and a non-recourse liability. The non-recourse liability is recorded under "Participations Sold" and the income earned is recorded as interest income and an identical amount is recorded as interest expense on our consolidated statements of operations.

We include our senior secured term loans (the "Term Loans") in our consolidated balance sheets as a liability, net of original issue discount and deferred financing costs. Discount or transaction expenses are deferred and amortized through the maturity. Interest paid in accordance with our Term Loans is recorded in interest expense. Interest is net of our interest rate swap, which was terminated in May 2020 and our interest rate cap, which was entered into in June 2020.

Interest income on our lending assets is accrued based on the actual coupon rate adjusted for accretion of any purchase discounts, the amortization of any purchase premiums and the accretion of any deferred fees, in accordance with GAAP. Loans that are significantly past due may be placed on non-accrual if we determine it is probable that we will not collect all payments which are contractually due. When a loan is placed on non-accrual, interest is only recorded as interest income when it's received. Under certain circumstances, we may apply cost recovery under which interest collected on a loan reduces its amortized cost. The cost recovery method will no longer apply if collection of all principal and interest is reasonably assured. A loan may be placed back on accrual status if we determine it is probable that we will collect all payments which are contractually due.

Operating revenue from real estate owned, held for sale that is a hotel property represents revenue associated with the operations of the hotel property. Revenue from the operation of the hotel property is recognized when guestrooms are occupied or services have been rendered. Revenues are recorded net of any discounts and sales and other taxes collected from customers. Revenues consist of room sales, food and beverage sales and other hotel revenues.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06 "Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity" ("ASU 2020-06"). The intention of ASU 2020-06 is to address the complexities in accounting for certain financial instruments with a debt and equity component. Under ASU 2020-06, the number of accounting models for convertible notes will be reduced and entities that issue convertible debt will be required to use the if-converted method for the computation of diluted "Earnings per share" under ASC 260. ASU 2020-06 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021 and may be adopted through either a modified retrospective method of transition or a fully retrospective method of transition. We adopted ASU 2020-06 through the modified retrospective method on January 1, 2022 through an adjustment to additional paid-in capital, retained earnings, and the carrying values our Convertible Notes. The net impact to stockholders' equity of adopting ASU 2020-06 was $3.4 million.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04 "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) – Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting" ("ASU 2020-04"). ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to debt instruments, derivatives, and other contracts that reference London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or other reference rates expected to be discontinued as a result of reference rate reform. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06 "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848" ("ASU 2022-06"), which defers the expiration of ASC 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024. We have loan agreements, debt agreements, and an interest rate cap that incorporate LIBOR as a referenced interest rate. It is difficult to predict what effect, if any, the phase-out of LIBOR and the use of alternative benchmarks may have on our business or on the overall financial markets. During the fourth quarter of 2021, we have adopted optional expedients per ASU 2020-04 for certain of our commercial mortgage loans and debt agreements denominated in British Pound Sterling ("GBP") and Euro ("EUR") with contracts that reference GBP LIBOR and EUR LIBOR, respectively. As prescribed by the optional expedients within ASU 2020-04, we have accounted for applicable modified contracts that incorporate alternative benchmarks as if they are not substantially different. We will continue to evaluate the possible adoption of any such expedients or exceptions for certain of our commercial mortgage loans and debt agreements denominated in USD.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02 "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures" ("ASU 2022-02"). The intention of ASU 2022-02 is to simplify the guidance surrounding loan modifications and restructurings and to eliminate the accounting guidance related to troubled debt restructurings ("TDR"). The new guidance deviates from TDR guidance as disclosures are now based on whether a modification or restructuring with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty results in principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, other-than-insignificant payment delay or term extension as opposed to simply a concession. The new guidance requires disclosure by class of financing receivables, of the types of modifications, the financial effects of those modifications and the performance of those modified receivables in the trailing twelve months after modification. Accounting for credit losses under ASC 326 "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses", is also updated to allow entities to use any acceptable method to determine credit losses as a result of modification or restructuring with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. ASU 2022-02 also requires disclosure of gross write-offs recorded in the current period, on a year-to-date basis, by year of origination in the vintage disclosures. ASU 2022-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. Entities are able to early adopt these amendments, including adoption in an interim period, and have the ability to early adopt the TDR enhancements separately from the vintage disclosures. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, the guidance should be applied as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period. During the third quarter of 2022, we have early adopted the TDR enhancements and new vintage disclosure requirements under of ASU 2022-02. Refer to "Note 4 -Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net."