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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
__________________________________
FORM 10-Q
__________________________________
(Mark One)

☒ | Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023
OR

☐ | Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 001-34452
__________________________________
Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
__________________________________

Maryland |  | 27-0467113
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc.
c/o Apollo Global Management, Inc.
9 West 57th Street, 42nd Floor,
New York, New York 10019
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(212) 515–3200
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
__________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value | ARI | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of April 25, 2023, there were 141,343,177 shares, $0.01 par value per share, of the registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding.

Table of Contents

|  |  | Page
| Part I - Financial Information |  |
| Item 1. Financial Statements |  | 4
| Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 35
| Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 50
| Item 4. Controls and Procedures. |  | 52
| Part II - Other Information |  |
| Item 1. Legal Proceedings. |  | 52
| Item 1A. Risk Factors |  | 52
| Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 52
| Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities |  | 52
| Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. |  | 52
| Item 5. Other Information |  | 52
| Item 6. Exhibits |  | 52

See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)
(in thousands—except share data)

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 331,533 |  |  | $ | 222,030 |
Commercial mortgage loans, net(1)(3) | 7,879,205 |  |  | 8,121,109 |
Subordinate loans and other lending assets, net(2)(3) | 592,863 |  |  | 560,881 |
Real estate owned, held for investment, net (net of $7,335 accumulated depreciation in 2023) | 539,300 |  |  | 302,688 |
Assets related to real estate owned, held for sale | — |  |  | 162,397 |
Derivative assets, net | 88,905 |  |  | 128,640 |
Other assets | 76,423 |  |  | 70,607 |
Total Assets | $ | 9,508,229 |  |  | $ | 9,568,352 |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Secured debt arrangements, net | $ | 5,316,853 |  |  | $ | 5,296,825 |
Senior secured term loans, net | 762,706 |  |  | 763,813 |
Senior secured notes, net | 495,040 |  |  | 494,844 |
Convertible senior notes, net | 222,467 |  |  | 229,361 |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities(4) | 193,457 |  |  | 227,360 |
Debt related to real estate owned, held for investment, net | 160,611 |  |  | 160,294 |
Participations sold | — |  |  | 25,130 |
Payable to related party | 9,534 |  |  | 9,728 |
Liabilities related to real estate owned, held for sale | — |  |  | 6,493 |
Total Liabilities | 7,160,668 |  |  | 7,213,848 |
Commitments and Contingencies (see Note 17) |  |  |
Stockholders’ Equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized, Series B-1, 6,770,393 shares issued and outstanding ($169,260 liquidation preference) in 2023 and 2022 (see Note 16) | 68 |  |  | 68 |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 450,000,000 shares authorized, 141,266,039 and 140,595,995 shares issued and outstanding in 2023 and 2022, respectively | 1,413 |  |  | 1,406 |
Additional paid-in-capital | 2,714,555 |  |  | 2,716,907 |
Accumulated deficit | (368,475) |  |  | (363,877) |
Total Stockholders’ Equity | 2,347,561 |  |  | 2,354,504 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | $ | 9,508,229 |  |  | $ | 9,568,352 |

———————
(1) Includes $7,426,992 and $7,482,658 pledged as collateral under secured debt arrangements in 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(2) Includes $194,323 and $191,608 pledged as collateral under secured debt arrangements in 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(3) Net of $163,767 and $159,724 CECL Allowance in 2023 and 2022, respectively, comprised of $133,500 and $133,500 Specific CECL Allowance and $30,267 and $26,224 General CECL Allowance, respectively.
(4) Includes $4,695 and $4,347 of General CECL Allowance related to unfunded commitments on commercial mortgage loans, subordinate loans and other lending assets, net in 2023 and 2022, respectively.
See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations (Unaudited)
(in thousands—except share and per share data)

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income from commercial mortgage loans | $ | 166,147 |  |  | $ | 84,424 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income from subordinate loans and other lending assets | 9,707 |  |  | 15,835 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (104,868) |  |  | (45,118) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | $ | 70,986 |  |  | $ | 55,141 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue from real estate owned operations | 16,131 |  |  | 9,040 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net revenue | $ | 87,117 |  |  | $ | 64,181 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative expenses (includes equity-based compensation of $4,358 and $4,698 in 2023 and 2022, respectively) | $ | (7,015) |  |  | $ | (7,187) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management fees to related party | (9,517) |  |  | (9,354) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses related to real estate owned | (14,006) |  |  | (9,652) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization on real estate owned | (3,986) |  |  | (704) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses | $ | (34,524) |  |  | $ | (26,897) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other income | $ | 732 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized loss on investments | (4,624) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gain on extinguishment of debt | 213 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase in current expected credit loss allowance, net | (4,390) |  |  | (18,611) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation gain (loss) | 18,634 |  |  | (32,518) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) on foreign currency forward contracts (includes unrealized gains (losses) of $(35,851) and $18,142 in 2023 and 2022, respectively) | (14,135) |  |  | 22,762 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) on interest rate hedging instruments (includes unrealized gains (losses) of $(4,813) and $6,321 in 2023 and 2022, respectively) | (107) |  |  | 6,321 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 48,916 |  |  | $ | 15,238 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred dividends | (3,068) |  |  | (3,068) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 45,848 |  |  | $ | 12,170 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share of common stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.08 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.08 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding | 141,072,471 |  |  | 140,353,386 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding | 155,483,979 |  |  | 140,353,386 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividend declared per share of common stock | $ | 0.35 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)
(in thousands—except share and per share data)

| Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In-Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  |  | Total
| Shares |  | Par |  | Shares |  | Par |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | 6,770,393 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | 140,595,995 |  |  | $ | 1,406 |  |  | $ | 2,716,907 |  |  | $ | (363,877) |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,354,504 |
Capital increase (decrease) related to Equity Incentive Plan | — |  |  | — |  |  | 670,044 |  |  | 7 |  |  | (2,352) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (2,345) |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 48,916 |  |  |  |  | 48,916 |
Dividends declared on preferred stock - $0.45 per share | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,068) |  |  |  |  | (3,068) |
Dividends declared on common stock - $0.35 per share | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (50,446) |  |  |  |  | (50,446) |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | 6,770,393 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | 141,266,039 |  |  | $ | 1,413 |  |  | $ | 2,714,555 |  |  | $ | (368,475) |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,347,561 |

| Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In-Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  |  | Total
| Shares |  | Par |  | Shares |  | Par |
Balance at January 1, 2022 | 6,770,393 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | 139,894,060 |  |  | $ | 1,399 |  |  | $ | 2,721,042 |  |  | $ | (427,883) |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,294,626 |
Adoption of ASU 2020-06(1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,408) |  |  | 11,992 |  |  |  |  | (3,416) |
Capital increase (decrease) related to Equity Incentive Plan | — |  |  | — |  |  | 647,349 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (2,280) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (2,274) |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,238 |  |  |  |  | 15,238 |
Dividends declared on preferred stock - $0.45 per share | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,068) |  |  |  |  | (3,068) |
Dividends declared on common stock - $0.35 per share | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (50,088) |  |  |  |  | (50,088) |
Balance at March 31, 2022 | 6,770,393 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | 140,541,409 |  |  | $ | 1,405 |  |  | $ | 2,703,354 |  |  | $ | (453,809) |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,251,018 |

(1) Refer to "Note 10 - Convertible Senior Notes, Net" for detail.
See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
6

Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
(in thousands)

| For the three months ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Cash flows provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 48,916 |  |  | $ | 15,238 |  |  |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of discount/premium and payment-in-kind interest | (10,012) |  |  | (14,333) |  |  |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 3,807 |  |  | 2,856 |  |  |
Equity-based compensation | 4,358 |  |  | 4,698 |  |  |
Increase in current expected credit loss allowance, net | 4,390 |  |  | 18,611 |  |  |
Foreign currency loss (gain) | (1,525) |  |  | 24,212 |  |  |
Unrealized loss (gain) on foreign currency contracts | 35,851 |  |  | (18,142) |  |  |
Unrealized loss (gain) on interest rate hedging instruments | 4,813 |  |  | (6,321) |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization on real estate owned | 3,986 |  |  | 704 |  |  |
Realized gain on extinguishment of debt | (213) |  |  | — |  |  |
Net realized loss on investment | 4,624 |  |  | — |  |  |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds received from payment-in-kind interest | 3,573 |  |  | 20,141 |  |  |
Other assets | 1,012 |  |  | (1,830) |  |  |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | 6,864 |  |  | 4,245 |  |  |
Payable to related party | (194) |  |  | (419) |  |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 110,250 |  |  | 49,660 |  |  |
Cash flows used in investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
New funding of commercial mortgage loans | (181,017) |  |  | (1,193,945) |  |  |
Add-on funding of commercial mortgage loans | (76,421) |  |  | (116,789) |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in collateral related to derivative contracts, net | (50,830) |  |  | 16,370 |  |  |
Add-on funding of subordinate loans and other lending assets | (37,400) |  |  | (29,099) |  |  |
Capital expenditures on real estate assets | (14,131) |  |  | (48) |  |  |
Proceeds received from the repayment and sale of commercial mortgage loans | 435,442 |  |  | 637,512 |  |  |
Proceeds received from the repayment of subordinate loans and other lending assets | 6,611 |  |  | 90,071 |  |  |
Origination and exit fees received on commercial mortgage loans, and subordinate loans and other lending assets, net | 4,290 |  |  | 18,073 |  |  |
Cash received from hotel title assumption | 569 |  |  | — |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 87,113 |  |  | (577,855) |  |  |
Cash flows provided by financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from secured debt arrangements | 173,919 |  |  | 1,012,730 |  |  |
Repayments of secured debt arrangements | (191,681) |  |  | (542,213) |  |  |
Repayments of senior secured term loan principal | (2,000) |  |  | (2,000) |  |  |
Repurchase of convertible notes | (6,877) |  |  | — |  |  |
Payment of deferred financing costs | (5,873) |  |  | (3,528) |  |  |
Payment of withholding tax on RSU delivery | (6,703) |  |  | (6,972) |  |  |
Dividends on common stock | (50,643) |  |  | (50,270) |  |  |
Dividends on preferred stock | (3,068) |  |  | (3,068) |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (92,926) |  |  | 404,679 |  |  |

See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
7

Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (Continued)
(in thousands)

| For the three months ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents, including cash classified within assets related to real estate owned, held for sale | 104,437 |  |  | (123,516) |  |  |
Decrease (increase) in cash classified within assets related to real estate owned, held for sale | 5,677 |  |  | (3,841) |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 110,114 |  |  | (127,357) |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 222,030 |  |  | 343,106 |  |  |
Effects of foreign currency translation on cash and cash equivalents | (611) |  |  | — |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 331,533 |  |  | $ | 215,749 |  |  |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid | $ | 89,983 |  |  | $ | 35,185 |  |  |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Dividend declared, not yet paid | $ | 53,514 |  |  | $ | 53,156 |  |  |
Change in participation sold | $ | (25,130) |  |  | $ | (788) |  |  |
Change in loan proceeds held by servicer | $ | (2,327) |  |  | $ | 5,097 |  |  |
Assumption of real estate | $ | 75,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Assumption of other assets related to real estate owned | $ | 2,827 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Assumption of accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities related to real estate owned | $ | (3,396) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Transfer of assets to assets related to real estate owned, held for sale | $ | — |  |  | $ | 153,243 |  |  |
Transfer of assets related to real estate owned, held for sale to assets related to real estate owned held for investment, net | $ | 151,676 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Transfer of assets related to real estate owned, held for sale to other assets | $ | 4,357 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Transfer of liabilities to liabilities related to real estate owned, held for sale | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,712 |  |  |
Transfer of liabilities related to real estate owned, held for sale to accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | $ | 7,163 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |

See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
8

Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 1 – Organization
Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, is referred to throughout this report as the "Company," "ARI," "we," "us" and "our") is a corporation that has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for U.S. federal income tax purposes and primarily originates, acquires, invests in and manages performing commercial first mortgage loans, subordinate financings, and other commercial real estate related debt investments. These asset classes are referred to as our target assets.
We were formed in Maryland on June 29, 2009, commenced operations on September 29, 2009 and are externally managed and advised by ACREFI Management, LLC (the "Manager"), an indirect subsidiary of Apollo Global Management, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, "Apollo").
We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2009. To maintain our tax qualification as a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income, excluding net capital gains, to stockholders and meet certain other asset, income, and ownership tests.
Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of our consolidated subsidiaries. All intercompany amounts have been eliminated. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Our most significant estimates include current expected credit loss ("CECL") allowances. Actual results may differ from estimates.
These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to
Form 10-Q and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our
Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 ("Annual Report"), as filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring
adjustments) necessary to present fairly our financial position, results of operations and cash flows have been included. Our
results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for
the full year or any other future period.
We currently operate in one reporting segment.
Risks and Uncertainties
Although more normalized activities have resumed and there has been improved global economic activity due to global and domestic vaccination efforts, there are still various uncertainties around the impact coronavirus ("COVID-19") and its variants had and will continue to have on our business and the economy as a whole, including longer-term macroeconomic effects on supply chains, inflation and labor shortages. For example, in response to recent inflationary pressure, the U.S. Federal Reserve and other global central banks have raised interest rates in 2022 and 2023 and have indicated the potential for further interest rate increases. We believe the estimates used in preparing our financial statements and related footnotes are reasonable and supportable based on the best information available to us as of March 31, 2023. The uncertainty over the ultimate impact of COVID-19 and its variants, supply chain disruptions and labor shortages, rising inflation and increases in interest rates on the global economy generally and our business in particular may materially impact the accuracy of the estimates and assumptions used in the financial statements and related footnotes and, as a result, actual results may vary significantly from estimates.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2020-04 "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) – Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting" ("ASU 2020-04"). ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to debt instruments, derivatives, and other contracts that reference London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or other reference rates expected to be discontinued as a result of reference rate reform. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06 "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of Sunset Date of Topic 848 ("ASU 2022-06") which deferred the sunset date to December 31, 2024. We have loan agreements, debt agreements, and an interest rate cap that incorporate LIBOR as a referenced interest rate. It is difficult to predict what effect, if any, the phase-out of LIBOR and the use of alternative benchmarks may have on our business or on the overall
9

financial markets. As prescribed by the optional expedients within ASU 2020-04, we have accounted for applicable modified contracts that incorporate alternative benchmarks as if they are not substantially different. We will continue to apply such expedients or exceptions related to modifications for certain of our commercial mortgage loans and debt agreements as a result of reference rate reform.
Note 3 – Fair Value Disclosure
GAAP establishes a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on the observability of the inputs utilized in measuring financial instruments at fair value. Market-based or observable inputs are the preferred source of values, followed by valuation models using management's assumptions in the absence of market-based or observable inputs. The three levels of the hierarchy as noted in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures" are described below:
Level I — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level II — Prices are determined using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing a security. These may include quoted prices for similar securities, interest rates, prepayment speeds, credit risk and others.
Level III — Prices are determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where quoted prices or observable inputs are unavailable (for example, when there is little or no market activity for an investment at the end of the period), unobservable inputs may be used.
While we anticipate that our valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with valuation methods used by other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. We use inputs that are current as of the measurement date, which may include periods of market dislocation, during which price transparency may be reduced.
The fair values of foreign exchange ("Fx") forwards are determined by comparing the contracted forward exchange rate to the current market exchange rate. The current market exchange rates are determined by using market spot rates, forward rates and interest rate curves for the underlying countries. Our Fx forwards are classified as Level II in the fair value hierarchy.
The fair value of our interest rate cap is determined by using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that occur when variable interest rates rise above the strike rate of the interest rate cap. The variable interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts on the interest rate cap are based on a third-party expert's expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatility. Our interest rate cap is classified as Level II in the fair value hierarchy.
The following table summarizes the levels in the fair value hierarchy into which our assets and liabilities with recurring fair value measurements were categorized as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):

| Fair Value as of March 31, 2023 |  | Fair Value as of December 31, 2022
| Level I |  | Level II |  | Level III |  | Total |  | Level I |  | Level II |  | Level III |  | Total
Recurring fair value measurements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward, net | $ | — |  |  | $ | 83,649 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 83,649 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 119,499 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 119,499 |
Interest rate cap asset | — |  |  | 5,256 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,256 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,141 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,141 |
Total financial instruments | $ | — |  |  | $ | 88,905 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 88,905 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 128,640 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 128,640 |

Non-recurring Fair Value Measurements
We are required to record real estate owned, a nonfinancial asset, at fair value on a non-recurring basis in accordance with ASC 820. Under ASC 820, we may utilize the income, market or cost approach (or combination thereof) to determine the fair value of real estate owned. We deem the inputs used in these approaches to be significant unobservable inputs. Therefore, we classify the fair value of real estate owned within Level III of the fair value hierarchy.
On March 31, 2023, we acquired legal title of a hotel property in Atlanta, GA ("Atlanta Hotel") through a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure. At the time of acquisition, we determined the fair value of the net real estate assets to be $75.0 million, using a combination of market and income approach. We utilized a discount rate and capitalization rate of 10.5% and 9.5%, respectively. No impairments have been recorded as of March 31, 2023.
On August 3, 2022, we acquired legal title of a multifamily development property located in downtown Brooklyn, NY
10

("Brooklyn Development") through a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure. We determined the fair value of the real estate assumed to be $270.1 million, based on the market value of the land at the time of acquisition. No impairments have been recorded as of March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
On May 24, 2021, we acquired legal title to a full-service luxury hotel in Washington D.C. ("D.C. Hotel") through a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure, which is classified as real estate owned on our consolidated balance sheets. We assumed the D.C. Hotel's assets and liabilities, including a $110.0 million mortgage loan. We repaid the mortgage loan at par and hold the property unlevered. At the time of acquisition, we determined the fair value of the real estate assets to be $154.3 million. No impairments have been recorded as of March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
Refer to "Note 5 – Real Estate Owned" for additional discussions.
Note 4 – Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net
Our loan portfolio was comprised of the following at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):

Loan Type |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Commercial mortgage loans, net(1) |  | $ | 7,879,205 |  |  | $ | 8,121,109 |
Subordinate loans and other lending assets, net |  | 592,863 |  |  | 560,881 |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 8,472,068 |  |  | $ | 8,681,990 |

———————
(1)Includes $134.7 million and $138.3 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively, of contiguous financing structured as subordinate loans.
Our loan portfolio consisted of 99% and 98% floating rate loans, based on amortized cost, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Activity relating to our loan portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was as follows ($ in thousands):

|  | Principal Balance |  | Deferred Fees/Other Items (1) |  | Specific CECL Allowance |  | Carrying Value, Net
December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 8,892,767 |  |  | $ | (51,053) |  |  | $ | (133,500) |  |  | $ | 8,708,214 |
New funding of loans |  | 181,017 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 181,017 |
Add-on loan fundings(2) |  | 113,821 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 113,821 |
Loan repayments and sales |  | (491,705) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (491,705) |
Gain (loss) on foreign currency translation |  | 65,291 |  |  | (118) |  |  | — |  |  | 65,173 |
Net realized loss on investment |  | (5,197) |  |  | 573 |  |  | — |  |  | (4,624) |
Transfer to real estate owned |  | (75,000) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (75,000) |
Deferred fees and other items |  | — |  |  | (4,290) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,290) |
Payment-in-kind interest and amortization of fees |  | — |  |  | 9,729 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,729 |
March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 8,680,994 |  |  | $ | (45,159) |  |  | $ | (133,500) |  |  | $ | 8,502,335 |
General CECL Allowance(3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (30,267) |
Carrying value, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,472,068 |

———————
(1)Other items primarily consist of purchase discounts or premiums, cost recovery interest, exit fees, deferred origination expenses, and the activity of unconsolidated joint ventures.
(2)Represents fundings committed prior to 2023.
(3)$4.7 million of the General CECL Allowance, as defined in this Form 10-Q, is excluded from this table because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheet.
The following table details overall statistics for our loan portfolio at the dates indicated ($ in thousands):
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|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Number of loans |  | 55 |  |  | 61 |
Principal balance |  | $ | 8,680,994 |  |  | $ | 8,892,767 |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 8,472,068 |  |  | $ | 8,681,990 |
Unfunded loan commitments(1) |  | $ | 872,707 |  |  | $ | 1,041,654 |
Weighted-average cash coupon(2) |  | 7.9 | % |  | 7.2 | %
Weighted-average remaining fully-extended term(3) |  | 2.8 years |  | 2.8 years
Weighted-average expected term(4) |  | 2.1 years |  | 1.7 years

———————
(1)Unfunded loan commitments are funded to finance construction costs, tenant improvements, leasing commissions, or carrying costs. These future commitments are funded over the term of each loan, subject in certain cases to an expiration date.
(2)For floating rate loans, based on applicable benchmark rates as of the specified dates. For loans placed on non-accrual the interest rate used in calculating weighted-average cash coupon is 0%.
(3)Assumes all extension options are exercised.
(4)Expected term represents our estimated timing of repayments as of the specified dates. Excludes risk-rated 5 loans.
Property Type
The table below details the property type of the properties securing the loans in our portfolio at the dates indicated ($ in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Property Type |  | Carrying Value |  | % of Portfolio(1) |  | Carrying Value |  | % of Portfolio(1)
Hotel |  | $ | 1,988,065 |  |  | 23.4 | % |  | $ | 2,117,079 |  |  | 24.3 | %
Residential |  | 1,602,078 |  |  | 18.8 |  |  | 1,537,541 |  |  | 17.7 |
Office |  | 1,484,536 |  |  | 17.5 |  |  | 1,671,006 |  |  | 19.2 |
Retail |  | 1,389,601 |  |  | 16.3 |  |  | 1,364,752 |  |  | 15.7 |
Healthcare |  | 576,639 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  | 575,144 |  |  | 6.6 |
Mixed Use |  | 569,927 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 559,809 |  |  | 6.4 |
Industrial |  | 299,323 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 296,860 |  |  | 3.4 |
Other(2) |  | 592,166 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | 586,023 |  |  | 6.7 |
Total |  | $ | 8,502,335 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 8,708,214 |  |  | 100.0 | %
General CECL Allowance(3) |  | (30,267) |  |  |  |  | (26,224) |  |  |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 8,472,068 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,681,990 |  |  |

(1)Percentage of portfolio calculations are made prior to consideration of General CECL Allowance.
(2)Other property types include parking garages (3.2%), caravan parks (2.4%) and urban predevelopment (1.4%) in 2023, and parking garages (3.1%), caravan parks (2.3%) and urban predevelopment (1.3%) in 2022.
(3)$4.7 million and $4.3 million of the General CECL Allowance for 2023 and 2022, respectively, is excluded from this table because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Geography
The table below details the geographic distribution of the properties securing the loans in our portfolio at the dates indicated ($ in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Geographic Location |  | Carrying Value |  | % of Portfolio(1) |  | Carrying Value |  | % of Portfolio(1)
United Kingdom |  | $ | 2,421,641 |  |  | 28.5 | % |  | $ | 2,470,532 |  |  | 28.4 | %
New York City |  | 2,011,244 |  |  | 23.7 |  |  | 2,049,493 |  |  | 23.5 |
Other Europe(2) |  | 1,442,910 |  |  | 17.0 |  |  | 1,542,462 |  |  | 17.7 |
West |  | 605,164 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 584,247 |  |  | 6.7 |

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Midwest |  | 585,238 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 592,756 |  |  | 6.8 |
Southeast |  | 565,306 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 642,542 |  |  | 7.4 |
Other(3) |  | 870,832 |  |  | 10.2 |  |  | 826,182 |  |  | 9.5 |
Total |  | $ | 8,502,335 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 8,708,214 |  |  | 100.0 | %
General CECL Allowance(4) |  | (30,267) |  |  |  |  | (26,224) |  |  |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 8,472,068 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,681,990 |  |  |

(1)Percentage of portfolio calculations are made prior to consideration of General CECL Allowance.
(2)Other Europe includes Germany (5.0%), Italy (4.6%), Spain (4.0%), Sweden (2.9%) and Ireland (0.5%) in 2023 and Italy (5.4%), Germany (4.9%), Spain (3.8%), Sweden (2.8%) and Ireland (0.7%) in 2022.
(3)Other includes Northeast (5.6%), Southwest (2.4%), Mid-Atlantic (1.4%) and Other (0.8%) in 2023 and Northeast (5.5%), Southwest (2.3%), Mid-Atlantic (1.4%) and Other (0.3%) in 2022.
(4)$4.7 million and $4.3 million of the General CECL Allowance for 2023 and 2022, respectively, is excluded from this table because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Risk Rating
We assess the risk factors of each loan and assign a risk rating based on a variety of factors, including, without limitation, loan to value ("LTV") ratio, debt yield, property type, geographic and local market dynamics, physical condition, cash flow volatility, leasing and tenant profile, loan structure and exit plan, and project sponsorship. This review is performed quarterly. Based on a 5-point scale, our loans are rated "1" through "5," from less risk to greater risk, which ratings are defined as follows:
1. Very low risk
2. Low risk
3. Moderate/average risk
4. High risk/potential for loss: a loan that has a risk of realizing a principal loss
5. Impaired/loss likely: a loan that has a high risk of realizing principal loss, has incurred principal loss, or an impairment has been recorded
The following tables present the carrying value of our loan portfolio by year of origination and internal risk rating and gross write-offs by year of origination as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively ($ in thousands):

March 31, 2023
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Amortized Cost by Year Originated
Risk Rating |  | Number of Loans |  | Total |  | % of Portfolio |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior
1 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2 |  | 3 |  |  | 195,584 |  |  | 2.3 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 129,712 |  |  | 65,872 |
3 |  | 47 |  |  | 8,081,606 |  |  | 95.1 | % |  |  | 172,260 |  |  | 2,606,091 |  |  | 2,383,028 |  |  | 676,366 |  |  | 1,508,600 |  |  | 735,261 |
4 |  | 3 |  |  | 110,762 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 110,762 |
5 |  | 2 |  |  | 114,383 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 114,383 |
Total |  | 55 |  |  | $ | 8,502,335 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | $ | 172,260 |  |  | $ | 2,606,091 |  |  | $ | 2,383,028 |  |  | $ | 676,366 |  |  | $ | 1,638,312 |  |  | $ | 1,026,279 |
General CECL Allowance(1) |  | (30,267) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total carrying value, net | $ | 8,472,068 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Risk Rating |  | 3.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross write-offs |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

December 31, 2022
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Amortized Cost by Year Originated

13

Risk Rating |  | Number of Loans |  | Total |  | % of Portfolio |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2017 |  | Prior
1 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2 |  | 2 |  |  | 65,943 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 65,943 |
3 |  | 54 |  |  | 8,401,925 |  |  | 96.5 | % |  |  | 2,575,455 |  |  | 2,462,499 |  |  | 687,329 |  |  | 1,637,050 |  |  | 479,769 |  |  | 559,823 |
4 |  | 2 |  |  | 27,451 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,951 |  |  | 7,500 |
5 |  | 3 |  |  | 212,895 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 212,895 |
Total |  | 61 |  |  | $ | 8,708,214 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | $ | 2,575,455 |  |  | $ | 2,462,499 |  |  | $ | 687,329 |  |  | $ | 1,637,050 |  |  | $ | 499,720 |  |  | $ | 846,161 |
General CECL Allowance(1) |  | (26,224) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total carrying value, net | $ | 8,681,990 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Risk Rating |  | 3.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross write-offs |  | $ | 7,000 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,000 |

———————
(1)$4.7 million of the General CECL Allowance for both 2023 and 2022, respectively, is excluded from this table because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
CECL
In accordance with ASU 2016-13 "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments", which we refer to as the "CECL Standard," we record allowances for loans and held-to-maturity debt securities that are deducted from the carrying amount of the assets to present the net carrying value of the amounts expected to be collected on the assets. We record loan specific allowances as a practical expedient under the CECL Standard ("Specific CECL Allowance"), which we apply to assets that are collateral dependent and where the borrower or sponsor is experiencing financial difficulty. For the remainder of the portfolio, we record a general allowance ("General CECL Allowance", and together with the Specific CECL Allowance, "CECL Allowances"), on a collective basis by assets with similar risk characteristics. We have elected to use the weighted average remaining maturity ("WARM") method in determining a General CECL Allowance for a majority of our portfolio. In the future, we may use other acceptable methods, such as a probability-of-default/loss-given-default method.
The following schedule illustrates changes in CECL Allowances for the three months ended March 31, 2023 ($ in thousands):

|  | Specific CECL Allowance(1) |  | General CECL Allowance |  | Total CECL Allowance |  | CECL Allowance as % of Amortized Cost(1) |
|  |  | Funded | Unfunded | Total |  |  | General | Total |
December 31, 2022 | $ | 133,500 |  |  | $ | 26,224 |  | $ | 4,347 |  | $ | 30,571 |  |  | $ | 164,071 |  |  | 0.36 | % | 1.86 | % |
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Allowances | — |  |  | 4,043 |  | 348 |  | 4,391 |  |  | $ | 4,391 |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2023 | $ | 133,500 |  |  | $ | 30,267 |  | $ | 4,695 |  | $ | 34,962 |  |  | $ | 168,462 |  |  | 0.42 | % | 1.95 | % |

———————
(1)Loans evaluated for Specific CECL Allowance are excluded from General CECL Allowance pool.

|  | Specific CECL Allowance(1) |  | General CECL Allowance |  | Total CECL Allowance |  | CECL Allowance as % of Amortized Cost(1)
|  |  | Funded | Unfunded | Total |  |  | General | Total
December 31, 2021 | $ | 145,000 |  |  | $ | 33,588 |  | $ | 3,106 |  | $ | 36,694 |  |  | $ | 181,694 |  |  | 0.49 | % | 2.26 | %
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Allowances (Reversals) | 30,000 |  |  | (12,211) |  | 822 |  | (11,389) |  |  | 18,611 |  |  |  |
March 31, 2022 | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | 21,377 |  | $ | 3,928 |  | $ | 25,305 |  |  | $ | 200,305 |  |  | 0.32 | % | 2.34 | %

———————
(1)Loans evaluated for Specific CECL Allowance are excluded from General CECL Allowance pool.
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For information on General and Specific CECL Allowance changes during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and during the year ended December 31, 2022, see below.
General CECL Allowance
In determining the General CECL Allowance using the WARM method, an annual historical loss rate, adjusted for macroeconomic estimates, is applied to the amortized cost of an asset, or pool of assets, over each subsequent period for the assets' remaining expected life. We considered various factors including (i) historical loss experience in the commercial real estate lending market, (ii) timing of expected repayments and satisfactions, (iii) expected future funding, (iv) capital subordinate to us when we are the senior lender, (v) capital senior to us when we are the subordinate lender, and (vi) our current and future view of the macroeconomic environment for a reasonable and supportable forecast period. The CECL Standard requires the use of significant judgment to arrive at an estimated credit loss. There is significant uncertainty related to future macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, labor shortages and interest rates.
We derived an annual historical loss rate based on a commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS") database with historical losses from 1998 through the first quarter of 2023 provided by a third party, Trepp LLC. We applied various filters to arrive at a CMBS dataset most analogous to our current portfolio from which to determine an appropriate historical loss rate. The annual historical loss rate was further adjusted to reflect our expectations of the macroeconomic environment for a reasonable and supportable forecast period. At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we adopted a shortened four quarter forecast period in response to heightened macroeconomic uncertainty brought by the pandemic. With the effects of the pandemic gradually easing in response to global and domestic vaccination efforts and other public safety measures, we reverted to a longer forecast period of six quarters effective December 31, 2022 and further extended to eight quarters effective March 31, 2023. In assessing the macroeconomic environment, we consider macroeconomic factors, including unemployment rate, commercial real estate prices, and market liquidity. We compared the historical data for each metric to historical commercial real estate losses in order to determine the correlation of the data. We used projections, obtained from third-party service providers, of each factor to approximate the impact the macroeconomic outlook may have on our loss rate.
The General CECL Allowance on subordinate loans is calculated by incorporating both the loan balance of the position(s) of the structurally senior third-party lender(s) and the balance of our subordinate loan(s). The subordinate loans, by virtue of being the first loss position, are required to absorb losses prior to the senior position(s) being impacted, resulting in a higher percentage allowance attributable to the subordinate loan. The General CECL Allowance on unfunded loan commitments is time-weighted based on our expected commitment to fund such obligations. The General CECL Allowance on unfunded commitments is recorded as a liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheets within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities.
We have made an accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable ($65.7 million and $65.4 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively), included in other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets, from the amortized cost basis of the related commercial mortgage loans and subordinate loans and other lending assets in determining the General CECL Allowance, as any uncollectible accrued interest receivable is written off in a timely manner.
Although our secured debt obligations and senior secured term loan financing have a minimum tangible net worth maintenance covenant, the General CECL Allowance has no impact on these covenants as we are permitted to add back the General CECL Allowance for the computation of tangible net worth as defined in the respective agreements.
The following schedule sets forth our General CECL Allowance as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Commercial mortgage loans, net |  | $ | 27,570 |  |  | $ | 22,848 |
Subordinate loans and other lending assets, net |  | 2,697 |  |  | 3,376 |
Unfunded commitments(1) |  | 4,695 |  |  | 4,347 |
Total General CECL Allowance |  | $ | 34,962 |  |  | $ | 30,571 |

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(1)The General CECL Allowance on unfunded commitments is recorded as a liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheets within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities.
Our General CECL Allowance increased by $4.4 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in our view of the remaining expected term of our loan portfolio, partially offset by the impact of portfolio seasoning and loan repayments and sales.
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Specific CECL Allowance
For collateral-dependent loans where we have deemed the borrower/sponsor to be experiencing financial difficulty, we have elected to apply a practical expedient in accordance with the CECL Standard in which the fair value of the underlying collateral is compared to the amortized cost of the loan in determining a Specific CECL Allowance. The Specific CECL Allowance is determined as the difference between the fair value of the underlying collateral and the carrying value of the loan (prior to the Specific CECL Allowance). When the repayment or satisfaction of a loan is dependent on a sale, rather than operations, of the collateral, the fair value is adjusted for the estimated cost to sell the collateral. Collateral-dependent loans evaluated for a Specific CECL Allowance are removed from the General CECL pool. The fair value of the underlying collateral is determined by using method(s) such as discounted cash flow, the market approach, or direct capitalization approach. The key unobservable inputs used to determine the fair value of the underlying collateral may vary depending on the information available to us and market conditions as of the valuation date.
We regularly evaluate the extent and impact of any credit migration associated with the performance and/or value of the underlying collateral property as well as the financial and operating capability of the borrower/sponsor on a loan-by-loan basis. The Specific CECL Allowance is evaluated on a quarterly basis. Specifically, a property’s operating results and any cash reserves are analyzed and used to assess (i) whether cash from operations is sufficient to cover the debt service requirements currently and into the future, (ii) the ability of the borrower to refinance the loan and/or (iii) the liquidation value of the underlying collateral. We also evaluate the financial wherewithal of any loan guarantors as well as the borrower’s competency in managing and operating the properties. In addition, we consider the overall economic environment, real estate sector and geographic sub-market in which the borrower operates. Such impairment analysis is completed and reviewed by asset management and finance personnel who utilize various data sources, including (i) periodic financial data such as debt service coverage ratio, property occupancy, tenant profile, rental rates, operating expenses, the borrower’s exit plan, and capitalization and discount rates, (ii) site inspections and (iii) current credit spreads and discussions with market participants.
The following table summarizes our risk rated 5 loans as of March 31, 2023, which were analyzed for Specific CECL Allowances ($ in thousands):

Type | Property type | Location | Amortized cost prior to Specific CECL Allowance | Specific CECL Allowance | Amortized cost | Interest recognition status/ as of date | Risk rating
Mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |
| Retail(1)(2) | Cincinnati, OH | $165,903 | $67,000 | $98,903 | Non-Accrual/ 10/1/2019 | 5
Mortgage total: |  | $165,903 | $67,000 | $98,903 |  |
Mezzanine |  |  |  |  |  |
| Residential(3) | Manhattan, NY | $81,980 | $66,500 | $15,480 | Non-Accrual/ 7/1/2021 | 5
Mezzanine total: |  | $81,980 | $66,500 | $15,480 |  |
Total: |  | $247,883 | $133,500 | $114,383 |  |

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(1)The fair value of retail collateral was determined by applying a capitalization rate of 8.5%.
(2)In September 2018, we entered a joint venture with Turner Consulting II, LLC ("Turner Consulting"), through an entity which owns the underlying property that secures our loan. Turner Consulting contributed 10% of the venture’s equity and we contributed 90%. The entity was deemed to be a Variable Interest Entity (a "VIE") and we determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of that VIE as we do not have the power to direct the entity's activities. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, $0.7 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of interest paid was applied towards reducing the carrying value of the loan. The related profit and loss from the joint venture was immaterial for the three March 31, 2023 and 2022.
(3)The fair value of the residential collateral was determined by making certain projections and assumptions with respect to future performance and a discount rate of 10%.
We cease accruing interest on loans if we deem the interest to be uncollectible with any previously accrued uncollected interest on the loan charged to interest income in the same period. The amortized cost basis for loans on non-accrual was $398.2 million and $468.0 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Under certain circumstances, we may apply the cost recovery method under which interest collected on a loan reduces the loan's amortized cost. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we received $0.7 million and $0.2 million, respectively, in interest that reduced amortized cost under the cost recovery method.
As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amortized cost basis for loans with accrued interest past due 90 or more days was $398.2 million and $581.3 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no loans with accrued interest between 30 and 89 days past due, respectively.
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During the third quarter of 2022, we refinanced our three mezzanine loans, and originated a commercial mortgage loan as part of an overall recapitalization. All of the loans are secured by an ultra-luxury residential property in Manhattan, NY. These loans have an aggregate amortized cost at March 31, 2023 of $743.9 million (net of $66.5 million Specific CECL Allowance) (inclusive of $82.5 million of payment- in-kind interest). As of March 31, 2023, these loans include (i) a $250.3 million commercial mortgage loan (“Senior Loan”), (ii) a $194.3 million senior mezzanine loan (“Senior Mezzanine Loan”), (iii) a $283.8 million junior mezzanine loan (“Junior Mezzanine A Loan”), and (iv) a $15.5 million junior mezzanine loan (net of a $66.5 million Specific CECL Allowance) (“Junior Mezzanine B Loan” together with the Junior Mezzanine A Loan collectively referred to as “Junior Mezzanine Loan”).
In refinancing the Senior Mezzanine Loan and Junior Mezzanine Loan, we modified the loan terms with the borrower by modifying the interest rates from LIBOR+15.7% to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR")+9.0% on the Senior Mezzanine Loan, from LIBOR+22.5% to SOFR+15.0% on the Junior Mezzanine A Loan, and from LIBOR+17.5% to SOFR+15.0% on the Junior Mezzanine B Loan. We also extended the term on all three loans from July 2022 to September 2024, including a one-year extension. Based on our analysis under ASC 310-20 “Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs” (“ASC 310-20”), we have deemed this refinance to be a continuation of our existing loans. We opted to cease accruing interest on the Junior Mezzanine A Loan and Junior Mezzanine B Loan as of July 1, 2021 based on a waterfall sharing arrangement with a subordinate capital provider. We will continue to not accrue interest on the Junior Mezzanine Loan following this refinancing.
In accordance with ASC 326, "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses" and adoption of ASU 2022-02 "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) – Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures", we have classified the refinancing of the Senior Mezzanine Loan and Junior Mezzanine Loan as an interest rate reduction and term extension. The aggregate amortized cost of the Senior Mezzanine Loan and Junior Mezzanine Loan as of March 31, 2023 totaled $493.6 million (net of $66.5 million Specific CECL Allowance), or 5.8% of our aggregate commercial mortgage loans and subordinate loans and other lending assets by amortized cost. As of March 31, 2022, sales velocity on the underlying property lagged behind the borrower's business plan and management's expectations. Based on this information as of March 31, 2022, we deemed the borrower to be experiencing financial difficulty and accordingly changed the risk rating to a 5 and recorded $30.0 million of Specific CECL Allowance on the Junior Mezzanine B Loan. During the three months ended December 31, 2022, we recorded an additional $36.5 million Specific CECL Allowance on the Junior Mezzanine B Loan, bringing the total loan Specific CECL Allowance to $66.5 million, due to a slower sales pace across the ultra-luxury residential segment at the end of 2022 in response to broader market uncertainty. The modified loan terms as discussed above have been reflected in our calculation of CECL for the quarter ended March 31, 2023. Refer to "CECL" section above for additional information regarding our calculation of CECL Allowance. As of each March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our amortized cost basis in this loan was $15.5 million and its risk rating remained as a 5.
In March 2017, we originated a first mortgage secured by a hotel in Atlanta, GA. As of May 1, 2022, due to slower than expected recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, we deemed the borrower to be experiencing financial difficulty and ceased accruing interest. During the second quarter of 2022, we recorded a $7.0 million Specific CECL Allowance. Additionally, during 2022, we modified the loan to provide two short term extensions to the borrower. During the fourth quarter of 2022, the loan went into maturity default, at which time we were in discussions with the sponsor regarding consensual foreclosure. In anticipation of the foreclosure, we wrote off the previously recorded Specific CECL Allowance, and recorded a $7.0 million realized loss on the loan within realized gain (loss) on investments within our December 31, 2022 consolidated statement of operations.
On March 31, 2023, we acquired legal title of the underlying hotel through a deed-in-lieu foreclosure and recognized an additional $4.8 million loss within net realized loss on investments on our condensed consolidated statement of operations. The realized loss represents the difference between the original loan's amortized cost and the fair value of the net real estate assets acquired at the time of foreclosure. Refer to "Note 5 - Real Estate Owned" for additional disclosure.
As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were $0.5 million and $9.5 million, respectively of unfunded commitments related to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the entire loan portfolio.
Other Loan and Lending Assets Activity
We recognized no payment-in-kind interest for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022.
We recognized no pre-payment penalties and accelerated fees for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31 2022.
As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our portfolio included other lending assets, which are subordinate risk retention interests in securitization vehicles. The underlying mortgages related to our subordinate risk retention interest is secured by a portfolio of properties located throughout the United States. Our maximum exposure to loss from the subordinate
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risk retention interest is limited to the book value of such interests. The book value as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $51.1 million, consisting of one interest with a weighted average maturity of 1.2 years and 1.4 years, respectively. We are not obligated to provide, and do not intend to provide financial support to these subordinate risk retention interests. These interests are accounted for as held-to-maturity and recorded at carrying value on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we received £72.2 million ($88.4 million assuming conversion into U.S. Dollars ("USD")) full repayment of one of our commercial mortgage loans secured by an office property in London, UK, including all default interest accrued to date, which was approximately $0.7 million. In conjunction with the repayment, we are no longer recording the previously sold subordinate interest as a secured borrowing on our consolidated balance sheet, which had an amortized cost basis of £20.8 million ($25.1 million assuming conversion into USD). Refer to "Note 12 – Participations Sold" for additional detail related to the subordinate interest.
Loan Sales
From time to time, we may enter into sale transactions with other parties. All sale transactions are evaluated in accordance with ASC 860, "Transfers and Servicing" ("ASC 860").
During the first quarter of 2023, we sold our entire interests in three commercial mortgage loans secured by various properties in Europe, with aggregate commitments of €205.7 million ($219.0 million assuming conversion into USD, of which €115.0 million or $122.4 million assuming conversion into USD, was funded at the time of sale). Additionally, we sold a partial interest of £15.0 million ($18.2 million assuming conversion into USD) in a commercial mortgage loan secured by a mixed-use property located in London, UK. These sales were made to entities managed by affiliates of the Manager. We evaluated the transaction under ASC 860 and determined the sale of our entire interests and the sale of the partial interest met the criteria for sale accounting. We recorded a net gain of approximately $0.2 million in connection with these sales within net realized loss on investments in our March 31, 2023 condensed consolidated statement of operations.
Note 5 – Real Estate Owned
Real Estate Owned, Held for Investment
As of March 31, 2023, assets and liabilities related to real estate owned, held for investment consisted of three properties: the D.C. Hotel, a full-service luxury hotel in Washington, D.C., the Brooklyn Development, a multifamily development property located in downtown Brooklyn, NY, and the Atlanta Hotel, a hotel in Atlanta, GA.
D.C. Hotel
In 2017, we originated a $20.0 million junior mezzanine loan which was subordinate to: (i) a $110.0 million mortgage loan, and (ii) a $24.5 million senior mezzanine loan, secured by the D.C. Hotel. During the first quarter of 2020, we recorded a $10.0 million Specific CECL Allowance and placed our junior mezzanine loan on non-accrual status.
On May 24, 2021, we purchased the $24.5 million senior mezzanine loan at par and acquired legal title to the hotel through a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure. We assumed the hotel’s assets and liabilities (including the $110.0 million mortgage loan) and recorded an additional $10.0 million charge reflecting the difference between the fair value of the hotel’s net assets and the carrying amount of the loan. This $10.0 million loss on title assumption plus the previously recorded Specific CECL Allowance of $10.0 million resulted in a $20.0 million realized loss on investments included within realized gain (loss) on investments in our 2021 consolidated statement of operations.
On May 24, 2021, in accordance with ASC 805, "Business Combinations" ("ASC 805"), we allocated the fair value of the hotel’s acquired assets and assumed debt. The non-recurring fair value measurement was classified as Level III within the fair value hierarchy due to the use of significant unobservable inputs. On June 29, 2021, we repaid the $110.0 million mortgage loan against the property. As of March 1, 2022, the hotel assets, comprised of land, building, furniture fixtures, and equipment, and accumulated depreciation (collectively "REO Fixed Assets"), and liabilities met the criteria to be classified as held for sale under ASC Topic 360, "Property, Plant, and Equipment." Accordingly, as of March 1, 2022, we ceased recording depreciation on the building and furniture, fixtures, and equipment on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.
As of March 1, 2023, due to current market conditions, we have curtailed active marketing efforts, and reclassified the REO Fixed Assets and liabilities from real estate owned, held for sale to real estate owned, held for investment, net in accordance with ASC Topic 360.
The REO Fixed Assets were reclassified to their carrying value before classifying as held for sale in March of 2022 and
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$4.0 million in depreciation, representing the amount that would have been recorded had the asset remained as held for investment, was recognized. All other assets and liabilities were reclassified to the corresponding line items on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. No realized gain or loss was recorded in connection with this reclassification.
As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the value of net real estate assets related to the D.C. Hotel was $154.2 million and $155.9 million, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded a net loss from operations of $1.9 million and $1.3 million, respectively.
Brooklyn Development
In 2015, we originated a $122.2 million multifamily development commercial mortgage loan secured by an assemblage of properties in downtown Brooklyn, NY. In 2020, the loan went into default and we recorded a $30.0 million Specific CECL Allowance, due to the deterioration of market conditions attributable to COVID-19. As a result of improved market conditions we reversed $20 million of Specific CECL Allowance during the second quarter of 2021. In the second quarter of 2022, we reversed the remaining $10 million Specific CECL Allowance as a result of market rent growth and value created from development activities at the underlying property.
On August 3, 2022, we acquired legal title of the property through a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure and accounted for the asset acquisition in accordance with ASC 805. At that time, our amortized cost basis in the commercial mortgage loan was $226.5 million. We recorded the real estate assumed at a fair value of $270.1 million based on the market value of the land. We recognized a realized gain of $43.6 million, recorded within realized gain (loss) on investments on our consolidated statement of operations, which reflects the difference between the fair value of the property and the carrying value of the loan at the time of acquisition. The non-recurring fair value measurement was classified as Level III within the fair value hierarchy due to the use of significant unobservable inputs, including comparable sales of similar properties in the market. Since title acquisition, we have capitalized an additional $46.5 million of construction and financing costs, including $13.9 million capitalized during the three months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our cost basis in the property was $316.6 million and $302.7 million, respectively.
Upon taking title, we concurrently contributed the property to a joint venture with a third-party real estate developer. The entity was deemed to be a VIE, of which we were determined to be the primary beneficiary. Through our wholly owned subsidiaries, we hold a 100% equity ownership interest in the joint venture and our partner is only entitled to profit upon achievement of certain returns under our joint venture agreement. Concurrently with taking title to the property, we obtained $164.8 million in construction financing on the property. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the carrying value of the construction financing included within debt related to real estate owned, held for investment, net on our condensed consolidated balance sheets was $160.6 million, net of $4.2 million in deferred financing costs and $160.3 million, net of $4.5 million in deferred financing costs, respectively.
The construction financing includes a maximum commitment of $388.4 million, an interest rate of term one-month SOFR+2.55%, and current maturity of August 2026, with an option to extend for one year, contingent upon meeting certain conditions. The construction financing agreement contains covenants requiring our unencumbered liquidity be greater than $100.0 million and our net worth be greater than $600.0 million. Under these covenants, our General CECL Allowance is added back to our net worth calculation. As of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with these covenants.
Atlanta Hotel
In March 2017, we originated a first mortgage secured by the Atlanta Hotel. During the second quarter of 2022, due to slower than expected recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, we deemed the borrower to be experiencing financial difficulty. Accordingly, we ceased accruing interest on the loan and recorded a $7.0 million Specific CECL Allowance.
During the fourth quarter of 2022, we wrote off the $7.0 million previously recorded Specific CECL Allowance and reduced the principal balance of the loan which was recorded as a realized loss within net realized loss on investments in our December 31, 2022 consolidated statement of operations.
On March 31, 2023, we acquired legal title of the Atlanta Hotel through a deed-in-lieu foreclosure. In accordance with ASC 805, we allocated the fair value of the assumed assets and liabilities on the March 31, 2023 acquisition date as follows:
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| March 31, 2023
Assets: |
Cash | $ | 569 |
Buildings | 50,152 |
Land | 16,628 |
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment | 8,220 |
Other assets | 2,827 |
Total Assets | $ | 78,396 |
Liabilities: |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | $ | 3,396 |
Total Liabilities | $ | 3,396 |
Net Real Estate Assets | $ | 75,000 |

We determined the $75.0 million fair value of net real estate assets in accordance with ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures" utilizing significant unobservable inputs. As such, the fair value of real estate owned is categorized within Level III of the fair value hierarchy set forth by ASC 820. See "Note 3 - Fair Value Disclosure" for discussion of our non-recurring fair value measurements. Additionally, we recognized a realized loss of $4.8 million, recorded within net realized loss on investments on our condensed consolidated statement of operations. The realized loss represents the difference between the original loan's amortized cost and the fair value of the net assets acquired.
We recorded no income or loss from the hotel's operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Note 6 – Other Assets
The following table details the components of our other assets at the dates indicated ($ in thousands):

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Interest receivable | $ | 65,738 |  |  | $ | 65,383 |
Loan proceeds held by servicer | 1,044 |  |  | 3,371 |
Other(1) | 9,641 |  |  | 1,853 |
Total | $ | 76,423 |  |  | $ | 70,607 |

———————
(1)Includes $9.3 million of other assets from real estate owned as of March 31, 2023. Refer to "Note 5 – Real Estate Owned" for additional information.
Note 7 – Secured Debt Arrangements, Net
We utilize secured debt arrangements to finance the origination activity in our loan portfolio. Our secured debt arrangements are comprised of secured credit facilities, a private securitization, and a revolving credit facility. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we entered into two new secured debt arrangements, including a credit facility with Banco Santander, S.A., New York Branch and a revolving credit facility administered by Bank of America, N.A. ("Revolving Credit Facility") which provided a combined $470.0 million of additional capacity, and upsized the Atlas Facility, as defined in this Form 10-Q, by $83.3 million.
Our borrowings under secured debt arrangements at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are detailed in the following table ($ in thousands):

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |
| Maximum Amount of Borrowings(1) |  | Borrowings Outstanding(1) |  | Maturity (2) |  | Maximum Amount of Borrowings(1) |  | Borrowings Outstanding(1) |  | Maturity (2) |
JPMorgan Facility - USD(3)(4) | $ | 1,483,123 |  |  | $ | 1,247,388 |  |  | September 2026 |  | $ | 1,532,722 |  |  | $ | 1,306,320 |  |  | September 2026 |
JPMorgan Facility - GBP(3)(4) | 16,877 |  |  | 16,877 |  |  | September 2026 |  | 67,278 |  |  | 67,278 |  |  | September 2026 |
Deutsche Bank Facility - USD(3) | 700,000 |  |  | 385,818 |  |  | March 2026 |  | 700,000 |  |  | 385,818 |  |  | March 2026 |
Atlas Facility - USD(5) | 695,339 |  |  | 688,126 |  |  | March 2027(6)(7) |  | 635,653 |  |  | 632,747 |  |  | March 2027(6)(7) |

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HSBC Facility - GBP | 372,095 |  |  | 372,095 |  |  | April 2025 |  | 364,423 |  |  | 364,423 |  |  | April 2025 |
HSBC Facility - EUR | 276,299 |  |  | 276,299 |  |  | January 2026(7) |  | 272,890 |  |  | 272,890 |  |  | January 2026 |
Goldman Sachs Facility - USD | 300,000 |  |  | 33,755 |  |  | November 2025(8) |  | 300,000 |  |  | 70,249 |  |  | November 2025(8) |
Barclays Facility - USD | 200,000 |  |  | 111,909 |  |  | June 2027(6) |  | 200,000 |  |  | 111,909 |  |  | June 2027 |
MUFG Securities Facility - GBP | 198,355 |  |  | 198,355 |  |  | June 2025(6) |  | 194,272 |  |  | 194,272 |  |  | June 2025 |
Santander Facility - USD | 300,000 |  |  | 75,000 |  |  | February 2025(6) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |
Santander Facility - EUR | 58,531 |  |  | 54,202 |  |  | August 2024 |  | 57,807 |  |  | 53,320 |  |  | August 2024 |
Total Secured Credit Facilities | 4,600,619 |  |  | 3,459,824 |  |  |  |  | 4,325,045 |  |  | 3,459,226 |  |  |  |
Barclays Private Securitization - GBP, EUR, SEK | 1,872,779 |  |  | 1,872,779 |  |  | February 2026(7) |  | 1,850,076 |  |  | 1,850,076 |  |  | February 2026(7) |
Revolving Credit Facility - USD(9) | 170,000 |  |  | — |  |  | March 2026 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |
Total Secured Debt Arrangements | 6,643,398 |  |  | 5,332,603 |  |  |  |  | 6,175,121 |  |  | 5,309,302 |  |  |  |
Less: deferred financing costs | N/A |  | (15,750) |  |  |  |  | N/A |  | (12,477) |  |  |  |
Total Secured Debt Arrangements, net(10)(11)(12) | $ | 6,643,398 |  |  | $ | 5,316,853 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,175,121 |  |  | $ | 5,296,825 |  |  |

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(1)As of March 31, 2023, British Pound Sterling("GBP"), Euro ("EUR"), and Swedish Krona ("SEK") borrowings were converted to USD at a rate of 1.23, 1.08, and 0.10, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, GBP, EUR and SEK borrowings were converted to USD at a rate of 1.21, 1.07 and 0.10, respectively.
(2)Maturity date assumes extensions at our option are exercised with consent of financing providers, where applicable.
(3)The JPMorgan Facility and Deutsche Bank Facility enable us to elect to receive advances in USD, GBP, or EUR.
(4)The JPMorgan Facility allows for $1.5 billion of maximum borrowings in total as of March 31, 2023. The JPMorgan Facility was temporarily upsized from $1.5 billion to $1.6 billion during August 2022 and the maximum borrowings decreased to $1.5 billion as of January 2023.
(5)The Atlas Facility was formerly the Credit Suisse Facility. See "—Atlas Facility" below for additional discussion.
(6)Assumes financings are extended in line with the underlying loans.
(7)Represents weighted average maturity across various financings with the counterparty. See below for additional details.
(8)Assumes facility enters the two-year amortization period subsequent to the November 2023 maturity, which allows for the refinancing or pay down of assets under the facility.
(9)The current stated maturity of the Revolving Credit Facility is March 2026. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a per annum rate equal to the sum of (i) a floating rate index and (ii) a fixed margin. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility are full recourse to certain guarantor wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company. See "—Revolving Credit Facility" below for additional discussion.
(10)Weighted-average borrowing costs as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were applicable benchmark rates and credit spread adjustments, plus spreads of USD: +2.35% / GBP: +1.92% / EUR: +1.54% / SEK: +1.50% and USD: +2.28% / GBP: +2.02% / EUR: +1.54%/ SEK: +1.50%, respectively.
(11)Weighted average advance rates based on cost as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were 69.7% (65.6% (USD) / 74.5% (GBP) / 71.7% (EUR) / 80.5% (SEK)) and 68.8% (63.9% (USD) / 74.0% (GBP) / 72.1% (EUR) / 80.5% (SEK)), respectively.
(12)As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, approximately 58% and 58% of the outstanding balance under these secured borrowings were recourse to us.
Terms of our secured credit facilities are designed to keep each lender's credit exposure generally constant as a percentage of the underlying value of the assets pledged as security to the facility. If the credit of the underlying collateral value decreases, the amount of leverage to us may be reduced. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the weighted average haircut under our secured debt arrangements was approximately 30.3% and 31.21%, respectively. Our secured credit facilities do not contain capital markets-based mark-to-market provisions.
Atlas Facility
On February 8, 2023, in connection with the acquisition by certain subsidiaries of Atlas Securitized Products Holdings (“Atlas”), which is a wholly-owned investment of a fund managed by an affiliate of the Manager, of certain warehouse assets and liabilities of the Credit Suisse AG Securitized Products Group ("Credit Suisse AG")(the “Transaction”), the Credit Suisse Facility was acquired by Atlas ("Atlas Facility"). In order to effect the assignment of the Credit Suisse Facility and related agreements, the Company and one of its subsidiaries, similar to the other sellers and guarantors party to the subject agreements in the Transaction, entered into an Omnibus Assignment, Assumption and Amendment Agreement as well as certain related agreements with Credit Suisse AG and Atlas. Refer to "Note 14 - Related Party Transactions" for further discussion regarding the transaction.
Revolving Credit Facility
On March 3, 2023, we entered into the Revolving Credit Facility administered by Bank of America, N.A. Revolving Credit Facility provides up to $170.0 million of borrowings secured by qualifying commercial mortgage loans and real property owned assets. The Revolving Credit Facility has a term of three years, maturing in March 2026. The Revolving Credit Facility enables us to borrow on qualifying commercial mortgage loans for up to two years and real property owned assets for up to six months. As of March 31, 2023 we had no borrowings outstanding on the Revolving Credit Facility. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we recorded $27.4 thousand in unused fees related to the Revolving Credit Facility.
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The guarantees related to the Revolving Credit Facility contain the following financial covenants: (i) our liquidity cannot be less than an amount equal to the greater of 5% of total recourse indebtedness or $30.0 million; (ii) our ratio of total indebtedness to tangible net worth cannot be greater than 4:1; (iii) tangible net worth must be greater than $1.25 billion plus 75% of the net cash proceeds of any equity issuance after March 31, 2017; and (iv) maintain a minimum interest coverage ratio of 1.5:1. We were in compliance with the covenants under the Revolving Credit Facility as of March 31, 2023.
Barclays Private Securitization
We are party to a private securitization with Barclays Bank plc (the "Barclays Private Securitization"). Commercial mortgage loans currently financed under the Barclays Securitization are denominated in GBP, EUR and SEK.
The Barclays Private Securitization does not include daily margining provisions and grants us significant discretion to modify certain terms of the underlying collateral including waiving certain loan-level covenant breaches and deferring or waiving of debt service payments for up to 18 months. The securitization includes loan-to-value based covenants with deleveraging requirements that are based on significant declines in the value of the collateral as determined by an annual third-party (engaged by us) appraisal process tied to the provisions of the underlying loan agreements. We believe this provides us with both cushion and predictability to avoid sudden unexpected outcomes and material repayment requirements.
The table below provides principal balances and the carrying value for commercial mortgage loans pledged to the Barclays Private Securitization as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):

| March 31, 2023
Local Currency | Count |  | Outstanding Principal |  | Carrying Value
GBP | 7 |  | $ | 1,544,534 |  |  | $ | 1,525,382 |
EUR | 5 |  | 759,708 |  | 754,935
SEK | 1 |  | 248,634 |  |  | 246,170 |
Total | 13 |  | $ | 2,552,876 |  |  | $ | 2,526,487 |

| December 31, 2022
Local Currency | Count |  | Outstanding Principal |  | Carrying Value
GBP | 7 |  | $ | 1,495,616 |  |  | $ | 1,475,241 |
EUR | 5 |  | 752,531 |  | 747,240
SEK | 1 |  | 248,064 |  |  | 245,714 |
Total | 13 |  | $ | 2,496,211 |  |  | $ | 2,468,195 |

The table below provides the borrowings outstanding (on an as converted basis) and weighted-average fully-extended maturities by currency for the assets financed under the Barclays Private Securitization as of March 31, 2023 ($ in thousands):

| Borrowings Outstanding(1) |  | Fully-Extended Maturity(2)
Total/Weighted-Average GBP | $ | 1,147,379 |  |  | May 2026
Total/Weighted-Average EUR | 526,493 |  | June 2025(3)
Total/Weighted-Average SEK | 198,907 |  | May 2026
Total/Weighted-Average Securitization | $ | 1,872,779 |  |  | February 2026

———————
(1)As of March 31, 2023, we had £930.0 million, €485.7 million, and kr2.1 billion of borrowings outstanding under the Barclays Private Securitization secured by certain of our commercial mortgage loans.
(2)Assumes underlying loans extend to fully extended maturity and extensions at our option are exercised.
(3)The EUR portion of the Barclays Private Securitization has an "evergreen" feature such that the facility continues for one year and can be terminated by either party on certain dates with, depending on the date of notice, a minimum of nine to twelve months' notice.
The table below provides the borrowings outstanding (on an as converted basis) and weighted-average fully-extended maturities by currency for the assets financed under the Barclays Private Securitization as of December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):
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| Borrowings Outstanding(1) |  | Fully-Extended Maturity(2)
Total/Weighted-Average GBP | 1,125,420 |  | May 2026
Total/Weighted-Average EUR | 526,204 |  | June 2025(3)
Total/Weighted-Average SEK | 198,452 |  | May 2026
Total/Weighted-Average Securitization | $ | 1,850,076 |  |  | February 2026

———————
(1)As of December 31, 2022, we had £931.4 million, €491.6 million, and kr2.1 billion of borrowings outstanding under the Barclays Private Securitization secured by certain of our commercial mortgage loans.
(2)Assumes underlying loans extend to fully extended maturity and extensions at our option are exercised.
(3)The EUR portion of the Barclays Private Securitization has an "evergreen" feature such that the facility continues for one year and can be terminated by either party on certain dates with, depending on the date of notice, a minimum of nine to twelve months' notice.
The table below provides the assets and liabilities of the Barclays Private Securitization VIE included in our condensed consolidated balance sheets ($ in thousands):

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Assets: |  |  |
Cash | $ | 1,734 |  |  | $ | 758 |
Commercial mortgage loans, net(1) | 2,526,487 |  |  | 2,468,195 |
Other Assets | 30,230 |  |  | 30,992 |
Total Assets | $ | 2,558,451 |  |  | $ | 2,499,945 |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Secured debt arrangements, net (net of deferred financing costs of $2.7 million and $2.3 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively) | $ | 1,870,088 |  |  | $ | 1,847,799 |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities(2) | 10,735 |  |  | 8,814 |
Total Liabilities | $ | 1,880,823 |  |  | $ | 1,856,613 |

———————
(1)Net of the General CECL Al lowance of $8.0 million and $8.2 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
(2)Includes General CECL Allowance related to unfunded commitments on commercial mortgage loans, net o f $2.9 million and $2.9 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
The table below provides the net income of the Barclays Private Securitization VIE included in our condensed consolidated statement of operations ($ in thousands):

|  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net Interest Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income from commercial mortgage loans |  |  |  |  | $ | 46,977 |  |  | $ | 28,714 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  | (23,133) |  |  | (9,588) |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  | $ | 23,844 |  |  | $ | 19,126 |
Decrease (increase) in current expected credit loss allowance, net |  |  |  |  | 199 |  |  | 3,341 |
Foreign currency translation gain (loss) |  |  |  |  | 10,002 |  |  | (19,629) |
Net Income |  |  |  |  | $ | 34,045 |  |  | $ | 2,838 |

At March 31, 2023, our borrowings had the following remaining maturities ($ in thousands):

| Less than 1 year |  | 1 to 3 years |  | 3 to 5 years |  | More than 5 years |  | Total
JPMorgan Facility | $ | 143,557 |  |  | $ | 527,349 |  |  | $ | 593,359 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,264,265 |
Deutsche Bank Facility | 88,359 |  |  | 130,892 |  |  | 166,567 |  |  | — |  |  | 385,818 |
Atlas Facility | — |  |  | 105,008 |  |  | 583,118 |  |  | — |  |  | 688,126 |
HSBC Facility | — |  |  | 493,056 |  |  | 155,338 |  |  | — |  |  | 648,394 |

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Goldman Sachs Facility | — |  |  | 33,755 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,755 |
Barclays Facility | — |  |  | — |  |  | 111,909 |  |  | — |  |  | 111,909 |
MUFG Securities Facility | — |  |  | 198,355 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 198,355 |
Santander Facility - USD | — |  |  | 75,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 75,000 |
Santander Facility - EUR | — |  |  | 54,202 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54,202 |
Barclays Private Securitization | — |  |  | 716,189 |  |  | 1,156,590 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,872,779 |
Total | $ | 231,916 |  |  | $ | 2,333,806 |  |  | $ | 2,766,881 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,332,603 |

The table above reflects the fully extended maturity date of the facility and assumes facilities with an "evergreen" feature continue to extend through the fully-extended maturity of the underlying asset and assumes underlying loans are extended with consent of financing providers.
The table below summarizes the outstanding balances at March 31, 2023, as well as the maximum and average month-end balances for the three months ended March 31, 2023 for our borrowings under secured debt arrangements ($ in thousands).

| As of March 31, 2023 |  | For the three months ended March 31, 2023
| Balance |  | Amortized Cost of Collateral |  | Maximum Month-End Balance |  | Average Month-End Balance
JPMorgan Facility | $ | 1,264,265 |  |  | $ | 2,115,700 |  |  | $ | 1,324,226 |  |  | $ | 1,295,325 |
Deutsche Bank Facility | 385,818 |  |  | 569,703 |  |  | 385,818 |  |  | 385,818 |
Goldman Sachs Facility | 33,755 |  |  | 56,173 |  |  | 70,249 |  |  | 58,084 |
Atlas Facility | 688,126 |  |  | 939,299 |  |  | 688,126 |  |  | 650,791 |
HSBC Facility | 648,394 |  |  | 828,224 |  |  | 648,482 |  |  | 643,014 |
Barclays Facility | 111,909 |  |  | 138,652 |  |  | 111,909 |  |  | 111,909 |
MUFG Securities Facility | 198,355 |  |  | 267,448 |  |  | 198,355 |  |  | 196,576 |
Santander Facility - USD | 75,000 |  |  | 99,389 |  |  | 75,000 |  |  | 50,000 |
Santander Facility - EUR | 54,202 |  |  | 72,270 |  |  | 54,227 |  |  | 53,755 |
Barclays Private Securitization | 1,872,779 |  |  | 2,534,457 |  |  | 1,879,238 |  |  | 1,860,505 |
Total | $ | 5,332,603 |  |  | $ | 7,621,315 |  |  |  |  |

The table below summarizes the outstanding balances at December 31, 2022, as well as the maximum and average month-end balances for the year ended December 31, 2022 for our borrowings under secured debt arrangements ($ in thousands).

| As of December 31, 2022 |  | For the year ended December 31, 2022
| Balance |  | Amortized Cost of Collateral |  | Maximum Month-End Balance |  | Average Month-End Balance
JPMorgan Facility | $ | 1,373,598 |  |  | $ | 2,376,154 |  |  | $ | 1,584,171 |  |  | $ | 1,411,644 |
Deutsche Bank Facility | 385,818 |  |  | 565,387 |  |  | 432,455 |  |  | 400,337 |
Goldman Sachs Facility | 70,249 |  |  | 116,619 |  |  | 164,607 |  |  | 140,599 |
Atlas Facility | 632,747 |  |  | 855,119 |  |  | 633,143 |  |  | 541,245 |
HSBC Facility | 637,313 |  |  | 813,716 |  |  | 660,004 |  |  | 501,674 |
Barclays Facility | 111,909 |  |  | 138,510 |  |  | 172,693 |  |  | 102,664 |
MUFG Securities Facility | 194,272 |  |  | 261,319 |  |  | 194,272 |  |  | 156,499 |
Santander Facility | 53,320 |  |  | 71,093 |  |  | 53,320 |  |  | 50,450 |
Barclays Private Securitization | 1,850,076 |  |  | 2,476,349 |  |  | 1,963,837 |  |  | 1,828,794 |
Total | $ | 5,309,302 |  |  | $ | 7,674,266 |  |  |  |  |

Debt Covenants
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The guarantees related to our secured debt arrangements contain the following financial covenants: (i) tangible net worth must be greater than $1.25 billion plus 75% of the net cash proceeds of any equity issuance after March 31, 2017; (ii) our ratio of total indebtedness to tangible net worth cannot be greater than 3.75:1; and (iii) our liquidity cannot be less than an amount equal to the greater of 5% of total recourse indebtedness or $30.0 million. Under these covenants, our General CECL Allowance is added back to our tangible net worth calculation. Additionally, in relation to our Revolving Credit Facility, we must maintain a minimum interest coverage ratio of 1.5:1.
We were in compliance with the covenants under each of our secured debt arrangements at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
Note 8 – Senior Secured Term Loans, Net
In May 2019, we entered into a $500.0 million senior secured term loan (the "2026 Term Loan"), which matures in May 2026 and contains restrictions relating to liens, asset sales, indebtedness, and investments in non-wholly owned entities. The 2026 Term Loan bears interest at LIBOR plus 2.75% and was issued at a price of 99.5%.
In March 2021, we entered into an additional $300.0 million senior secured term loan, with substantially the same terms as the 2026 Term Loan, (the "2028 Term Loan" and, together with the 2026 Term Loan, the "Term Loans"), which matures in March 2028 and contains restrictions relating to liens, asset sales, indebtedness, and investments in non-wholly owned entities. The 2028 Term Loan bears interest at LIBOR (with a floor of 0.50%) plus 3.50% and was issued at a price of 99.0%.
The Term Loans are amortizing with repayments of 0.25% per quarter of the total committed principal. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we repaid $1.3 million of principal respectively related to the 2026 Term Loan. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we repaid $0.7 million of principal respectively related to the 2028 Term Loan.
The following table summarizes the terms of the Term Loans as of March 31, 2023 ($ in thousands):

| Principal Amount | Unamortized Issuance Discount(1) | Deferred Financing Costs(1) | Carrying Value | Spread | Maturity Date
2026 Term Loan | $ | 481,250 |  | $ | (1,101) |  | $ | (3,742) |  | $ | 476,407 |  | 2.75 | % | 5/15/2026
2028 Term Loan | 294,000 |  | (2,107) |  | (5,594) |  | 286,299 |  | 3.50 | % | 3/11/2028
Total | $ | 775,250 |  | $ | (3,208) |  | $ | (9,336) |  | $ | 762,706 |  |  |

———————
(1) Unamortized issuance discount and deferred financing costs will be amortized to interest expense over remaining life of respective term loans.
The following table summarizes the terms of the Term Loans as of December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):

| Principal Amount | Unamortized Issuance Discount(1) | Deferred Financing Costs(1) | Carrying Value | Spread | Maturity Date
2026 Term Loan | $ | 482,500 |  | $ | (1,190) |  | $ | (6,106) |  | $ | 475,204 |  | 2.75 | % | 5/15/2026
2028 Term Loan | 294,750 |  | (2,214) |  | (3,927) |  | 288,609 |  | 3.50 | % | 3/11/2028
Total | $ | 777,250 |  | $ | (3,404) |  | $ | (10,033) |  | $ | 763,813 |  |  |

———————
(1) Unamortized issuance discount and deferred financing costs will be amortized to interest expense over remaining life of respective term loans.
Covenants
The financial covenants of the Term Loans include the requirements that we maintain: (i) a maximum ratio of total recourse debt to tangible net worth of 4:1; and (ii) a maximum ratio of total unencumbered assets to total pari-passu indebtedness of 2.50:1. We were in compliance with the covenants under the Term Loans at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
Interest Rate Cap
During the second quarter of 2020, we entered into a three-year interest rate cap to cap LIBOR at 0.75%. This effectively limits the maximum all-in coupon on our 2026 Term Loan to 3.50%. In connection with the interest rate cap, we incurred
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upfront fees of $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, which we recorded as a deferred financing cost on our consolidated balance sheets. The deferred financing cost is being amortized over the duration of the interest rate cap with respective amortization recognized as part of interest expense in our condensed consolidated statement of operations.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, LIBOR exceeded the cap rate of 0.75%. As such, during the three months ended March 31, 2023, we realized a gain from the interest rate cap in the amount of $4.7 million, which is included in gain (loss) on interest rate hedging instruments in our condensed consolidated statement of operations. The realized gain was a result of the increase in the current interest rate forward curve, partially offset by the nearing maturity of the cap.
Note 9 – Senior Secured Notes, Net
In June 2021, we issued $500.0 million of 4.625% Senior Secured Notes due 2029 (the "2029 Notes"), for which we received net proceeds of $495.0 million, after deducting initial purchasers' discounts and commissions. The 2029 Notes will mature on June 15, 2029, unless earlier repurchased or redeemed. The 2029 Notes are secured by a first-priority lien, and rank pari-passu in right of payment with all of our existing and future first lien obligations, including indebtedness under the Term Loans. The 2029 Notes were issued at par and contain covenants relating to liens, indebtedness, and investments in non-wholly owned entities. The 2029 Notes had a carrying value of $495.0 million and $494.8 million, net of deferred financing costs of $5.0 million and $5.2 million, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Covenants
The 2029 Notes include certain covenants including a requirement that we maintain a ratio of total unencumbered assets to total pari-passu indebtedness of at least 1.20:1. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all covenants.
Note 10 – Convertible Senior Notes, Net
In two separate offerings during 2017, we issued an aggregate principal amount of $345.0 million of 4.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2022 (the "2022 Notes"), for which we received $337.5 million, after deducting the underwriting discount and offering expenses. During the third quarter of 2022, we repaid the $345.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Notes in cash at par.
During the fourth quarter of 2018, we issued $230.0 million of 5.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 (the "2023 Notes" and, together with the 2022 Notes, the "Convertible Notes"), for which we received $223.7 million after deducting the underwriting discount and offering expenses. At March 31, 2023, the 2023 Notes had a carrying value of $222.5 million and an unamortized discount of $0.4 million.
The following table summarizes the terms of the 2023 Notes as of March 31, 2023 ($ in thousands):

| Principal Amount | Coupon Rate | Effective Rate (1) | Conversion Rate (2) | Maturity Date | Remaining Period of Amortization
2023 Notes | 222,910 |  | 5.38 | % | 5.74 | % | 48.7187 |  | 10/15/2023 | 0.54
Total | $ | 222,910 |  |  |  |  |  |

The following table summarizes the terms of the 2023 Notes as of December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):

| Principal Amount | Coupon Rate | Effective Rate (1) | Conversion Rate (2) | Maturity Date | Remaining Period of Amortization
2023 Notes | 230,000 |  | 5.38 | % | 5.85 | % | 48.7187 |  | 10/15/2023 | 0.79
Total | $ | 230,000 |  |  |  |  |  |

———————
(1)Effective rate includes the effect of the adjustment for the conversion option (See footnote (2) below), the value of which reduced the initial liability and was recorded in additional paid-in-capital. The effective rate as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 reflects adoption of ASU 2020-06 "Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity's Own Equity" ("ASU 2020-06") and early extinguishment of debt.
(2)We have the option to settle any conversions in cash, shares of common stock or a combination thereof. The conversion rate represents the number of shares of common stock issuable per one thousand principal amount of the Convertible Notes converted and includes adjustments relating to cash dividend payments made by us to stockholders that have been deferred and carried-forward in accordance with, and are not yet required to be made
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pursuant to, the terms of the applicable supplemental indenture.
On January 1, 2022, we adopted ASU 2020-06, which no longer require the liability and equity components of convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash upon conversion (including partial cash settlement) to be separately accounted for in a manner that reflects the issuer’s nonconvertible debt borrowing rate. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06, we attributed $15.4 million of the proceeds to the equity component of the Convertible Notes ($11.0 million to the 2022 Notes and $4.4 million to the 2023 Notes), which represented the excess proceeds received over the fair value of the liability component of the Convertible Notes at the date of issuance. The equity component of the Convertible Notes had been reflected within additional paid-in capital on our consolidated balance sheets until January 1, 2022 when we adopted ASU 2020-06 through the modified retrospective approach. Upon adoption, we (i) reclassified $12.0 million of previously recorded amortization related to the equity component of the Convertible Notes from retained earnings to additional paid-in-capital and (ii) reclassified the remaining unamortized balance of $3.4 million to additional paid-in-capital, which increased the cost basis of convertible notes and decreased additional paid-in-capital on the consolidated balance sheets.
We may not redeem the 2023 Notes prior to maturity except in limited circumstances. On March 20, 2023, we repurchased $7.1 million aggregate principal amount of the 2023 Notes at a price of 97%. As a result of this transaction, we recorded a gain of $0.2 million within realized gain on extinguishment of debt in our March 31, 2023 condensed consolidated statement of operations. The gain represents the difference between the repurchase price and the carrying amount of the 2023 Notes, net of the proportionate amount of unamortized debt issuance costs. The closing price of our common stock on March 31, 2023 of $9.31 was less than the per share conversion price of the 2023 Notes at such time.
The aggregate contractual interest expense was approximately $3.0 million and $7.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively. With respect to the amortization of the discount on the liability component of the Convertible Notes as well as the amortization of deferred financing costs, we reported additional non-cash interest expense of approximately $0.4 million and $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Note 11 – Derivatives
We use forward currency contracts to economically hedge interest and principal payments due under our loans denominated in currencies other than USD.
We have entered into a series of forward contracts to sell an amount of foreign currency (GBP, EUR and SEK) for an agreed upon amount of USD at various dates through February 2027. These forward contracts were executed to economically fix the USD amounts of foreign denominated cash flows expected to be received by us related to foreign denominated loan investments.
The agreements with our derivative counterparties require that we post collateral to secure net liability positions. As of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we were in a net asset position with all of our derivative counterparties and did not have any collateral posted under these derivative contracts.
The following table summarizes our non-designated Fx forwards and our interest rate cap as of March 31, 2023:

| March 31, 2023
Type of Derivatives | Number of Contracts |  | Aggregate Notional Amount (in thousands) |  | Notional Currency |  | Maturity |  | Weighted-Average Years to Maturity
Fx contracts - GBP | 118 |  | 900,736 |  | GBP |  | April 2023 - February 2027 |  | 1.67
Fx contracts - EUR | 105 |  | 440,260 |  | EUR |  | April 2023 - November 2025 |  | 1.61
Fx contracts - SEK | 18 |  | 716,316 |  | SEK |  | May 2023 - May 2026 |  | 2.75
Interest rate cap | 1 |  | 500,000 |  | USD |  | June 2023 |  | 0.21

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The following table summarizes our non-designated Fx forwards and our interest rate cap as of December 31, 2022:

| December 31, 2022
Type of Derivatives | Number of Contracts |  | Aggregate Notional Amount (in thousands) |  | Notional Currency |  | Maturity |  | Weighted-Average Years to Maturity
Fx contracts - GBP | 124 |  | 936,930 |  | GBP |  | January 2023 - February 2027 |  | 1.78
Fx contracts - EUR | 130 |  | 576,240 |  | EUR |  | January 2023 - November 2025 |  | 1.78
Fx contracts - SEK | 19 |  | 730,432 |  | SEK |  | February 2023 - May 2026 |  | 2.95
Interest rate cap | 1 |  | 500,000 |  | USD |  | June 2023 |  | 0.46

We have not designated any of our derivative instruments as hedges as defined in ASC 815, "Derivatives and Hedging" and, therefore, changes in the fair value of our derivative instruments are recorded directly in earnings. The following table summarizes the amounts recognized on our condensed consolidated statements of operations related to our derivatives for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 ($ in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income
|  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31,
| Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Forward currency contracts | Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (35,851) |  |  | $ | 18,142 |  |  |
Forward currency contracts | Realized gain on derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  | 21,716 |  |  | 4,620 |  |  |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (14,135) |  |  | $ | 22,762 |  |  |

In June 2020, we entered into an interest rate cap for approximately $1.1 million. We use our interest rate cap to manage exposure to variable cash flows on our borrowings under the senior secured term loan by effectively limiting LIBOR from exceeding 0.75%. This effectively limits the maximum all-in coupon on our senior secured term loan to 3.50%. The unrealized gain or loss related to the interest rate cap is recorded net under unrealized gain on interest rate hedging instruments in our consolidated statement of operations. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, LIBOR exceeded the cap rate of 0.75%. As such, during the three months ended March 31, 2023, we realized a gain from the interest rate cap in the amount of $4.7 million, which is included in gain (loss) on interest rate hedging instruments in our condensed consolidated statement of operations. The realized gain was a result of the increase in the current interest rate forward curve, partially offset by the nearing maturity of the cap. There was no realized gain recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2022. The following table summarizes the amounts recognized on our condensed consolidated statements of operations related to our interest rate cap for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 ($ in thousands):

|  |  | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income
|  |  | Three months ended March 31,
| Location of gain (loss) recognized in income |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Interest rate cap(1) | Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedging instruments |  | $ | (4,813) |  |  |  | $ | 6,321 |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate cap(1) | Realized gain on interest rate hedging instruments |  | 4,706 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | $ | (107) |  |  |  | $ | 6,321 |  |  |  |  |

———————
(1)With a notional amount of $500.0 million at March 31, 2023 and 2022.
The following tables summarize the gross asset and liability amounts related to our derivatives at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):
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| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Gross Amount of Recognized Assets |  | Gross Amounts Offset in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet |  | Net Amounts of Assets Presented in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet |  | Gross Amount of Recognized Assets |  | Gross Amounts Offset in our Consolidated Balance Sheet |  | Net Amounts of Assets Presented in our Consolidated Balance Sheet
Forward currency contracts | $ | 106,825 |  |  | $ | (23,176) |  |  | $ | 83,649 |  |  | $ | 143,285 |  |  | $ | (23,786) |  |  | $ | 119,499 |
Interest rate cap | 5,256 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,256 |  |  | 9,141 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,141 |
Total derivative assets (liabilities) | $ | 112,081 |  |  | $ | (23,176) |  |  | $ | 88,905 |  |  | $ | 152,426 |  |  | $ | (23,786) |  |  | $ | 128,640 |

Note 12 – Participations Sold
Participations sold represents the subordinate interests in loans we originated and subsequently partially sold. We account for participations sold as secured borrowings on our condensed consolidated balance sheet with both assets and non-recourse liabilities because the participations do not qualify as a sale under ASC 860. The income earned on the participations sold is recorded as interest income and an identical amount is recorded as interest expense in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.
In December 2020, we sold a £6.7 million ($8.9 million assuming conversion into USD at time of transfer) interest, at par, in a first mortgage loan collateralized by an office building located in London, UK that was originated by us in December 2017. In connection with this sale, we transferred our remaining unfunded commitment of £19.1 million ($25.3 million assuming conversion into USD at time of transfer). The participation interest sold was subordinate to our first mortgage loan and was accounted for as a secured borrowing on our consolidated balance sheet. In January 2023, the first mortgage loan, including participations sold, was fully satisfied, including all contractual and default interest accrued to date.
The table below details participations sold included in our condensed consolidated balance sheets ($ in thousands):

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Participation sold on commercial mortgage loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,130 |
Total participations sold | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,130 |

Note 13 – Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities
The following table details the components of our accounts payable, accrued expense and other liabilities ($ in thousands):

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Collateral held under derivative agreements | $ | 87,790 |  |  | $ | 138,620 |
Accrued dividends payable | 53,006 |  |  | 53,203 |
Accrued interest payable | 35,537 |  |  | 23,943 |
Accounts payable and other liabilities(1) | 12,429 |  |  | 7,247 |
General CECL Allowance on unfunded commitments(2) | 4,695 |  |  | 4,347 |
Total | $ | 193,457 |  |  | $ | 227,360 |

———————
(1)Includes $11.7 million and $1.1 million of accounts payable and other liabilities on the balance sheet of the Real Estate Owned, Held for Investment at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
(2)Refer to "Note 4 - Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net" for additional disclosure related to the General CECL Allowance on unfunded commitments as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Note 14 – Related Party Transactions
Management Agreement
In connection with our initial public offering in September 2009, we entered into a management agreement (the "Management Agreement") with the Manager, which describes the services to be provided by the Manager and its compensation for those services. The Manager is responsible for managing our day-to-day operations, subject to the direction
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and oversight of our board of directors.
Pursuant to the terms of the Management Agreement, the Manager is paid a base management fee equal to 1.5% per annum of our stockholders’ equity (as defined in the Management Agreement), calculated and payable (in cash) quarterly in arrears.
The term of the Management Agreement was automatically renewed for a successive one-year term on September 29, 2022 and will automatically renew on each anniversary thereafter. The Management Agreement may be terminated upon expiration of the one-year extension term only upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our independent directors, based upon (1) unsatisfactory performance by the Manager that is materially detrimental to ARI or (2) a determination that the management fee payable to the Manager is not fair, subject to the Manager’s right to prevent such a termination based on unfair fees by accepting a mutually acceptable reduction of management fees agreed to by at least two-thirds of our independent directors. The Manager must be provided with written notice of any such termination at least 180 days prior to the expiration of the then existing term and will be paid a termination fee equal to three times the sum of the average annual base management fee during the 24-month period immediately preceding the date of termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter prior to the date of termination. Following a meeting of our independent directors in March 2023, which included a discussion of the Manager’s performance and the level of the management fees thereunder, we determined not to seek termination of the Management Agreement.
We incurred approximately $9.5 million and $9.4 million in base management fees under the Management Agreement for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
In addition to the base management fee, we are also responsible for reimbursing the Manager for certain expenses paid by the Manager on our behalf or for certain services provided by the Manager to us. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we paid expenses totaling $1.2 million and $0.9 million, respectively, related to reimbursements for certain expenses paid by the Manager on our behalf under the Management Agreement. Expenses incurred by the Manager and reimbursed by us are reflected in the respective condensed consolidated statement of operations expense category or our condensed consolidated balance sheets based on the nature of the item.
Included in payable to related party on our condensed consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is approximately $9.5 million and $9.7 million, respectively, for base management fees incurred but not yet paid under the Management Agreement.
Loans receivable
We own three mezzanine loans and a commercial mortgage that are secured by the same ultra-luxury residential property currently under construction in Manhattan, NY. During the third quarter of 2021, a vehicle managed by an affiliate of the Manager transferred its Junior Mezzanine B Loan position to the Company and in connection with this transfer, one of the property’s subordinate capital providers paid the vehicle a price representing the original principal balance on the Junior Mezzanine B Loan position with the vehicle agreeing to forego its accrued interest on the Junior Mezzanine B Loan. During the third quarter of 2022, we refinanced our mezzanine loans, and originated a commercial mortgage loan as part of an overall recapitalization. The mezzanine positions held by entities managed by affiliates of the Manager were repaid. Refer to "Note 4 - Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net" for additional information.
During the third quarter of 2022, we transferred £293.4 million ($327.7 million assuming conversion into USD) of unfunded commitments related to a mixed-use development property located in London, UK to entities managed by affiliates of the Manager.
During the first quarter of 2023, we transferred interests in, (i) three commercial mortgage loans secured by various properties in Europe, with aggregate commitments of €205.7 million (of which €115.0 million was funded at the time of sale), and (ii) a partial interest of £15.0 million in a commercial mortgage loan secured by a mixed-use property located in London, UK. These transfers were made to entities managed by affiliates of the Manager. Refer to "Note 4 – Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net" for additional disclosure.
Term Loan
In March 2021, Apollo Global Funding, LLC, an affiliate of the Manager, served as one of the eight arrangers for the issuance of our 2028 Term Loan and received $0.2 million of arrangement fees. In addition, funds managed by an affiliate of the Manager invested in $30.0 million of the 2028 Term Loan.
Senior Secured Notes
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In June 2021, Apollo Global Securities, LLC, an affiliate of the Manager, served as one of the eight initial purchasers in the issuance of our 2029 Notes and received $0.4 million of initial purchasers' discounts and commissions.
Italian Direct Lending Structure
In the fourth quarter of 2021, we formed an Italian closed-end alternative investment fund (the "AIF"), managed by
Apollo Investment Management Europe (Luxembourg) S.A R.L, a regulated alternative investment fund manager (the
"AIFM"), an affiliate of the Manager. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the AIF had a balance of $16.8 thousand in fees payable to the AIFM, which is recorded in payable to related party on our condensed consolidated balance sheet. The fees incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2022 were de minimis.
Atlas Facility
On February 8, 2023, in connection with the acquisition by certain subsidiaries of Atlas, which is a wholly-owned investment of a fund managed by an affiliate of the Manager, the Credit Suisse Facility was acquired by Atlas. In order to effect the assignment of the Credit Suisse Facility and related agreements, the Company and one of its subsidiaries, similar to the other sellers and guarantors party to the subject agreements in the Transaction, entered into an Omnibus Assignment, Assumption and Amendment Agreement as well as certain related agreements with Credit Suisse AG and Atlas. At the time of acquisition, we had $632.3 million of secured debt on the Credit Suisse Facility consisting of four commercial mortgage loans. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, one commercial mortgage loan was added to the Atlas Facility totaling $83 million in secured debt. Refer to "Note 7 – Secured Debt Arrangements, Net" " for additional discussion.
Note 15 – Share-Based Payments
On September 23, 2009, our board of directors approved the Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc. 2009 Equity Incentive Plan ("2009 LTIP") and on April 16, 2019, our board of directors approved the Amended and Restated Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc. 2019 Equity Incentive Plan ("2019 LTIP," and together with the 2009 LTIP, the "LTIPs"), which amended and restated the 2009 LTIP. Following the approval of the 2019 LTIP by our stockholders at our 2019 annual meeting of stockholders on June 12, 2019, no additional awards have been or will be granted under the 2009 LTIP and all outstanding awards granted under the 2009 LTIP remain in effect in accordance with the terms in the 2009 LTIP.
The 2019 LTIP provides for grants of restricted common stock, restricted stock units ("RSUs") and other equity-based awards up to an aggregate of 7,000,000 shares of our common stock. The LTIPs are administered by the compensation committee of our board of directors (the "Compensation Committee") and all grants under the LTIPs must be approved by the Compensation Committee.
We recognized stock-based compensation expense of $4.4 million and $4.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively, related to restricted stock and RSU vesting.
The following table summarizes the grants, vesting and forfeitures of restricted common stock and RSUs during the three months ended March 31, 2023:

| Type |  | Restricted Stock |  | RSUs |  | Grant Date Fair Value ($ in millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  | 56,102 |  |  | 2,865,154 |  |  |
| Granted |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | N/A
| Vested |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | N/A
| Forfeiture |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | N/A
Outstanding at March 31, 2023 |  | 56,102 |  |  | 2,865,154 |  |  |

Below is a summary of restricted stock and RSU vesting dates as of March 31, 2023:

Vesting Year |  | Restricted Stock |  | RSUs |  | Total Awards
2023 |  | 52,768 |  |  | 1,397,011 |  |  | 1,449,779 |
2024 |  | 3,334 |  |  | 954,415 |  |  | 957,749 |
2025 |  | — |  |  | 513,728 |  |  | 513,728 |
Total |  | 56,102 |  |  | 2,865,154 |  |  | 2,921,256 |

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At March 31, 2023, we had unrecognized compensation expense of approximately $0.1 million and $29.9 million related to the vesting of restricted stock awards and RSUs, respectively, noted in the table above.
RSU Deliveries
During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 we delivered 670,044 and 647,349 shares of common stock for 1,233,711 and 1,136,525 vested RSUs, respectively. We allow RSU participants to settle their tax liabilities with a reduction of their share delivery from the originally granted and vested RSUs. The amount, when agreed to by the participant, results in a cash payment to the Manager related to this tax liability and a corresponding adjustment to additional paid in capital on our condensed consolidated statement of changes in stockholders' equity. The adjustment was $6.7 million and $7.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The adjustment is a reduction of capital related to our equity incentive plan and is presented net of increases of capital related to our equity incentive plan in our condensed consolidated statement of changes in stockholders' equity.
Note 16 – Stockholders’ Equity
Our authorized capital stock consists of 450,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share. As of March 31, 2023, 141,266,039 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding, and 6,770,393 shares of 7.25% Series B-1 Preferred Stock were issued and outstanding. The Series B-1 Preferred Stock, with a par value $0.01 per share, have a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share.
Dividends. The following table details our dividend activity:

|  |  | Three months ended March 31,
Dividends declared per share of: |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Common Stock |  |  |  |  | $0.35 |  | $0.35 |  |
Series B-1 Preferred Stock |  |  |  |  | 0.45 |  | 0.45 |  |

Common Stock Repurchases. There was no common stock repurchase activity during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. As of March 31, 2023, there was $172.2 million remaining authorized under our stock repurchase program.
Note 17 – Commitments and Contingencies
Legal Proceedings. From time to time, we may be involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. On June 28, 2018, AmBase Corporation, 111 West 57th Street Manager Funding LLC and 111 West 57th Investment LLC commenced a now-dismissed action captioned AmBase Corporation et al v. ACREFI Mortgage Lending, LLC et al (No 653251/2018) in New York Supreme Court (the "Apollo Action"). The complaint named as defendants (i) a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the "Subsidiary"), (ii) the Company, and (iii) certain funds managed by Apollo, who were co-lenders on a mezzanine loan against the development of a residential condominium building in Manhattan, New York. The plaintiffs alleged that the defendants tortiously interfered with the plaintiffs’ joint venture agreement with the developers of the project, and that the defendants aided and abetted breaches of fiduciary duty by the developers of the project. The plaintiffs alleged the loss of a $70.0 million investment plus punitive damages. The defendants' motion to dismiss was granted on October 23, 2019 and the Court entered judgment dismissing the complaint in its entirety on November 8, 2019. Plaintiffs appealed, the parties fully briefed the appeal, and then Plaintiffs dropped the appeal, and the case remains dismissed.
Plaintiffs amended the complaint in a separate action in 2021, 111 West 57th Investment LLC v. 111W57 Mezz Investor LLC (No. 655031/2017) also in New York Supreme Court (the "April 2021 Action") to name Apollo Global Management, Inc., the Subsidiary, the Company, and certain funds managed by Apollo as defendants. The April 2021 Action concerns overlapping claims and the same condominium development project that the Apollo Action concerned. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss, which was granted in part and denied in part on December 15, 2022. The Court dismissed the claim against Apollo Global Management, Inc. and the Company. Plaintiff has cross-appealed the dismissal to revive the claim against Apollo Global Management, Inc. The claim against the Apollo entities who were co-lenders on the mezzanine loan, including the Subsidiary, remains in the case. Apollo will appeal the decision with respect to the remaining claim. No reasonable estimate of possible loss, if any, can be made at this time. The Company believes the claims in this action are without merit.
Loan Commitments. As described in "Note 4 - Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net" at March 31, 2023, we had $0.87 billion of unfunded commitments related to our commercial mortgage and subordinate loans. The timings and amounts of fundings are uncertain as these commitments relate to loans for construction costs, capital expenditures, leasing costs, interest and carry costs, among others. As such, the timings and amounts of future
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fundings depend on the progress and performance of the underlying assets of our loans. Certain of our lenders are contractually obligated to fund their ratable portion of these loan commitments over time, while other lenders have some degree of discretion over future loan funding obligations. The total unfunded commitment is expected to be funded over the remaining 3.6 years weighted average tenor of these loans.
COVID-19. Although more normalized activities have resumed and there has been improved global economic activity due to global and domestic vaccination efforts, there are still various uncertainties around the impact COVID-19 and its variants had and will continue to have on our business and the economy as a whole, including longer-term macroeconomic effects on supply chains, inflation and labor shortages.
As of March 31, 2023, we have not recorded any contingencies on our condensed consolidated balance sheets related to COVID-19. To the extent COVID-19 continues to cause dislocations in the global economy, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows may continue to be adversely impacted. Refer to "Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further discussion regarding COVID-19.
Note 18 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments not carried at fair value on our condensed consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 331,533 |  |  | $ | 331,533 |  |  | $ | 222,030 |  |  | $ | 222,030 |
Commercial mortgage loans, net | 7,879,205 |  |  | 7,818,304 |  |  | 8,121,109 |  |  | 8,083,410 |
Subordinate loans and other lending assets, net(1) | 592,863 |  |  | 590,409 |  |  | 560,881 |  |  | 558,740 |
Secured debt arrangements, net | (5,316,853) |  |  | (5,316,853) |  |  | (5,296,825) |  |  | (5,296,825) |
Term loans, net | (762,706) |  |  | (671,528) |  |  | (763,813) |  |  | (731,709) |
Senior secured notes, net | (495,040) |  |  | (346,250) |  |  | (494,844) |  |  | (400,950) |
2023 Notes | (222,467) |  |  | (217,600) |  |  | (229,361) |  |  | (225,366) |
Debt related to real estate owned, held for investment, net | (160,611) |  |  | (160,611) |  |  | (160,294) |  |  | (160,294) |
Participations sold | — |  |  | — |  |  | (25,130) |  |  | (25,130) |

———————
(1)Includes subordinate risk retention interests in securitization vehicles with an estimated fair value that approximates their carrying value.
To determine estimated fair values of the financial instruments listed above, market rates of interest, which include credit assumptions, are used to discount contractual cash flows. The estimated fair values are not necessarily indicative of the amount we could realize on disposition of the financial instruments. The use of different market assumptions or estimation methodologies could have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts. Estimates of fair value for cash and cash equivalents, convertible senior notes, net, and Term Loans, net are measured using observable Level I inputs as defined in "Note 3 - Fair Value Disclosure." Estimates of fair value for all other financial instruments in the table above are measured using significant estimates, or unobservable Level III inputs as defined in "Note 3 - Fair Value Disclosure."
Note 19 – Net Income per Share
ASC 260, "Earnings per share" requires the use of the two-class method of computing earnings per share for all periods presented for each class of common stock and participating security as if all earnings for the period had been distributed. Under the two-class method, during periods of net income, the net income is first reduced for dividends declared on all classes of securities to arrive at undistributed earnings. During periods of net losses, the net loss is reduced for dividends declared on participating securities only if the security has the right to participate in the earnings of the entity and an objectively determinable contractual obligation to share in net losses of the entity.
The remaining earnings are allocated to common stockholders and participating securities to the extent that each security shares in earnings as if all of the earnings for the period had been distributed. Each total is then divided by the applicable number of shares to arrive at basic earnings per share. For the diluted earnings, the denominator includes all outstanding shares of common stock and all potential shares of common stock assumed issued if they are dilutive. The numerator is adjusted for any changes in income or loss that would result from the assumed conversion of these potential shares of common stock.
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The table below presents the computation of basic and diluted net income per share of common stock for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 ($ in thousands except per share data):

|  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Basic Earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  | $ | 48,916 |  |  | $ | 15,238 |  |
Less: Preferred dividends |  |  |  |  | (3,068) |  |  | (3,068) |  |
Net income available to common stockholders |  |  |  |  | $ | 45,848 |  |  | $ | 12,170 |  |
Less: Dividends on participating securities |  |  |  |  | (1,003) |  |  | (899) |  |
Basic Earnings |  |  |  |  | $ | 44,845 |  |  | $ | 11,271 |  |
Diluted Earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic Earnings |  |  |  |  | $ | 44,845 |  |  | $ | 11,271 |  |
Add: Dividends on participating securities |  |  |  |  | 1,003 |  |  | — |  |
Add: Interest expense on Convertible Notes |  |  |  |  | 3,445 |  |  | — |  |
Diluted Earnings |  |  |  |  | $ | 49,293 |  |  | $ | 11,271 |  |
Number of Shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding |  |  |  |  | 141,072,471 |  |  | 140,353,386 |  |
Diluted weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding |  |  |  |  | 155,483,979 |  |  | 140,353,386 |  |
Earnings Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.08 |  |
Diluted |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.08 |  |

The dilutive effect to earnings per share is determined using the "if-converted" method whereby interest expense on the outstanding Convertible Notes is added back to the diluted earnings per share numerator, and all of the potentially dilutive shares are included in the diluted earnings per share denominator. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, 11,189,949 weighted-average potentially issuable shares with respect to the Convertible Notes were included in the dilutive earnings per share denominator because the effect was dilutive. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, 28,533,271 weighted-average potentially issuable shares with respect to the Convertible Notes were excluded in the dilutive earnings per share denominator because the effect was anti-dilutive. Refer to "Note 10 - Convertible Senior Notes, Net" for further discussion.
For the three months ended March 31, 2023, 3,221,559 weighted-average unvested RSUs were included in the calculation of diluted net income per share because the effect was dilutive. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, 2,571,417 weighted-average unvested RSUs, were excluded in the calculation of diluted net income per share because the effect was anti-dilutive.
Note 20 – Subsequent Events
Subsequent to the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the following events took place:
Investment Activity: We funded approximately $30.5 million for previously closed loans and capitalized an additional $4.2 million of construction and financing costs related to our real estate owned, held for investment.
Loan Repayments: We received approximately $29.0 million from loan repayments.
Other Loan Activity: We received $60.0 million full repayment of one of our commercial mortgage loans secured by a luxury hotel in Tucson, AZ.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
We make forward-looking statements herein and will make forward-looking statements in future filings with the SEC, press releases or other written or oral communications within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). For these statements, we claim the protections of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in such Sections. Forward-looking statements are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict and are generally beyond our control. These forward-looking statements include information about possible or assumed future results of our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, plans and objectives. When we use the words "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "estimate," "plan," "continue," "intend," "should," "may" or similar expressions, it intends to identify forward-looking statements. Statements regarding the following subjects, among others, may be forward-looking: the macro- and micro-economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; increasing interest rates and inflation; market trends in our industry, interest rates, real estate values, the debt securities markets or the general economy; the demand for commercial real estate loans; our business and investment strategy; our operating results; actions and initiatives of the U.S. government and governments outside of the United States, changes to government policies and the execution and impact of these actions, initiatives and policies; the state of the economy generally or in specific geographic regions; economic trends and economic recoveries; our ability to obtain and maintain financing arrangements, including secured debt arrangements and securitizations; the timing and amount of expected future fundings of unfunded commitments; the availability of debt financing from traditional lenders; the volume of short-term loan extensions; the demand for new capital to replace maturing loans; expected leverage; general volatility of the securities markets in which we participate; changes in the value of our assets; the scope of our target assets; interest rate mismatches between our target assets and any borrowings used to fund such assets; changes in interest rates and the market value of our target assets; changes in prepayment rates on our target assets; effects of hedging instruments on our target assets; rates of default or decreased recovery rates on our target assets; the degree to which hedging strategies may or may not protect us from interest rate volatility; impact of and changes in governmental regulations, tax law and rates, accounting, legal or regulatory issues or guidance and similar matters; our continued maintenance of our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes; our continued exclusion from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "1940 Act"); the availability of opportunities to acquire commercial mortgage-related, real estate-related and other securities; the availability of qualified personnel; estimates relating to our ability to make distributions to our stockholders in the future; our present and potential future competition; and unexpected costs or unexpected liabilities, including those related to litigation.
The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. Forward-looking statements are not predictions of future events. These beliefs, assumptions and expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to us. See "Item 1A. Risk Factors" our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K. These and other risks, uncertainties and factors, including those described in the annual, quarterly and current reports that we file with the SEC, could cause our actual results to differ materially from those included in any forward-looking statements we make. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. New risks and uncertainties arise over time and it is not possible to predict those events or how they may affect us. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
Overview
We are a Maryland corporation and have elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We primarily originate, acquire, invest in and manage performing commercial first mortgage loans, subordinate financings, and other commercial real estate-related debt investments. These asset classes are referred to as our target assets.
We are externally managed and advised by the Manager, an indirect subsidiary of Apollo, a global, high-growth alternative asset manager with assets under management of approximately $547.6 billion as of December 31, 2022.
The Manager is led by an experienced team of senior real estate professionals who have significant expertise in underwriting and structuring commercial real estate financing transactions. We benefit from Apollo’s global infrastructure and operating platform, through which we are able to source, evaluate and manage potential investments in our target assets.
Current Market Conditions
Certain external events such as public health issues, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, natural disasters and geopolitical events, including the ongoing conflict between Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, have adversely impacted the global economy and have contributed to significant volatility in financial markets. Due to various uncertainties caused by such external events and recent macroeconomic trends, including inflation and rising interest rates, further business risks could arise. Some of the factors that impacted us to date and may continue to affect us are outlined in Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our most
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recent Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires the use of estimates and assumptions that involve the exercise of judgment and use of assumptions as to future uncertainties. The most critical accounting policies involve decisions and assessments that affect our reported assets and liabilities, as well as reported revenues and expenses. We believe that all of the decisions and assessments upon which these financial statements are based are reasonable based upon information currently available to us. The accounting policies and estimates that we consider to be most critical to an investor’s understanding of our financial results and condition and require complex management judgment are discussed below.
There have been no material changes to our Critical Accounting Policies described in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K under "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates."
For a complete listing and description of our significant accounting policies, refer to "Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to our consolidated financial statements of our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Real Estate Owned (and Related Debt)
In order to maximize recovery against a defaulted loan, we may assume legal title or physical possession of the underlying collateral through foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure. Foreclosed properties are classified as real estate owned and recognized at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets in accordance with the acquisition method under ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations.” Real estate assets acquired may include land, building, furniture, fixtures and equipment, and intangible assets. In accordance ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures," we may utilize the income, market or cost approach (or combination thereof) to determine fair value.
When determining the fair value of a real estate asset under the income approach, we make certain assumptions including, but not limited to, consideration of projected operating cash flows, comparable selling prices and projected cash flows from the eventual disposition of the real estate asset based upon our estimate of a capitalization rate and discount rate.
When determining the fair value of real estate assets under the market or sales comparison approach, we compare the property to similar properties in the marketplace. Although we exercise significant judgment to identify similar properties, and may also consult independent third-party valuation experts to assist, our assessment of fair value is subject to uncertainty and sensitive to our selection of comparable properties.
When determining the fair value or real estate assets under the cost approach, we measure fair value as the replacement cost of these assets. This approach also requires significant judgment, and our estimate of replacement cost could vary from actual replacements costs.
At times we may classify real estate assets as held for sale in the period in which they meet the criteria under ASC Topic 360, "Property, Plant, and Equipment" as discussed in "Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to our consolidated financial statements of our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K. Once a real estate asset is classified as held for sale, depreciation is no longer recorded, and the asset is reported at the lower of its carrying value or fair value less cost to sell. The fair value of real estate assets classified as held for sale is determined using the appropriate methodologies noted in the preceding paragraph and the real estate asset's fair value is subject to uncertainty, as the actual sales price of the real estate asset could differ from those assumed in our valuations.
Once real estate assets have been recorded at fair value, they are evaluated for impairment on a quarterly basis. A real estate asset is considered impaired when the sum of estimated future undiscounted cash flows to be generated by the real estate asset over the estimated remaining holding period is less than the carrying value of such real estate asset. An impairment charge is recorded equal to the excess of the carrying value of the real estate asset over the fair value. When determining the fair value of a real estate asset for the purpose of assessing impairment, we make certain assumptions including, but not limited to: consideration of projected operating cash flows, intended holding period of the real estate, comparable selling prices and projected cash flows from the eventual disposition of the real estate based upon our estimate of a capitalization rate and discount rate. While we exercise significant judgment in generating our assumptions, the asset’s fair value is subject to uncertainty, as actual operating cash flows and disposition proceeds could differ from those assumed in our valuations. Additionally, the output is sensitive to the assumptions used in calculating any potential impairment.
Please refer to "Note 3 – Fair Value Disclosure," and "Note 5 – Assets and Liabilities Related to Real Estate Owned” for more information regarding real estate owned and our valuation methodology as well as "Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to our consolidated financial statements of our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Current Expected Credit Losses ("CECL")
We measure and record potential expected credit losses related to our loan portfolio in accordance with the CECL Standard. The CECL Standard requires an entity to consider historical loss experience, current conditions, and a reasonable and supportable forecast of the macroeconomic environment. We have adopted the WARM method to determine a General CECL Allowance for the majority of loans in our portfolio, applied on a collective basis by assets with similar risk characteristics. If we determine that a borrower or sponsor is experiencing financial difficulty, we will record loan-specific allowances (our Specific CECL Allowance) in accordance with a practical expedient prescribed by the CECL Standard.
General CECL Allowance
There are a number of significant assumptions required to estimate our General CECL Allowance which include deriving and applying an annual historical loss rate, estimating the impacts of current and future macroeconomic conditions and forecasting the timing of expected repayments, satisfactions and future fundings.
We derive an annual historical loss rate based on a CMBS database with historical losses from 1998 through the first quarter of 2023 provided by a third party, Trepp LLC. We apply various filters to arrive at a CMBS dataset most analogous to our current portfolio from which we determine an appropriate historical loss rate. This historical loss rate, and ultimately the General CECL Allowance we derive, is sensitive to the CMBS dataset we select.
We adjust our determined annual historical loss rate based on our outlook of the macroeconomic environment, for a reasonable and supportable forecast period. Selection of a forecast period is a matter of judgement and our General CECL Allowance is sensitive to this input.
We develop our expectations for the future macroeconomic environment and its potential impact on the performance of loans in our portfolio, by analyzing various market factors, such as unemployment rate, market liquidity and price indexes relevant to commercial real estate sector. This assessment requires the use of significant judgment in selecting relevant market factors and analyzing their correlation with historical loss rates. The future macroeconomic environment is subject to uncertainty as the actual future macroeconomic environment could vary from our expectations.
Additionally, there are assumptions provided to us by the Manager that represent their best estimate as to loan expected term, future fundings, and timing of loan repayments. These assumptions, although made with the most available information at the time of the estimate, are subjective and actual activity may not follow the estimated schedule. These assumptions impact the future balances that the loss rate will be applied to and as such impact our General CECL Allowance. As we acquire new loans and the Manager monitors loan and sponsor performance, these estimates may change each period. Refer to “Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and “Note 4 - Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net” for further discussion regarding our General CECL Allowance.
Specific CECL Allowance
When we determine that a borrower or sponsor is experiencing financial difficulty, we evaluate the related loan for loan-specific allowances, under the practical expedient prescribed by the CECL Standard. Determining that a borrower or sponsor is experiencing financial difficulty requires the use of significant judgment and can be based on several factors subject to uncertainty. These factors can include, but are not limited to, whether cash from the borrower's operations are sufficient to cover current and future debt service requirements, the borrower’s ability to potentially refinance the loan, and other circumstances that can affect the borrower’s ability to satisfy their obligations in accordance the terms of the loan. When utilizing the practical expedient for collateral dependent loans, the current expected credit losses is determined as the difference between the fair value of the underlying collateral, adjusted for estimated costs to sell when applicable, and the carrying value of the loan (prior to the current expected credit losses), as repayment or satisfaction of a loan is dependent on a sale of the underlying collateral. Collateral-dependent loans evaluated for a Specific CECL Allowance are removed from the General CECL pool.
The fair value of the underlying collateral is determined by using method(s) such as discounted cash flow, the market approach, or direct capitalization approach. These methods require the use of key unobservable inputs, which are inherently uncertain and subjective. Our estimate of fair value is sensitive to both the valuation methodology selected and inputs used. Determining a suitable valuation method and selecting the appropriate key unobservable inputs and assumptions requires significant judgment and consideration of factors specific to the underlying collateral being assessed. Additionally, the key unobservable inputs and assumptions used may vary depending on the information available to us and market conditions as of the valuation date. As such, the fair value that we derive and use in calculating our Specific CECL Allowance, is subject to uncertainty and any actual losses, if incurred, could differ materially from our current expected credit losses. Refer to “Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and “Note 4 - Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net” for further discussion regarding our Specific CECL Allowance.
Refer to "Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" our consolidated financial statements of our most recent
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Annual Report on Form 10-K for the complete listing and description of our significant accounting policies.
Results of Operations
All non-USD denominated assets and liabilities are translated to USD at the exchange rate prevailing at the reporting date and income, expenses, gains, and losses are translated at the prevailing exchange rate on the dates that they were recorded.
Loan Portfolio Overview
The following table sets forth certain information regarding our loan portfolio as of March 31, 2023 ($ in thousands):

Description |  | Carrying Value |  | Weighted-Average Coupon (1) |  | Weighted Average All-in Yield (1)(2) |  | Secured Debt Arrangements (3) |  | Cost of Funds(4) |  | Equity at cost(5) |
Commercial mortgage loans, net |  | $ | 7,879,205 |  |  | 8.0 | % |  | 8.7 | % |  | $ | 5,332,603 |  |  | 6.3 | % |  | $ | 2,546,602 |  |
Subordinate loans and other lending assets, net |  | 592,863 |  |  | 6.3 | % |  | 6.8 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 592,863 |  |
Total/Weighted-Average |  | $ | 8,472,068 |  |  | 7.9 | % |  | 8.6 | % |  | $ | 5,332,603 |  |  | 6.3 | % |  | $ | 3,139,465 |  |

———————
(1) Weighted-Average Coupon and Weighted-Average All-in Yield are based on the applicable benchmark rates as of March 31, 2023 on the floating rate loans.
(2) Weighted-Average All-in Yield includes the amortization of deferred origination fees, loan origination costs and accrual of both extension and exit fees. Weighted-Average All-in Yield excludes the benefit of forward points on currency hedges relating to loans denominated in currencies other than USD.
(3) Gross of deferred financing costs of $15.8 million.
(4) Cost of funds includes weighted average spread and applicable benchmark rates as of March 31, 2023 on secured debt arrangements.
(5) Represents loan portfolio at amortized cost less secured debt outstanding.
The following table provides details of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio and subordinate loan and other lending assets portfolio, on a loan-by-loan basis, as of March 31, 2023 ($ in millions):

Commercial Mortgage Loan Portfolio
# | Property Type | Risk Rating | Origination Date | Amortized Cost | Unfunded Commitment | Construction Loan | 3rd Party Subordinate Debt | Fully-extended Maturity | Location
1 | Hotel | 3 | 10/2019 | $340 | $27 |  | Y | 08/2024 | Various, Spain
2 | Hotel | 3 | 11/2021 | 217 | 15 |  | Y | 11/2026 | Various, UK/Ireland
3 | Hotel | 3 | 05/2022 | 179 | 25 |  | Y | 06/2027 | Napa Valley, CA
4 | Hotel | 3 | 11/2021 | 162 | 3 |  |  | 12/2026 | St. Thomas, USVI
5 | Hotel | 3 | 07/2021 | 160 | 19 |  |  | 08/2026 | Various, US
6 | Hotel | 3 | 09/2015 | 146 |  |  |  | 06/2024 | Manhattan, NY
7 | Hotel | 3 | 04/2018 | 142 |  |  |  | 04/2024 | Honolulu, HI
8 | Hotel | 2 | 08/2019 | 130 |  |  |  | 08/2024 | Puglia, Italy
9 | Hotel | 3 | 10/2021 | 100 |  |  |  | 11/2026 | New Orleans, LA
10 | Hotel | 3 | 06/2022 | 99 |  |  |  | 06/2025 | Rome, Italy
11 | Hotel | 3 | 11/2018 | 90 |  |  |  | 12/2023 | Vail, CO
12 | Hotel | 3 | 12/2019 | 60 |  |  |  | 01/2025 | Tucson, AZ
13 | Hotel | 3 | 05/2019 | 52 |  |  |  | 06/2024 | Chicago, IL
14 | Hotel | 2 | 12/2015 | 42 |  |  |  | 08/2024 | St. Thomas, USVI
15 | Hotel | 3 | 02/2018 | 27 |  |  |  | 11/2024 | Pittsburgh, PA
16 | Office | 3 | 03/2022 | 230 | 36 |  | Y | 04/2027 | Manhattan, NY
17 | Office | 3 | 06/2019 | 207 | 9 |  |  | 08/2026 | Berlin, Germany
18 | Office | 3 | 02/2020 | 200 |  |  |  | 02/2025 | London, UK
19 | Office | 3 | 01/2020 | 192 | 58 |  | Y | 03/2028 | Long Island City, NY
20 | Office | 3 | 02/2022 | 178 | 389 | Y |  | 02/2027 | London, UK
21 | Office | 3 | 02/2022 | 159 |  |  |  | 06/2025 | Milan, Italy
22 | Office | 3 | 11/2022 | 99 |  |  |  | 01/2025 | Chicago, IL
23 | Office | 4 | 03/2018 | 83 |  |  | Y | 07/2023 | Chicago, IL
24 | Retail | 3 | 04/2022 | 462 | 37 |  |  | 04/2027 | Various, UK
25 | Retail | 3 | 10/2021 | 400 |  |  |  | 10/2026 | Various, UK
26 | Retail | 3 | 08/2019 | 250 |  |  | Y | 09/2025 | Manhattan, NY

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27 | Retail | 3 | 05/2022 | 139 |  |  |  | 06/2027 | Various, US
28 | Retail(2) | 5 | 11/2014 | 99 |  |  |  | 09/2023 | Cincinnati, OH
29 | Residential(1) | 3 | 08/2022 | 250 |  |  |  | 09/2024 | Manhattan, NY
30 | Residential | 3 | 12/2021 | 217 | 16 |  |  | 12/2026 | Various, UK
31 | Residential | 3 | 03/2023 | 172 |  |  |  | 03/2026 | Various, US
32 | Residential(5) | 3 | 12/2018 | 136 |  |  | Y | 09/2023 | Manhattan, NY
33 | Residential | 3 | 05/2022 | 89 | 4 |  |  | 06/2027 | Manhattan, NY
34 | Residential | 3 | 05/2021 | 82 |  |  | Y | 05/2026 | Cleveland, OH
35 | Residential | 3 | 12/2021 | 77 | 15 |  |  | 01/2027 | Manhattan, NY
36 | Residential | 3 | 12/2019 | 56 | 7 |  | Y | 11/2025 | Boston, MA
37 | Residential | 3 | 12/2021 | 28 |  |  | Y | 01/2026 | Hallandale Beach, FL
38 | Mixed Use | 3 | 12/2019 | 294 | 97 | Y | Y | 06/2025 | London, UK
39 | Mixed Use | 3 | 03/2022 | 140 | 36 |  | Y | 03/2027 | Brooklyn, NY
40 | Mixed Use | 3 | 06/2022 | 93 | 40 | Y | Y | 06/2026 | London, UK
41 | Mixed Use | 3 | 12/2019 | 43 |  |  |  | 09/2023 | London, UK
42 | Healthcare | 3 | 03/2022 | 369 |  |  |  | 03/2027 | Various, MA
43 | Healthcare | 3 | 10/2019 | 156 |  |  |  | 10/2024 | Various, UK
44 | Parking Garages | 3 | 05/2021 | 270 | 5 |  |  | 05/2026 | Various, US
45 | Industrial | 3 | 03/2021 | 247 |  |  |  | 05/2026 | Various, Sweden
46 | Portfolio(3) | 3 | 06/2021 | 221 | 22 |  |  | 06/2026 | Various, Germany
47 | Caravan Parks | 3 | 02/2021 | 203 |  |  |  | 02/2028 | Various, UK
48 | Urban Predevelopment | 3 | 12/2022 | 119 | 13 |  |  | 01/2026 | Miami, FL
| General CECL Allowance |  |  | (27) |  |  |  |  |
| Subtotal / Weighted-Average Commercial Mortgage Loans | 3.0 |  | $7,879 | $873 |  |  | 2.9 Years |

Subordinate Loan and Other Lending Assets Portfolio
# | Property Type | Risk Rating | Origination Date | Amortized Cost | Unfunded Commitment | Construction Loan | 3rd Party Subordinate Debt | Fully-extended Maturity | Location
1 | Residential(1) | 3 | 05/2020 | $284 |  |  | Y | 09/2024 | Manhattan, NY
2 | Residential(1) | 3 | 06/2015 | 194 |  |  | Y | 09/2024 | Manhattan, NY
3 | Residential(1)(2) | 5 | 11/2017 | 15 |  |  | Y | 09/2024 | Manhattan, NY
4 | Healthcare(4) | 3 | 07/2019 | 51 |  |  | Y | 06/2024 | Various, US
5 | Hotel | 2 | 06/2015 | 24 |  |  |  | 07/2025 | Phoenix, AZ
6 | Hotel | 4 | 06/2018 | 20 |  |  |  | 06/2023 | Las Vegas, NV
7 | Office | 4 | 08/2017 | 8 |  |  |  | 09/2024 | Troy, MI
| General CECL Allowance |  |  | (3) |  |  |  |  |
| Subtotal / Weighted-Average Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets | 3.1 |  | $593 | $— |  |  | 1.4 Years |
| Total / Weighted-Average Loan Portfolio | 3.0 |  | $8,472 | $873 |  |  | 2.8 Years |

———————
(1)Loans are secured by the same property.
(2)Amortized cost for these loans is net of the recorded Specific CECL Allowance.
(3)Includes portfolio of office, industrial, and retail property types.
(4)Single Asset, Single Borrower CMBS.
(5)Loan matured in January 2023. Extension to September 2023 is approved and in the process of execution..
Our average asset and debt balances for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were ($ in thousands):

|  | Average month-end balances for the three months ended March 31, 2023
Description |  | Assets |  | Related debt
Commercial mortgage loans, net |  | $ | 8,106,527 |  |  | $ | 5,305,778 |
Subordinate loans and other lending assets, net |  | 648,667 |  |  | — |

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Portfolio Management
Due to the impact of COVID-19, including longer-term macroeconomic effects on supply chains, inflation and labor shortages, some of our borrowers have experienced challenges which have prevented the execution of their business plans and in some cases, resulted in temporary closures. As a result, we have worked with borrowers to execute loan modifications which are typically coupled with additional equity contributions from borrowers. Loan modifications to date have included repurposing of reserves, temporary deferrals of interest or principal, and partial deferral of coupon interest as payment-in-kind interest.
Investment Activity
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we committed $181.9 million of capital to loans ($181.0 million was funded at closing), including $174.0 million in connection with the refinancing of two floating rate first mortgages. In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 2023, we funded $113.8 million for loans closed prior to 2023 and received $0.5 billion in repayments, including $139.8 million from loan sales.
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders
For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, our net income available to common stockholders was $45.8 million, or $0.32 per diluted share of common stock, and $12.2 million, or $0.08 per diluted share of common stock, respectively.
Operating Results
The following table sets forth information regarding our condensed consolidated results of operations and certain key operating metrics compared to the most recently reported period ($ in thousands):
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|  |  |  |  | Three months ended |  | Q1'23 vs. Q4'22
|  |  |  |  |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |
Net interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income from commercial mortgage loans |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 166,147 |  |  | $ | 151,882 |  |  | $ | 14,265 |
Interest income from subordinate loans and other lending assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,707 |  |  | 11,871 |  |  | (2,164) |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  | (104,868) |  |  | (94,582) |  |  | (10,286) |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 70,986 |  |  | 69,171 |  |  | 1,815 |
Operations related to real estate owned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue from real estate owned operations |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,131 |  |  | 19,964 |  |  | (3,833) |
Operating expenses related to real estate owned |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14,006) |  |  | (16,274) |  |  | 2,268 |
Depreciation and amortization on real estate owned |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,986) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,986) |
Net income (loss) related to real estate owned |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,861) |  |  | 3,690 |  |  | (5,551) |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,015) |  |  | (8,161) |  |  | 1,146 |
Management fees to related party |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9,517) |  |  | (9,714) |  |  | 197 |
Total operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | (16,532) |  |  | (17,875) |  |  | 1,343 |
Other income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 732 |  |  | 2,142 |  |  | (1,410) |
Net realized loss on investments |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,624) |  |  | (24,894) |  |  | 20,270 |
Realized gain on extinguishment of debt |  |  |  |  |  |  | 213 |  |  | — |  |  | 213 |
Increase in Specific CECL Allowance, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (14,500) |  |  | 14,500 |
Increase in General CECL Allowance, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,390) |  |  | (5,774) |  |  | 1,384 |
Loss on foreign currency forward contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14,135) |  |  | (110,246) |  |  | 96,111 |
Foreign currency translation gain |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,634 |  |  | 93,740 |  |  | (75,106) |
Gain (loss) on interest rate hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  | (107) |  |  | 560 |  |  | (667) |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  | $48,916 |  | $(3,986) |  | $52,902

Net Interest Income
Net interest income increased by $1.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increase in interest income was primarily attributable to higher average index rates during the three months ended March 31, 2023. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in interest income on our subordinate loans and other lending assets, as we continue to migrate our portfolio to senior loans. Interest expense increased during three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, due to higher average index rates in the current period.
Operations Related to Real Estate
For both the three months ended March 31, 2023 and three months ended December 31, 2022, we recognized net income (loss) from operations related real estate owned on a full-service luxury hotel in Washington D.C. Refer to "Note 5 - Real Estate Owned" for further detail.
For the three months ended March 31, 2023 we recorded a net loss from operations related to real estate owned of $1.9 million, compared to $3.7 million of net income from operations related to real estate for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The decrease is primarily driven by an increase in depreciation expense and lower revenue from the hotel's operations, partially offset by lower operating expenses in relation to hotel operations. The increase in depreciation expense was attributable to $4.0 million of depreciation expense recorded during three months ended March 31, 2023, in connection with the reclassification of the hotel from real estate owned, held for sale to real estate owned, held for investment, net. On the date of reclassification, March 1, 2023, depreciation expense resumed and we recorded "catch-up" depreciation for the period in which the hotel was held for sale. Additionally, the lower revenue was primarily attributable to seasonally low hotel occupancy levels during the first three months of the year, which was partially offset by lesser operating expenses. No depreciation was recorded during the three months ended December 31, 2022, as the hotel was classified as held for sale during that time.
Refer to "Note 5 - Real Estate Owned" for full discussion of the reclassification and operations related to real estate owned.
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Operating Expenses
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses decreased by $1.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by greater reimbursements paid to the Manager during the three months ended December 31, 2022 and a $0.2 million decrease in non-cash restricted stock and RSU amortization related to shares of stock awarded under the LTIPs during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Management fees to related party
Management fee expense remained generally the same for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022.
Other income
Other income decreased by $1.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to an increase in bank interest charged on collateral held under our derivative agreements. This was partially offset by an increase of bank interest earned on our cash balances.
Net realized loss on investments
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we acquired legal title of the Atlanta Hotel that secured one of our first commercial mortgage loans. We recorded a realized loss of $4.8 million in connection with the acquisition. The realized loss was offset by a gain on investments of $0.2 million in connection with the sale of our entire interest in three commercial loans secured by properties in Europe and a partial interest in one commercial loan secured by property located in London, UK. Refer "Note 4 - Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net" for further discussion.
During the three months ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a realized loss of $17.9 million, representing a write-off of a previously recorded Specific CECL Allowance on a first mortgage loan secured by an urban predevelopment property in Miami, FL, due to the sale of the underlying property, and $7.0 million realized loss, representing a write-off of a previously recorded Specific CECL Allowance related to a first mortgage secured by the Atlanta Hotel, as the amount was deemed unrecoverable.
Increase in Specific CECL Allowance, net
There was no change to our Specific CECL Allowance recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2023. Comparatively, during the three months ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a net increase to our Specific CECL Allowance of $14.5 million, which was primarily driven by a Specific CECL Allowance of $36.5 million recorded in relation to mezzanine loan secured by our interest in an ultra-luxury residential property in Manhattan, NY. This increase was partially offset by i) a net write-off of a $15.0 million previously recorded Specific CECL Allowance on a first mortgage loan secured by an urban predevelopment property in Miami, FL, and ii) a $7.0 million write-off of previously recorded Specific CECL Allowance related to a first mortgage loan secured by the Atlanta Hotel.
Refer "Note 4 - Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net" for additional information related to our Specific CECL Allowance.
Increase in General CECL Allowance, net
Our General CECL Allowance increased by $4.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to an increase of $5.8 million during the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increase in General CECL Allowance recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily driven by an increase in our view of the remaining expected term of our loan portfolio based on current macroeconomic outlook, partially offset by the effects of portfolio seasoning and loan repayments and sales.
The $5.8 million increase in General CECL Allowance recorded during the three months ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to increased allowances related to our loans secured by office properties and worsening macroeconomic outlook. The increase was partially offset by the effects of portfolio seasoning.
Refer "Note 4 - Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net" for additional information related to our General CECL Allowance.
Foreign currency gain and loss on derivative instruments
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We use forward currency contracts to economically hedge interest and principal repayments under our loans denominated in currencies other than USD. Foreign currency gains and losses on derivative instruments are evaluated on a combined basis and the net impact for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and three months ended December 31, 2022 was a net gain of $4.5 million and net loss of $16.5 million, respectively.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, foreign exchange rates continued to rise in relation to USD, albeit at a slower pace compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022. The lesser increase in foreign exchange rates resulted in a decrease in the loss on our foreign currency forward contracts and a decrease in the gain related to foreign currency translation. Additionally, we recognized higher realized gains on foreign currency forward contracts during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022. The higher realized gains were attributable, along with other drivers, to the unwind of interest hedges associated with the sale of three commercial mortgage loans secured by various properties in Europe during the three months ended March 31, 2023 as discussed in "Note 4 - Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net."
Gain (loss) on interest rate hedges
In May 2019, we entered into the 2026 Term Loan. During the second quarter of 2020, we entered into a three-year interest rate cap to cap LIBOR at 0.75%. This effectively limits the maximum all-in coupon on the 2026 Term Loan to 3.50%. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and three months ended December 31, 2022, the interest rate cap had a net loss of $0.1 million and a net gain of $0.6 million, inclusive of realized gains of $4.7 million and $3.7 million, respectively. The increase in realized gain quarter over quarter is attributable to the increase in the LIBOR rate over the cap strike rate. The increase in unrealized loss quarter over quarter represents the decrease in fair value of the interest rate cap as a result of nearing maturity.
Subsequent Events
Refer to "Note 20 - Subsequent Events" to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for disclosure regarding significant transactions that occurred subsequent to March 31, 2023.
Contractual Obligations, Liquidity, and Capital Resources
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to fund and maintain our assets and operations, repay borrowings, make distributions to our stockholders and other general business needs. We utilize various sources of cash in order to meet our liquidity needs in the next twelve months, which is considered the short-term, and the longer term.
Our current debt obligations consist of $1.5 billion, at face value, of corporate debt and $5.3 billion of asset specific financings. Our corporate debt includes $775.3 million of term loan borrowings, $500.0 million of senior secured notes, and $222.9 million of convertible notes, which mature in October 2023. Our asset specific financings are generally tied to the underlying loans and we anticipate repayments of $231.9 million of secured debt arrangements in the short term. Specifics about our secured debt arrangements and corporate debt maturities and obligations are discussed below.
In addition to our debt obligations, as of March 31, 2023, we had $0.9 billion of unfunded loan commitments. We expect that approximately $499.0 million will be funded to existing borrowers in the short term.
We have various sources of liquidity that we are able to use in order to satisfy our short and long term obligations. As of March 31, 2023 we had $331.5 million of cash on hand. As of March 31, 2023 we also held approximately $881.0 million of unencumbered assets, consisting of $479.8 million of senior mortgages and $401.2 million of mezzanine loans. Depending on market conditions, we may utilize additional borrowings as a source of cash, which may also include additional secured debt arrangements as well as other borrowings or conduct additional public and private debt and equity offerings.
We maintain policies relating to our use of leverage. See "Leverage Policies" below. In the future, we may seek to raise further equity or debt capital or engage in other forms of borrowings in order to fund future investments or to refinance expiring indebtedness.
We generally intend to hold our assets for investment, although we may sell certain of our investments in order to manage our interest rate risk and liquidity needs, meet other operating objectives and adapt to market conditions.
To maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, we must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain. These distribution requirements limit our ability to retain earnings and replenish or increase capital for operations.
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Borrowings Under Various Financing Arrangements
The table below summarizes the outstanding balances and maturities for our various financing arrangements:

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Borrowings Outstanding(1) |  | Maturity (2) |  | Borrowings Outstanding(1) |  | Maturity (2)
Secured Credit Facilities | $ | 3,459,824 |  |  | May 2026 |  | $ | 3,459,226 |  |  | May 2026
Barclays Private Securitization | 1,872,779 |  |  | February 2026 |  | 1,850,076 |  |  | February 2026
Revolving Credit Facility | — |  |  | March 2026 |  | — |  |  | N/A
Total Secured Debt Arrangements | 5,332,603 |  |  |  |  | 5,309,302 |  |  |
Senior secured term loans | 775,250 |  |  | January 2027 |  | 777,250 |  |  | January 2027
Senior secured notes | 500,000 |  |  | June 2029 |  | 500,000 |  |  | June 2029
Convertible senior notes | 222,910 |  |  | October 2023 |  | 230,000 |  |  | October 2023
Total borrowings | $ | 6,830,763 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,816,552 |  |  |

———————
(1)Borrowings Outstanding represent principal balances as of the respective reporting periods.
(2)Maturity dates represent weighted average maturities based on borrowings outstanding and assumes extensions at our option are exercised with consent of financing providers, where applicable.
Secured Credit Facilities
As of March 31, 2023, we had entered into secured credit facilities with eight secured credit counterparties through wholly-owned subsidiaries. Terms under various master repurchase agreements vary by secured credit facility. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we entered into a secured credit facility with Banco Santander, S.A., New York Branch. Additionally, during the three months ended March 31, 2023 we increased our borrowing capacity on the Atlas Facility.
On February 8, 2023, in connection with the acquisition by certain subsidiaries of Atlas, which is a wholly-owned investment of a fund managed by an affiliate of the Manager, the Credit Suisse Facility was acquired by Atlas. In order to effect the assignment of the Credit Suisse Facility and related agreements, the Company and one of its subsidiaries, similar to the other sellers and guarantors party to the subject agreements in the Transaction, entered into an Omnibus Assignment, Assumption and Amendment Agreement as well as certain related agreements with Credit Suisse AG and Atlas. Refer to "Note 7 - Secured Debt Arrangements, Net" and "Note 14 - Related Party Transactions" of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion regarding the transaction.
Revolving Credit Facility
During the first quarter of 2023, we entered into the $170.0 million Revolving Credit Facility administered by Bank of America, N.A. that matures in March 2026.
Refer to "Note 7 - Secured Debt Arrangements, Net" of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosure regarding our secured credit facilities.
Barclays Private Securitization
We are party to a private securitization with the Barclays Private Securitization. Commercial mortgage loans currently financed under the Barclays Securitization are denominated in GBP, EUR, SEK. As of March 31, 2023, we had £930.0 million, €485.7 million, and kr2.1 billion ($1.9 billion assuming conversion into USD) of borrowings outstanding under the Barclays Private Securitization secured by certain of our commercial mortgage loans.
Refer to "Note 7 - Secured Debt Arrangements, Net" of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosure regarding our Barclays Private Securitization.
Term Loans
In May 2019, we entered into the $500.0 million 2026 Term Loan in March 2021, we entered into the $300.0 million 2028 Term Loan. The outstanding Term Loans principal balance as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $775.3 million and $777.3 million, respectively.
Refer to "Note 8 - Senior Secured Term Loans, Net" of our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosure regarding our 2026 Term Loan and 2028 Term Loan.
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Senior Secured Notes
In June 2021, we issued $500.0 million of the 4.625% 2029 Notes, for which we received net proceeds of $495.0 million, after deducting initial purchasers' discounts and commissions. The 2029 Notes had a carrying value of $495.0 million and $494.8 million, net of deferred financing costs of $5.0 million and $5.2 million, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Refer to "Note 9 - Senior Secured Notes, Net" of our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosure regarding our 2029 Notes.
Convertible Senior Notes
During the fourth quarter of 2018, we issued $230.0 million of the 5.375% 2023 Notes, for which we received $223.7 million after deducting the underwriting discount and offering expenses. On March 20, 2023, we repurchased $7.1 million aggregate principal amount of the 2023 Notes at a price of 97%. As a result of this transaction, we recorded a gain of $0.2 million within realized gain on extinguishment of debt in our March 31, 2023 condensed consolidated statement of operations. At March 31, 2023, the 2023 Notes had a carrying value of $222.5 million and an unamortized discount of $0.4 million.
Debt-to-Equity Ratio
The following table presents our debt-to-equity ratio:

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Debt to Equity Ratio (1) | 2.8 |  | 2.8

———————
(1)Represents total debt less cash and loan proceeds held by se rvicer (recorded with Other Assets, see "Note 6 - Other Assets" for more information) to total stockholders' equity.
Leverage Policies
We use leverage for the sole purpose of financing our portfolio and not for the purpose of speculating on changes in interest rates. In addition to our secured debt arrangements and senior secured term loan, we access additional sources of borrowings. Our charter and bylaws do not limit the amount of indebtedness we can incur; however, we are subject to and carefully monitor the limits placed on us by our credit providers and those that assign ratings on our company.
At March 31, 2023, our debt-to-equity ratio was 2.8 and our portfolio was comprised of $7.9 billion of commercial mortgage loans and $0.6 billion of subordinate loans and other lending assets. In order to achieve our return on equity, we generally finance our mortgage loans with 2.0 to 3.0 turns of leverage and generally do not finance our subordinate loan portfolio given built-in inherent structural leverage. Consequently, depending on our portfolio mix, our debt-to-equity ratio may exceed our previously disclosed thresholds.
Investment Guidelines
Our current investment guidelines, approved by our board of directors, are comprised of the following:
•no investment will be made that would cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes;
•no investment will be made that would cause us to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act;
•investments will be predominantly in our target assets;
•no more than 20% of our net equity (on a consolidated basis) will be invested in any single investment at the time of the investment; in determining compliance with the investment guidelines, the amount of the investment is the net equity in the investment (gross investment less amount of third-party financing) plus the amount of any recourse on the financing secured by the investment; and
•until appropriate investments can be identified, the Manager may invest the proceeds of any offering in interest bearing, short-term investments, including money market accounts and/or funds, that are consistent with our intention to qualify as a REIT.
The board of directors must approve any change in or waiver to these investment guidelines.
Dividends
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We intend to continue to make regular quarterly distributions to holders of our common stock. U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and that we pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we annually distribute less than 100% of our net taxable income. We generally intend over time to pay dividends to our stockholders in an amount equal to our net taxable income, if and to the extent authorized by our board of directors. Any distributions we make are at the discretion of our board of directors and depend upon, among other things, our actual results of operations. These results and our ability to pay distributions are affected by various factors, including the net interest and other income from our portfolio, our operating expenses and any other expenditures. If our cash available for distribution is less than our net taxable income, we could be required to sell assets or borrow funds to make cash distributions or we may make a portion of the required distribution in the form of a taxable stock distribution or distribution of debt securities.
As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had 6,770,393 shares of our 7.25% Series B-1 Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share ("Series B-1 Preferred Stock") outstanding. The Series B-1 Preferred Stock pay cumulative cash dividends, which are payable quarterly in equal amounts in arrears on the 15th day of each January, April, July and October: at a rate of 7.25% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference. Except under certain limited circumstances, the Series B-1 Preferred Stock is generally not convertible into or exchangeable for any other property or any other of our securities at the election of the holders. On and after July 15, 2026, we may, at our option, redeem the shares at a redemption price of $25.00, plus any accrued unpaid dividends to, but not including, the date of the redemption.
The following table details our dividend activity:

| Three months ended |  |
Dividends declared per share of: | March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
Common Stock | $0.35 |  | $0.35 |  |  |  |
Series B-1 Preferred Stock | 0.45 |  | 0.45 |  |  |  |

———————
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Distributable Earnings
Distributable Earnings is defined as net income available to common stockholders, computed in accordance with GAAP, adjusted for (i) equity-based compensation expense (a portion of which may become cash-based upon final vesting and settlement of awards should the holder elect net share settlement to satisfy income tax withholding), (ii) any unrealized gains or losses or other non-cash items (including depreciation and amortization related to real estate owned) included in net income available to common stockholders, (iii) unrealized income from unconsolidated joint ventures, (iv) foreign currency gains (losses), other than (a) realized gains/(losses) related to interest income, and (b) forward point gains/(losses) realized on our foreign currency hedges, (v) the non-cash amortization expense related to the reclassification of a portion of the Convertible Notes to stockholders’ equity in accordance with GAAP, and (vi) provision for loan losses. Distributable Earnings may also be adjusted to exclude certain other non-cash items, as determined by the Manager and approved by a majority of our independent directors. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, our Distributable Earnings were $69.2 million, or $0.48 per share, as compared to $49.5 million, or $0.35 per share, for the same period in the prior year.
The weighted-average diluted shares outstanding used for Distributable Earnings per weighted-average diluted share has been adjusted from weighted-average diluted shares under GAAP to exclude shares issued from a potential conversion of the Convertible Notes. Consistent with the treatment of other unrealized adjustments to Distributable Earnings, these potentially issuable shares are excluded until a conversion occurs, which we believe is a useful presentation for investors. We believe that excluding shares issued in connection with a potential conversion of the Convertible Notes from our computation of Distributable Earnings per weighted average diluted share is useful to investors for various reasons, including the following: (i) conversion of Convertible Notes to shares requires both the holder of a note to elect to convert the Convertible Note and for us to elect to settle the conversion in the form of shares; (ii) future conversion decisions by note holders will be based on our stock price in the future, which is presently not determinable; (iii) the exclusion of shares issued in connection with a potential conversion of the Convertible Notes from the computation of Distributable Earnings per weighted-average diluted share is consistent with how we treat other unrealized items in our computation of Distributable Earnings per weighted-average diluted share; and (iv) we believe that when evaluating our operating performance, investors and potential investors consider our Distributable Earnings relative to our actual distributions, which are based on shares outstanding and not shares that might be issued in the future.
The table below summarizes the reconciliation from weighted-average diluted shares under GAAP to the weighted-average diluted shares used for Distributable Earnings:
46

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Weighted-Averages | Shares |  | Shares |  |  |  |
Diluted shares - GAAP | 155,483,979 |  |  | 140,353,386 |  |  |  |  |
Potential shares issued under conversion of the Convertible Notes | (11,189,949) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Unvested RSUs | — |  |  | 2,571,417 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted shares - Distributable Earnings | 144,294,030 |  |  | 142,924,803 |  |  |  |  |

As a REIT, U.S. federal income tax law generally requires us to distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and that we pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we annually distribute less than 100% of our net taxable income. Given these requirements and our belief that dividends are generally one of the principal reasons stockholders invest in a REIT, we generally intend over time to pay dividends to our stockholders in an amount equal to our net taxable income, if and to the extent authorized by our board of directors. Distributable Earnings is a key factor considered by the board of directors in setting the dividend and as such we believe Distributable Earnings is useful to investors.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we recorded a net realized loss on investments consisting of a realized loss related to the acquisition of a hotel property through a deed-in-lieu foreclosure which was partially offset by a realized gain on loan sales. Refer to "Note 4 - Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net," and "Note 5 – Real Estate Owned" for further detail. Additionally, during the three months ended March 31, 2023, we recorded a gain on extinguishment of debt of $0.2 million related to a partial repurchase of our 2023 Notes. See "Note 10 - Convertible Senior Notes, Net" for full discussion of this transaction.
We believe it is useful to our investors to present Distributable Earnings prior to net realized losses on investments and realized gain on extinguishment of debt to reflect our operating results because (i) our operating results are primarily comprised of earning interest income on our investments net of borrowing and administrative costs, which comprise our ongoing operations and (ii) it has been a useful factor related to our dividend per share because it is one of the considerations when a dividend is determined. We believe that our investors use Distributable Earnings and Distributable Earnings prior to net realized loss on investments and realized gain on extinguishment of debt, or a comparable supplemental performance measure, to evaluate and compare the performance of our company and our peers.
A significant limitation associated with Distributable Earnings as a measure of our financial performance over any period is that it excludes unrealized gains (losses) from investments. In addition, our presentation of Distributable Earnings may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures of other companies, that use different calculations. As a result, Distributable Earnings should not be considered as a substitute for our GAAP net income as a measure of our financial performance or any measure of our liquidity under GAAP. Distributable Earnings are reduced for realized losses on loans which include losses that management believes are near certain to be realized.
The table below summarizes the reconciliation from net income available to common stockholders to Distributable Earnings and Distributable Earnings prior to net realized losses on investments and realized gain on extinguishment of debt ($ in thousands):
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|  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income available to common stockholders |  |  |  |  | $ | 45,848 |  |  | $ | 12,170 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  | 4,358 |  |  | 4,698 |
Loss (gain) on foreign currency forwards |  |  |  |  | 14,135 |  |  | (22,762) |
Foreign currency loss (gain), net |  |  |  |  | (18,634) |  |  | 32,518 |
Unrealized loss (gain) on interest rate cap |  |  |  |  | 4,813 |  |  | (6,321) |
Realized gains relating to interest income on foreign currency hedges, net |  |  |  |  | 4,733 |  |  | 3,684 |
Realized gains relating to forward points on foreign currency hedges, net |  |  |  |  | 5,602 |  |  | 6,229 |
Depreciation and amortization on real estate owned |  |  |  |  | 3,986 |  |  | 704 |
Increase in current expected credit loss allowance, net |  |  |  |  | 4,390 |  |  | 18,611 |
Realized gain on extinguishment of debt |  |  |  |  | (213) |  |  | — |
Net realized loss on investments |  |  |  |  | 4,624 |  |  | — |
Total adjustments: |  |  |  |  | 27,794 |  |  | 37,361 |
Distributable Earnings prior to net realized loss on investments and realized gain on extinguishment of debt |  |  |  |  | $ | 73,642 |  |  | $ | 49,531 |
Net realized loss on investments |  |  |  |  | $ | (4,624) |  |  | $ | — |
Realized gain on extinguishment of debt |  |  |  |  | 213 |  |  |
Distributable Earnings |  |  |  |  | $ | 69,231 |  |  | $ | 49,531 |
Diluted Distributable Earnings per share prior to net realized loss on investments and realized gain on extinguishment of debt |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.51 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |
Diluted Distributable Earnings per share of common stock |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.48 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |
Weighted-average diluted shares - Distributable Earnings |  |  |  |  | 144,294,030 |  |  | 142,924,803 |

Book Value Per Share
The table below calculates our book value per share ($ in thousands, except per share data):

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Stockholders' Equity | $ | 2,347,561 |  |  | $ | 2,354,504 |
Series B-1 Preferred Stock (Liquidation Preference) | $ | (169,260) |  |  | $ | (169,260) |
Common Stockholders' Equity | $ | 2,178,301 |  |  | $ | 2,185,244 |
Common Stock | 141,266,039 |  |  | 140,595,995 |
Book value per share | $ | 15.42 |  |  | $ | 15.54 |

The table below shows the changes in our book value per share:

| Book value per share
Book value per share at December 31, 2022 | $ | 15.54 |
General CECL Allowance and depreciation and amortization | 0.24 |
Book value per share at December 31, 2022 prior to General CECL Allowance | $ | 15.78 |
Earnings in excess of dividends | 0.16 |
Net realized loss on investments | (0.03) |
Net loss on currency and interest rate hedges(1) | (0.08) |
Other | 0.01 |

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Vesting and delivery of RSUs | (0.12) |
Book value per share at March 31, 2023 prior to General CECL Allowance and depreciation and amortization | $ | 15.72 |
General CECL Allowance and depreciation and amortization | (0.30) |
Book value per share at March 31, 2023 | $ | 15.42 |

(1)Includes net unrealized loss on forward currency contracts and interest hedges, and realized gain on forward currency contracts related to principal outside impact of forward points.
We believe that presenting book value per share with sub-totals prior to the CECL Allowances and depreciation and amortization is useful for investors for various reasons, including, among other things, analyzing our compliance with financial covenants related to tangible net worth and debt-to-equity under our secured debt arrangements and senior secured term loan, which permit us to add the General CECL Allowance to our GAAP stockholders' equity. Given that our lenders consider book value per share prior to the General CECL Allowance as an important metric related to our debt covenants, we believe disclosing book value per share prior to the General CECL Allowance is important to investors such that they have the same visibility. We further believe that presenting book value before depreciation and amortization is useful to investors since it is a non-cash expense included in net income and is not representative of our core business and ongoing operations.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We seek to manage our risks related to the credit quality of our assets, interest rates, liquidity, prepayment speeds, and market value, while, at the same time, seeking to provide an opportunity to stockholders to realize attractive risk-adjusted returns through ownership of our capital stock. While risks are inherent in any business enterprise, we seek to quantify and justify risks in light of available returns and to maintain capital levels consistent with the risks we undertake.
Credit Risk
One of our strategic focuses is acquiring assets that we believe to be of high credit quality. We believe this strategy will generally keep our credit losses and financing costs low. However, we are subject to varying degrees of credit risk in connection with our other target assets. We seek to mitigate this risk by seeking to acquire high quality assets, at appropriate prices given anticipated and unanticipated losses, and by deploying a value-driven approach to underwriting and diligence, consistent with the Manager’s historical investment strategy, with a focus on current cash flows and potential risks to cash flow. The Manager seeks to enhance its due diligence and underwriting efforts by accessing the Manager’s knowledge base and industry contacts. Nevertheless, unanticipated credit losses could occur, which could adversely impact our operating results.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including fiscal and monetary policies, and domestic and international economic and political considerations, as well as other factors beyond our control. We are subject to interest rate risk in connection with our target assets and our related financing obligations.
To the extent consistent with maintaining our REIT qualification, we seek to manage risk exposure to protect our portfolio of financial assets against the effects of major interest rate changes. We generally seek to manage this risk by:
•attempting to structure our financing agreements to have a range of different maturities, terms, amortizations and interest rate adjustment periods;
•using hedging instruments and interest rate swaps, when we deem appropriate; and
•to the extent available and appropriate, using securitization financing to better match the maturity of our financing with the duration of our assets.
The following table estimates the hypothetical impact on our net interest income for the twelve-month period following March 31, 2023, assuming an immediate increase or decrease of 50 basis points in the applicable interest rate benchmark by currency ($ in thousands, except per share data):

|  |  |  | 50 basis point increase |  | 50 basis point decrease
Currency |  | Net floating rate assets subject to interest rate sensitivity |  | Increase to net interest income (1)(2) |  | Increase to net interest income (per share) (1)(2) |  | Decrease to net interest income (1)(2) |  | Decrease to net interest income (per share) (1)(2)
USD |  | $ | 910,327 |  |  | $ | 4,767 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |  |  | $ | (4,746) |  |  | $ | (0.03) |
GBP |  | 702,427 |  |  | 3,512 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | (3,512) |  |  | (0.02) |
EUR |  | 49,727 |  |  | 249 |  |  | — |  |  | (249) |  |  | — |
SEK |  | 342,507 |  |  | 1,713 |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | (1,713) |  |  | (0.01) |
Total: |  | $ | 2,004,988 |  |  | $ | 10,241 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | (10,220) |  |  | $ | (0.06) |

———————
(1)Any such hypothetical impact on interest rates on our variable rate borrowings does not consider the effect of any change in overall economic activity that could occur in a rising or falling interest rate environment. Further, in the event of a change in interest rates of that magnitude, we may take actions to further mitigate our exposure to such a change. However, due to the uncertainty of the specific actions that would be taken and their possible effects, this analysis assumes no changes in our financial structure.
(2)Certain of our floating rate loans are subject to index floors.
Prepayment Risk
Prepayment risk is the risk that principal will be repaid at a different rate than anticipated, causing the return on an asset to be less than expected. In certain cases, we adapt to prepayment risk by stating prepayment penalties in loan agreements.
Market Risk
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Commercial mortgage assets are subject to volatility and may be affected adversely by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, national, regional and local economic conditions (which may be adversely affected by industry slowdowns and other factors); local real estate conditions; changes or continued weakness in specific industry segments; construction quality, age and design; demographic factors; retroactive changes to building or similar codes; pandemics; natural disasters and other acts of god. In addition, decreases in property values reduce the value of the collateral and the potential proceeds available to a borrower to repay the underlying loans or loans, as the case may be, which could also cause us to suffer losses. Market volatility has been particularly heightened due to the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 and its variants have disrupted economic activities and could have a continued significant adverse effect on economic and market conditions including rising inflation, increases in interest rates, limited lending from financial institutions, depressed asset values, and limited market liquidity.
Inflation
Virtually all of our assets and liabilities are interest rate sensitive in nature. As a result, interest rates and other factors influence our performance far more so than does inflation. Changes in interest rates do not necessarily correlate with inflation rates or changes in inflation rates. Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and distributions are determined by our board of directors consistent with our obligation to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains and determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction, on an annual basis in order to maintain our REIT qualification. In each case, our activities and balance sheets are measured with reference to historical cost and/or fair market value without considering inflation.
Currency Risk
Some of our loans and secured debt arrangements are denominated in a foreign currency and subject to risks related to fluctuations in currency rates. We seek to mitigate this exposure through foreign currency forward contracts, which match the net principal and interest of our foreign currency loans and secured debt arrangements.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, based on their evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) required by paragraph (b) of Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15, have concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to give reasonable assurances to the timely collection, evaluation and disclosure of information relating to our company that would potentially be subject to disclosure under the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, a control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that it will detect or uncover failures within our company to disclose material information otherwise required to be set forth in our periodic reports.
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we may be involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. Refer to "Note 17 - Commitments and Contingencies" for further detail regarding legal proceedings.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
For information regarding factors that could affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, see the risk factors discussed in "Item 1A. Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Not Applicable.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not Applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
None.
Item 6. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

3.1 |  | Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form S-11, as amended (Registration No. 333-160533).
3.2 |  | By-laws of Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Registrant’s Form S-4 (Registration No. 333-210632).
3.3 |  | Articles Supplementary designating Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc.'s 7.25% Series B-1 Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, liquidation preference $25.00 per share, par value $0.01 per share, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on July 20, 2021 (File No.: 001-34452).

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4.1 |  | Specimen Stock Certificate of Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Form S-11, as amended (Registration No. 333-160533).
4.2 |  | Indenture, dated as of March 17, 2014, between the Registrant and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on March 21, 2014 (File No.: 001-34452).
4.3 |  | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 21, 2017, between the Registrant and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee (including the form of 4.75% Convertible Senior Note due 2022), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on August 21, 2017 (File No.: 001-34452).
4.4 |  | Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 5, 2018 between the Registrant and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee (including the form of 5.375% Convertible Senior Note due 2023), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on October 5, 2018 (File No.: 001-34452).
4.5 |  | Indenture dated as of June 29, 2021, by and among Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc., as issuer, ACREFI Operating, LLC, ARM Operating, LLC and ACREFI Mortgage Lending, LLC, as guarantors, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee and notes collateral agent (including the form of Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc.’s 4.625% Senior Secured Notes due 2029), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on July 6, 2021 (File No.: 001-34452).
31.1* |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1* |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS* |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104* |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded with the Inline XBRL document)

* | Filed herewith.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance, Inc. |  |
April 26, 2023 |  |  | By: |  |  | /s/ Stuart A. Rothstein |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Stuart A. Rothstein |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
April 26, 2023 |  |  | By: | /s/ Anastasia Mironova |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Anastasia Mironova |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) |  |

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