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Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2023
Receivables [Abstract] |
Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net | Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net Our loan portfolio was comprised of the following at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):
Loan Type |  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Commercial mortgage loans, net(1) |  | $ | 7,561,254 |  |  | $ | 8,121,109 |
Subordinate loans and other lending assets, net |  | 412,777 |  |  | 560,881 |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 7,974,031 |  |  | $ | 8,681,990 |
——————— (1)Includes $102.6 million and $138.3 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively, of contiguous financing structured as subordinate loans. Our loan portfolio consisted of 99% and 98% floating rate loans, based on amortized cost, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Activity relating to our loan portfolio for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was as follows ($ in thousands):
|  | Principal Balance |  | Deferred Fees/Other Items (1) |  | Specific CECL Allowance |  | Carrying Value, Net
December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 8,892,767 |  |  | $ | (51,053) |  |  | $ | (133,500) |  |  | $ | 8,708,214 |
New funding of loans |  | 181,017 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 181,017 |
Add-on loan fundings(2) |  | 341,796 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 341,796 |
Loan repayments and sales |  | (1,020,590) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,020,590) |
Gain (loss) on foreign currency translation |  | (4,999) |  |  | 83 |  |  | — |  |  | (4,916) |
Increase in Specific CECL Allowance, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (59,500) |  |  | (59,500) |
Net realized loss on investment |  | (87,367) |  |  | 763 |  |  | — |  |  | (86,604) |
Transfer to real estate owned |  | (75,000) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (75,000) |
Deferred fees and other items |  | — |  |  | (9,191) |  |  | — |  |  | (9,191) |
Payment-in-kind interest and amortization of fees |  | — |  |  | 26,110 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,110 |
September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 8,227,624 |  |  | $ | (33,288) |  |  | $ | (193,000) |  |  | $ | 8,001,336 |
General CECL Allowance(3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (27,305) |
Carrying value, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,974,031 |
——————— (1)Other items primarily consist of purchase discounts or premiums, cost recovery interest, exit fees, deferred origination expenses, and the activity of unconsolidated joint ventures. (2)Represents fundings committed prior to 2023. (3)$4.0 million of the General CECL Allowance is excluded from this table because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheet. The following table details overall statistics for our loan portfolio at the dates indicated ($ in thousands):
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Number of loans |  | 49 |  |  | 61 |
Principal balance |  | $ | 8,227,624 |  |  | $ | 8,892,767 |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 7,974,031 |  |  | $ | 8,681,990 |
Unfunded loan commitments(1) |  | $ | 693,125 |  |  | $ | 1,041,654 |
Weighted-average cash coupon(2) |  | 8.3 | % |  | 7.2 | %
Weighted-average remaining fully-extended term(3) |  | 2.4 years |  | 2.8 years
Weighted-average expected term(4) |  | 1.8 years |  | 1.7 years
——————— (1)Unfunded loan commitments are funded to finance construction costs, tenant improvements, leasing commissions, or carrying costs. These future commitments are funded over the term of each loan, subject in certain cases to an expiration date. (2)For floating rate loans, based on applicable benchmark rates as of the specified dates. For loans placed on non-accrual the interest rate used in calculating weighted-average cash coupon is 0%. (3)Assumes all extension options are exercised. (4)Expected term represents our estimated timing of repayments as of the specified dates. Excludes risk-rated 5 loans. Property Type The table below details the property type of the properties securing the loans in our portfolio at the dates indicated ($ in thousands):
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Property Type |  | Carrying Value |  | % of Portfolio(1) |  | Carrying Value |  | % of Portfolio(1)
Hotel |  | $ | 1,903,246 |  |  | 23.8 | % |  | $ | 2,117,079 |  |  | 24.3 | %
Office |  | 1,494,101 |  |  | 18.7 |  |  | 1,671,006 |  |  | 19.2 |
Retail |  | 1,375,338 |  |  | 17.2 |  |  | 1,364,752 |  |  | 15.7 |
Residential |  | 1,245,131 |  |  | 15.5 |  |  | 1,537,541 |  |  | 17.7 |
Mixed Use |  | 637,492 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 559,809 |  |  | 6.4 |
Healthcare |  | 520,208 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | 575,144 |  |  | 6.6 |
Industrial |  | 282,758 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 296,860 |  |  | 3.4 |
Other(2) |  | 543,062 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  | 586,023 |  |  | 6.7 |
Total |  | $ | 8,001,336 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 8,708,214 |  |  | 100.0 | %
General CECL Allowance(3) |  | (27,305) |  |  |  |  | (26,224) |  |  |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 7,974,031 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,681,990 |  |  |
——————— (1)Percentage of portfolio calculations are made prior to consideration of General CECL Allowance. (2)Other property types include parking garages (2.7%), caravan parks (2.5%) and urban predevelopment (1.6%) in 2023, and parking garages (3.1%), caravan parks (2.3%) and urban predevelopment (1.3%) in 2022. (3)$4.0 million and $4.3 million of the General CECL Allowance for 2023 and 2022, respectively, is excluded from this table because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Geography The table below details the geographic distribution of the properties securing the loans in our portfolio at the dates indicated ($ in thousands):
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Geographic Location |  | Carrying Value |  | % of Portfolio(1) |  | Carrying Value |  | % of Portfolio(1)
United Kingdom |  | $ | 2,482,587 |  |  | 31.0 | % |  | $ | 2,470,532 |  |  | 28.4 | %
New York City |  | 1,723,669 |  |  | 21.5 |  |  | 2,049,493 |  |  | 23.5 |
Other Europe(2) |  | 1,396,418 |  |  | 17.5 |  |  | 1,542,462 |  |  | 17.7 |
West |  | 577,416 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | 584,247 |  |  | 6.7 |
Southeast |  | 533,852 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 642,542 |  |  | 7.4 |
Midwest |  | 533,692 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 592,756 |  |  | 6.8 |
Other(3) |  | 753,702 |  |  | 9.4 |  |  | 826,182 |  |  | 9.5 |
Total |  | $ | 8,001,336 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 8,708,214 |  |  | 100.0 | %
General CECL Allowance(4) |  | (27,305) |  |  |  |  | (26,224) |  |  |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 7,974,031 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,681,990 |  |  |
——————— (1)Percentage of portfolio calculations are made prior to consideration of General CECL Allowance. (2)Other Europe includes Germany (5.2%), Italy (4.7%), Spain (4.2%), Sweden (2.9%) and Ireland (0.5%) in 2023 and Italy (5.4%), Germany (4.9%), Spain (3.8%), Sweden (2.8%) and Ireland (0.7%) in 2022. (3)Other includes Northeast (5.5%), Southwest (1.8%), Mid-Atlantic (1.2%) and Other (0.9%) in 2023 and Northeast (5.5%), Southwest (2.3%), Mid-Atlantic (1.4%) and Other (0.3%) in 2022. (4)$4.0 million and $4.3 million of the General CECL Allowance for 2023 and 2022, respectively, is excluded from this table because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Risk Rating We assess the risk factors of each loan and assign a risk rating based on a variety of factors, including, without limitation, loan to value ("LTV") ratio, debt yield, property type, geographic and local market dynamics, physical condition, cash flow volatility, leasing and tenant profile, loan structure and exit plan, and project sponsorship. We apply these various factors on a case-by-case basis depending on the facts and circumstances for each loan, and the different factors may be given different weightings in different situations. This review is performed quarterly. Based on a 5-point scale, our loans are rated "1" through "5," from less risk to greater risk, which ratings are defined as follows: 1. Very low risk 2. Low risk 3. Moderate/average risk 4. High risk/potential for loss: a loan that has a risk of realizing a principal loss 5. Impaired/loss likely: a loan that has a high risk of realizing principal loss, has incurred principal loss, or an impairment has been recorded The following tables present the carrying value of our loan portfolio by year of origination and internal risk rating and gross write-offs by year of origination as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively ($ in thousands):
September 30, 2023
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Amortized Cost by Year Originated
Risk Rating |  | Number of Loans |  | Total |  | % of Portfolio |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior
1 |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2 |  | 3 |  | 192,291 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 126,658 |  |  | 65,633 |
3 |  | 42 |  | 7,452,050 |  |  | 93.1 | % |  |  | 169,707 |  |  | 2,610,749 |  |  | 2,271,332 |  |  | 372,957 |  |  | 1,414,255 |  |  | 613,051 |
4 |  | 2 |  | 88,312 |  |  | 1.1 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 88,312 |
5 |  | 2 |  | 268,683 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 169,881 |  |  | — |  |  | 98,802 |
Total |  | 49 |  | $ | 8,001,336 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | $ | 169,707 |  |  | $ | 2,610,749 |  |  | $ | 2,271,332 |  |  | $ | 542,838 |  |  | $ | 1,540,913 |  |  | $ | 865,798 |
General CECL Allowance(1) |  | (27,305) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total carrying value, net | $ | 7,974,031 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Risk Rating | 3.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross write-offs |  | $ | 81,890 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 81,890 |
December 31, 2022
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Amortized Cost by Year Originated
Risk Rating |  | Number of Loans |  | Total |  | % of Portfolio |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2017 |  | Prior
1 |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2 |  | 2 |  | 65,943 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 65,943 |
3 |  | 54 |  | 8,401,925 |  |  | 96.5 | % |  |  | 2,575,455 |  |  | 2,462,499 |  |  | 687,329 |  |  | 1,637,050 |  |  | 479,769 |  |  | 559,823 |
4 |  | 2 |  | 27,451 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,951 |  |  | 7,500 |
5 |  | 3 |  | 212,895 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 212,895 |
Total |  | 61 |  | $ | 8,708,214 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | $ | 2,575,455 |  |  | $ | 2,462,499 |  |  | $ | 687,329 |  |  | $ | 1,637,050 |  |  | $ | 499,720 |  |  | $ | 846,161 |
General CECL Allowance(1) |  | (26,224) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total carrying value, net | $ | 8,681,990 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Risk Rating | 3.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross write-offs |  | $ | 7,000 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,000 |
——————— (1)$4.0 million and $4.3 million of the General CECL Allowance for 2023 and 2022, respectively, is excluded from this table because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. CECL In accordance with ASU 2016-13 "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments", which we refer to as the "CECL Standard," we record allowances for loans and held-to-maturity debt securities that are deducted from the carrying amount of the assets to present the net carrying value of the amounts expected to be collected on the assets. We record loan specific allowances as a practical expedient under the CECL Standard ("Specific CECL Allowance"), which we apply to assets that are collateral dependent and where the borrower or sponsor is experiencing financial difficulty. For the remainder of the portfolio, we record a general allowance ("General CECL Allowance", and together with the Specific CECL Allowance, "CECL Allowances") on a collective basis by assets with similar risk characteristics. We have elected to use the weighted average remaining maturity ("WARM") method in determining a General CECL Allowance for a majority of our portfolio. In the future, we may use other acceptable methods, such as a probability-of-default/loss-given-default method. The following schedule illustrates changes in CECL Allowances f or the nine months ended September 30, 2023 ($ in thousands):
|  | Specific CECL Allowance(1) |  | General CECL Allowance |  | Total CECL Allowance |  | CECL Allowance as % of Amortized Cost(1) |
|  |  | Funded | Unfunded | Total |  |  | General | Total |
December 31, 2022 | $ | 133,500 |  |  | $ | 26,224 |  | $ | 4,347 |  | $ | 30,571 |  |  | $ | 164,071 |  |  | 0.36 | % | 1.86 | % |
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Q1 Allowances(2) | — |  |  | 4,043 |  | 348 |  | 4,391 |  |  | $ | 4,391 |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2023 | $ | 133,500 |  |  | $ | 30,267 |  | $ | 4,695 |  | $ | 34,962 |  |  | $ | 168,462 |  |  | 0.42 | % | 1.95 | % |
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Q2 Allowances(3) | 141,480 |  |  | 2,009 |  | 139 |  | 2,148 |  |  | 143,628 |  |  |  |  |
| Q2 Write-offs(4) | (81,980) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | (81,980) |  |  |  |  |
June 30, 2023 | $ | 193,000 |  |  | $ | 32,276 |  | $ | 4,834 |  | $ | 37,110 |  |  | $ | 230,110 |  |  | 0.46 | % | 2.70 | % |
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Q3 Reversals(5) | — |  |  | (4,971) |  | (862) |  | (5,833) |  |  | (5,833) |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2023 | $ | 193,000 |  |  | $ | 27,305 |  | $ | 3,972 |  | $ | 31,277 |  |  | $ | 224,277 |  |  | 0.40 | % | 2.74 | % |
——————— (1)Loans evaluated for Specific CECL Allowance are excluded from General CECL Allowance pool. (2)During the three months ended March 31, 2023, our General CECL Allowance increased by $4.4 million primarily due to an increase in our view of the remaining expected term of our loan portfolio. This increase was partially offset by the impact of portfolio seasoning and loan repayments and sales. (3)During the three months ended June 30, 2023, our General CECL Allowance increased by $2.1 million primarily due to a more adverse macroeconomic outlook and an increase in our view of the remaining expected term of certain of our loans. This increase was partially offset by the impact of portfolio seasoning. Additionally, during the three months ended June 30, 2023, we recorded an increase of $141.5 million to our Specific CECL Allowance. The increase was related to two mezzanine loans secured by the same ultra-luxury property. Refer to discussion below. (4)As of June 30, 2023, $82.0 million related to the most junior mezzanine loan secured by the ultra-luxury residential property was deemed unrecoverable. Accordingly, $82.0 million of previously recorded Specific CECL was written-off and recorded as a realized loss within net realized loss on investments in our June 30, 2023 condensed consolidated statement of operations. Refer to "Specific CECL Allowance" section below for further detail. (5)During the three months ended September 30, 2023, our General CECL Allowance decreased by $5.8 million, primarily due to loan prepayments and portfolio seasoning. The following schedule illustrates changes in CECL Allowances f or the nine months ended September 30, 2022 ($ in thousands):
|  | Specific CECL Allowance(1) |  | General CECL Allowance |  | Total CECL Allowance |  | CECL Allowance as % of Amortized Cost(1)
|  |  | Funded | Unfunded | Total |  |  | General | Total
December 31, 2021 | $ | 145,000 |  |  | $ | 33,588 |  | $ | 3,106 |  | $ | 36,694 |  |  | $ | 181,694 |  |  | 0.49 | % | 2.26 | %
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Q1 Allowances (Reversals)(2) | 30,000 |  |  | (12,211) |  | 822 |  | (11,389) |  |  | 18,611 |  |  |  |
March 31, 2022 | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | 21,377 |  | $ | 3,928 |  | $ | 25,305 |  |  | $ | 200,305 |  |  | 0.32 | % | 2.34 | %
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Q2 Allowances (Reversals)(3) | (3,000) |  |  | 1,985 |  | 71 |  | 2,056 |  |  | (944) |  |  |  |
June 30, 2022 | $ | 172,000 |  |  | $ | 23,362 |  | $ | 3,999 |  | $ | 27,361 |  |  | $ | 199,361 |  |  | 0.33 | % | 2.18 | %
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Q3 (Reversals), net(4) | $ | (53,000) |  |  | $ | (1,377) |  | $ | (1,187) |  | (2,564) |  |  | (55,564) |  |  |  |
September 30, 2022 | $ | 119,000 |  |  | $ | 21,985 |  | $ | 2,812 |  | $ | 24,797 |  |  | $ | 143,797 |  |  | 0.30 | % | 1.62 | %
——————— (1)Loans evaluated for Specific CECL Allowance are excluded from General CECL Allowance pool. (2)During the three months ended March 31, 2022, a $30.0 million Specific CECL Allowance was recorded on a subordinate loan secured by an ultra luxury residential property in Manhattan, NY. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the General CECL Allowance decreased by $11.4 million primarily due to changes in expected loan repayment dates, as well as portfolio seasoning, which was partially offset by new loan originations. (3)During the three months ended June 30, 2022, the $3.0 million net reversal of Specific CECL Allowance was comprised of (i) the reversal of $10.0 million of previously recorded allowance on a loan related to a multifamily development in Brooklyn, NY as a result of market rent growth and value created from development activities and (ii) a $7.0 million allowance recorded on a loan secured by a hotel in Atlanta, GA due to slower than expected recovery from COVID-19. General CECL Allowance increased by $2.1 million due to new loan originations and more adverse macroeconomic outlook, which was partially offset by portfolio seasoning. (4)During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the $53.0 million Specific CECL Allowance was reversed on an urban predevelopment first mortgage loan in Miami, FL because the collateral which secures the loan was under contract to be sold in the near term at a higher value than the carrying value of the loan pre-reversal. General CECL Allowance decreased by $2.6 million primarily due to portfolio seasoning and sale of unfunded commitments, which was partially offset by one new loan origination and a more adverse macroeconomic outlook. General CECL Allowance In determining the General CECL Allowance using the WARM method, an annual historical loss rate, adjusted for macroeconomic estimates, is applied to the amortized cost of an asset, or pool of assets, over each subsequent period for the assets' remaining expected life. We considered various factors including (i) historical loss experience in the commercial real estate lending market, (ii) timing of expected repayments and satisfactions, (iii) expected future funding, (iv) capital subordinate to us when we are the senior lender, (v) capital senior to us when we are the subordinate lender, and (vi) our current and future view of the macroeconomic environment for a reasonable and supportable forecast period. The CECL Standard requires the use of significant judgment to arrive at an estimated credit loss. There is significant uncertainty related to future macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, labor shortages and interest rates. We derived an annual historical loss rate based on a commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS") database with historical losses from 1998 through the third quarter of 2023 provided by a third party, Trepp LLC. We applied various filters to arrive at a CMBS dataset most analogous to our current portfolio from which to determine an appropriate historical loss rate. The annual historical loss rate was further adjusted to reflect our expectations of the macroeconomic environment for a reasonable and supportable forecast period. At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, we adopted a shortened four quarter forecast period in response to heightened macroeconomic uncertainty brought by the pandemic. With the effects of the pandemic gradually easing in response to global and domestic vaccination efforts and other public safety measures, we reverted to a longer forecast period of six quarters effective December 31, 2022 and further extended to eight quarters effective March 31, 2023. In assessing the macroeconomic environment, we consider macroeconomic factors, including unemployment rate, commercial real estate prices, and market liquidity. We compared the historical data for each metric to historical commercial real estate losses in order to determine the correlation of the data. We used projections, obtained from third-party service providers, of each factor to approximate the impact the macroeconomic outlook may have on our loss rate. The General CECL Allowance on subordinate loans is calculated by incorporating both the loan balance of the position(s) of the structurally senior third-party lender(s) and the balance of our subordinate loan(s). The subordinate loans, by virtue of being the first loss position, are required to absorb losses prior to the senior position(s) being impacted, resulting in a higher percentage allowance attributable to the subordinate loan. The General CECL Allowance on unfunded loan commitments is time-weighted based on our expected commitment to fund such obligations. The General CECL Allowance on unfunded commitments is recorded as a liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheets within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities. We have made an accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable ($68.6 million and $65.4 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively), included in other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets, from the amortized cost basis of the related commercial mortgage loans and subordinate loans and other lending assets in determining the General CECL Allowance, as any uncollectible accrued interest receivable is written off in a timely manner. Although our secured debt obligations and senior secured term loan financing have a minimum tangible net worth maintenance covenant, the General CECL Allowance has no impact on these covenants as we are permitted to add back the General CECL Allowance for the computation of tangible net worth as defined in the respective agreements. The following schedule sets forth our General CECL Allowance as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):
|  | September 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Commercial mortgage loans, net |  | $ | 26,340 |  |  | $ | 22,848 |
Subordinate loans and other lending assets, net |  | 965 |  |  | 3,376 |
Unfunded commitments(1) |  | 3,972 |  |  | 4,347 |
Total General CECL Allowance |  | $ | 31,277 |  |  | $ | 30,571 |
——————— (1)The General CECL Allowance on unfunded commitments is recorded as a liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheets within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities. Specific CECL Allowance For collateral-dependent loans where we have deemed the borrower/sponsor to be experiencing financial difficulty, we have elected to apply a practical expedient in accordance with the CECL Standard in which the fair value of the underlying collateral is compared to the amortized cost of the loan in determining a Specific CECL Allowance. The Specific CECL Allowance is determined as the difference between the fair value of the underlying collateral and the carrying value of the loan (prior to the Specific CECL Allowance). When the repayment or satisfaction of a loan is dependent on a sale, rather than operations, of the collateral, the fair value is adjusted for the estimated cost to sell the collateral. Collateral-dependent loans evaluated for a Specific CECL Allowance are removed from the General CECL pool. The fair value of the underlying collateral is determined by using method(s) such as discounted cash flow, the market approach, or direct capitalization approach. The key unobservable inputs used to determine the fair value of the underlying collateral may vary depending on the information available to us and market conditions as of the valuation date. We regularly evaluate the extent and impact of any credit migration associated with the performance and/or value of the underlying collateral property as well as the financial and operating capability of the borrower/sponsor on a loan-by-loan basis. The Specific CECL Allowance is evaluated on a quarterly basis. Specifically, a property’s operating results and any cash reserves are analyzed and used to assess (i) whether cash from operations is sufficient to cover the debt service requirements currently and into the future, (ii) the ability of the borrower to refinance the loan and/or (iii) the liquidation value of the underlying collateral. We also evaluate the financial wherewithal of any loan guarantors as well as the borrower’s competency in managing and operating the properties. In addition, we consider the overall economic environment, real estate sector and geographic sub-market in which the borrower operates. Such impairment analysis is completed and reviewed by asset management and finance personnel who utilize various data sources, including (i) periodic financial data such as debt service coverage ratio, property occupancy, tenant profile, rental rates, operating expenses, the borrower’s exit plan, and capitalization and discount rates, (ii) site inspections and (iii) current credit spreads and discussions with market participants. The following table summarizes our risk rated 5 loans as of September 30, 2023, which were analyzed for Specific CECL Allowances ($ in thousands):
Type | Property type | Location | Amortized cost prior to Specific CECL Allowance | Specific CECL Allowance | Amortized cost | Interest recognition status/ as of date | Risk rating
Mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |
| Retail(1)(2) | Cincinnati, OH | $165,802 | $67,000 | $98,802 | Non-Accrual/ 10/1/2019 | 5
Mortgage total: |  | $165,802 | $67,000 | $98,802 |  |
Mezzanine |  |  |  |  |  |
| Residential(3) | Manhattan, NY | $295,881 | $126,000 | $169,881 | Non-Accrual/ 7/1/2021 | 5
Mezzanine total: |  | $295,881 | $126,000 | $169,881 |  |
Total: |  | $461,683 | $193,000 | $268,683 |  |
——————— (1)The fair value of retail collateral was determined by applying a capitalization rate of 8.5%. (2)In September 2018, we entered a joint venture with Turner Consulting II, LLC ("Turner Consulting"), through an entity which owns the underlying property that secures our loan. Turner Consulting contributed 10% of the venture’s equity and we contributed 90%. The entity was deemed to be a Variable Interest Entity (a "VIE") and we determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of that VIE as we do not have the power to direct the entity's activities. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, $0.6 million and $1.9 million, respectively and $0.6 million and $1.2 million, respectively, of interest paid was applied towards reducing the carrying value of the loan. The related profit and loss from the joint venture was immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the loan's maturity was extended from September 2023 to September 2024. (3)The fair value of the residential collateral was determined by making certain projections and assumptions with respect to future performance and a discount rate of 10%. We cease accruing interest on loans if we deem the interest to be uncollectible with any previously accrued uncollected interest on the loan charged to interest income in the same period. The amortized cost basis for loans on non-accrual was $680.7 million an d $468.0 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Under certain circumstances, we may apply the cost recovery method under which interest collected on a loan reduces the loan's amortized cost. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we received $0.6 million and $1.9 million, respectively, in interest that reduced amortized cost under the cost recovery method compared to $2.1 million and $2.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amortized cost basis for loans with accrued interest past due 90 or more days was $680.7 million and $581.3 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no loans with accrued interest between 30 and 89 days past due, respectively. During the third quarter of 2022, we refinanced three of our mezzanine loans (a senior mezzanine loan (“Senior Mezzanine Loan”) and two junior mezzanine loans (“Junior Mezzanine A Loan” and “Junior Mezzanine B Loan” collectively referred to as “Junior Mezzanine Loan”)), and originated a commercial mortgage loan (“Senior Loan”) as part of an overall recapitalization. All of the loans are secured by an ultra-luxury residential property in Manhattan, NY. In refinancing the Senior Mezzanine Loan and Junior Mezzanine Loan, we modified the loan terms with the borrower by modifying the interest rates from LIBOR+15.7% to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR")+9.0% on the Senior Mezzanine Loan, from LIBOR+22.5% to SOFR+15.0% on the Junior Mezzanine A Loan, and from LIBOR+17.5% to SOFR+15.0% on the Junior Mezzanine B Loan. We also extended the term on all three loans from July 2022 to September 2024, including a one-year extension. Based on our analysis under ASC 310-20 “Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs” (“ASC 310-20”), we have deemed this refinance to be a continuation of our existing loans. Additionally, we opted to cease accruing interest on the Junior Mezzanine A Loan and Junior Mezzanine B Loan as of July 1, 2021 based on a waterfall sharing arrangement with a subordinate capital provider, and have continued to not accrue interest on the Junior Mezzanine Loan following this refinancing. In accordance with ASC 326, "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses" and adoption of ASU 2022-02 "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) – Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures", we have classified the refinancing of the Senior Mezzanine Loan and Junior Mezzanine Loan as an interest rate reduction and term extension. The modified loan terms as discussed above have been reflected in our calculation of CECL for the quarter ended September 30, 2023. R efer to "CECL" section above for additional information regarding our calculation of CECL Allowance. As of September 30, 2023 the aggregate amortized cost of the Senior Mezzanine Loan and Junior Mezzanine A Loan totaled $383.0 million (net of $126.0 million Specific CECL Allowance), or 4.8% of our aggregate commercial mortgage loans and subordinate loans and other lending assets by amortized cost. The Junior Mezzanine B Loan was fully written off as of June 30, 2023, as discussed below. As of March 31, 2022, sales velocity on the underlying property lagged behind the borrower's business plan and management's expectations. Based on this information as of March 31, 2022, we deemed the borrower to be experiencing financial difficulty and accordingly changed the risk rating to a five and recorded $30.0 million of Specific CECL Allowance on the Junior Mezzanine B Loan. During the three months ended December 31, 2022, we recorded an additional $36.5 million Specific CECL Allowance on the Junior Mezzanine B Loan due to a slower sales pace across the ultra-luxury residential segment at the end of 2022 in response to broader market uncertainty, bringing the total loan Specific CECL Allowance to $66.5 million as of December 31, 2022. During the three months ended June 30, 2023, property sales continued to trail behind the borrower's business plan. Accordingly, as of May 1, 2023, we ceased accruing interest on the Senior Loan and the Senior Mezzanine Loan. Additionally, during the three months ended June 30, 2023, we recorded a $126.0 million Specific CECL Allowance on the Junior Mezzanine A Loan and downgraded its risk rating to a five. We also increased the previously recorded Specific CECL Allowance on the Junior Mezzanine B Loan by $15.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2023. As of June 30, 2023, we deemed the $82.0 million Junior Mezzanine B Loan to be unrecoverable. Accordingly, we wrote off the Junior Mezzanine B's total Specific CECL Allowance of $82.0 million and recorded a realized loss of $82.0 million within net realized loss on investments in our June 30, 2023 condensed consolidated statement of operations. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we negotiated with the subordinate capital provider to relinquish its junior mezzanine loan and preferred equity interests for $1.0 million. The respective expense was recorded in other income, net in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. There was no impact to the basis of our Senior Loan, Senior Mezzanine Loan, or Junior Mezzanine A Loan and no impact to our Specific CECL Allowance. In March 2017, we originated a first mortgage secured by a hotel in Atlanta, GA. As of May 1, 2022, due to slower than expected recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, we deemed the borrower to be experiencing financial difficulty and ceased accruing interest. During the second quarter of 2022, we recorded a $7.0 million Specific CECL Allowance. Additionally, during 2022, we modified the loan to provide two short term extensions to the borrower. During the fourth quarter of 2022, the loan went into maturity default, at which time we were in discussions with the sponsor regarding consensual foreclosure. In anticipation of the foreclosure, we wrote off the previously recorded Specific CECL Allowance, and recorded a $7.0 million realized loss on the loan within realized gain (loss) on investments within our consolidated statement of operations during the first quarter of 2023. On March 31, 2023, we acquired legal title of the underlying hotel through a deed-in-lieu foreclosure and recognized an additional $4.8 million loss within net realized loss on investments on our condensed consolidated statement of operations. The realized loss represents the difference between the original loan's amortized cost and the fair value of the net real estate assets acquired at the time of foreclosure. Refer to "Note 5 - Real Estate Owned" for additional disclosure. As of September 30, 2023 there were no unfunded commitments related to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. As of December 31, 2022, there were $9.5 million of unfunded commitments related to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Other Loan and Lending Assets Activity During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized no payment-in-kind interest. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $2.7 million and $8.3 million of payment-in-kind interest, respectively. We recognized $0.2 million and $0.4 million of pre-payment penalties and accelerated fees for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and $0.1 million and $2.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we held a subordinate risk retention interest in a securitization vehicle. The underlying mortgage related to our subordinate risk retention interest was secured by a portfolio of properties located throughout the United States. Our maximum exposure to loss from our subordinate risk retention interest was limited to its book value, which was $51.1 million as of December 31, 2022, and included within subordinate loans and other lending assets, net on our consolidated balance sheet. Additionally, as of December 31, 2022, its weighted average maturity was 1.4 years. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, this subordinate risk retention interest was repaid in full. During the first quarter of 2023, we received £72.2 million ($88.4 million assuming conversion into U.S. Dollars ("USD")) full repayment of one of our commercial mortgage loans secured by an office property in London, United Kingdom, including all default interest accrued to date, which was approximately $0.7 million. In conjunction with the repayment, we are no longer recording the previously sold subordinate interest as a secured borrowing on our consolidated balance sheet, which had an amortized cost basis of £20.8 million ($25.1 million assuming conversion into USD). Refer to "Note 12 – Participations Sold" for additional detail related to the subordinate interest. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we transferred a portion of our unfunded commitment of £293.4 million ($327.7 million assuming conversion into USD) in a commercial mortgage loan secured by a mixed use property located in London, United Kingdom to entities managed by affiliates of the Manager. In addition to transferring the unfunded commitment, we also transferred a proportionate share of the origination fee associated with such unfunded commitment, resulting in a reduction to our amortized cost basis. We evaluated the transfer under ASC 860 and determined the transfer met the criteria for sale accounting. We recorded no gain or loss on the sale. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, one of our commercial mortgage loans collateralized by an office building located in London, United Kingdom was not repaid upon its contractual maturity, triggering an event of default. To provide the borrower with additional time to refinance the loan, we agreed to a conditional waiver of the event of default, and modified the terms of the loan agreement to include (i) a short term extension and (ii) default interest of 2.0%, which we commenced accruing in addition to our contractual rate. In January 2023, the first mortgage loan, including participations sold, was fully satisfied, including all contractual and default interest accrued to date. Loan Sales From time to time, we may enter into sale transactions with other parties. All sale transactions are evaluated in accordance with ASC 860, "Transfers and Servicing" ("ASC 860"). During the first quarter of 2023, we sold our entire interests in three commercial mortgage loans secured by various properties in Europe, with aggregate commitments of €205.7 million ($219.0 million assuming conversion into USD, of which €115.0 million or $122.4 million assuming conversion into USD, was funded at the time of sale). Additionally, we sold a partial interest of £15.0 million ($18.2 million assuming conversion into USD) in a commercial mortgage loan secured by a mixed-use property located in London, United Kingdom. These sales were made to entities managed by affiliates of the Manager. We evaluated the transaction under ASC 860 and determined the sale of our entire interests and the sale of the partial interest met the criteria for sale accounting. We recorded a net gain of approximately $0.2 million in connection with these sales during the first quarter of 2023 within net realized loss on investments in condensed consolidated statement of operations.

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