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Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2024
Receivables [Abstract] |
Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net | Note 4 – Commercial Mortgage Loans, Subordinate Loans and Other Lending Assets, Net Our loan portfolio was comprised of the following at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 ($ in thousands):
Loan Type |  | September 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Commercial mortgage loans, net(1) |  | $ | 7,456,389 |  |  | $ | 7,925,359 |
Subordinate loans, net |  |  | 374,222 |  |  |  | 432,734 |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 7,830,611 |  |  | $ | 8,358,093 |
(1) Includes $8.3 million and $95.5 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively, of contiguous financing structured as subordinate loans. Our loan portfolio consisted of 96% and 99% floating rate loans, based on amortized cost, net of Specific CECL Allowance, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Activity relating to our loan portfolio for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was as follows ($ in thousands):
|  | Principal Balance |  |  | Deferred Fees/Other Items |  |  | Specific CECL Allowance |  |  | Carrying Value, Net |
December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 8,610,110 |  |  | $ | (32,535 | ) |  | $ | (193,000 | ) |  | $ | 8,384,575 |
New loan fundings |  |  | 955,328 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 955,328 |
Add-on loan fundings(1) |  |  | 530,747 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 530,747 |
Loan repayments and sale |  |  | (1,711,682 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,711,682 | )
Gain (loss) on foreign currency translation |  |  | 155,874 |  |  |  | (825 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 155,049 |
Increase in Specific CECL Allowance, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (149,500 | ) |  |  | (149,500 | )
Transfer to Other Assets(2) |  |  | (159,667 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (159,667 | )
Realized loss on investment(3) |  |  | (137,312 | ) |  |  | 9,121 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (128,191 | )
Deferred fees and other items(4) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (34,468 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (34,468 | )
Amortization of fees |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22,612 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22,612 |
September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 8,243,398 |  |  | $ | (36,095 | ) |  | $ | (342,500 | ) |  | $ | 7,864,803 |
General CECL Allowance(5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (34,192 | )
Carrying value, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,830,611 |
(1) Represents fundings subsequent to loan closing. (2) Refer to "Massachusetts Healthcare" below for full discussion. (3) Realized loss on investment includes a $0.7 million loss on the sale of a commercial mortgage loan collateralized by a hotel property located in Honolulu, HI in April 2024, and a realized loss of $127.5 million during the third quarter of 2024 related to Massachusetts Healthcare, discussed below, consisting of a $136.6 million write-off of principal, partially offset by $9.1 million, reflecting the cost recovery interest received to date and unamortized origination fees. (4) Other items primarily consist of purchase discounts or premiums, cost recovery interest, exit fees, and deferred origination expenses. (5) $3.9 million of the General CECL Allowance is excluded from this table because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheet. The following table details overall statistics for our loan portfolio at the dates indicated ($ in thousands):
|  | September 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Number of loans |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 50 |
Principal balance |  | $ | 8,243,398 |  |  | $ | 8,610,110 |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 7,830,611 |  |  | $ | 8,358,093 |
Unfunded loan commitments(1) |  | $ | 503,858 |  |  | $ | 868,582 |
Weighted-average cash coupon(2) |  |  | 8.1 | % |  |  | 8.3 | %
Weighted-average remaining fully-extended term(3) |  | 2.5 years |  |  | 2.3 years |
Weighted-average expected term(4) |  | 1.8 years |  |  | 1.8 years |
(1) Unfunded loan commitments are funded to finance construction costs, tenant improvements, leasing commissions, or carrying costs. These future commitments are funded over the term of each loan, subject in certain cases to an expiration date. (2) For floating rate loans, based on applicable benchmark rates as of the specified dates. For loans placed on non-accrual, the interest rate used in calculating weighted-average cash coupon is 0%. (3) Assumes all extension options are exercised. (4) Expected term represents our estimated timing of repayments as of the specified dates. Excludes risk-rated five loans. Property Type The table below details the property type of the properties securing the loans in our portfolio at the dates indicated ($ in thousands):
|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |
Property Type |  | Carrying Value |  |  | % of Portfolio(1) |  | Carrying Value |  |  | % of Portfolio(1) |
Office |  | $ | 1,792,187 |  |  | 22.8% |  | $ | 1,593,320 |  |  |  | 19.0 | %
Hotel |  |  | 1,620,910 |  |  | 20.6 |  |  | 2,128,256 |  |  |  | 25.4 |
Retail |  |  | 1,454,077 |  |  | 18.5 |  |  | 1,407,764 |  |  |  | 16.8 |
Residential |  |  | 1,220,115 |  |  | 15.5 |  |  | 1,247,238 |  |  |  | 14.9 |
Mixed Use |  |  | 433,252 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | 679,303 |  |  |  | 8.1 |
Industrial |  |  | 418,218 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | 293,133 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
Healthcare |  |  | 355,474 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 511,803 |  |  |  | 6.1 |
Other(2) |  |  | 570,570 |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | 523,758 |  |  |  | 6.2 |
Total |  | $ | 7,864,803 |  |  | 100.0% |  | $ | 8,384,575 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %
General CECL Allowance(3) |  |  | (34,192 | ) |  |  |  |  | (26,482 | ) |  |  |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 7,830,611 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,358,093 |  |  |  |
(1) Percentage of portfolio calculations are made prior to consideration of General CECL Allowance. (2) Other property types include pubs (2.9%), caravan parks (2.7%), and urban predevelopment (1.7%) in 2024, and caravan parks (2.4%), parking garages (2.3%) and urban predevelopment (1.5%) in 2023. (3) $3.9 million and $4.0 million of the General CECL Allowance for 2024 and 2023, respectively, is excluded from this table because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Geography The table below details the geographic distribution of the properties securing the loans in our portfolio at the dates indicated ($ in thousands):
|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |
Geographic Location |  | Carrying Value |  |  | % of Portfolio(1) |  | Carrying Value |  |  | % of Portfolio(1) |
United Kingdom |  | $ | 3,039,991 |  |  | 38.6% |  | $ | 2,675,097 |  |  |  | 31.9 | %
New York City |  |  | 1,607,723 |  |  | 20.4 |  |  | 1,736,856 |  |  |  | 20.7 |
Other Europe(2) |  |  | 1,335,497 |  |  | 17.0 |  |  | 1,686,425 |  |  |  | 20.1 |
Southeast |  |  | 611,661 |  |  | 7.8 |  |  | 535,054 |  |  |  | 6.4 |
West |  |  | 509,901 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | 484,842 |  |  |  | 5.8 |
Midwest |  |  | 408,949 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 522,137 |  |  |  | 6.2 |
Other(3) |  |  | 351,081 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 744,164 |  |  |  | 8.9 |
Total |  | $ | 7,864,803 |  |  | 100.0% |  | $ | 8,384,575 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %
General CECL Allowance(4) |  |  | (34,192 | ) |  |  |  |  | (26,482 | ) |  |  |
Carrying value, net |  | $ | 7,830,611 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,358,093 |  |  |  |
(1) Percentage of portfolio calculations are made prior to consideration of General CECL Allowance. (2) Other Europe includes Germany (8.0%), Italy (2.3%), Spain (3.4%), Sweden (3.1%) and the Netherlands (0.2%) in 2024 and Germany (7.4%), Italy (4.9%), Spain (4.2%), Sweden (2.9%), Ireland (0.5%) and the Netherlands (0.2%) in 2023. (3) Other includes Northeast (0.1%), Mid-Atlantic (1.7%), Southwest (1.5%) and Other (1.2%) in 2024 and Northeast (5.0%), Mid-Atlantic (1.1%), Southwest (1.7%) and Other (1.1%) in 2023. (4) $3.9 million and $4.0 million of the General CECL Allowance for 2024 and 2023, respectively, is excluded from this table because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Risk Rating We assess the risk factors of each loan and assign a risk rating based on a variety of factors, including, without limitation, loan to value ("LTV") ratio, debt yield, property type, geographic and local market dynamics, physical condition, cash flow volatility, leasing and tenant profile, loan structure and exit plan, and project sponsorship. We apply these various factors on a case-by-case basis depending on the facts and circumstances for each loan, and the different factors may be given different weightings in different situations. This review is performed quarterly. Based on a 5-point scale, our loans are rated "1" through "5," from less risk to greater risk, which ratings are defined as follows: 1. Very low risk 2. Low risk 3. Moderate/average risk 4. High risk/potential for loss: a loan that has a risk of realizing a principal loss 5. Impaired/loss likely: a loan that has a high risk of realizing principal loss, has incurred principal loss, or an impairment has been recorded The following tables present the carrying value of our loan portfolio by year of origination and internal risk rating and gross write-offs by year of origination as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively ($ in thousands):
September 30, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Amortized Cost(1) by Year Originated |
Risk Rating |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Total |  |  | % of Portfolio |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |
1 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — % |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 474,460 |  |  | 6.0% |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 459,782 |  |  |  | 14,678 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
3 |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 6,966,537 |  |  | 88.6% |  |  |  | 974,717 |  |  |  | 660,811 |  |  |  | 1,795,608 |  |  |  | 1,845,346 |  |  |  | 406,909 |  |  |  | 1,283,146 |
4 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 297,806 |  |  | 3.8% |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 297,806 |
5 |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 126,000 |  |  | 1.6% |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27,881 |  |  |  | 98,119 |
Total |  |  | 45 |  |  | $ | 7,864,803 |  |  | 100.0% |  |  |  | 974,717 |  |  |  | 660,811 |  |  |  | 2,255,390 |  |  |  | 1,860,024 |  |  |  | 434,790 |  |  |  | 1,679,071 |
General CECL Allowance(2) |  |  |  | (34,192 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total carrying value, net |  |  | $ | 7,830,611 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-Average Risk Rating |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross write-offs |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2023 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Amortized Cost(1) by Year Originated |
Risk Rating |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Total |  |  | % of Portfolio |  |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |
1 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — | % |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 478,440 |  |  |  | 5.7 | % |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 280,572 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 132,309 |  |  |  | 65,560 |
3 |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 7,548,252 |  |  |  | 90.0 | % |  |  |  | 440,720 |  |  |  | 2,426,511 |  |  |  | 2,285,902 |  |  |  | 387,323 |  |  |  | 1,465,618 |  |  |  | 542,177 |
4 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 88,112 |  |  |  | 1.1 | % |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 88,112 |
5 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 269,771 |  |  |  | 3.2 | % |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 169,881 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 99,890 |
Total |  |  | 50 |  |  | $ | 8,384,575 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | $ | 440,720 |  |  | $ | 2,707,083 |  |  | $ | 2,285,902 |  |  | $ | 557,204 |  |  | $ | 1,597,927 |  |  | $ | 795,739 |
General CECL Allowance(2) |  |  |  | (26,482 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total carrying value, net |  |  | $ | 8,358,093 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-Average Risk Rating |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross write-offs |  |  | $ | 81,890 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 81,890 |
(1) Net of Specific CECL Allowance. (2) $3.9 million and $4.0 million of the General CECL Allowance for 2024 and 2023, respectively, is excluded from this table because it relates to unfunded commitments and has been recorded as a liability under accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. CECL In accordance with ASC Topic 326 "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses" ("ASC 326"), which we refer to as the "CECL Standard," we record allowances for loans and held-to-maturity debt securities that are deducted from the carrying amount of the assets to present the net carrying value of the amounts expected to be collected on the assets. We record loan specific allowances as a practical expedient under the CECL Standard ("Specific CECL Allowance"), which we apply to assets that are collateral dependent and where the borrower or sponsor is experiencing financial difficulty. For the remainder of the portfolio, we record a general allowance ("General CECL Allowance," and together with the Specific CECL Allowance, "CECL Allowances") on a collective basis by assets with similar risk characteristics. We have elected to use the weighted-average remaining maturity ("WARM") method in determining a General CECL Allowance for a majority of our portfolio. In the future, we may use other acceptable methods, such as a probability-of-default/loss-given-default method. The following schedule illustrates changes in CECL Allowances for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 ($ in thousands):
|  | Specific CECL |  |  | General CECL Allowance |  |  | Total CECL |  |  | CECL Allowance as % of Amortized Cost |
|  | Allowance(1) |  |  | Funded |  |  | Unfunded |  |  | Total |  |  | Allowance |  |  | General(1) |  |  | Total |
December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 193,000 |  |  | $ | 26,482 |  |  | $ | 4,017 |  |  | $ | 30,499 |  |  | $ | 223,499 |  |  |  | 0.38 | % |  |  | 2.61 | %
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowances (Reversals), net(2) |  |  | 142,000 |  |  |  | 6,076 |  |  |  | (392 | ) |  |  | 5,684 |  |  |  | 147,684 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2024 |  | $ | 335,000 |  |  | $ | 32,558 |  |  | $ | 3,625 |  |  | $ | 36,183 |  |  | $ | 371,183 |  |  |  | 0.44 | % |  |  | 4.29 | %
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowances (Reversals), net(3) |  |  | 7,500 |  |  |  | 2,761 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 2,758 |  |  |  | 10,258 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
June 30, 2024 |  | $ | 342,500 |  |  | $ | 35,319 |  |  | $ | 3,622 |  |  | $ | 38,941 |  |  | $ | 381,441 |  |  |  | 0.47 | % |  |  | 4.40 | %
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowances (Reversals), net(4)(5) |  |  | 127,512 |  |  |  | (1,127 | ) |  |  | 228 |  |  |  | (899 | ) |  |  | 126,613 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Write-offs(5) |  |  | (127,512 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (127,512 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 342,500 |  |  | $ | 34,192 |  |  | $ | 3,850 |  |  | $ | 38,042 |  |  | $ | 380,542 |  |  |  | 0.49 | % |  |  | 4.64 | %
(1) Loans evaluated for Specific CECL Allowance are excluded from General CECL Allowance pool. (2) During the three months ended March 31, 2024, our General CECL Allowance increased by $5.7 million. The increase was primarily related to extending our expected loan repayment dates as well as an increase to the historical loss rate derived from Trepp's data. The increase was partially offset by the favorable impacts of portfolio seasoning. Additionally, during the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded an increase of $142.0 million to our Specific CECL Allowance. The increase was related to a mezzanine loan secured by the ultra-luxury residential property. Refer to discussion below. (3) During the three months ended June 30, 2024, our General CECL Allowance increased by $2.8 million primarily due to new loan originations as well as a more adverse outlook on our office portfolio. The increase was partially offset by the favorable impacts of portfolio seasoning. Additionally, during the three months ended June 30, 2024, we recorded an increase of $7.5 million to our Specific CECL Allowance. The increase was related to a mezzanine loan secured by an office building in Troy, MI. Refer to discussion below. (4) During the three months ended September 30, 2024, our General CECL Allowance decreased by $0.9 million primarily due to the favorable impacts of portfolio seasoning and earlier than expected loan repayments. The decrease was partially offset by the effects of loan originations and a more adverse macroeconomic outlook associated with our office portfolio. (5) During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded an increase and write-off of $127.5 million of our Specific CECL Allowance related to our Massachusetts Healthcare Loan (as defined and discussed below). The $127.5 million write-off was recorded as a realized loss within net realized loss on investments in our September 30, 2024 condensed consolidated statement of operations. The following schedule illustrates changes in CECL Allowances for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 ($ in thousands):
|  | Specific CECL |  |  | General CECL Allowance |  |  | Total CECL |  |  | CECL Allowance as % of Amortized Cost |
|  | Allowance(1) |  |  | Funded |  |  | Unfunded |  |  | Total |  |  | Allowance |  |  | General(1) |  |  | Total |
December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 133,500 |  |  | $ | 26,224 |  |  | $ | 4,347 |  |  | $ | 30,571 |  |  | $ | 164,071 |  |  |  | 0.36 | % |  |  | 1.86 | %
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowances(2) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,043 |  |  |  | 348 |  |  |  | 4,391 |  |  |  | 4,391 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 133,500 |  |  | $ | 30,267 |  |  | $ | 4,695 |  |  | $ | 34,962 |  |  | $ | 168,462 |  |  |  | 0.42 | % |  |  | 1.95 | %
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowances(3) |  |  | 141,480 |  |  |  | 2,009 |  |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | 2,148 |  |  |  | 143,628 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Write-offs(4) |  |  | (81,980 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (81,980 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
June 30, 2023 |  | $ | 193,000 |  |  | $ | 32,276 |  |  | $ | 4,834 |  |  | $ | 37,110 |  |  | $ | 230,110 |  |  |  | 0.46 | % |  |  | 2.70 | %
Changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reversals(5) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,971 | ) |  |  | (862 | ) |  |  | (5,833 | ) |  |  | (5,833 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 193,000 |  |  | $ | 27,305 |  |  | $ | 3,972 |  |  | $ | 31,277 |  |  | $ | 224,277 |  |  |  | 0.40 | % |  |  | 2.74 | %
(1) Loans evaluated for Specific CECL Allowance are excluded from General CECL Allowance pool. (2) During the three months ended March 31, 2023, our General CECL Allowance increased by $4.4 million primarily due to an increase in our view of the remaining expected term of our loan portfolio. This increase was partially offset by the impact of portfolio seasoning and loan repayments and sales. (3) During the three months ended June 30, 2023, our General CECL Allowance increased by $2.1 million primarily due to a more adverse macroeconomic outlook and an increase in our view of the remaining expected term of certain of our loans. This increase was partially offset by the impact of portfolio seasoning. Additionally, during the three months ended June 30, 2023, we recorded an increase of $141.5 million to our Specific CECL Allowance. The increase was related to two mezzanine loans secured by the same ultra-luxury property. Refer to discussion below. (4) As of June 30, 2023, $82.0 million related to the most junior mezzanine loan secured by the ultra-luxury residential property was deemed unrecoverable. Accordingly, $82.0 million of previously recorded Specific CECL was written-off and recorded as a realized loss within net realized loss on investments in our June 30, 2023 condensed consolidated statement of operations. Refer to "Specific CECL Allowance" section below for further detail. (5) During the three months ended September 30, 2023, our General CECL Allowance decreased by $5.8 million, primarily due to loan prepayments and portfolio seasoning. General CECL Allowance In determining the General CECL Allowance using the WARM method, an annual historical loss rate, adjusted for macroeconomic estimates, is applied to the amortized cost of an asset, or pool of assets, over each subsequent period for the assets' remaining expected life. We considered various factors including (i) historical loss experience in the commercial real estate lending market, (ii) timing of expected repayments and satisfactions, (iii) expected future funding, (iv) capital subordinate to us when we are the senior lender, (v) capital senior to us when we are the subordinate lender, and (vi) our current and future view of the macroeconomic environment for a reasonable and supportable forecast period. The CECL Standard requires the use of significant judgment to arrive at an estimated credit loss. There is significant uncertainty related to future macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, labor shortages and interest rates. We derive an annual historical loss rate based on a commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS") database with historical losses from 1998 through the third quarter of 2024 provided by a third party, Trepp LLC ("Trepp"). We apply various filters to arrive at a CMBS dataset most analogous to our current portfolio from which to determine an appropriate historical loss rate. The annual historical loss rate is further adjusted to reflect our expectations of the macroeconomic environment for a reasonable and supportable forecast period of eight quarters. In assessing the macroeconomic environment, we consider macroeconomic factors, including unemployment rate, commercial real estate prices, and market liquidity. We compare the historical data for each metric to historical commercial real estate losses in order to determine the correlation of the data. We use projections, obtained from third-party service providers, of each factor to approximate the impact the macroeconomic outlook may have on our loss rate. The General CECL Allowance on subordinate loans is calculated by incorporating both the loan balance of the position(s) of the structurally senior third-party lender(s) and the balance of our subordinate loan(s). The subordinate loans, by virtue of being the first loss position, are required to absorb losses prior to the senior position(s) being impacted, resulting in a higher percentage allowance attributable to the subordinate loan. The General CECL Allowance on unfunded loan commitments is time-weighted based on our expected commitment to fund such obligations. The General CECL Allowance on unfunded commitments is recorded as a liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheets within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities. Additionally, we have made an accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost basis of the related commercial mortgage loans and subordinate loans and other lending assets in determining the General CECL Allowance, as any uncollectible accrued interest receivable is written off in a timely manner. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, accrued interest receivable was $78.3 million and $72.4 million, respectively, and included within other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Although our secured debt obligations and senior secured term loan financing have a minimum tangible net worth maintenance covenant, the General CECL Allowance has no impact on these covenants as we are permitted to add back the General CECL Allowance for the computation of tangible net worth as defined in the respective agreements. The following schedule sets forth our General CECL Allowance as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 ($ in thousands):
|  | September 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Commercial mortgage loans, net |  | $ | 33,355 |  |  | $ | 25,723 |
Subordinate loans, net |  |  | 837 |  |  |  | 759 |
Unfunded commitments(1) |  |  | 3,850 |  |  |  | 4,017 |
Total General CECL Allowance |  | $ | 38,042 |  |  | $ | 30,499 |
(1) The General CECL Allowance on unfunded commitments is recorded as a liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheets within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities. Specific CECL Allowance For collateral-dependent loans where we have deemed the borrower/sponsor to be experiencing financial difficulty and a more than moderate/average risk of realizing a principal loss, we have elected to apply a practical expedient in accordance with the CECL Standard in which the fair value of the underlying collateral is compared to the amortized cost of the loan in determining a Specific CECL Allowance. The Specific CECL Allowance is determined as the difference between the fair value of the underlying collateral and the carrying value of the loan (prior to the Specific CECL Allowance). When the repayment or satisfaction of a loan is dependent on a sale, rather than operations, of the collateral, the fair value is adjusted for the estimated cost to sell the collateral. Collateral-dependent loans evaluated for a Specific CECL Allowance are removed from the General CECL Allowance pool. The fair value of the underlying collateral is determined by using method(s) such as discounted cash flow, the market approach, or direct capitalization approach. The key unobservable inputs used to determine the fair value of the underlying collateral may vary depending on the information available to us and market conditions as of the valuation date. We regularly evaluate the extent and impact of any credit migration associated with the performance and/or value of the underlying collateral property as well as the financial and operating capability of the borrower/sponsor on a loan-by-loan basis. The Specific CECL Allowance is evaluated on a quarterly basis. Specifically, a property's operating results and any cash reserves are analyzed and used to assess (i) whether cash from operations is sufficient to cover the debt service requirements currently and into the future, (ii) the ability of the borrower to refinance the loan and/or (iii) the liquidation value of the underlying collateral. We also evaluate the financial wherewithal of any loan guarantors as well as the borrower's competency in managing and operating the properties. In addition, we consider the overall economic environment, real estate sector and geographic sub-market in which the borrower operates. Such impairment analysis is completed and reviewed by asset management and finance personnel who utilize various data sources, including (i) periodic financial data such as debt service coverage ratio, property occupancy, tenant profile, rental rates, operating expenses, the borrower's exit plan, and capitalization and discount rates, (ii) site inspections and (iii) current credit spreads and discussions with market participants. The following table summarizes our risk rated five loans as of September 30, 2024, which were analyzed for Specific CECL Allowances ($ in thousands):
Type | Property type |  | Location |  | Amortized cost prior to Specific CECL Allowance |  |  | Specific CECL Allowance |  |  | Amortized cost |  |  | Interest recognition status/ as of date |  | Risk Rating
Mortgage | Retail(1)(2) |  | Cincinnati, OH |  | $ | 165,119 |  |  | $ | 67,000 |  |  | $ | 98,119 |  |  | Non-Accrual/ 10/1/2019 |  | 5
Mezzanine | Residential(3) |  | Manhattan, NY |  |  | 295,881 |  |  |  | 268,000 |  |  |  | 27,881 |  |  | Non-Accrual/ 7/1/2021 |  | 5
Mezzanine | Office(4) |  | Troy, MI |  |  | 7,500 |  |  |  | 7,500 |  |  |  | - |  |  | Non-Accrual/ 6/30/2024 |  | 5
Total |  |  |  | $ | 468,500 |  |  | $ | 342,500 |  |  | $ | 126,000 |  |  |  |  |
(1) The fair value of retail collateral was determined by applying a capitalization rate of 9.0%. (2) In September 2018, we entered a joint venture with Turner Consulting II, LLC ("Turner Consulting"), through an entity which owns the underlying property that secures our loan. Turner Consulting contributed 10% of the venture's equity and we contributed 90%. The entity was deemed to be a variable interest entity ("VIE"), and we determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of that VIE as we do not have the power to direct the entity's activities. During the second quarter of 2024, the loan's maturity was extended from September 2024 to September 2025. (3) The fair value of the residential collateral was determined by making certain projections and assumptions with respect to future performance and a discount rate of 10%. (4) The fair value of the office collateral was determined by applying an exit capitalization rate of 10% and a discount rate of 20% For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded a net increase in our Specific CECL Allowance of $149.5 million. This net increase was comprised of a Specific CECL Allowance and write-off on a commercial mortgage loan and Specific CECL Allowances on two of our subordinate loans. Massachusetts Healthcare In March 2022, we and other Apollo-managed entities co-originated a 55% loan-to-cost first mortgage loan ("Massachusetts Healthcare Loan") secured by eight hospitals in Massachusetts. Our pro-rata interest in the commercial mortgage loan represente d 41.2% of the o riginal whole loan amount. The loan was made in connection with the capitalization of a joint venture between two parties and eight property owner subsidiaries of the joint venture (the "Borrowers") to own the hospitals which were leased to Steward Health Care ("Steward"), who served as operator. We and other Apollo-managed entities ("Apollo Co-Lenders") did not lend to Steward and do not have any involvement in Steward's operation of the hospitals or performance under the lease. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we ceased accruing interest on our loan and debt service payments received in July through September 2024 reduced the carrying value of our loan. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded a $127.5 million Specific CECL Allowance which was written-off on resolution of our loan during the same period. On September 4, 2024, we and Apollo Co-Lenders, through a joint venture, acquired title to one of the eight hospitals that previously secured our loan. On September 26, 2024, the hospital was taken by eminent domain by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (the "Commonwealth"). In conjunction with this taking, we recorded a realized loss representing the difference between our allocation of the amount to be paid by the Commonwealth for the taking and our allocation of the loan related to the underlying property. We and Apollo Co-Lenders have challenged the Commonwealth's taking of the hospital by eminent domain in Massachusetts court. If our challenge is not successful, we and Apollo Co-Lenders intend to further challenge the valuation of the hospital from which the amount to be paid by the Commonwealth was determined. If successful, we and Apollo Co-Lenders may receive additional recovery of our realized losses. The amount to be paid by the Commonwealth is $21.9 million ($9.0 million attributable to ARI), while the 2024 tax assessed value of the hospital was $200.8 million. On September 30, 2024, the guarantors made a guaranty payment on the loan and Borrowers transferred the deeds of the remaining seven hospitals into escrow, thereby releasing the Borrowers from their obligation under the loan agreement. Accordingly, we wrote-off the remaining Specific CECL Allowance and recorded a realized loss representing the difference between our loan's remaining amortized cost basis and our allocation of the fair value of the seven remaining hospitals, less costs to sell, per the executed purchase and sale agreements and appraised values, where applicable, of the properties underlying the deeds in escrow. In aggregate, we recorded a $127.5 million realized loss within net realized loss on investments in our September 30, 2024 condensed consolidated statement of operations, and all Specific CECL Allowances related to our loan were written off. As of September 30, 2024, we recorded $159.7 million in other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheet consisting of an equity method interest in the joint venture with other Apollo-managed entities and an interest in the property deeds in escrow. We did not hold title to the underlying properties as of September 30, 2024. Subsequently, on October 1, 2024, five of the seven hospitals were sold to third parties, and the proceeds were allocated among us and other Apollo Co-Lenders based on our pro-rata interests in the commercial mortgage loan. Refer to "Note 21 – Subsequent Events". Michigan Office During the three months ended June 30, 2024, we recorded a Specific CECL Allowance of $7.5 million on a subordinate loan secured by our interest in a Class A office building in Troy, MI, which was attributable to low occupancy and limited leasing activity in the property's submarket. The $7.5 million Specific CECL Allowance represents a full reserve against the loan’s amortized cost basis. The loan's risk rating was downgraded from a four to a five and the loan was moved to non-accrual status as of June 30, 2024. As discussed further below, we recorded an additional $142.0 million Specific CECL Allowance on our Junior Mezzanine A Loan (as defined below), during the three months ended March 31, 2024. Loan Modifications Pursuant to ASC 326 During the twelve months ended September 30, 2024, we provided the following loan modifications that require disclosure pursuant to ASC 326. Cleveland Multifamily In May 2021, we originated a first mortgage loan secured by a multifamily property in Cleveland, OH. In April 2024, we modified our loan to convert from a floating rate of Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") + 3.25% to a 6.0% fixed rate, and to provide a two year term extension. These modified terms are included in the determination of our general CECL reserve for the quarter ended September 30, 2024. The loan is performing pursuant to its modified contractual terms and its risk rating remains a three as of September 30, 2024. Manhattan Office In March 2022, we originated a first mortgage loan secured by an office property in Manhattan, NY. In April 2024, we modified our loan to convert from a floating rate of SOFR + 3.92% to a 5.0% fixed rate. This modified term is included in the determination of our general CECL reserve for the quarter ended September 30, 2024. The loan is performing pursuant to its modified contractual terms and its risk rating remains a three as of September 30, 2024. Manhattan Residential In August 2022, we refinanced three of our mezzanine loans (a senior mezzanine loan ("Senior Mezzanine Loan") and two junior mezzanine loans ("Junior Mezzanine A Loan" and "Junior Mezzanine B Loan" collectively referred to as "Junior Mezzanine Loan")), and originated a commercial mortgage loan ("Senior Loan") as part of an overall recapitalization. All of the loans are secured by an ultra-luxury residential property in Manhattan, NY. In refinancing the Senior Mezzanine Loan and Junior Mezzanine Loan, we modified the loan terms with the borrower to include an interest rate reduction and two year extension of the term on all three loans. Based on our analysis under ASC Topic 310-20 "Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs" ("ASC 310-20"), we have deemed this refinance to be a continuation of our existing loans. During 2022, sales velocity on the underlying property lagged behind the borrower's business plan and management's expectations. Based on this information and broader uncertainty across the ultra-luxury residential property market, we recorded a total loan Specific CECL Allowance of $66.5 million on the Junior Mezzanine B Loan and downgraded its risk rating to a five. As property sales continued to trail behind the borrower's business plan during the first half of 2023, we ceased accruing interest on the Senior Loan and the Senior Mezzanine Loan as of May 1, 2023. During the second quarter of 2023, we deemed the $82.0 million Junior Mezzanine B Loan to be unrecoverable and therefore wrote off our mezzanine loan and recorded a realized loss of $82.0 million within net realized loss on investments in our condensed consolidated statement of operations. We also recorded a $126.0 million Specific CECL Allowance on the Junior Mezzanine A Loan and downgraded its risk rating to a five. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded an additional $142.0 million Specific CECL Allowance on our Junior Mezzanine A Loan. The additional Specific CECL Allowance was primarily attributable to a reduction in list pricing of remaining units and slower sales pace at the property. The slower sales velocity coincided with the continued overall softening in the midtown Manhattan ultra-luxury submarket. Any future change to the Specific CECL Allowance will be based upon a number of factors, including but not limited to the continued assessment of both the potential nominal value of remaining inventory as well as the expected sales velocity. During the three months ended June 30, 2024, our Senior Loan was refinanced by a third party lender, which resulted in a repayment of $108.3 million. The remaining Senior Loan balance was restructured into a subordinate loan ("Senior Mezzanine A Loan"), and extended by fourteen months to November 2025. Concurrently, the maturities of the Senior Mezzanine Loan and the Junior Mezzanine A Loan were extended to November 2025. All three loans remain on non-accrual status subsequent to the refinancing. Based on our analysis under ASC 310-20, we have deemed this refinance to be a continuation of our existing loans. The modified loan terms as discussed above have been reflected in our calculation of CECL for the three months ended September 30, 2024. Refer to the "CECL" section above for additional information regarding our calculation of CECL Allowances. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the aggregate amortized cost basis, net of Specific CECL Allowance, of these modified receivables was $700.4 million and $674.5 million, respectively, or 8.9% and 8.0% of our aggregate commercial mortgage loans and subordinate loans by amortized cost, respectively. There were unfunded commitments related to these loans of $17.3 million as of September 30, 2024 and none as of December 31, 2023. Other Loan Activity We cease accruing interest on loans if we deem the interest to be uncollectible with any previously accrued uncollected interest on the loan charged to interest income in the same period. The amortized cost basis, net of Specific CECL Allowance, for loans on non-accrual was $473.2 million and $693.7 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Under certain circumstances, we may apply the cost recovery method under which interest collected on a loan reduces the loan's amortized cost. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we received $7.0 million and $8.3 million, respectively, in interest that reduced amortized cost under the cost recovery method compared to $0.6 million and $1.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The increase in interest recorded under the cost recovery method during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 is related to our Massachusetts Healthcare Loan discussed above. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the amortized cost basis, net of Specific CECL Allowance, for loans with accrued interest past due 90 or more days was $473.2 million and $693.7 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no loans with accrued interest between 30 and 89 days past due. We recognized $4.2 million and $5.1 million of pre-payment penalties and accelerated fees for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $0.2 million and $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded $0.5 million and $3.1 million, respectively, of interest income related to a subordinate risk retention interest in a securitization vehicle. The subordinate risk retention interest was repaid in full during the third quarter of 2023. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we received £72.2 million ($88.4 million assuming conversion into U.S. Dollars ("USD")) full repayment of one of our commercial mortgage loans secured by an office property in London, UK, including all default interest accrued to date, which was approximately $0.7 million. In conjunction with the repayment, the related participation interest sold was also fully satisfied. Refer to "Note 12 – Participations Sold" for additional detail. Loan Sales From time to time, we may enter into sale transactions with other parties. All sale transactions are evaluated in accordance with ASC Topic 860, "Transfers and Servicing" ("ASC 860"). In April 2024, we sold a commercial mortgage loan collateralized by a hotel property located in Honolulu, HI. The loan was previously classified as held for sale during the first quarter of 2024, and sold at a price of 99.5% during the second quarter of 2024. Upon selling the commercial mortgage loan, we reversed the previously recorded valuation allowance and recorded a realized loss of $0.7 million included within realized loss on investments on our condensed consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. During the first quarter of 2023, we sold our entire interests in three commercial mortgage loans secured by various properties in Europe, with aggregate commitments of €205.7 million ($219.0 million assuming conversion into USD, of which €115.0 million or $122.4 million assuming conversion into USD, was funded at the time of sale). Additionally, we sold a partial interest of £15.0 million ($18.2 million assuming conversion into USD) in a commercial mortgage loan secured by a mixed-use property located in London, United Kingdom. These sales were made to entities managed by affiliates of the Manager. We evaluated the transaction under ASC 860 and determined the sale of our entire interests and the sale of the partial interest met the criteria for sale accounting. In connection with these sales, we recorded a net gain of approximately $0.2 million within net realized loss on investments on our condensed consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for investment in mortgage loan on real estate by entity with substantial portion of business acquiring and holding investment real estate or interest in real estate. Includes, but is not limited to, information for each mortgage loan receivable equaling or exceeding 3 percent of carrying amount of mortgage. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Name Regulation S-X (SX) -Number 210 -Section 12 -Subsection 29 -Publisher SEC Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 948 -SubTopic 310 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.12-29) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479628/948-310-S99-1 + Details
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