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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The provision (benefit) for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 consists of the following:

 202020192018
Current tax expense (benefit): 
Federal$(729)$96 $(1,077)
State86 444 777 
Foreign6,963 8,375 8,036 
 6,320 8,915 7,736 
Deferred income tax expense (benefit):
Federal(12,253)(3,970)4,478 
State(1,173)(938)62 
Foreign(808)(1,402)(2,477)
(14,234)(6,310)2,063 
Provision (benefit) for income taxes$(7,914)$2,605 $9,799 
A reconciliation between income taxes computed at the statutory federal rate and the provision (benefit) for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 follows:

 202020192018
Tax provision at statutory rate based on income before income taxes21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Stock-based compensation(267.7)(15.4)(1.6)
Settlement of taxing authority examinations(122.9)(7.7)(0.7)
Federal research credit(124.2)(4.0)(2.8)
Tax treaty protocols— (2.9)— 
US tax on worldwide earnings at different rates(123.7)7.9 2.9 
Foreign income taxes129.6 6.4 3.6 
Non deductible/non-taxable items28.6 2.8 (1.4)
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit(24.5)0.3 1.6 
International tax reform— — (3.6)
US tax reform— — 1.8 
Other, net(10.1)(0.1)(1.5)
 (493.9)%8.3 %19.3 %

The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Reform") was enacted on December 22, 2017. The Tax Reform included a number of changes in existing tax law impacting businesses, including a one-time deemed repatriation of cumulative undistributed foreign earnings and a permanent reduction in the U.S. federal statutory rate from 35% to 21%, effective on January 1, 2018.

The SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 to allow for a one-year measurement period to finalize estimated provisional amounts and the overall assessment of the impacts of Tax Reform. During 2018, the Company finalized its accounting and recorded $1.3 million of tax expense related to the revaluation of certain deferred tax items. This expense was offset in part by $0.4 million of tax benefit primarily resulting from finalization of the deemed repatriation toll charge, related foreign tax credits and adjustments to foreign withholding amounts. The final tax benefit related to Tax Reform was $31.0 million.

The Company has elected to account for Global Intangible Low Tax Income ("GILTI") using the period cost method. The net impact of GILTI including the allowable GILTI deduction is presented in the rate reconciliation as a component of “US tax on worldwide earnings at different rates” and is offset in part by the Foreign Derived Intangible Income deduction (“FDII”).
The tax effects of the significant temporary differences which comprise the deferred income tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

 20202019
Assets: 
Inventory$4,649 $4,085 
Net operating losses22,197 3,679 
Capitalized research and development5,187 6,201 
Deferred compensation2,240 2,102 
Accounts receivable2,784 2,556 
Compensation and benefits7,540 6,049 
Accrued pension5,348 3,710 
Research and development credit13,540 10,321 
Interest limitation— 5,702 
Convertible notes hedge6,999 9,004 
Lease liabilities4,452 5,688 
Other6,793 4,336 
Less: valuation allowances(2,721)(1,732)
79,008 61,701 
Liabilities: 
Goodwill and intangible assets104,119 102,015 
Depreciation2,512 301 
State taxes9,614 11,161 
Unremitted foreign earnings2,423 2,619 
Convertible notes debt discount7,060 9,096 
Lease right-of-use assets4,313 5,338 
 130,041 130,530 
Net liability$(51,033)$(68,829)

    Income before income taxes consists of the following U.S. and foreign income:

 202020192018
U.S. income$(16,026)$5,332 $24,320 
Foreign income17,629 25,893 26,333 
Total income$1,603 $31,225 $50,653 
 
As of December 31, 2020, the amount of federal net operating loss carryforward was $19.4 million and begins to expire in 2027. As of December 31, 2020, the amount of federal research credit carryforward available was $13.5 million.  These credits begin to expire in 2027.  

We have accrued tax liabilities related to the amount of unremitted earnings at December 31, 2017 and certain subsequent unremitted earnings as these are not considered permanently reinvested.  Deferred taxes have not been accrued on unremitted earnings subsequent to December 31, 2017 that are considered permanently reinvested. The amount of such untaxed foreign earnings for the periods occurring after December 2017 totaled $22.6 million. If we were to repatriate these funds, we would be required to accrue and pay taxes on such amounts. The Company has estimated foreign withholding taxes of $1.5 million would be due if these earnings were repatriated.
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was signed into law on March 27, 2020 to provide economic relief in the early wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act includes many measures to assist companies, including temporary changes to income and non-income-based tax laws. Income tax relief includes temporary favorable changes to net operating loss and interest expense annual deduction limitations. Additionally, on December 27, 2020, the Consolidated Appropriations Act was signed into law to enhance and expand provisions of the CARES Act and provide other taxpayer relief. These provisions did not have a material impact to our 2020 financial results.

The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and various states and foreign jurisdictions. Taxing authority examinations can involve complex issues and may require an extended period of time to resolve. Our federal income tax returns have been examined by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for calendar years ending through 2018.

We recognize tax liabilities in accordance with the provisions for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. Such guidance prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return.
 
The following table summarizes the activity related to our unrecognized tax benefits for the years ending December 31,:

 202020192018
Balance as of January 1,$2,170 $3,073 $2,943 
Increases (decreases) for positions taken in prior periods— — (250)
Increases for positions taken in current periods— 1,650 1,017 
Decreases in unrecorded tax positions related to settlement with the taxing authorities(1,970)(2,404)(370)
Decreases in unrecorded tax positions related to lapse of statute of limitations— (149)(267)
Balance as of December 31,$200 $2,170 $3,073 
If the total unrecognized tax benefits of $0.2 million at December 31, 2020 were recognized, it would reduce our annual effective tax rate.  The amount of interest accrued in 2018, 2019 and 2020 related to these unrecognized tax benefits was not material and is included in the provision (benefit) for income taxes in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.