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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The provision (benefit) for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 consists of the following:

 202120202019
Current tax expense (benefit): 
Federal$(97)$(729)$96 
State609 86 444 
Foreign7,046 6,963 8,375 
 7,558 6,320 8,915 
Deferred income tax expense (benefit):
Federal3,466 (12,253)(3,970)
State1,449 (1,173)(938)
Foreign(1,910)(808)(1,402)
3,005 (14,234)(6,310)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes$10,563 $(7,914)$2,605 
A reconciliation between income taxes computed at the statutory federal rate and the provision (benefit) for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 follows:

 202120202019
Tax provision at statutory rate based on income before income taxes21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Stock-based compensation(9.4)(267.7)(15.4)
Federal research credit(2.3)(124.2)(4.0)
Valuation allowance(2.2)49.7 1.9 
US tax on worldwide earnings at different rates(0.4)(123.7)7.9 
Settlement of taxing authority examinations— (122.9)(7.7)
Tax treaty protocols— — (2.9)
Non deductible/non-taxable items0.8 28.6 2.8 
Foreign income taxes3.1 79.9 4.5 
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit3.7 (24.5)0.3 
Other, net0.1 (10.1)(0.1)
 14.4 %(493.9)%8.3 %

The Company has elected to account for Global Intangible Low Tax Income ("GILTI") using the period cost method. The net impact of GILTI including the allowable GILTI deduction is presented in the rate reconciliation as a component of “US tax on worldwide earnings at different rates” and is offset in part by the Foreign Derived Intangible Income deduction (“FDII”).
The tax effects of the significant temporary differences which comprise the deferred income tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

 20212020
Assets: 
Inventory$4,694 $4,649 
Net operating losses18,383 22,197 
Capitalized research and development4,173 5,187 
Deferred compensation2,563 2,240 
Accounts receivable3,147 2,784 
Compensation and benefits6,583 7,540 
Accrued pension3,930 5,348 
Research and development credit15,542 13,540 
Convertible notes hedge4,869 6,999 
Lease liabilities3,573 4,452 
Other5,741 6,793 
Less: valuation allowances(786)(2,721)
72,412 79,008 
Liabilities: 
Goodwill and intangible assets106,065 104,119 
Depreciation2,546 2,512 
State taxes11,833 9,614 
Unremitted foreign earnings2,449 2,423 
Convertible notes debt discount4,915 7,060 
Lease right-of-use assets3,484 4,313 
 131,292 130,041 
Net liability$(58,880)$(51,033)

    Income before income taxes consists of the following U.S. and foreign income:

 202120202019
U.S. income$45,260 $(16,026)$5,332 
Foreign income27,845 17,629 25,893 
Total income$73,105 $1,603 $31,225 
 
As of December 31, 2021, the amount of federal net operating loss carryforward was $15.7 million and begins to expire in 2027. As of December 31, 2021, the amount of federal research credit carryforward available was $15.5 million.  These credits begin to expire in 2027.  

We have accrued tax liabilities related to the amount of unremitted earnings at December 31, 2017 and certain subsequent unremitted earnings as these are not considered permanently reinvested.  Deferred taxes have not been accrued on unremitted earnings subsequent to December 31, 2017 that are considered permanently reinvested. The amount of such untaxed foreign earnings for the periods occurring after December 2017 totaled $20.3 million. If we were to repatriate these funds, we would be required to accrue and pay taxes on such amounts. The Company has estimated foreign withholding taxes of $0.9 million would be due if these earnings were repatriated.
The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and various states and foreign jurisdictions. Taxing authority examinations can involve complex issues and may require an extended period of time to resolve. Our federal income tax returns have been examined by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for calendar years ending through 2019.

We recognize tax liabilities in accordance with the provisions for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. Such guidance prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return.
 
The following table summarizes the activity related to our unrecognized tax benefits for the years ending December 31,:

 202120202019
Balance as of January 1,$200 $2,170 $3,073 
Increases for positions taken in current periods— — 1,650 
Decreases in unrecorded tax positions related to settlement with the taxing authorities— (1,970)(2,404)
Decreases in unrecorded tax positions related to lapse of statute of limitations— — (149)
Balance as of December 31,$200 $200 $2,170 
If the total unrecognized tax benefits of $0.2 million at December 31, 2021 were recognized, it would reduce our annual effective tax rate.  The amount of interest accrued in 2019, 2020 and 2021 related to these unrecognized tax benefits was not material and is included in the provision (benefit) for income taxes in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.