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Income Taxes
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The Company generally provides for income taxes in interim periods based on the estimated annual effective tax rate for the year, adjusting for discrete items in the quarter in which they arise. The annual effective tax rate before discrete items was 26.4% and 26.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The Company has executed various global operational centralization activities and legal entity rationalization in recent years. The Company did not recognize any gains or losses from such activities during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company recognized a discrete tax benefit related to equity compensation in the amount of $4.4 million and $4.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The 2022 annual effective tax rate before discrete items differed from the statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the unfavorable impact of state income taxes, non-deductible compensation and equity charges, and Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income tax inclusion, partially offset by the favorable impact of research and development credits and a foreign derived intangible income (“FDII”) benefit deduction. The 2021 annual effective tax rate before discrete items differed from the statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the unfavorable impact of state income taxes, non-deductible compensation and equity charges, and non-deductible expenses, partially offset by the favorable impact of research and development credits and a FDII benefit deduction.
On March 11, 2021, the President of the United States signed into law the “American Rescue Plan Act of 2021” (the “ARP Act”), which provides additional economic stimulus and tax credits, including the expansion and modification of the employee retention tax credit enacted by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) and the refundable tax credits for COVID-related paid sick and family leave enacted by the Family First Act. The ARP Act further expands the “covered employees” definition for purposes of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, used in determining the limitation on the deduction for excessive employee remuneration rules to be applicable for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2026. The provisions of the ARP Act did not have a material impact on the Company’s income taxes.
As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had gross unrecognized tax benefits of $9.3 million and $9.0 million, respectively. It is the Company’s policy to classify accrued interest and penalties as part of unrecognized tax benefits, but to record interest and penalties in interest and other income (expense), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the amount of accrued interest and penalties was $0.6 million.
The Company files income tax returns in the United States and various state and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examinations by taxing authorities, including major jurisdictions such as the United States, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. With few exceptions, as of March 31, 2022, the Company was no longer subject to U.S., state, and foreign tax examinations for years before 2018, 2017, and 2017, respectively.
Although the Company believes it has adequately provided for uncertain tax positions, the provisions on these positions may change as revised estimates are made or the underlying matters are settled or otherwise resolved. It is not possible at this time to reasonably estimate changes in the unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.