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Income Taxes
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The Company generally provides for income taxes in interim periods based on the estimated annual effective tax rate for the year, adjusting for discrete items in the quarter in which they arise. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recorded a provision for income taxes of $2.6 million by applying its estimated annual effective tax rate of 1.7% to its year-to-date measure of ordinary income and adjusted for $2.7 million of discrete income tax expense primarily from equity compensation. Benefit from income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was $1.5 million by applying its estimated annual effective tax rate of 24.1% to its year-to-date measure of ordinary income and included a net discrete income tax benefit of $5.3 million, primarily due to a tax benefit from equity compensation.
The 2023 annual effective tax rate before discrete items differed from the statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the favorable benefit of the research and development credits and a foreign-derived intangible income (“FDII”) benefit deduction, partially offset by unfavorable impact of the non-deductible compensation and equity charges and Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) tax inclusion. The 2022 annual effective tax rate before discrete items differed from the statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the unfavorable impact of state income taxes, non-deductible compensation and equity charges, and GILTI tax inclusion, partially offset by the favorable impact of research and development credits and an FDII deduction.
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) was signed into law and introduced a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022 and levies a 1% excise tax on net stock repurchases after December 31, 2022. These provisions did not have an impact on the Company’s provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2023.
As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had gross unrecognized tax benefits of $10.0 million and $9.3 million, respectively. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in interest and other income (expense), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included within other long-term liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amount of accrued interest and penalties was $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively.
The Company files income tax returns in the United States and various state and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examinations by taxing authorities, including major jurisdictions such as the United States, Germany, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom. With few exceptions, as of June 30, 2023, the Company was no longer subject to U.S., state, and foreign tax examinations for years before 2019, 2018, and 2018, respectively.
Although the Company believes it has adequately provided for unrecognized tax benefits, the provisions on these positions may change as revised estimates are made or the underlying matters are settled or otherwise resolved. It is not possible at this time to reasonably estimate changes in the unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.