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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☑ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2024
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period From to
Commission file number: 001-34666
MaxLinear, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 14-1896129
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
5966 La Place Court, Suite 100, | Carlsbad | California |  | 92008
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(760) 692-0711
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock | MXL | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☑ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐ |  |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
As of April 17, 2024, the registrant had 83,128,037 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001, outstanding.

Table of Contents
MAXLINEAR, INC.
QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
Part I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 3
Item 1. | Financial Statements (unaudited) | 4
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Fiscal Quarters Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 | 7
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 | 9
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 10
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 40
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 50
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 51
Part II | OTHER INFORMATION | 52
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 52
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 54
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 90
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 91
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 91
Item 5. | Other Information | 91
Item 6. | Exhibits | 92
| Signatures | 93

2

Table of Contents
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
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ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
MAXLINEAR, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except par value amounts)

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets | (unaudited) |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 191,882 |  |  | $ | 187,288 |
Short-term restricted cash | 1,028 |  |  | 1,051 |
Accounts receivable, net | 126,230 |  |  | 170,619 |
Inventory | 96,125 |  |  | 99,908 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 29,414 |  |  | 29,159 |
Total current assets | 444,679 |  |  | 488,025 |
Long-term restricted cash | 20 |  |  | 17 |
Property and equipment, net | 68,338 |  |  | 66,431 |
Leased right-of-use assets | 27,468 |  |  | 31,264 |
Intangible assets, net | 64,939 |  |  | 73,630 |
Goodwill | 318,588 |  |  | 318,588 |
Deferred tax assets | 72,176 |  |  | 69,493 |
Other long-term assets | 34,417 |  |  | 32,809 |
Total assets | $ | 1,030,625 |  |  | $ | 1,080,257 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 32,392 |  |  | $ | 21,551 |
Accrued price protection liability | 65,233 |  |  | 71,684 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 98,132 |  |  | 98,468 |
Accrued compensation | 28,097 |  |  | 30,426 |
Total current liabilities | 223,854 |  |  | 222,129 |
Long-term lease liabilities | 23,897 |  |  | 26,243 |
Long-term debt | 122,529 |  |  | 122,375 |
Other long-term liabilities | 22,362 |  |  | 23,245 |
Total liabilities | 392,642 |  |  | 393,992 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 25,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 550,000 shares authorized; 83,067 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024 and 81,818 shares issued and outstanding December 31, 2023 | 8 |  |  | 8 |
Additional paid-in capital | 834,384 |  |  | 808,575 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (5,573) |  |  | (3,791) |
Accumulated deficit | (190,836) |  |  | (118,527) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 637,983 |  |  | 686,265 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 1,030,625 |  |  | $ | 1,080,257 |

See accompanying notes.
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MAXLINEAR, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(unaudited; in thousands, except per share data)

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net revenue |  |  |  |  | $ | 95,269 |  |  | $ | 248,442 |
Cost of net revenue |  |  |  |  | 46,001 |  |  | 108,135 |
Gross profit |  |  |  |  | 49,268 |  |  | 140,307 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  |  |  |  | 64,766 |  |  | 67,291 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  |  |  | 36,488 |  |  | 38,653 |
Impairment losses |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2,438 |
Restructuring charges |  |  |  |  | 22,630 |  |  | 4,648 |
Total operating expenses |  |  |  |  | 123,884 |  |  | 113,030 |
Income (loss) from operations |  |  |  |  | (74,616) |  |  | 27,277 |
Interest income |  |  |  |  | 1,822 |  |  | 633 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  | (2,711) |  |  | (2,487) |
Other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  | 1,434 |  |  | (324) |
Total other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  | 545 |  |  | (2,178) |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  |  |  | (74,071) |  |  | 25,099 |
Income tax provision (benefit) |  |  |  |  | (1,762) |  |  | 15,566 |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  | $ | (72,309) |  |  | $ | 9,533 |
Net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.88) |  |  | $ | 0.12 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.88) |  |  | $ | 0.12 |
Shares used to compute net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  | 82,349 |  |  | 79,471 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  | 82,349 |  |  | 81,338 |

See accompanying notes.
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MAXLINEAR, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(unaudited; in thousands)

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  | $ | (72,309) |  |  | $ | 9,533 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax benefit of $49 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, and net of tax benefit of $71 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  | (1,782) |  |  | (192) |  |  |  |  |
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  | $ | (74,091) |  |  | $ | 9,341 |  |  |  |  |

See accompanying notes.
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MAXLINEAR, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
FISCAL QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, 2024
(unaudited; in thousands)

|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | 81,818 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 808,575 |  |  | $ | (3,791) |  |  | $ | (118,527) |  |  | $ | 686,265 |
Common stock issued pursuant to equity awards, net |  | 1,249 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,777 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,777 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,032 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,032 |
Other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,782) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,782) |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (72,309) |  |  | (72,309) |
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  | 83,067 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 834,384 |  |  | $ | (5,573) |  |  | $ | (190,836) |  |  | $ | 637,983 |

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MAXLINEAR, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
FISCAL QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, 2023
(unaudited; in thousands)

|  |  |  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
|  |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 78,745 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 722,778 |  |  | $ | (1,021) |  |  | $ | (45,380) |  |  | $ | 676,385 |
Common stock issued pursuant to equity awards, net |  |  |  |  |  | 1,236 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 31,926 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,926 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,460 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,460 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (192) |  |  | — |  |  | (192) |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,533 |  |  | 9,533 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  | 79,981 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 771,164 |  |  | $ | (1,213) |  |  | $ | (35,847) |  |  | $ | 734,112 |

See accompanying notes.
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MAXLINEAR, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(unaudited; in thousands)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
2024 |  | 2023
Operating Activities |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | (72,309) |  |  | $ | 9,533 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Amortization and depreciation | 16,684 |  |  | 19,202 |
Impairment losses | — |  |  | 2,438 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of discounts | 688 |  |  | 548 |
Stock-based compensation | 17,061 |  |  | 16,448 |
Deferred income taxes | (2,685) |  |  | 8,128 |
Loss on disposal of property and equipment | 390 |  |  | 40 |
Unrealized holding gain on investments | — |  |  | (152) |
Impairment of leased right-of-use assets | 2,038 |  |  | — |
Gain on extinguishment of lease liabilities | (569) |  |  | — |
Loss on settlement of pension | — |  |  | 362 |
Gain on foreign currency | (968) |  |  | — |
Excess tax (benefits) deficiencies on stock-based awards | 1,367 |  |  | (507) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 44,389 |  |  | (16,931) |
Inventory | 3,783 |  |  | 10,959 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | (2,044) |  |  | (4,338) |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 9,275 |  |  | (886) |
Accrued compensation | 8,707 |  |  | 7,210 |
Accrued price protection liability | (6,451) |  |  | (9,877) |
Lease liabilities | (2,505) |  |  | (3,095) |
Other long-term liabilities | (881) |  |  | 3,077 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 15,970 |  |  | 42,159 |
Investing Activities |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment | (8,342) |  |  | (5,216) |
Purchases of intangible assets | (368) |  |  | (630) |
Cash used in acquisitions, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | (9,665) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (8,710) |  |  | (15,511) |
Financing Activities |  |  |
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock | — |  |  | 3 |
Minimum tax withholding paid on behalf of employees for restricted stock units | (2,103) |  |  | (6,173) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (2,103) |  |  | (6,170) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (583) |  |  | 1 |
Increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 4,574 |  |  | 20,479 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 188,356 |  |  | 188,357 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 192,930 |  |  | $ | 208,836 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 2,478 |  |  | $ | 2,163 |
Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 1,364 |  |  | $ | 3,336 |
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash activities: |  |  |
Issuance of shares for payment of bonuses | $ | 10,880 |  |  | $ | 38,096 |

See accompanying notes.
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Table of Contents | MAXLINEAR, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited) |

1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Description of Business
MaxLinear, Inc. was incorporated in Delaware in September 2003. MaxLinear, Inc., together with its directly and indirectly wholly-owned subsidiaries, collectively referred to as MaxLinear, or the Company, is a provider of communications systems-on-chip, or SoC, solutions used in broadband, mobile and wireline infrastructure, data center, and industrial and multi-market applications. MaxLinear is a fabless integrated circuit design company whose products integrate all or substantial portions of a high-speed communication system, including radio frequency, or RF, high-performance analog, mixed-signal, digital signal processing, security engines, data compression and networking layers, and power management. MaxLinear’s customers primarily include electronics distributors, module makers, original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, and original design manufacturers, or ODMs, who incorporate the Company’s products in a wide range of electronic devices. Examples of such devices include broadband modems compliant with Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications, or DOCSIS, Passive Optical Network, or PON, and DSL; Wi-Fi and wireline routers for home networking; radio transceivers and modems for 4G/5G base-station and backhaul infrastructure; optical transceivers targeting hyperscale data centers; as well as power management and interface products used in these and many other markets.
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of MaxLinear, Inc. and its directly and indirectly wholly-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP, for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and disclosures required by GAAP for complete financial statements. All intercompany transactions and investments have been eliminated in consolidation.
In the opinion of management, the Company’s unaudited consolidated interim financial statements contain adjustments, including normal recurring accruals necessary to present fairly the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows.
The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 was derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements at that date. The accompanying unaudited consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, on January 31, 2024, or the Annual Report. Interim results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024.
The functional currency of certain foreign subsidiaries is the local currency. Accordingly, assets and liabilities of these foreign subsidiaries are translated at the current exchange rate at the balance sheet date and historical rates for equity. Revenue and expense components are translated at weighted average exchange rates in effect during the period. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency translation are included as a component of stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in the results of operations, and to date, have not been material.
Use of Estimates and Significant Risks and Uncertainties
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the unaudited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes of the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
The Company is not aware of any specific event or circumstance that would require an update to its estimates or adjustments to the carrying value of its assets and liabilities as of April 24, 2024, the issuance date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
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Table of Contents | MAXLINEAR, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited) |

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Business Combinations
The Company applies the provisions of ASC 805, Business Combinations, in accounting for its acquisitions. It requires the Company to recognize separately from goodwill the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, at the acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the acquisition date fair values of the net assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date as well as contingent consideration, where applicable, its estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company records adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the consolidated statements of operations.
Costs to exit or restructure certain activities of an acquired company or the Company’s internal operations are accounted for as termination and exit costs pursuant to ASC 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations, and are accounted for separately from the business combination. A liability for costs associated with an exit or disposal activity is recognized and measured at its fair value in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which the liability is incurred.
For a given acquisition, the Company may identify certain pre-acquisition contingencies as of the acquisition date and may extend its review, evaluation, and adjustment of these pre-acquisition contingencies throughout the measurement period in order to obtain sufficient information to assess whether the Company includes these contingencies as a part of the fair value estimates of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and, if so, to determine their estimated amounts. A pre-acquisition contingency (non-income tax related) is only recognized as an asset or a liability if: (i) it is probable that an asset existed or a liability had been incurred at the acquisition date and (ii) the amount of the asset or liability can be reasonably estimated. Subsequent to the measurement period, changes in estimates of such contingencies will affect earnings and could have a material effect on the Company's results of operations and financial position.
In addition, uncertain tax positions and tax-related valuation allowances assumed, if any, in connection with a business combination are initially estimated as of the acquisition date. The Company re-evaluates these items quarterly based upon facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date with any adjustments to the preliminary estimates being recorded to goodwill if identified within the measurement period. Subsequent to the end of the measurement period or final determination of the estimated value of the tax allowance or contingency, whichever comes first, changes to these uncertain tax positions and tax related valuation allowances will affect the income tax provision (benefit) in the consolidated statements of operations and could have a material impact on the results of operations and financial position.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are recorded at cost, which approximates market value.
Accounts Receivable
The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and assesses each customer’s credit worthiness. The Company monitors collections and payments from its customers and maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts, which is based upon applying an expected credit loss rate to receivables based on the historical loss rate from similar high risk customers adjusted for current conditions, including any specific customer collection issues identified, and forecasts of economic conditions. Delinquent account balances are written off after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is remote.
Inventory
The Company assesses the recoverability of its inventory based on assumptions about demand and market conditions. Forecasted demand is determined based on historical sales and expected future sales. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or
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Table of Contents | MAXLINEAR, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited) |

net realizable value. Cost is computed using standard cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis and net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. The Company reduces its inventory to the lower of its cost or net realizable value on a part-by-part basis to account for obsolescence or lack of marketability. Reductions are calculated as the difference between the cost of inventory and its net realizable value based upon assumptions about future demand, market conditions and costs. Once established, these adjustments are considered permanent and are not revised until the related inventory is sold or disposed of.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses and compensation are considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of these accounts.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment is carried at cost and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets, ranging from two to five years, using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are stated at cost and amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the lease term.
Production Masks
Production masks with alternative future uses or discernible future benefits are capitalized and amortized over their estimated useful lives of two to five years. To determine if a production mask has alternative future uses or benefits, the Company evaluates risks associated with developing new technologies and capabilities, and the related risks associated with entering new markets. Production masks that do not meet the criteria for capitalization are expensed as research and development costs.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill is the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations accounted for under the acquisition method. Intangible assets represent purchased intangible assets including developed technology, in-process research and development, or IPR&D, technologies acquired or licensed from other companies, customer relationships, non-compete covenants, backlog, and trademarks and tradenames. Purchased finite-lived intangible assets are capitalized and amortized over their estimated useful lives. Technologies acquired or licensed from other companies, customer relationships, non-compete covenants, backlog, and trademarks and tradenames are capitalized and amortized over the lesser of the terms of the agreement, or estimated useful life. The Company capitalizes IPR&D projects acquired as part of a business combination. On completion of each project, IPR&D assets are reclassified to developed technology and amortized over their estimated useful lives.
Impairment of Goodwill and Long-Lived Assets
Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment using either a qualitative assessment, and/or quantitative assessment, which is based on comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, a goodwill impairment loss is recorded. The Company tests by reporting unit, goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment as of October 31 each year or more frequently if it believes indicators of impairment exist.
During development, IPR&D is not subject to amortization and is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. The Company reviews indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment using a qualitative assessment, followed by a quantitative assessment, as needed, each year as of October 31, the date of its annual goodwill impairment review, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Recoverability of indefinite-lived intangible assets is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to its fair value. In certain cases, the Company utilizes the relief-from-royalty method when appropriate, and a fair value will be obtained based on analysis over the costs saved by owning the right instead of leasing it.
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Table of Contents | MAXLINEAR, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited) |

Once an IPR&D project is complete, it becomes a finite-lived intangible asset and is evaluated for impairment both immediately prior to its change in classification and thereafter in accordance with the Company’s policy for long-lived assets.
The Company regularly reviews the carrying amount of its long-lived assets subject to depreciation and amortization, as well as the useful lives, to determine whether indicators of impairment may exist which warrant adjustments to carrying values or estimated useful lives. An impairment loss would be recognized when the sum of the expected future undiscounted net cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset. Should impairment exist, the impairment loss would be measured based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over the asset’s fair value.
Revenue Recognition
The Company’s revenue is generated from sales of the Company’s integrated circuits and intellectual property, typically under individual customer purchase orders, some of which have underlying master sales agreements that specify terms governing the product or intellectual property sales. The Company recognizes such revenue at the point in time when control of the products or intellectual property is transferred to the customer at the estimated net consideration for which collection is probable, taking into account the customer’s rights to price protection, other pricing credits, unit rebates, and rights to return unsold product. Transfer of control occurs either when products are shipped to or received by the distributor or direct customer, based on the terms of the specific agreement with the customer, if the Company has a present right to payment and transfer of legal title and the risks and rewards of ownership to the customer has occurred. For most of the Company’s product sales, transfer of control occurs upon shipment to the distributor or direct customer. Under certain intellectual property sale agreements, we are entitled to fixed upfront consideration upon sale and variable consideration in the form of a portion of revenue generated by the recipient from the intellectual property. Fixed consideration is recognized when control of the functional intellectual property transfers; variable consideration may be constrained but is continuously monitored and recognized as revenue when it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur and the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. The Company recognized a material amount of variable consideration during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as uncertainties related to such consideration were resolved.
In assessing whether collection of consideration from a customer is probable, the Company considers the customer’s ability and intention to pay that amount of consideration when it is due. Payment of invoices is due as specified in the underlying customer agreement, typically 30 days from the invoice date, which occurs on the date of transfer of control of the products to the customer. Since payment terms are less than a year, the Company has elected the practical expedient and does not assess whether a customer contract has a significant financing component.
A five-step approach is applied in the recognition of revenue: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when the Company satisfies a performance obligation. Customer purchase orders plus the underlying master sales agreements are considered to be contracts with the customer for purposes of applying the five-step approach.
Pricing adjustments and estimates of returns under contractual stock rotation rights are treated as variable consideration for purposes of determining the transaction price, and are estimated at the time control transfers using the expected value method based on the Company’s analysis of actual price adjustment claims by distributors and historical product return rates, and then reassessed at the end of each reporting period. The Company also considers whether any variable consideration is constrained, since such amounts for which it is probable that a significant reversal will occur when the contingency is subsequently resolved are required to be excluded from revenues. Price adjustments are finalized at the time the products are sold through to the end customer and the distributor or end customer submits a claim to reduce the sale price to a pre-approved net price. Stock rotation allowances are capped at a fixed percentage of the Company’s sales to a distributor for a period of time, up to six months, as specified in the individual distributor contract. If the Company’s current estimates of such credits and rights are materially inaccurate, it may result in adjustments that affect future revenues and gross profits. Returns under the Company’s general assurance warranty of products for a period of one to three years have not been material and warranty-related services are not considered a separate performance obligation under the customer contracts. Most of the Company’s customers resell the Company’s product as part of their product and thus are tax-exempt; however, to the extent the Company collects and remits taxes on product sales from customers, it has elected to exclude from the measurement of transaction price such taxes.
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Table of Contents | MAXLINEAR, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited) |

Each distinct promise to transfer products is considered to be an identified performance obligation for which revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of the products to the customer. Although customers may place orders for products to be delivered on multiple dates that may be in different quarterly reporting periods, all of the orders are scheduled within one year from the order date. The Company has elected to record sales commissions when incurred, as the period over which the sales commission asset that would have been recognized is less than one year.
Customer contract liabilities consist primarily of obligations to deliver rebates to customers in the form of units of products which are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Other obligations to customers, which are included in accrued price protection liability in the consolidated balance sheets, consist of estimates of price protection rights offered to the Company’s end customer on products sold by the Company to the end customer’s contract manufacturer at a standard price that are later incorporated into the end customers’ product. The Company’s price adjustments included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities are discounts and rebates expected to be claimed by the Company’s distributors upon sell-through of the products to their customers, which are initially sold by the Company to the distributors at a standard price. Also included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities are amounts expected to be returned by distributors under stock rotation rights. The Company also records a right of return asset, consisting of amounts representing the products the Company expects to receive from customers in returns, which is included in inventory in the consolidated balance sheets, and is typically settled within six months of transfer of control to the customer, or the period over which stock rotation rights are based. Upon lapse of the time period for stock rotations, or the contractual end to price protection and rebate programs, which is approximately one to two years, and when the Company believes unclaimed amounts are no longer subject to payment and will not be paid, any remaining asset or liability is derecognized by an offsetting entry to cost of net revenue and net revenue. For additional disclosures regarding contract liabilities and other obligations to customers, see Note 12.
The Company assesses customer accounts receivable and contract assets for impairment in accordance with ASC 310-10-35.
Warranty
The Company generally provides a warranty on its products for a period of one to three years. The Company makes estimates of product return rates and expected costs to replace the products under warranty at the time revenue is recognized based on historical warranty experience and any known product warranty issues. If actual return rates and/or replacement costs differ significantly from these estimates, adjustments to recognize additional warranty expenses in cost of net revenue may be required in future periods.
Segment Information
The Company operates under one segment as it has developed, marketed and sold primarily only one class of similar products, radio-frequency, high-performance analog and mixed-signal communications system-on-chip solutions for the connected home, wired and wireless infrastructure markets and industrial and multi-market applications.
Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. The Company has one business activity and there are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results and plans for products or components below the consolidated unit level. Accordingly, the Company reports under a single operating segment.
Stock-based Compensation
The Company measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for equity incentive awards, including restricted stock units, employee stock purchase rights and stock options based on the grant date fair value of the award. The Company calculates the fair value of restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. Stock-based compensation expense is then determined based on the number of restricted stock units that are expected to vest; for performance-based restricted stock units, this is the number of
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units that are expected to vest during the performance period if it is probable that the Company will achieve the performance metrics specified in the underlying award agreement. The Company uses the Black-Scholes valuation model to calculate the fair value of stock options and employee stock purchase rights granted to employees. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the period during which the employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award, which is usually the vesting period. The Company recognizes compensation expense over the vesting period using the straight-line method and classifies these amounts in the consolidated statements of operations based on the department to which the related employee reports.
Research and Development
Costs incurred in connection with the development of the Company’s technology and future products are charged to research and development expense as incurred. From time to time, the Company enters into contracts for jointly funded research and development projects to develop technology that may be commercialized into a product in the future. The Company also obtains research and development funding grants from governments in certain jurisdictions in which it operates. Both of these types of income are reflected as a credit to research and development expense when such income has been earned and any contingencies associated with retaining such income have been resolved. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized income from jointly funded research and development projects of $0.9 million and $8.9 million, respectively. While the Company retains ownership and rights to the underlying technology developed under the joint development projects, the Company may be required to repay all or a portion of the funds provided by the other parties under certain conditions, and defers such funds as liabilities until the repayment conditions have been resolved (Note 15).
Leases
The Company’s leases primarily consist of facility leases which are classified as operating leases. The Company assesses whether an arrangement contains a lease at inception. The Company recognizes a lease liability to make contractual payments under all leases with terms greater than twelve months and a corresponding right-of-use asset, representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments over the lease term using the collateralized incremental borrowing rate when the implicit rate is unknown. Options to extend or terminate a lease are included in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such an option. The right-of-use asset is initially measured as the contractual lease liability plus any initial direct costs and prepaid lease payments made, less any lease incentives. Upon adoption of ASC 842 on January 1, 2019, the carrying value of lease-related restructuring liabilities for certain restructured leases existing at that date was offset against the related right-of-use assets. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Upon adoption of ASC 842, the Company elected certain practical expedients and accordingly has (1) carried forward its prior assessments of (a) whether existing contracts on the January 1, 2019 adoption date contain leases, (b) classification of leases as operating or financing and (c) initial direct costs for existing leases and (2) considered hindsight in determining the lease term and assessing impairment of the right-of-use-asset. In addition, the Company used a portfolio approach for its facility leases when making judgments and estimates, such as the discount rate.
Leased right-of-use assets are subject to impairment testing as a long-lived asset at the asset-group level. The Company monitors its long-lived assets for indicators of impairment. As the Company’s leased right-of-use assets primarily relate to facility leases, early abandonment of all or part of a facility as part of a restructuring plan is typically an indicator of impairment. If impairment indicators are present, the Company tests whether the carrying amount of the leased right-of-use asset is recoverable including consideration of sublease income, and if not recoverable, measures impairment loss for the right-of-use asset or asset group.
Pension and Other Defined Benefit Retirement Obligations
The costs of pension and certain other defined benefit employee retirement benefits are required to be recognized based upon actuarial valuations. The related net retirement benefit obligation is recognized as the excess of the projected benefit obligation over the fair value of the plan assets. In measuring the retirement benefit obligation, the discount rate, expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, and long-term rate of salary increase are the most significant assumptions. Retirement benefit costs primarily represent the increase in the actuarial present value of the retirement benefit obligation.
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Income Taxes
The Company provides for income taxes utilizing the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. Deferred taxes are presented net as noncurrent. The provision for income taxes generally represents income taxes paid or payable for the current year plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes result from the differences between the financial and tax bases of the Company’s assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when changes are enacted. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when a judgment is made that is considered more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. A decision to record a valuation allowance results in an increase in income tax expense or a decrease in income tax benefit. If the valuation allowance is released in a future period, income tax expense will be reduced accordingly.
The calculation of tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex global tax regulations. The impact of an uncertain income tax position is recognized at the largest amount that is “more likely than not” to be sustained upon audit by the relevant taxing authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. If the estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, a further charge to expense would result.
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company continually assesses the need for a valuation allowance on the deferred tax asset by evaluating both positive and negative evidence that may exist. Any adjustment to the net deferred tax asset valuation allowance would be recorded in the consolidated statement of operations for the period that the adjustment is determined to be required.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the Tax Act, was enacted into U.S. tax law. In 2018, the Company made an accounting policy election to treat Global Intangible Low Taxed Income in accordance with the Tax Act as a period cost.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity (net assets) of a business entity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Other comprehensive income (loss) includes certain changes in equity that are excluded from net income (loss), net of tax, such as foreign currency translation gains and losses and changes in fair value of projected benefit obligations for defined benefit plans.
Litigation and Settlement Costs
Legal costs are expensed as incurred. The Company is involved in disputes, litigation and other legal actions in the ordinary course of business. The Company continually evaluates uncertainties associated with litigation and records a charge equal to at least the minimum estimated liability for a loss contingency when both of the following conditions are met: (i) information available prior to issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements and (ii) the loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated.
Recently Issued, Not Yet Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-02, Codification Improvements - Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements to remove various references to concepts statements from the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. This guidance is to clarify guidance, simplify wording or structure of guidance, and other minor improvements. These amendments are effective for the Company for annual periods in 2025, applied prospectively, with early adoption and retrospective application permitted. The Company intends to adopt the amendments in this update prospectively in 2025. The impact of the adoption of the amendments in this update is not expected to be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.
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In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-01, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards, to clarify whether profits interest and similar awards should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation. The guidance applies to all business entities that issue profits interest awards as compensation to employees or nonemployees in exchange for goods or services. These amendments are effective for the Company for annual and interim periods in 2025, applied prospectively, with early adoption and retrospective application permitted. As the Company does not issue profit interest awards, the impact of the adoption of the amendments in this update is not expected to be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to require enhanced income tax disclosures to provide information to assess how an entity’s operations and related tax risks, tax planning, and operational opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. The amendments in this update provide that a business entity disclose (1) a tabular income tax rate reconciliation, using both percentages and amounts, (2) separate disclosure of any individual reconciling items that are equal to or greater than 5% of the amount computed by multiplying the income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes by the applicable statutory income tax rate, and disaggregation of certain items that are significant and (3) amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state and foreign jurisdictions, including separate disclosure of any individual jurisdictions greater than 5% of total income taxes paid. These amendments are effective for the Company for annual periods in 2025, applied prospectively, with early adoption and retrospective application permitted. The Company intends to adopt the amendments in this update prospectively in 2025. The impact of the adoption of the amendments in this update is not expected to be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations, since the amendments require only enhancement of existing income tax disclosures in the footnotes to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) – Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, to require enhanced disclosures that include reportable segment expenses. The amendments in this update provide that a business entity disclose significant segment expenses, segment profit or loss (after significant segment expenses), and allows reporting of additional measures of a segments profit or loss if used in assessing segment performance. Such disclosures apply to entities with a single reportable segment. These amendments are effective for the Company for annual periods in 2024 and interim periods in 2025, retrospectively to all prior periods using the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. The impact of the adoption of the amendments in this update is not expected to be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations, since the requirements impact only segment reporting disclosures in the footnotes to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
2. Net Income (Loss) Per Share
Basic earnings per share, or EPS, is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period and the weighted-average number of dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock method. For purposes of this calculation, stock options and restricted stock units are considered to be common stock equivalents and are only included in the calculation of diluted EPS when their effect is dilutive. In periods in which the Company has a net loss, dilutive common stock equivalents are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS.
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The table below presents the computation of basic and diluted EPS:

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  | (in thousands, except per share amounts)
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  | $ | (72,309) |  |  | $ | 9,533 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic |  |  |  |  | 82,349 |  |  | 79,471 |
Dilutive common stock equivalents |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,867 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding—diluted |  |  |  |  | 82,349 |  |  | 81,338 |
Net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.88) |  |  | $ | 0.12 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.88) |  |  | $ | 0.12 |

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company excluded common stock equivalents for outstanding stock-based awards, which represented potentially dilutive securities of 5.0 million and 2.2 million, respectively, from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share due to their anti-dilutive nature.
3. Business Combinations
Terminated Silicon Motion Merger
On May 5, 2022, MaxLinear entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, with Silicon Motion Technology Corporation, or Silicon Motion, an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, pursuant to which, among other things and subject to the terms and conditions thereof, MaxLinear agreed to acquire Silicon Motion pursuant to a statutory merger, under the laws of the Cayman Islands, of Shark Merger Sub, a wholly-owned subsidiary of MaxLinear, with and into Silicon Motion, with Silicon Motion surviving the merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of MaxLinear. Silicon Motion is a provider of NAND flash controllers for solid state drives, or SSDs, and other solid state storage devices.
On July 26, 2023, MaxLinear terminated the Merger Agreement and notified Silicon Motion that MaxLinear was relieved of its obligations to close because, among other reasons, (i) certain conditions to closing set forth in the Merger Agreement were not satisfied and were incapable of being satisfied, (ii) Silicon Motion had suffered a Material Adverse Effect that was continuing, (iii) Silicon Motion was in material breach of representations, warranties, covenants, and agreements in the Merger Agreement that gave rise to the right of the Company to terminate, and (iv) in any event, the First Extended Outside Date had passed and was not automatically extended because certain conditions in Article 6 of the Merger Agreement were not satisfied or waived as of May 5, 2023. For these same reasons, under the terms of the Merger Agreement, MaxLinear was not required to pay a break-up fee or other fee to Silicon Motion as a result of the termination of the Merger Agreement. Undefined capitalized terms in this paragraph have the same meaning as in the Merger Agreement. On August 16, 2023, Silicon Motion delivered to MaxLinear a notice, which Silicon Motion publicly disclosed, that it was purporting to terminate the Merger Agreement and that Silicon Motion would be commencing an arbitration to seek damages from MaxLinear arising from MaxLinear's alleged breaches of the Merger Agreement.
On October 5, 2023, Silicon Motion filed a Notice of Arbitration with the Singapore International Arbitration Centre alleging that MaxLinear breached the Merger Agreement. See Note 15 for more information on legal matters related to the termination of the Merger Agreement.
The second amended and restated commitment letter dated October 24, 2022 with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., or Wells Fargo Bank, and other lenders, and related financing commitments for the previously pending (now terminated) merger were also terminated upon termination of the Merger Agreement. As a result of the termination of the financing, in August 2023, the Company was required to pay to Wells Fargo Bank a ticking fee of $18.3 million.
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Acquisition of Company Y
On January 17, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition of a business, or Company Y, pursuant to a Purchase and Sale Agreement, or the Purchase Agreement. The transaction consideration included $9.8 million in cash. In addition, Company Y stockholders may receive up to an additional $2.6 million in potential contingent consideration, subject to the acquired business satisfying certain personnel objectives by June 17, 2024.
Company Y is headquartered in Bangalore, India and operates as a provider of engineering design services.
Acquisition Consideration
The following table summarizes the fair value of purchase price consideration to acquire Company Y (in thousands):

Description |  | Amount
Fair value of purchase consideration: |  |
Cash |  | $ | 9,824 |
Contingent consideration(1) |  | 2,600 |
Total purchase price |  | $ | 12,424 |

_________________
(1) The fair value of contingent consideration is based on applying the Monte Carlo simulation method to forecast achievement under various contingent consideration events which may result in up to $2.6 million in payments subject to the acquired business’s satisfying certain financial and personnel objectives by June 17, 2024 under the Purchase Agreement. Key inputs in the valuation include forecasted revenue, revenue volatility and discount rate. Underlying forecast mathematics were based on Geometric Brownian Motion in a risk-neutral framework and discounted back to the applicable period in which the accumulative thresholds were achieved at discount rates commensurate with the risk and expected payout term of the contingent consideration.
Purchase Price Allocation
The final allocation of purchase price as of the January 17, 2023 acquisition closing date based upon an estimate of the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed by the Company in the acquisition primarily includes $2.0 million in net operating liabilities, with $11.8 million in goodwill.
Assumptions in the Allocations of Purchase Price
Management prepared the purchase price allocations for Company Y and in doing so considered or relied in part upon reports of a third party valuation expert to calculate the fair value of certain acquired assets, which primarily included an acquired workforce and contingent consideration. Certain stockholders that are employees of Company Y were not required to remain employed in order to receive the contingent consideration; accordingly, the fair value of the contingent consideration was accounted for as a portion of the purchase consideration.
Estimates of fair value require management to make significant estimates and assumptions. The goodwill recognized is attributable primarily to the acquired workforce. Certain liabilities included in the purchase price allocations are based on management’s best estimates of the amounts to be paid or settled and based on information available at the time the purchase price allocations were prepared.
Goodwill recorded in connection with Company Y was $11.7 million as of March 31, 2024. The Company does not expect to deduct any of the acquired goodwill for tax purposes.
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4. Restructuring Activity
From time to time, the Company approves and implements restructuring plans as a result of internal resource alignment and cost saving measures. Such restructuring plans may include terminating employees, vacating certain leased facilities, and cancellation of contracts.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company entered into restructuring plans to reduce its workforce. In the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred $19.8 million in restructuring costs primarily related to severance costs and related expenses. In the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company completed notification to remaining affected employees of the reduction in workforce, and incurred $22.6 million in restructuring costs, or a cumulative total of $42.4 million.
Restructuring costs in the three months ended March 31, 2024 included $19.9 million in severance costs and related expenses, substantially all of which pertained to statutory severance benefits in the jurisdictions in which the terminated employees were employed, and $2.7 million in non-cash charges related to exiting facilities and writing off of assets. Estimated restructuring costs remaining to be incurred for the restructuring plans pertain to write off of certain licenses and exiting of leased office space and are anticipated to occur in the remaining periods of 2024. The remaining restructuring costs are not expected to be material. The estimate of costs that we expect to incur, and the timing thereof, are subject to a number of assumptions and actual results may differ. We may also incur other charges or cash expenditures not currently contemplated due to events that may occur as a result of, or associated with, the restructuring plans.
The following table presents the activity related to the restructuring plans, which is included in restructuring charges in the consolidated statements of operations:

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  | (in thousands)
Employee separation expenses |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,938 |  |  | $ | 4,589 |
Lease related charges |  |  |  |  | 2,137 |  |  | 8 |
Other |  |  |  |  | 555 |  |  | 51 |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 22,630 |  |  | $ | 4,648 |

The following table presents a roll-forward of the Company’s restructuring liability for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The restructuring liability is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

| Employee Separation Expenses |  | Lease Related Charges |  | Other |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Liability as of December 31, 2023 | $ | 7,383 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 920 |  |  | $ | 8,301 |
Restructuring charges | 19,938 |  |  | 2,137 |  |  | 555 |  |  | 22,630 |
Cash payments | (6,781) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (178) |  |  | (6,977) |
Non-cash charges and adjustments | (7) |  |  | (1,816) |  |  | (528) |  |  | (2,351) |
Liability as of March 31, 2024 | 20,533 |  |  | 301 |  |  | 769 |  |  | 21,603 |
Less: current portion as of March 31, 2024 | (20,533) |  |  | (301) |  |  | (769) |  |  | (21,603) |
Long-term portion as of March 31, 2024 | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

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5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill
Goodwill arises from the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations and represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets and other identifiable intangible assets acquired. The fair values of net tangible assets and intangible assets acquired are based upon preliminary valuations and the Company’s estimates and assumptions are subject to change within the measurement period (potentially up to one year from the acquisition date).
The following table presents the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (in thousands)
Beginning balance |  | $ | 318,588 |  |  | $ | 306,739 |
Acquisitions (Note 3) |  | — |  |  | 12,171 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 318,588 |  |  | $ | 318,910 |

The Company performs an annual goodwill impairment assessment on October 31st each year, using a quantitative assessment comparing the fair value of each reporting unit, which the Company has determined to be the entity itself, with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recorded. As a result of the Company’s impairment assessment, no goodwill impairment was recognized as of October 31, 2023.
In addition to its annual review, the Company performs a test of impairment when indicators of impairment are present. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no indications of impairment of the Company’s goodwill balances.
Acquired Intangibles
Finite-lived Intangible Assets
The following table sets forth the Company’s finite-lived intangible assets resulting from business acquisitions and other purchases, which are amortized over their estimated useful lives:

|  |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Weighted Average Useful Life (in Years) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
|  |  | (in thousands)
Licensed technology | 6.9 |  | $ | 20,188 |  |  | $ | (1,365) |  |  | $ | 18,823 |  |  | $ | 20,133 |  |  | $ | (1,431) |  |  | $ | 18,702 |
Developed technology | 6.9 |  | 311,261 |  |  | (271,856) |  |  | 39,405 |  |  | 311,261 |  |  | (263,635) |  |  | 47,626 |
Trademarks and trade names | 6.2 |  | 14,800 |  |  | (14,312) |  |  | 488 |  |  | 14,800 |  |  | (14,276) |  |  | 524 |
Customer relationships | 5.0 |  | 128,800 |  |  | (126,731) |  |  | 2,069 |  |  | 128,800 |  |  | (126,347) |  |  | 2,453 |
Patents | 7.0 |  | 4,780 |  |  | (626) |  |  | 4,154 |  |  | 4,780 |  |  | (455) |  |  | 4,325 |
| 6.1 |  | $ | 479,829 |  |  | $ | (414,890) |  |  | $ | 64,939 |  |  | $ | 479,774 |  |  | $ | (406,144) |  |  | $ | 73,630 |

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The following table sets forth amortization expense associated with finite-lived intangible assets, which is included in the consolidated statements of operations as follows:

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  | (in thousands)
Cost of net revenue |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,468 |  |  | $ | 9,458 |
Research and development |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  |  |  | 591 |  |  | 928 |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 9,059 |  |  | $ | 10,387 |

Amortization of finite-lived intangible assets in cost of net revenue in the consolidated statements of operations results primarily from acquired developed technology.
The following table sets forth the activity related to finite-lived intangible assets:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (in thousands)
Beginning balance |  | $ | 73,630 |  |  | $ | 109,316 |
Additions |  | 368 |  |  | 630 |
Other disposals |  | — |  |  | (769) |
Amortization |  | (9,059) |  |  | (10,387) |
Impairment losses |  | — |  |  | (2,438) |
Ending balance |  | $ | 64,939 |  |  | $ | 96,352 |

The Company regularly reviews the carrying amount of its long-lived assets subject to depreciation and amortization, as well as the related useful lives, to determine whether indicators of impairment may exist that warrant adjustments to carrying values or estimated useful lives. An impairment loss is recognized when the sum of the expected future undiscounted net cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset. Should impairment exist, the impairment loss is measured based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over the asset’s fair value. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, no impairment losses related to finite-lived intangible assets were recognized. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, impairment losses related to finite-lived intangible assets of $2.4 million, were recognized. The impairment losses were attributable to certain purchased licensed technology.
The following table presents future amortization of the Company’s finite-lived intangible assets at March 31, 2024:

|  | Amount
|  | (in thousands)
2024 (9 months) |  | $ | 14,673 |
2025 |  | 14,774 |
2026 |  | 13,735 |
2027 |  | 9,957 |
2028 |  | 4,620 |
Thereafter |  | 7,180 |
Total |  | $ | 64,939 |

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6. Financial Instruments
The composition of financial instruments is as follows:

|  | Fair Value
|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (in thousands)
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration (Note 3) |  | $ | 2,535 |  |  | $ | 2,462 |

The fair value of the Company’s financial instruments is the amount that would be received in an asset sale or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between unaffiliated market participants and is recorded using a hierarchical disclosure framework based upon the level of subjectivity of the inputs used in measuring assets and liabilities. The levels are described below:
Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for assets or liabilities.
Level 2: Observable prices that are based on inputs not quoted on active markets, but corroborated by market data.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs are used when little or no market data is available.
The Company classifies its financial instruments that are categorized within Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy on the basis of valuations using quoted market prices or alternate pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs, respectively.
The contingent consideration liability as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 is associated with the Company’s acquisition of Company Y in January 2023 (Note 3). The contingent consideration liability is classified as a Level 3 financial instrument. The contingent consideration as it relates to Company Y is subject to the acquired business’s satisfaction of certain personnel objectives by June 17, 2024. The fair value of contingent consideration is based on (1) applying the Monte Carlo simulation method, with underlying forecast mathematics based on Geometric Brownian motion in a risk-neutral framework, to forecast achievement of the acquired business’ financial objectives, if applicable, under various possible contingent consideration events and (2) a probability based methodology using management’s inputs and assumptions to forecast achievement of the acquired business’ personnel objectives which included an assumption of total payments up to $2.6 million to Company Y. Key inputs in the valuation include forecasted revenue, revenue volatility, discount rate and discount term as it relates to the financial objectives and probability of achievement, discount term and discount rate as it relates to the personnel objectives.

|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2024
| Balance at March 31, 2024 |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
| (in thousands)
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration | $ | 2,535 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,535 |

|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023
| Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
| (in thousands)
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration | $ | 2,462 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,462 |

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The following summarizes the activity in Level 3 financial instruments:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Contingent consideration |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 2,462 |  |  | $ | 2,941 |
Acquisitions(1)(Note 3) |  | — |  |  | 2,200 |
Accretion of discount(1) |  | 73 |  |  | 112 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 2,535 |  |  | $ | 5,253 |

_____________________
(1) These changes to the balance associated with the estimated fair value of contingent consideration for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were due to the addition of contingent consideration associated with the acquisition of Company Y in January 2023 and accretion of discounts on contingent consideration.
There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 fair value hierarchy categories of financial instruments. for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Some of the Company’s financial instruments are recorded at amounts that approximate fair value due to their liquid or short-term nature or by election on investments in privately-held entities as described below. Such financial assets and financial liabilities include: cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, net receivables, investments in privately-held entities, certain other assets, accounts payable, accrued price protection liability, accrued expenses, accrued compensation costs, and other current liabilities.
The Company’s long-term debt is not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis but is measured at fair value for disclosure purposes (Note 8).
Included in other long-term assets are investments in privately held entities of $11.8 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence or control over such entity and has accounted for the investments as financial instruments. Given that fair values for such investments are not readily determinable, the Company is electing to measure these investments at cost, less any impairment, and adjust the carrying value to fair value if any observable price changes for similar investments in the same entity are identified.
7. Balance Sheet Details
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash consist of the following:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 191,882 |  |  | $ | 187,288 |
Short-term restricted cash |  | 1,028 |  |  | 1,051 |
Long-term restricted cash |  | 20 |  |  | 17 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 192,930 |  |  | $ | 188,356 |

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, cash and cash equivalents included money market funds of approximately $110.9 million and $78.1 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had restricted cash of approximately $1.0 million and $1.1 million, respectively. The cash is restricted in connection with guarantees for certain import duties and office leases.
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Inventory consists of the following:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (in thousands)
Work-in-process |  | $ | 58,676 |  |  | $ | 60,368 |
Finished goods |  | 37,449 |  |  | 39,540 |
|  | $ | 96,125 |  |  | $ | 99,908 |

Property and equipment, net consists of the following:

| Useful Life (in Years) |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  |  | (in thousands)
Furniture and fixtures | 5 |  | $ | 3,958 |  |  | $ | 3,995 |
Machinery and equipment | 3-5 |  | 78,070 |  |  | 76,732 |
Masks and production equipment | 2-5 |  | 59,948 |  |  | 54,240 |
Software | 3 |  | 11,590 |  |  | 11,427 |
Leasehold improvements | 1-5 |  | 34,712 |  |  | 35,867 |
Construction in progress | N/A |  | 570 |  |  | 348 |
|  |  | 188,848 |  |  | 182,609 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  | (120,510) |  |  | (116,178) |
|  |  | $ | 68,338 |  |  | $ | 66,431 |

Depreciation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $5.5 million and $6.4 million, respectively.
In March 2022, the Company entered into a note receivable with a supplier for $10.0 million which is included in other long-term assets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. In September 2023, the terms of this note receivable were renegotiated, and the first initial repayment of $1.5 million is now due by March 31, 2025, and annual repayments of $1.7 million per year are due annually thereafter by March 31, from 2026 through 2030, provided that certain production utilization targets for the prior year are met. Previously, repayments of $2.0 million per year were due annually by March 31, in years 2024 through 2027.
Accrued price protection liability consists of the following activity:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (in thousands)
Beginning balance | $ | 71,684 |  |  | $ | 113,274 |
Charged as a reduction of revenue | 12,132 |  |  | 28,536 |
Payments | (18,583) |  |  | (38,013) |
Ending balance | $ | 65,233 |  |  | $ | 103,797 |

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The decrease in price protection liability from approximately $71.7 million as of December 31, 2023 to approximately $65.2 million as of March 31, 2024 was driven by increased sell-through activity by distributors to their end customers.
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
| (in thousands) |  |
Accrued technology license payments | $ | 4,540 |  |  | $ | 3,843 |  |  |
Accrued professional fees | 4,921 |  |  | 3,736 |  |  |
Accrued engineering and production costs | 5,620 |  |  | 2,861 |  |  |
Accrued restructuring | 21,603 |  |  | 8,301 |  |  |
Accrued royalty | 348 |  |  | 603 |  |  |
Short-term lease liabilities | 9,167 |  |  | 9,132 |  |  |
Accrued customer credits | 5,564 |  |  | 3,984 |  |  |
Income tax liability | 379 |  |  | 521 |  |  |
Customer contract liabilities | 1,597 |  |  | 1,597 |  |  |
Accrued obligations to customers for price adjustments | 36,811 |  |  | 54,837 |  |  |
Accrued obligations to customers for stock rotation rights | 401 |  |  | 349 |  |  |
Contingent consideration - current portion | 2,535 |  |  | 2,462 |  |  |
Other | 4,646 |  |  | 6,242 |  |  |
| $ | 98,132 |  |  | $ | 98,468 |  |  |

The following table summarizes the change in balances of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component:

|  |  | Cumulative Translation Adjustments |  |  |  | Pension and Other Defined Benefit Plan Obligation |  | Total
|  |  | (in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  |  | $ | (5,059) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,268 |  |  | $ | (3,791) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax |  |  | (1,782) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1,782) |
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  |  | $ | (6,841) |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,268 |  |  | $ | (5,573) |

8. Debt
Debt
The carrying amount of the Company’s long-term debt consists of the following:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
|  | (in thousands)
Principal balance: |  |  |  |  |  |
Initial term loan under the June 23, 2021 credit agreement |  | $ | 125,000 |  |  | $ | 125,000 |  |  |
Total principal balance |  | 125,000 |  |  | 125,000 |  |  |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized debt discount |  | (540) |  |  | (571) |  |  |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  | (1,931) |  |  | (2,054) |  |  |
Net carrying amount of long-term debt |  | 122,529 |  |  | 122,375 |  |  |
Less: current portion of long-term debt |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Long-term debt, non-current portion |  | $ | 122,529 |  |  | $ | 122,375 |  |  |

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As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the weighted average effective interest rate on aggregate debt was approximately 7.9% and 7.6%, respectively.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized total amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs of $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively, to interest expense.
The approximate aggregate fair value of the term loans outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $134.8 million and $135.7 million, respectively, which was estimated on the basis of inputs that are observable in the market and which is considered a Level 2 measurement method in the fair value hierarchy (Note 6).
As of March 31, 2024, the outstanding principal balance of $125.0 million is due in full on June 23, 2028, upon maturity of the loan.

Initial Term Loan and Revolving Facility under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement
On June 23, 2021, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement, or the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement, by and among the Company, the lenders from time to time party thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent and collateral agent, that provides for a senior secured term B loan facility, or the “Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement,” in an aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million and a senior secured revolving credit facility, or the “Revolving Facility,” in an aggregate principal amount of up to $100.0 million. The proceeds of the Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement were used (i) to repay in full all outstanding indebtedness under that certain Credit Agreement dated May 12, 2017, by and among the Company, MUFG Bank Ltd., as administrative agent and MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as collateral agent and the lenders from time to time party thereto (as amended by Amendment No. 1, dated July 31, 2020) and (ii) to pay fees and expenses incurred in connection therewith. The remaining proceeds of the Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement are available for general corporate purposes and the proceeds of the Revolving Facility may be used to finance the working capital needs and other general corporate purposes of the Company and its subsidiaries. As of March 31, 2024, the Revolving Facility was undrawn. Under the terminated amended and restated commitment letter with Wells Fargo Bank and other lenders entered into in connection with the previously pending (now terminated) merger with Silicon Motion (Note 3), the Company had expected to repay the remaining outstanding term loans under this agreement upon closing of the merger.
The June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement permits the Company to request incremental loans in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed the sum of an amount equal to the greater of (x) $175.0 million and (y) 100% of consolidated EBITDA, plus the amount of certain voluntary prepayments, plus an unlimited amount that is subject to pro forma compliance with certain first lien net leverage ratio, secured net leverage ratio and total net leverage ratio tests. Incremental loans are subject to certain additional conditions, including obtaining additional commitments from the lenders then party to the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement or new lenders.
Under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement, the Initial Term Loan bears interest, at the Company’s option, at a per annum rate equal to either (i) a base rate equal to the highest of (x) the federal funds rate, plus 0.50%, (y) the prime rate then in effect and (z) an adjusted Term SOFR rate determined on the basis of a one-month interest period plus 1.00%, in each case, plus an applicable margin of 1.25% or (ii) an adjusted Term SOFR rate, subject to a floor of 0.50%, plus an applicable margin of 2.25%. Loans under the Revolving Facility initially bear interest, at a per annum rate equal to either (i) a base rate (as calculated above) plus an applicable margin of 0.00%, or (ii) an adjusted Term SOFR rate (as calculated above) plus an applicable margin of 1.00%. Following delivery of financial statements for the Company’s fiscal quarter ending June 30, 2021, the applicable margin for loans under the Revolving Facility will range from 0.00% to 0.75% in the case of base rate loans and 1.00% to 1.75% in the case of Term SOFR rate loans, in each case, depending on the Company’s secured net leverage ratio as of the most recently ended fiscal quarter. The Company is required to pay commitment fees ranging from 0.175% to 0.25% per annum on the daily undrawn commitments under the Revolving Facility, depending on the Company’s secured net leverage ratio as of the most recently ended fiscal quarter. Commencing on September 30, 2021, the Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement will amortize in equal quarterly installments equal to 0.25% of the original principal amount of the Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement, with the balance payable on the maturity date. The June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement was amended on June 29, 2023 to implement a benchmark replacement.
The Company is required to make mandatory prepayments of the outstanding principal amount of term loans under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement with the net cash proceeds from the disposition of certain assets and the receipt of insurance proceeds upon certain casualty and condemnation events, in each case, to the extent not reinvested within a specified time period, from excess cash flow beyond stated threshold amounts, and from the incurrence of certain indebtedness. The Company
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has the right to prepay its term loans under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement, in whole or in part, at any time without premium or penalty, subject to certain limitations and a 1.0% soft call premium applicable during the first six months following the closing date of the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement. The Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement will mature on June 23, 2028, at which time all outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest on the Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement must be repaid. The Revolving Facility will mature on June 23, 2026, at which time all outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest under the Revolving Facility must be repaid. The Company is also obligated to pay fees customary for a credit facility of this size and type.
The Company’s obligations under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement are required to be guaranteed by certain of its domestic subsidiaries meeting materiality thresholds set forth in the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement. Such obligations, including the guaranties, are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company and the subsidiary guarantors pursuant to a Security Agreement, dated as of June 23, 2021, by and among the Company, the subsidiary guarantors from time to time party thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as collateral agent.
The June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants limiting the ability of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries to, among other things, incur debt, grant liens, undergo certain fundamental changes, make investments, make certain restricted payments, and sell assets, in each case, subject to limitations and exceptions set forth in the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement. The Revolving Facility also prohibits the Company from having a secured net leverage ratio in excess of 3.50:1.00 (subject to a temporary increase to 3.75:1.00 following the consummation of certain material permitted acquisitions) as of the last day of any fiscal quarter of the Company (commencing with the fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2021) if the aggregate borrowings under the Revolving Facility exceed 1% of the aggregate commitments thereunder (subject to certain exceptions set forth in the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement) as of such date. As of March 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with such covenants. The June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default that include, among other things, certain payment defaults, cross defaults to other indebtedness, covenant defaults, change in control defaults, judgment defaults, and bankruptcy and insolvency defaults. If an event of default exists, the lenders may require immediate payment of all obligations under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement and may exercise certain other rights and remedies provided for under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement, the other loan documents and applicable law.
The debt is carried at its principal amount, net of unamortized debt discount and issuance costs, and is not adjusted to fair value each period. The issuance date fair value of the liability component of the debt in the amount of $350.2 million was determined using a discounted cash flow analysis, in which the projected interest and principal payments were discounted back to the issuance date of the term loan at a market interest rate for nonconvertible debt of 3.4%, which represents a Level 2 fair value measurement. The debt discount of $0.9 million and debt issuance costs of $2.9 million associated with the Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement are being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over its seven-year term. Debt issuance costs of $0.4 million associated with the Revolving Facility are being amortized to interest expense over its five-year term.
9. Stock-Based Compensation
Employee Stock-Based Compensation Plans
At March 31, 2024, the Company had stock-based compensation awards outstanding under the following plans: the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, or 2010 Plan, and the 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP. Refer to the Company’s Annual Report for a summary of its stock-based compensation and equity plans as of December 31, 2023. There have been no material changes to the terms of the Company’s equity incentive plans during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
As of March 31, 2024, the number of shares of common stock available for future issuance under the 2010 Plan was 16,548,604 shares. As of March 31, 2024, the number of shares of common stock available for future issuance under the ESPP was 6,627,302 shares.
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Employee Incentive Bonus
The Company’s Executive Incentive Bonus Plan permits the settlement of awards under the plan in any combination of cash or shares of its common stock. The Company settles a majority of bonus awards for its employees, including executives, in shares of common stock under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan. When bonus awards are settled in common stock issued under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, the number of shares issuable to plan participants is determined based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock as determined in trading on the applicable stock exchange, on a date approved by the Board of Directors. In connection with the Company’s bonus programs, in February 2024, the Company issued 0.4 million freely-tradable (subject to certain restrictions for affiliates) shares of the Company’s common stock in settlement of bonus awards to employees, including executives, for the 2023 performance period. At March 31, 2024, the Company has an accrual of $7.6 million for bonus awards for employees for year-to-date achievement in the 2024 performance period, which the Company intends to settle primarily in shares of its common stock, unless otherwise required to be settled in cash due to local laws or agreements. The Company’s compensation committee retains discretion to effect payment in cash, stock, or a combination of cash and stock.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company recognizes stock-based compensation in the consolidated statements of operations, based on the department to which the related employee reports, as follows:

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  | (in thousands)
Cost of net revenue |  |  |  |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | 210 |
Research and development |  |  |  |  | 10,441 |  |  | 11,455 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  |  |  | 6,439 |  |  | 4,783 |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 17,061 |  |  | $ | 16,448 |

The total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units as of March 31, 2024 was $146.6 million, and the weighted average period over which these equity awards are expected to vest is 2.37 years.
The total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested performance-based restricted stock units as of March 31, 2024 was $9.1 million as a result of revised estimates of performance achievement levels as of that date, and the weighted average period over which these equity awards are expected to vest is 1.86 years. Actual levels of future performance for the unvested periods may differ from current estimates.
The total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options as of March 31, 2024 was $29.5 million, and the weighted average period over which these equity awards are expected to vest is 3.89 years.
Restricted Stock Units
A summary of the Company’s restricted stock unit activity is as follows:

| Number of Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value per Share
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 | 5,632 |  |  | $ | 36.72 |
Granted | 2,299 |  |  | 18.78 |
Vested | (1,313) |  |  | 31.07 |
Canceled | (387) |  |  | 38.48 |
Outstanding at March 31, 2024 | 6,231 |  |  | $ | 31.18 |

Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units
Performance-based restricted stock units are eligible to vest at the end of each year-long performance period, as defined in the underlying agreement, in a three-year performance period based on the Company’s annual growth rate in net sales and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share (subject to certain adjustments) over baseline results relative to the growth rates for a peer group of companies for the same metrics and periods.
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For the performance-based restricted stock units granted to date, 60% of each performance-based award is subject to the net sales metric for the performance period and 40% is subject to the non-GAAP diluted earnings per share metric for the performance period. The maximum percentage for a particular metric is 250% of the target number of units subject to the award related to that metric, however, vesting of the performance stock units is capped at 30% and 100%, respectively, of the target number of units subject to the award in years one and two, respectively, of the three-year performance period.
As of March 31, 2024, achievement to date under the performance metrics specified in the respective award agreements are based on its expected revenue and non-GAAP diluted EPS results over the performance periods and calculated growth rates relative to its peers’ expected results based on data available, as defined in the respective award agreements. To the extent any prior achievement levels are no longer probable, any compensation expense recorded is adjusted to the revised achievement levels.
A summary of the Company’s performance-based restricted stock unit activity is as follows:

| Number of Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value per Share
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 | 2,653 |  |  | $ | 34.38 |
Granted(1) | 1,460 |  |  | 17.77 |
Vested | (6) |  |  | 58.31 |
Canceled | (598) |  |  | 41.90 |
Outstanding at March 31, 2024 | 3,509 |  |  | $ | 26.15 |

________________
(1) Number of shares granted is based on the maximum percentage achievable in the performance-based restricted stock unit award.
Employee Stock Purchase Rights and Stock Options
Employee Stock Purchase Rights
During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no shares of common stock purchased under the ESPP.
The fair values of employee stock purchase rights were estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model at their respective grant date using the following assumptions:

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Weighted-average grant date fair value per share |  |  |  |  | $ | 6.35 |  |  | $ | 11.97 |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  |  |  | 5.41 | % |  | 4.54 | %
Dividend yield |  |  |  |  | — | % |  | — | %
Expected life (in years) |  |  |  |  | 0.50 |  | 0.50
Volatility |  |  |  |  | 70.46 | % |  | 59.78 | %

The risk-free interest rate assumption was based on rates for United States (U.S.) Treasury zero-coupon bonds with maturities similar to those of the expected term of the award being valued. The assumed dividend yield was based on the Company’s expectation of not paying dividends in the foreseeable future. The expected term is the duration of the offering period for each grant date. In addition, the estimated volatility incorporates the historical volatility over the expected term based on the Company’s daily closing stock prices.
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Stock Options
A summary of the Company’s stock options activity is as follows:

| Number of Options (in thousands) |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted-Average Contractual Term (in years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 | 375 |  |  | $ | 17.29 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 2,688 |  |  | 19.45 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (39) |  |  | 7.68 |  |  |  |  |
Canceled | (1) |  |  | 23.75 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at March 31, 2024 | 3,023 |  |  | $ | 19.33 |  |  | 8.95 |  | $ | 4,493 |
Vested and expected to vest at March 31, 2024 | 3,023 |  |  | $ | 19.33 |  |  | 8.95 |  | $ | 4,493 |
Exercisable at March 31, 2024 | 335 |  |  | $ | 18.40 |  |  | 1.36 |  | $ | 811 |

The fair values of stock options were estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model at their respective grant date using the following assumptions:

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023(1)
Weighted-average grant date fair value per share |  |  |  |  | $10.84 - $11.24 |  | N/A
Risk-free interest rate |  |  |  |  | 4.33 | % |  | N/A
Dividend yield |  |  |  |  | — | % |  | N/A
Expected life (in years) |  |  |  |  | 6.50 |  | N/A
Volatility |  |  |  |  | 57.50 | % |  | N/A

__________________
(1) No options were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
The risk-free interest rate assumption was based on the United States Treasury’s rates for U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds with maturities similar to those of the expected term of the award being valued. The assumed dividend yield was based on the Company’s expectation of not paying dividends in the foreseeable future. The expected term of the options was calculated using the simplified method as prescribed by guidance provided by the SEC. This decision was based on the lack of historical data due to the Company’s limited number of stock option exercises under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan. Estimated volatility incorporates historical volatility of the Company over the expected term based on the Company's daily closing stock prices.
The intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $0.5 million and $0.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Cash received from exercise of stock options was negligible during each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
The tax benefit from stock options exercised was $0.8 million and $0.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
10. Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes primarily relates to projected federal, state, and foreign income taxes. To determine the quarterly provision for income taxes, the Company uses an estimated annual effective tax rate, which is generally based on expected annual income and statutory tax rates in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates. In addition, the tax effects of certain significant or unusual items are recognized discretely in the quarter during which they occur and can be a source of variability in the effective tax rates from quarter to quarter.
The Company utilizes the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes, under which deferred taxes are determined based on temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using tax rates expected to be in effect during the years in which the temporary differences reverse. The Company records a valuation
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allowance to reduce its deferred taxes to the amount it believes is more likely than not to be realized. In making such determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence quarterly, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and recent financial performance. Forming a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not required is difficult when there is negative evidence such as cumulative losses in recent years. Based upon the Company’s review of all positive and negative evidence, the Company continues to have a valuation allowance on its state deferred tax assets, certain of its federal deferred tax assets, and certain foreign deferred tax assets in jurisdictions where the Company has cumulative losses or otherwise is not expected to utilize certain tax attributes. The Company does not incur expense or benefit in certain tax-free jurisdictions in which it operates.
The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $1.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and an income tax provision of $15.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023.
The difference between the Company’s effective tax rate and the 21.0% United States federal statutory rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 primarily related to the mix of pre-tax income among jurisdictions, permanent tax items including tax credits, stock based compensation, and tax shortfalls related to stock-based compensation.
The difference between the Company’s effective tax rate and the 21.0% U.S. federal statutory rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily related to the mix of pre-tax income among jurisdictions, permanent tax items including a tax on global intangible low-taxed income, research and development credits, stock based compensation, excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation, and the release of certain reserves for uncertain tax positions under ASC 740-10. The permanent tax item related to global intangible low-taxed income in this period also reflected the then recent legislative changes requiring the capitalization of research and experimentation costs, as well as limitations on the creditability of certain foreign income taxes.
Income tax positions must meet a more-likely-than-not threshold to be recognized. Income tax positions that previously failed to meet the more-likely-than-not threshold are recognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which that threshold is met. Previously recognized tax positions that no longer meet the more-likely-than-not threshold are de-recognized in the first financial reporting period in which that threshold is no longer met. The Company records potential penalties and interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits within the consolidated statements of operations as income tax expense.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits increased by $0.5 million. The Company does not expect its unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly over the next 12 months. Accrued interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as of March 31, 2024 were approximately $0.3 million and $0.01 million, respectively.
The Company is subject to federal and state income tax in the United States and is also subject to income tax in certain other foreign tax jurisdictions. At March 31, 2024, the statutes of limitations for the assessment of federal, state, and foreign income taxes are closed for the years before 2020, 2019, and 2017, respectively.
The Company’s subsidiary in Singapore operates under certain tax incentives in Singapore, which are generally effective through March 2027, and are conditional upon meeting certain employment and investment thresholds in Singapore. Under the incentives, qualifying income derived from certain sales of the Company’s integrated circuits is taxed at a concessionary rate over the incentive period, and there are reduced Singapore withholding taxes on certain intercompany royalties during the incentive period. The Company recorded a tax provision in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 at the incentive rate.
11. Concentration of Credit Risk, Significant Customers and Geographic Information
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Collateral is generally not required for customer receivables. The Company limits its exposure to credit loss by placing its cash with high credit quality financial institutions. At times, such deposits may be in excess of insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash and cash equivalents.
Significant Customers
The Company markets its products and services to manufacturers of a wide range of electronic devices (Note 1). The Company sells its products both directly to end-customers and through third-party distributors, both of which are referred to as
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the Company’s customers (Note 12). Revenue is also generated from sales of intellectual property, and the recipients of such intellectual property are also referred to as the Company’s customers. The Company makes periodic evaluations of the credit worthiness of its customers.
Customers comprising 10% or greater of net revenues for each of the periods presented are as follows:

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Percentage of total net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer A |  |  |  |  | 23 | % |  | *
Customer B |  |  |  |  | 13 | % |  | 15 | %

____________________________
* Represents less than 10% of the net revenue for the period presented.
The following table presents balances that are 10% or greater of accounts receivable, based on the Company’s billings to its customers.

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Percentage of gross accounts receivable |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer C | 32 | % |  | 33 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer D | 38 | % |  | 24 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Significant Suppliers
Suppliers comprising greater than 10% or greater of total inventory purchases are as follows:

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Vendor A |  |  |  |  |  | * |  | 23 | %
Vendor B |  |  |  |  |  | 45 | % |  | 25 | %
Vendor C |  |  |  |  |  | 11 | % |  | *
Vendor D |  |  |  |  |  | * |  | 11 | %

____________________________
* Represents less than 10% of total inventory purchases for the period presented.
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Geographic Information
The Company’s consolidated net revenues by geographic area based on ship-to location are as follows (in thousands):

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Amount |  | % of total net revenue |  | Amount |  | % of total net revenue
Asia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 55,832 |  |  | 59 | % |  | $ | 192,502 |  |  | 77 | %
Europe |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,448 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 40,216 |  |  | 16 | %
United States |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 30,474 |  |  | 32 | % |  | 12,184 |  |  | 5 | %
Rest of world |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,515 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 3,539 |  |  | 1 | %
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 95,269 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 248,441 |  |  | 100 | %

The products shipped to individual countries or territories representing greater than 10% of net revenue for each of the periods presented are as follows:

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Percentage of total net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hong Kong |  |  |  |  | 28 | % |  | 31 | %
China |  |  |  |  | * |  | 16 | %

____________________________
* Represents less than 10% of total net revenue for the respective period.
The determination of which country a particular sale is allocated to is based on the destination of the product shipment. No other individual country accounted for more than 10% of net revenue during these periods. Although a large percentage of the Company’s products is shipped to Asia, and in particular, Hong Kong and mainland China, the Company believes that a significant number of the systems designed by customers and incorporating the Company’s semiconductor products are subsequently sold outside Asia to Europe, Middle East, and Africa markets and North American markets.
Long-lived assets, which consists of property and equipment, net, leased right-of-use assets, intangible assets, net, and goodwill by geographic area are as follows (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Amount |  | % of total |  | Amount |  | % of total
United States |  | $ | 331,552 |  |  | 69 | % |  | $ | 337,696 |  |  | 69 | %
Singapore |  | 114,115 |  |  | 24 | % |  | 113,248 |  |  | 23 | %
Rest of world |  | 33,666 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 38,969 |  |  | 8 | %
Total |  | $ | 479,333 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 489,913 |  |  | 100 | %

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12. Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Revenue by Market
The table below presents disaggregated net revenues by market (in thousands):

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Broadband |  |  |  |  | $ | 33,055 |  |  | $ | 81,681 |
% of net revenue |  |  |  |  | 35 | % |  | 33 | %
Connectivity |  |  |  |  | 9,711 |  |  | 66,268 |
% of net revenue |  |  |  |  | 10 | % |  | 27 | %
Infrastructure |  |  |  |  | 32,605 |  |  | 46,302 |
% of net revenue |  |  |  |  | 34 | % |  | 19 | %
Industrial and multi-market |  |  |  |  | 19,898 |  |  | 54,191 |
% of net revenue |  |  |  |  | 21 | % |  | 22 | %
Total net revenue |  |  |  |  | $ | 95,269 |  |  | $ | 248,442 |

Revenues from sales through the Company’s distributors accounted for 36% and 43% of net revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Revenue related to the sales of intellectual property recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2024 has been allocated by market based upon the usage of such intellectual property.
Contract Liabilities
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, customer contract liabilities were approximately $1.6 million and $1.6 million, respectively, and consisted primarily of advanced payments received for which performance obligations have not been completed. Revenue recognized in each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 that was included in the contract liability balance as of the beginning of each of those respective periods was immaterial.
There were no material changes in the contract liabilities balance during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
Obligations to Customers for Price Adjustments and Returns and Assets for Right-of-Returns
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, obligations to customers consisting of estimates of price protection rights offered to the Company’s end customers totaled $65.2 million and $71.7 million, respectively, and are included in accrued price protection liability in the consolidated balance sheets. For activity in this account, including amounts included in net revenue, refer to Note 7.
Other obligations to customers representing estimates of price adjustments to be claimed by distributors upon sell-through of their inventory to their end customer and estimates of stock rotation returns to be claimed by distributors on products sold as of March 31, 2024 were $36.8 million and $0.4 million, respectively, and as of December 31, 2023 were $54.8 million and $0.3 million, respectively, and are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets (Note 7). The reason for the significant decrease in accrued obligations to customers for price adjustments from approximately $54.8 million as of December 31, 2023 to approximately $36.8 million as of March 31, 2024, was due to a significant decrease in sales to distributors which decreased the corresponding accrued obligations to such customers. The increase or decrease in revenue in each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 from net changes in transaction prices for amounts included in obligations to customers for price adjustments as of the beginning of those respective periods was not material.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, right of return assets under customer contracts representing the estimates of product inventory the Company expects to receive from customers in stock rotation returns were approximately $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. Right of return assets are included in inventory in the consolidated balance sheets.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no impairment losses recorded on customer accounts receivable.
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13. Leases
Operating Leases
Operating lease arrangements primarily consist of office leases expiring in various years through 2029. These leases have original terms of approximately 2 to 8 years and some contain options to extend the lease up to 5 years or terminate the lease, which are included in right-of-use assets and lease liabilities when the Company is reasonably certain it will renew the underlying leases. Since the implicit rate of such leases is unknown and the Company is not reasonably certain to renew its leases, the Company has elected to apply a collateralized incremental borrowing rate to facility leases on the original lease term in calculating the present value of future lease payments. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the weighted average discount rate for operating leases was 4.7% and 4.6%, respectively, and the weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases was 3.7 years and 3.9 years, respectively, as of the end of each of these periods.
The table below presents aggregate future minimum payments due under leases, reconciled to total lease liabilities included in the consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2024:

| Operating Leases
| (in thousands)
2024 (9 months) | $ | 7,996 |
2025 | 10,591 |
2026 | 8,233 |
2027 | 5,995 |
2028 | 2,465 |
Thereafter | 1,596 |
Total minimum payments | 36,876 |
Less: imputed interest | (3,769) |
Less: unrealized translation loss | (43) |
Total lease liabilities | 33,064 |
Less: short-term lease liabilities | (9,167) |
Long-term lease liabilities | $ | 23,897 |

Operating lease cost was $2.6 million and $2.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Short-term lease costs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were not material.
There were $1.0 million and $0.2 million of right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
14. Employee Retirement Plans
Defined Contribution Plan
The Company has a 401(k) defined contribution retirement plan (the 401(k) Plan) covering all eligible employees. Participants may voluntarily contribute on a pre-tax basis an amount not to exceed a maximum contribution amount pursuant to Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company is not required to contribute, nor has it contributed, to the 401(k) Plan for any of the periods presented.
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Pension and Other Defined Benefit Retirement Obligations
The Company maintains defined benefit retirement plans, including a pension plan, in certain foreign jurisdictions. As of March 31, 2024, the net defined benefit obligation, primarily related to other defined benefit plans, was $0.4 million. As of December 31, 2023, the net defined benefit obligation was $1.4 million. The benefit is based on a formula applied to eligible employee earnings.
Net periodic benefit costs were $0.1 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and were recorded to research and development expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
15. Commitments and Contingencies
Inventory Purchase and Other Contractual Obligations
As of March 31, 2024, future minimum payments under inventory purchase and other obligations are as follows:

| Inventory Purchase Obligations |  | Other Obligations |  | Total
2024 (9 months) | $ | 26,080 |  |  | $ | 27,481 |  |  | $ | 53,561 |
2025 | 12,197 |  |  | 29,405 |  |  | 41,602 |
2026 | — |  |  | 18,567 |  |  | 18,567 |
2027 | — |  |  | 3,673 |  |  | 3,673 |
2028 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total minimum payments | $ | 38,277 |  |  | $ | 79,126 |  |  | $ | 117,403 |

Other obligations consist primarily of contractual payments due for software licenses.
Jointly Funded Research and Development
From time to time, the Company enters into contracts for jointly funded research and development projects to develop technology that may be commercialized into a product in the future. As the Company may be required to repay all or a portion of the funds provided by the other parties under certain conditions, funds of $15.0 million received from the other parties as of March 31, 2024 have been deferred in other long-term liabilities. Additional amounts under the contracts are tied to certain milestones and will also be recorded as a long-term liability as payment due under such milestones are received. The Company de-recognizes the liabilities when the contingencies associated with the repayment conditions have been resolved. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not recognize any previously deferred amounts from other parties due to resolution of such repayment conditions.
Dispute with Silicon Motion
As previously disclosed, on July 26, 2023, MaxLinear terminated the Merger Agreement on multiple grounds (Note 3). On August 16, 2023, Silicon Motion delivered to MaxLinear a notice, which Silicon Motion publicly disclosed, that it was purporting to terminate the Merger Agreement and that Silicon Motion would be commencing an arbitration before the Singapore International Arbitration Centre to seek damages from MaxLinear arising from MaxLinear’s alleged breaches of the Merger Agreement. Silicon Motion’s position is that MaxLinear’s Willful and Material Breaches (as such term is defined in the Merger Agreement) of the Merger Agreement prevented the Merger from being completed by August 7, 2023, and that MaxLinear is consequently liable for substantial monetary damages in excess of the termination fee as provided in the Merger Agreement.
On October 5, 2023, Silicon Motion filed a Notice of Arbitration with the Singapore International Arbitration Centre alleging that MaxLinear breached the Merger Agreement. Silicon Motion seeks payment of the termination fee, additional damages, fees, and costs. The arbitration will be confidential.
MaxLinear believes that it properly terminated the Merger Agreement. MaxLinear remains confident in its decision and will vigorously defend its right to terminate the Silicon Motion transaction without penalty.
Class Action Complaint
On August 31, 2023, a Silicon Motion stockholder filed a putative class action complaint in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California captioned Water Island Event-Driven Fund v. MaxLinear, Inc., No. 23-cv-01607
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(S.D. Cal.), against MaxLinear and certain of its current officers. The complaint includes two claims: (1) an alleged violation of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder; and (2) an alleged violation of Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act. On December 20, 2023, the Court appointed the lead plaintiffs, who filed the Consolidated Complaint on February 15, 2024. The Consolidated Complaint alleges that the defendants made false and misleading statements and/or omitted material facts that MaxLinear had a duty to disclose, concerning the Company’s ability and intention to timely close the merger with Silicon Motion, including that: (i) MaxLinear had allegedly decided it would not consummate the merger because the economic circumstances surrounding the merger had materially changed, including a material downturn in the semiconductor industry and rising interest rates; (ii) MaxLinear had allegedly determined to unilaterally terminate the merger in the event the merger was approved by Chinese antitrust regulators; (iii) MaxLinear had allegedly intended to argue that certain conditions in Article 6 of the Merger Agreement had not been satisfied as required by May 5, 2023 as a basis to terminate the merger; and (iv) as a result, MaxLinear had allegedly materially misrepresented the viability of the merger, the purported benefits of the merger, and the likelihood that the merger would be consummated. The complaint seeks compensatory damages, including interest, costs and expenses and such other equitable or injunctive relief that the court deems appropriate. MaxLinear will vigorously defend its position. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Consolidated Complaint on March 29, 2024. Plaintiffs’ response is due on May 13, 2024.
Comcast Litigation
On December 1, 2023, MaxLinear filed claims against Comcast Management, LLC and Comcast Cable Communications, LLC (together, “Comcast”) in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. MaxLinear alleges that in 2020, MaxLinear shared its proprietary design and know-how for a full-duplex, or FDX, amplifier with Comcast in the hope of securing future business with Comcast. MaxLinear shared its design and know-how on several occasions, all pursuant to a non-disclosure agreement between MaxLinear and Comcast, with the expectation that Comcast would keep the information confidential. MaxLinear alleges that Comcast needed this technology in order to effectively compete with fiber-optic internet providers. Instead of engaging MaxLinear to develop the FDX amplifier, Comcast allegedly shared MaxLinear’s proprietary designs with MaxLinear’s direct competitor. Comcast allegedly then worked with MaxLinear’s competitor to develop the FDX-amplifier technology. MaxLinear brought claims for trade secret misappropriation, unfair competition, and breach of the parties’ non-disclosure agreement, and it sought an unspecified amount of compensatory damages, punitive damages, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, costs, expenses, and attorney fees as well as an injunction against Comcast’s use or disclosure of MaxLinear’s trade secrets.
On March 19, 2024, Comcast amended its claims for declaratory judgments, indemnification, and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and on April 3, 2024, MaxLinear moved to dismiss all claims against it. MaxLinear intends to amend and refile its trade-secret and related claims.
Dish Litigation
On February 10, 2023, Entropic Communications, LLC (“Entropic”) filed claims for patent infringement against Dish Network Corporation, Dish Network LLC, Dish Network Service, LLC, and Dish Network California Service Corporation in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. At that time, MaxLinear was not a party to the action. On September 21, 2023, Dish Network California Service Corporation (“Dish California”) filed four counterclaims against MaxLinear. The four claims are declaratory judgment, breach of contract, fraud and negligent misrepresentation, and civil conspiracy.
On January 31, 2024, the Dish defendants, together with DISH Technologies L.L.C. (collectively, “Dish”), filed eight counterclaims (amended counterclaims for Dish California) against MaxLinear. The eight counterclaims are (1) breach of contract, (2) fraud and negligent misrepresentation, (3) fraud arising from a civil conspiracy, (4) quasi-contract for restitution/unjust enrichment, (5) combination in restraint of trade, (6) violation of the Cartwright Act (by Dish California only), (7) patent misuse, and (8) violation of Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 et seq. Dish’s eight counterclaims revolve around a core allegation that MaxLinear is a member of the Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA) and that MaxLinear violated its obligation under MoCA’s Intellectual Property Rights Policy (“IPR Policy”) by acting with Entropic to rid the asserted patents of the RAND encumbrances. Dish seeks an unspecified amount of compensatory damages, disgorgement, attorneys’ fees, experts’ fees, and costs.
Cox Litigations
On February 10, 2023, Entropic sued Cox Communications, Inc., CoxCom, LLC, and Cox Communications California, LLC (together, “Cox”) in two separate actions in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. On October 6, 2023, Cox filed counterclaims against MaxLinear in each of the two actions.
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In the first action, Cox alleges that when MaxLinear assigned certain patents to Entropic, MaxLinear violated its obligations under MoCA’s IPR Policy by assigning these patents and by allegedly failing to ensure that Cox would be offered a FRAND license for these patents. Cox amended its counterclaims on January 9, 2024 and is asserting claims of breach of contract, unjust enrichment, and declaratory judgment against MaxLinear. Cox seeks an unspecified amount of compensatory damages, equitable relief, attorneys’ fees, expenses, and costs.
In the second action, in response to Entropic suing Cox for patent infringement, Cox filed counterclaims against MaxLinear. Cox alleges that MaxLinear granted CableLabs a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to all patents essential for compliance with DOCSIS specifications. It further alleges that MaxLinear breached this agreement when MaxLinear assigned certain patents to Entropic. Cox amended its counterclaims on January 9, 2024 and is asserting claims for breach of contract, unjust enrichment, and declaratory judgment. Cox seeks an unspecified amount of compensatory damages, equitable relief, attorneys’ fees, expenses, and costs.
The Company records a provision for contingent losses when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. As of March 31, 2024, no material loss contingencies have been accrued for litigation and other legal claims in the consolidated financial statements, since the Company’s management currently does not believe that the ultimate outcome of any of the matters described above is probable. An unfavorable outcome of these matters may be reasonably possible in excess of recorded amounts; however, a reasonable estimate of the amount or range of such loss cannot be made at this time.
Other Matters
From time to time, the Company is subject to threats of litigation or actual litigation in the ordinary course of business as described above and in “Part II. — Other Information, Item 1. — Legal Proceedings,” some of which may be material. The results of any litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and regardless of the outcome, litigation can have a material adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors.
16. Stock Repurchases
On February 23, 2021, the Company’s board of directors authorized a plan to repurchase up to $100 million of the Company’s common stock over a period ending February 16, 2024. The amount and timing of repurchases are subject to a variety of factors including liquidity, share price, market conditions, and legal requirements. Any purchases will be funded from available working capital and may be effected through open market purchases, block transactions, and privately negotiated transactions. The share repurchase program does not obligate the Company to make any repurchases and may be modified, suspended, or terminated by the Company at any time without prior notice. The share repurchase program has been temporarily suspended since July 2022 due to the Company’s previously pending (now terminated) merger with Silicon Motion (Note 3).
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock under the repurchase program.
At March 31, 2024, the aggregate value of common stock repurchased under the program was approximately $55.0 million and approximately $45.0 million remained available for repurchase under the program.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Forward-Looking Statements
The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of our operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included in Part II, Item 1A in this report.
Overview
We are a provider of communications systems-on-chips, or SoCs, used in broadband, mobile and wireline infrastructure, data center, and industrial and multi-market applications. We are a fabless integrated circuit design company whose products integrate all or substantial portions of a high-speed communication system, including radio frequency, or RF, high-performance analog, mixed-signal, digital signal processing, security engines, data compression and networking layers, and power management. In most cases, these products are designed on a single silicon-die, using standard digital complementary metal oxide semiconductor, or CMOS, manufacturing processes and conventional packaging technologies. Importantly, our ability to design analog and mixed-signal circuits in CMOS allows us to efficiently combine analog functionality and complex digital signal processing logic in the same integrated circuit. As a result, we believe our solutions have exceptional levels of functional integration and performance, low manufacturing cost, and reduced power consumption versus competition. These solutions also enable shorter design cycles, significant design flexibility and low system-level cost across a range of markets.
Our customers primarily include electronics distributors, module makers, original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs and original design manufacturers, or ODMs, which incorporate our products in a wide range of electronic devices. Examples of such devices include radio transceivers and modems for 4G/5G base-station and backhaul infrastructure; optical transceivers targeting hyperscale data centers; Wi-Fi and wireline routers for home networking; broadband modems compliant with Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications, or DOCSIS, passive optical fiber standards, or PON, and digital subscriber line, or DSL; as well as power management and interface products used in these and many other markets. In addition, we generate revenue from certain intellectual property sale agreements.
In the three months ended March 31, 2024, net revenue was $95.3 million, which was derived in part from sales of RF receivers and RF receiver SOC and connectivity solutions and intellectual property into broadband operator voice and data modems and gateways and connectivity adapters, global analog and digital RF receiver products, radio and modem solutions into wireless carrier access and backhaul infrastructure platforms, high-speed optical interconnect solutions sold into optical modules for data-center, metro and long-haul networks, and high-performance interface and power management solutions into a broad range of communications, industrial, automotive and multi-market applications. Our ability to achieve revenue growth in the future will depend, among other factors, on our ability to further penetrate existing markets; our ability to expand our target addressable markets by developing new and innovative products; changes in government trade policies; changes in export control regulations; and our ability to obtain design wins with device manufacturers, in particular manufacturers of data modems, and gateways for the broadband service provider, storage networking market, cable infrastructure market, industrial and automotive markets, and optical module and telecommunications infrastructure markets.
Products shipped to Asia accounted for 59% and 77% of net revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, including 28% from products shipped to Hong Kong during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 31% from products shipped to Hong Kong and 16% from products shipped to mainland China during three months ended March 31, 2023. Although a large percentage of our products is shipped to Asia, we believe that a significant number of the systems designed by these customers and incorporating our semiconductor products are then sold outside Asia. For example, revenue generated from sales of our products during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 related principally to sales to Asian ODMs and contract manufacturers delivering products into European and North American markets. To date, all of our sales have been denominated in United States dollars.
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A significant portion of our net revenue has historically been generated by a limited number of customers through both sales of our products, and consideration under intellectual property sale agreements. Sales of products to customers comprise both direct sales to customers and indirect sales through distributors. In the three months ended March 31, 2024, two customers accounted for 36% of our net revenue, and our ten largest customers collectively accounted for 75% of our net revenue, of which distributor customers accounted for 19% of our net revenue. For certain customers, we sell multiple products into disparate end user applications such as PON outdoor units, or PON ODUs, Wi-Fi routers, broadband gateways, and cable modems.
Our business depends on winning competitive bid selection processes, known as design wins, to develop integrated circuits for use in our customers’ products. These selection processes are typically lengthy, and as a result, our sales cycles will vary based on the specific market served, whether the design win is with an existing or a new customer and whether our product being designed in our customer’s device is a first generation or subsequent generation product. Our customers’ products can be complex and, if our engagement results in a design win, can require significant time to define, design and result in volume production. Because the sales cycle for our products is long, we can incur significant design and development expenditures in circumstances where we do not ultimately recognize any revenue. We do not have any long-term purchase commitments with any of our customers, all of whom purchase our products on a purchase order basis. Once one of our products is incorporated into a customer’s design, however, we believe that our product is likely to remain a component of the customer’s product for its life cycle because of the time and expense associated with redesigning the product or substituting an alternative chip. Product life cycles in our target markets will vary by application. For example, in the broadband data modem and gateway sectors, a design-in can have a product life cycle of 24 to 60 months. In the industrial and wired and wireless infrastructure markets, a design-in can have a product life cycle of 24 to 84 months and beyond.
Impact of Global Economic Uncertainty and Inventory Build
Inflation and uncertainty in customer demand and the worldwide economy has continued, and we could experience continued decline in our sales and revenues. In particular, we believe an economic slowdown and inventory oversupply in the channel could continue to add to volatility in managing the business. In addition, inventory oversupply could potentially lead to more inventory write-downs, including charges for any excess or obsolete inventory which could negatively impact our gross margins. However, the magnitude of such volatility on our business and its duration is uncertain and cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. As supplier lead times continue to stabilize, we have seen and expect to continue to see a more normalized demand-planning horizon. While we expect inventory to remain elevated in the near term, we expect channel inventory will continue to decline thereafter.
Terminated Silicon Motion Merger
On May 5, 2022, we entered into an agreement and plan of merger, or the Merger Agreement, with Silicon Motion Technology Corporation, or Silicon Motion, an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the Law of the Cayman Islands, pursuant to which, subject to the terms and conditions thereof, we agreed to acquire Silicon Motion pursuant to a statutory merger of Shark Merger Sub, a wholly-owned subsidiary of MaxLinear, with and into Silicon Motion, with Silicon Motion surviving the merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of MaxLinear. Silicon Motion is a provider of NAND flash controllers for solid state drives and other solid state storage devices.
On July 26, 2023, we terminated the Merger Agreement and notified Silicon Motion that we were relieved of our obligations to close because, among other reasons, (i) certain conditions to closing set forth in the Merger Agreement were not satisfied and were incapable of being satisfied, (ii) Silicon Motion had suffered a Material Adverse Effect that was continuing, (iii) Silicon Motion was in material breach of representations, warranties, covenants, and agreements in the Merger Agreement that gave rise to the right of the Company to terminate, and (iv) in any event, the First Extended Outside Date had passed and was not automatically extended because certain conditions in Article 6 of the Merger Agreement were not satisfied or waived as of May 5, 2023. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, MaxLinear was not required to pay a break-up fee or other fee as a result of the termination of the Merger Agreement on these grounds. On August 16, 2023, Silicon Motion delivered a notice to us, which Silicon Motion publicly disclosed, that it was purporting to terminate the Merger Agreement and that Silicon Motion would be commencing an arbitration to seek damages from us arising from our alleged breaches of the Merger Agreement. Undefined capitalized terms in this paragraph have the same meaning as in the Merger Agreement.
On October 5, 2023, Silicon Motion filed a Notice of Arbitration with the Singapore International Arbitration Centre alleging that we breached the Merger Agreement. See Part II, Item 1 (Legal Proceedings) of this report for more information on legal proceedings related to the termination of the Merger Agreement.
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The second amended and restated commitment letter dated October 24, 2022 with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., or Wells Fargo Bank, and other lenders, and related financing commitments for the previously pending (now terminated) merger were also terminated upon termination of the Merger Agreement. As a result of the termination of the financing, in August 2023, the Company was required to pay to Wells Fargo Bank a ticking fee of $18.3 million.
Workforce Reductions
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we entered into two plans of restructuring to reduce our workforce, or the Workforce Reductions. The Workforce Reductions were intended to align our operational needs with the changes in macroeconomic conditions and the demand environment while continuing to support the long-term business strategy by reducing our operating expenses. As a result of the Workforce Reductions, in the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred $19.8 million in restructuring costs primarily related to severance costs and related expenses. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we completed notification to the remaining affected employees of the Workforce Reductions, and incurred $22.6 million in restructuring costs, or a cumulative total of $42.4 million.
Restructuring costs in the three months ended March 31, 2024 included $19.9 million in severance costs and related expenses, substantially all of which pertained to statutory severance benefits in the jurisdictions in which the terminated employees were employed, and $2.7 million in non-cash charges related to exiting facilities and writing off of assets. As of March 31, 2024, estimated restructuring costs remaining to be incurred for the restructuring plans pertain to write off of certain licenses and exiting of leased office space and are anticipated to occur in the remaining periods of 2024. The remaining restructuring costs are not expected to be material. The estimate of costs that we expect to incur, and the timing thereof, are subject to a number of assumptions and actual results may differ. We may also incur other charges or cash expenditures not currently contemplated due to events that may occur as a result of, or associated with, the Workforce Reductions.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements which are prepared in accordance with accounting principles that are generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We continually evaluate our estimates and judgments, the most critical of which are those related to business combinations, revenue recognition, inventory valuation, production masks, goodwill and other intangible assets valuation, and income taxes. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Materially different results can occur as circumstances change and additional information becomes known.
We believe that accounting policies we have identified as critical involve a greater degree of judgment and complexity than our other accounting policies. Accordingly, those are the policies we believe are the most critical to understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.
For a summary of our critical accounting policies and estimates, refer to Management’s Discussion and Analysis section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on January 31, 2024, or our Annual Report. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted as of the date of this report.
Results of Operations
The following describes the line items set forth in our unaudited consolidated statements of operations.
Net Revenue. Net revenue is generated from sales of radio-frequency, analog, digital, and mixed-signal integrated circuits and intellectual property for access and connectivity, wired and wireless infrastructure, and industrial and multi-market applications. A significant portion of our sales are to distributors, who then resell our products.
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Cost of Net Revenue. Cost of net revenue includes the cost of finished silicon wafers processed by third-party foundries; costs associated with our outsourced packaging and assembly, test and shipping; costs of personnel, including salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation; equipment associated with manufacturing support, logistics and quality assurance; amortization of acquired developed technology and purchased licensed technology intangible assets; inventory fair value adjustments, if any; amortization of certain production mask costs and computer-aided design software license costs; cost of production load boards and sockets; and an allocated portion of our occupancy costs.
Research and Development. Research and development, or R&D, expense includes personnel-related expenses, including salaries and benefits and stock-based compensation, new product engineering mask costs, prototype integrated circuit packaging and test costs, computer-aided design software license costs, intellectual property license costs, reference design development costs, development testing and evaluation costs, depreciation expense and allocated occupancy costs, partially offset by income from joint R&D projects and/or governmental R&D grants, if any. Research and development activities include the design of new products, refinement of existing products and design of test methodologies to ensure compliance with required specifications. All research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
Selling, General and Administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense includes personnel-related expenses, including salaries and benefits and stock-based compensation, amortization of certain acquired intangible assets, merger, acquisition and integration costs, if any, third-party sales commissions, field application engineering support, travel costs, professional and consulting fees, legal fees, depreciation expense and allocated occupancy costs.
Impairment Losses. Impairment losses consist of charges resulting from the impairment of intangible assets.
Restructuring Charges. Restructuring charges consist of severance, lease and leasehold impairment charges, and other charges related to restructuring plans.
Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net. Interest and other income (expense), net includes interest income, interest expense and other income (expense). Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash balances. Interest expense consists of interest accrued on debt and amortization of discounts on debt and other liabilities. Other income (expense) generally consists of income (expense) generated from non-operating transactions, net gains (losses) on sales of investments and/or income from investments, if any, and unrealized holding gains (losses) from certain investments required to be marked to market value, if any.
Income Tax Provision (Benefit). We make certain estimates and judgments in determining income taxes for financial statement purposes. These estimates and judgments occur in the calculation of certain tax assets and liabilities, which arise from differences in the timing of recognition of revenue and expenses for tax and financial statement purposes and the realizability of assets in future years.
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The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations data as a percentage of net revenue for the periods indicated:

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Net revenue |  |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |
Cost of net revenue |  |  |  |  | 48 |  |  | 44 |  |  |
Gross profit |  |  |  |  | 52 |  |  | 56 |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  |  |  |  | 68 |  |  | 27 |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  |  |  | 38 |  |  | 16 |  |  |
Impairment losses |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Restructuring charges |  |  |  |  | 24 |  |  | 2 |  |  |
Total operating expenses |  |  |  |  | 130 |  |  | 45 |  |  |
Income (loss) from operations |  |  |  |  | (78) |  |  | 11 |  |  |
Interest income |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | (1) |  |  |
Other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  |
Total other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  |  |  | (78) |  |  | 10 |  |  |
Income tax provision (benefit) |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  | 6 |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  | (76) | % |  | 4 | % |  |

Net Revenue

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  | $ Change |  |  |  | % Change
|  |  |  |  | (dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Broadband |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 33,055 |  |  | $ | 81,681 |  |  |  |  | $ | (48,626) |  |  |  |  | (60) | % |  |
% of net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 35 | % |  | 33 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Connectivity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,711 |  |  | 66,268 |  |  |  |  | (56,557) |  |  |  |  | (85) | % |  |
% of net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 | % |  | 27 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Infrastructure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32,605 |  |  | 46,302 |  |  |  |  | (13,697) |  |  |  |  | (30) | % |  |
% of net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 34 | % |  | 19 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Industrial and multi-market |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19,898 |  |  | 54,191 |  |  |  |  | (34,293) |  |  |  |  | (63) | % |  |
% of net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21 | % |  | 22 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 95,269 |  |  | $ | 248,442 |  |  |  |  | $ | (153,173) |  |  |  |  | (62) | % |  |

Net revenue decreased $153.2 million to $95.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $248.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily as a result of macroeconomic conditions impacting customer demand, including excess inventory in the channel built up following the supply shortages in 2022. The decrease in broadband net revenue of $48.6 million was driven by decreases in the volume of broadband SOC shipments in this category, partially offset by revenue from certain intellectual property sale agreements. The decrease in connectivity net revenue of $56.6 million was driven by decreased volume of shipments of certain products associated with residential broadband market decline, partially offset by revenue from certain intellectual property sale agreements. The decrease in net infrastructure revenues of $13.7 million was driven by a decrease in the volume of wireless backhaul product shipments, partially offset by revenue from certain intellectual property sale agreements. The decrease in industrial and multi-market net revenue of $34.3 million was driven by decreased volume of shipments of high-performance analog and component products. Price changes did not have a material impact to revenues period over period.
We currently expect that revenue will fluctuate in the future, from period-to-period, consistent with the cyclical nature of our industry.
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Cost of Net Revenue and Gross Profit

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  | $ Change |  |  |  | % Change
|  |  |  |  | (dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 46,001 |  |  | $ | 108,135 |  |  |  |  | $ | (62,134) |  |  |  |  | (57) | % |  |
% of net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 48 | % |  | 44 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 49,268 |  |  | 140,307 |  |  |  |  | (91,039) |  |  |  |  | (65) | % |  |
% of net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 52 | % |  | 56 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Cost of net revenue decreased $62.1 million to $46.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $108.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease was driven by a decreased volume of shipments as a result of macroeconomic conditions impacting customer demand for our products as described above under “Net Revenue.” Gross profit percentage declined for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, due to reduced absorption of intangible amortization and fixed costs.
We currently expect that gross profit percentage will fluctuate in the future, from period-to-period, based on changes in product mix, average selling prices, and average manufacturing costs.
Research and Development

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  | $ Change |  |  |  | % Change |  |
|  |  |  |  | (dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 64,766 |  |  | $ | 67,291 |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,525) |  |  |  |  | (4) | % |  |
% of net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 68 | % |  | 27 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Research and development expense decreased $2.5 million to $64.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $67.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease was driven by decreases in payroll and benefits expense of $6.0 million, CAD design tools expense of $2.1 million, outside services of $1.5 million, stock based compensation of $1.0 million, and depreciation expense of $0.7 million. These decreases were partially offset by a decrease in income from governmental R&D grants and joint R&D projects offsetting our R&D expense of $7.9 million, and increases in bonuses of $1.3 million. The decrease in payroll and benefits, outside services, and stock-based compensation are attributable to the Workforce Reductions and cost reduction measures. The decrease in CAD design tool and consulting expenses are due to timing of project completion. The decrease in depreciation expense is from acquired assets becoming fully amortized as they reached the end of their useful lives. The amount of income from governmental R&D grants and joint R&D projects varies from period to period depending on demand for such projects and availability of governmental R&D programs. The increase in bonus expense is due to improvement in year-to-date achievement against our annual operating plan relative to the prior year.
We are closely managing our research and development expenses to meet evolving demand; however, we expect our research and development expenses to increase in future years as we develop products to drive future growth.
Selling, General and Administrative

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  | $ Change |  | % Change
|  |  |  |  | (dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 36,488 |  |  | $ | 38,653 |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,165) |  |  |  |  | (6) | % |  |
% of net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 38 | % |  | 16 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Selling, general and administrative expense decreased $2.2 million to $36.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $38.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease was a result of decreases in payroll and other benefits expense of $1.9 million, professional fees of $1.2 million, depreciation and amortization of $0.6 million and other miscellaneous expense of $0.8 million. These decreases were partially offset by increases in stock-based compensation of $1.7 million and bonuses of $0.7 million. The decreases in payroll and other benefits and other miscellaneous expenses are attributable to recent reductions in workforce and cost reduction measures. The decrease in professional fees is mainly due to decrease in merger and acquisition related fees following the termination of our merger with Silicon Motion. The
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decrease in depreciation and amortization is from assets becoming fully amortized as they reached the end of their useful lives. The increase in stock-based compensation expense is due to incremental grants to executives for retention purposes, while the increase in bonus expense is due to improvement in year-to-date achievement against our annual operating plan relative to the prior year.
We are closely managing our selling, general and administrative expenses; however, we expect selling, general and administrative expenses to increase in future years when we return to growing our sales and marketing organization to expand into existing and new markets.
Impairment Losses

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  | $ Change |  |  |  | % Change |
|  |  |  |  | (dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Impairment losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,438 |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,438) |  |  |  |  | (100) | % |
% of net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — | % |  | 1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Impairment losses in the three months ended March 31, 2023 related to abandonment of certain intellectual property licenses.
Restructuring Charges

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  | $ Change |  |  |  | % Change |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring charges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,630 |  |  | $ | 4,648 |  |  |  |  | $17,982 |  |  |  | 387 | % |  |
% of net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24 | % |  | 2 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Restructuring charges increased $18.0 million to $22.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $4.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Restructuring charges for the three months ended March 31, 2024 included $19.9 million in employee severance and related charges related to reductions in our workforce and $2.1 million in charges related to reduction of space leased for office facilities. Substantially all of the employee severance-related charges in this period are estimated statutory severance benefits payable in the jurisdictions in which the terminated employees were employed. Restructuring charges for the three months ended March 31, 2023 included $4.6 million in employee severance and related charges related to reductions in our workforce.

Interest and Other Income (Expense)

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  | $ Change |  |  |  | % Change |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 545 |  |  | $ | (2,178) |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,723 |  |  |  |  | (125) | % |  |
% of net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 | % |  | (1) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Interest and other income (expense), net changed by $2.7 million from expense of $2.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 to expense of $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The change in interest and other income (expense), net was due to a foreign currency gain of $1.0 million in first quarter 2024 compared to a currency loss of $40 thousand in first quarter 2023, increase in interest income of $1.2 million on interest-bearing cash equivalents, and income of $0.6 million derived from privately held investments.
Income Tax Provision (Benefit)

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  | $ Change |  |  |  | % Change |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax provision (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,762) |  |  | $ | 15,566 |  |  |  |  | $ | (17,328) |  |  |  |  | (111) | % |  |

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The income tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $1.8 million compared to an income tax provision of $15.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
The difference between our effective tax rate and the 21.0% U.S. federal statutory rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 primarily related to the mix of pre-tax income among jurisdictions, permanent tax items including tax credits, stock based compensation, and tax shortfalls related to stock-based compensation.
The difference between our effective tax rate and the 21.0% U.S. federal statutory rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily related to the mix of pre-tax income among jurisdictions, permanent tax items including a tax on global intangible low-taxed income, research and development credits, stock based compensation, excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation, and the release of certain reserves for uncertain tax positions under ASC 740-10. The permanent tax item related to global intangible low-taxed income in this period also reflected legislative changes requiring the capitalization of research and experimentation costs, as well as limitations on the creditability of certain foreign income taxes.
We continue to maintain a valuation allowance to offset state and certain federal and foreign deferred tax assets, as realization of such assets does not meet the more-likely-than-not threshold required under accounting guidelines. In making such determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence quarterly, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and recent financial performance. Based upon our review of all positive and negative evidence, we continue to have a valuation allowance on state deferred tax assets, certain federal deferred tax assets, and certain foreign deferred tax assets in jurisdictions where we have cumulative losses or otherwise are not expected to utilize certain tax attributes. We do not incur income tax expense or benefit in certain tax-free jurisdictions in which we operate.
Our subsidiary in Singapore operates under certain tax incentives in Singapore, which are effective through March 2027. Under these incentives, qualifying income derived from certain sales of our integrated circuits is taxed at a concessionary rate over the incentive period. We also receive a reduced withholding tax rate on certain intercompany royalty payments made by our Singapore subsidiary during the incentive period. We recorded a tax benefit in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 at the incentive rate. The incentives are conditional upon our meeting certain minimum employment and investment thresholds within Singapore over time, and we may be required to return certain tax benefits in the event we do not achieve compliance related to that incentive period. We currently believe that we will be able to satisfy these conditions without material risk.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of March 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $191.9 million, restricted cash of $1.0 million and net accounts receivable of $126.2 million. Additionally, as of March 31, 2024, our working capital, which we define as current assets less current liabilities, was $220.8 million. Financial instruments, which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Collateral is generally not required for customer receivables. We limit our exposure to credit loss by placing our cash with high credit quality financial institutions. At times, such deposits may be in excess of insured limits. We have not experienced any losses on our deposits of cash and cash equivalents.
Our primary uses of cash are to fund operating expenses and purchases of inventory, property and equipment, and from time to time, the acquisition of businesses. In May 2022, we entered into the Merger Agreement to acquire Silicon Motion. However, on July 26, 2023, we terminated the Merger Agreement and were relieved of our obligations to close.
We also use cash to pay down outstanding debt, repurchase our common stock under our stock repurchase plan, and from time to time, make investments. As of March 31, 2024, $125.0 million of principal was outstanding under a senior secured term B loan facility or the “Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement.” The Company also has available a senior secured revolving credit facility, in an aggregate principal amount of up to $100.0 million which remained undrawn as of March 31, 2024. The proceeds of the revolving facility may be used to finance the working capital needs and other general corporate purposes of the Company and its subsidiaries.
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Commencing on September 30, 2021, the Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement has amortized in equal quarterly installments equal to 0.25% of the original principal amount of the Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement, with the balance payable on June 23, 2028. We could be subject to substantial variable interest rate risk because our interest rate under term loans typically vary based on a fixed margin over an indexed rate or an adjusted base rate. While we had been mitigating the impact of rising interest rates with large amounts of prepayments on our outstanding debt, if interest rates were to further increase substantially, it could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and could affect our ability to service the indebtedness. Please refer to the Risk Factor entitled “As of March 31, 2024, our aggregate indebtedness was $125.0 million, and we are subject to a variable amount of interest on the principal balance of our credit agreements and could continue to be adversely impacted by rising interest rates in the future. Such indebtedness adversely affects our operating results and cash-flows as we satisfy our underlying interest and principal payment obligations and contains financial and operational covenants that could adversely affect our operational freedom or ability to pursue strategic transactions that we would otherwise consider to be in the best interest of stockholders, including obtaining additional indebtedness to finance such transactions. In addition, rising interest rates may make it more difficult for us, our customers, and our distributors to obtain financing and service their interest and debt obligations, which in turn has an impact on customer demand for our products and our distributors' business” for a discussion of how our indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and capital resources.
Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including changes in revenue, the expansion of our engineering, sales and marketing activities, the timing and extent of our expansion into new territories, the timing of introductions of new products and enhancements to existing products, the continuing market acceptance of our products, any damages from legal proceedings related to the termination of the Merger Agreement with Silicon Motion or any alleged breaches of the Merger Agreement that we are required to pay, or any amounts we agree to pay in any settlement and any other potential material investments in, or acquisitions of, complementary businesses, services or technologies. Additional funds may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may not be able to sustain our operations or execute our strategic plans.
Our cash and cash equivalents are impacted by the timing of when we pay expenses as reflected in the change in our outstanding accounts payable and accrued expenses. Cash used to fund operating expenses in our consolidated statements of cash flows excludes the impact of non-cash items such as, but not limited to, amortization and depreciation of acquired intangible assets and leased right-of-use assets and property and equipment, stock-based compensation, impairment of intangible assets, impairment of leased right-of-use assets and gain on extinguishment of lease liabilities. Cash used to fund capital purchases and acquisitions of businesses and investments are included in investing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows. Cash paid to satisfy minimum tax withholdings on behalf of employees for restricted stock units are included in financing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.
As of March 31, 2024, our material cash requirements include long-term debt, non-cancelable operating leases, inventory purchase obligations and other obligations, which primarily consist of contractual payments due for computer-aided design software, as follows:

| Payments due
| Total |  | Less than 1 year |  | 1-3 years |  | 3-5 years |  | More than 5 years
| (in thousands)
Long-term debt obligations | $ | 125,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 125,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Operating lease obligations | 36,876 |  |  | 7,996 |  |  | 18,824 |  |  | 8,460 |  |  | 1,596 |
Purchase obligations | 38,277 |  |  | 26,080 |  |  | 12,197 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other obligations | 79,126 |  |  | 27,481 |  |  | 47,972 |  |  | 3,673 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 279,279 |  |  | $ | 61,557 |  |  | $ | 78,993 |  |  | $ | 137,133 |  |  | $ | 1,596 |

Our planned capital expenditures as of March 31, 2024 were not material. Our consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2024 included $5.5 million in other long-term liabilities for uncertain tax positions, some of which may result in cash payment and $15.0 million received from other parties for jointly funded research and development projects which will be recognized into income when the contingencies associated with the repayment conditions have been resolved. The future payments related to uncertain tax positions recorded as other long-term liabilities have not been presented in the table above due to the uncertainty of the amounts and timing of cash settlement with the taxing authorities.
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Our primary sources of cash are cash receipts on accounts receivable from our shipment of products to distributors and direct customers, as well as proceeds that we receive under certain intellectual property sale agreements. Aside from the amounts billed to our customers, net cash collections of accounts receivable are impacted by the efficiency of our cash collections process, which can vary from period to period depending on the payment cycles of our major distributor customers, and relative linearity of shipments period-to-period.
The June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement, under which we entered into a senior secured term B loan facility and a revolving credit facility, permits us to request incremental loans in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed the sum of an amount equal to the greater of (x) $175.0 million and (y) 100% of “Consolidated EBITDA” (as defined in such agreement), plus the amount of certain voluntary prepayments, plus an unlimited amount that is subject to pro forma compliance with certain first lien net leverage ratio, secured net leverage ratio and total net leverage ratio tests.
The following is a summary of our working capital, cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash for the periods indicated:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (in thousands)
Working capital | $ | 220,825 |  |  | $ | 265,896 |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 191,882 |  |  | $ | 187,288 |
Short-term restricted cash | 1,028 |  |  | 1,051 |
Long-term restricted cash | 20 |  |  | 17 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 192,930 |  |  | $ | 188,356 |

We believe that our $191.9 million of cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2024 will be sufficient to fund our projected operating requirements for at least the next twelve months. As of March 31, 2024, our indebtedness totaled $125.0 million, which consists of outstanding principal under the Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement. The June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement also provides the Company with the Revolving Facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $100.0 million, which remained undrawn as of March 31, 2024. The Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement has a seven-year term expiring in June 2028 and bears interest, at the Company’s option, at a per annum rate equal to either (i) a base rate equal to the highest of (x) the federal funds rate, plus 0.50%, (y) the prime rate then in effect and (z) an adjusted SOFR rate determined on the basis of a one-month interest period plus 1.00%, in each case, plus an applicable margin of 1.25% or (ii) an adjusted SOFR rate, subject to a floor of 0.50%, plus an applicable margin of 2.25%. Loans under the Revolving Facility initially bear interest, at a per annum rate equal to either (i) a base rate (as calculated above) plus an applicable margin of 0.00%, or (ii) an adjusted SOFR rate (as calculated above) plus an applicable margin of 1.00%. Following delivery of financial statements for the Company’s fiscal quarter ending June 30, 2021, the applicable margin for loans under the Revolving Facility will range from 0.00% to 0.75% in the case of base rate loans and 1.00% to 1.75% in the case of SOFR rate loans, in each case, depending on the Company’s secured net leverage ratio as of the most recently ended fiscal quarter. The Company is required to pay commitment fees ranging from 0.175% to 0.25% per annum on the daily undrawn commitments under the Revolving Facility, depending on the Company’s secured net leverage ratio as of the most recently ended fiscal quarter. Commencing on September 30, 2021, the Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement amortizes in equal quarterly installments equal to 0.25% of the original principal amount, with the balance payable at maturity on June 23, 2028. The June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement was amended on June 29, 2023 to implement a benchmark replacement.
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The following is a summary of our cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities, investing activities and financing activities for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
| (in thousands) |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 15,970 |  |  | $ | 42,159 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash used in investing activities | (8,710) |  |  | (15,511) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash used in financing activities | (2,103) |  |  | (6,170) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (583) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 4,574 |  |  | $ | 20,479 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $16.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $42.2 million three months ended March 31, 2023. The decline in operating cash flows was driven by a decline in revenue from decreased volume of shipments of our products as a result of macroeconomic conditions impacting customer demand for our products (as discussed under the heading, “Results of Operations,” above). Operating cash flows were also impacted by changes in our working capital, which increased $66.5 million, in particular, in the first quarter of 2024, we collected accounts receivable of $68.3 million, which was partially offset by payments against our price protection liability of $18.6 million and severance payments from the Workforce Reductions of $7.0 million.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
While our capital purchases increased $2.9 million in the first quarter of 2024, our use of cash in investing activities declined by $6.8 million, as we did not have an acquisition in the first quarter of 2024.
Net cash used in investing activities was $8.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and consisted of purchases of property and equipment of $8.3 million, and purchases of intangible assets of $0.4 million.
Net cash used in investing activities was $15.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and primarily consisted of cash used in the acquisition of Company Y of $9.7 million and purchases of property and equipment of $5.2 million.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Our use of cash in financing activities, which was substantially comprised of minimum tax withholding paid on behalf of employees for restricted stock units for both periods, declined due to a smaller amount of restricted stock units released for bonuses and a decline in value of other stock-related awards released during the periods.
Warranties and Indemnifications
In connection with the sale of products in the ordinary course of business, we often make representations affirming, among other things, that our products do not infringe on the intellectual property rights of others, and agree to indemnify customers against third-party claims for such infringement. Further, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws require us to indemnify our officers and directors against any action that may arise out of their services in that capacity, and we have also entered into indemnification agreements with respect to all of our directors and certain controlling persons.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates.
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Foreign Currency Risk
To date, our international customer and vendor agreements have been denominated mostly in United States dollars. Accordingly, we have limited exposure to foreign currency exchange rates and do not enter into foreign currency hedging transactions. The functional currency of certain foreign subsidiaries is the local currency. Accordingly, the effects of exchange rate fluctuations on the net assets of these foreign subsidiaries’ operations are accounted for as translation gains or losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity. A hypothetical change of 100 basis points in such foreign currency exchange rates during the three months ended March 31, 2024 would result in a change to translation gain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) of approximately $1.0 million.
Interest Rate Risk
We are subject to a variable amount of interest on the principal balance of our credit agreements described above and could be adversely impacted by rising interest rates in the future. If SOFR interest rates had increased by 10% during the three months ended March 31, 2024, the rate increase would have resulted in an immaterial increase to interest expense. We currently believe our operating cash held primarily for working capital purpose is sufficient to cover our interest obligations, but we are monitoring the impact of rising interest rates on our ability to service our interest and debt obligations, obtain financing, and on our business in general.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our periodic reports filed with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and no evaluation of controls and procedures can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within a company have been detected. Management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
As required by Rule 13a-15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, prior to filing this Quarterly Report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report. Based on their evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to determine whether any change in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024 that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024 that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Dispute with Silicon Motion
As previously disclosed, on July 26, 2023, MaxLinear terminated the Merger Agreement on multiple grounds. On August 16, 2023, Silicon Motion delivered to MaxLinear a notice, which Silicon Motion publicly disclosed, that it was purporting to terminate the Merger Agreement and that Silicon Motion would be commencing an arbitration before the Singapore International Arbitration Centre to seek damages from MaxLinear arising from MaxLinear’s alleged breaches of the Merger Agreement. Silicon Motion’s position is that MaxLinear’s Willful and Material Breaches (as such term is defined in the Merger Agreement) of the Merger Agreement prevented the Merger from being completed by August 7, 2023, and that MaxLinear is consequently liable for substantial monetary damages in excess of the termination fee as provided in the Merger Agreement.
On October 5, 2023, Silicon Motion filed a Notice of Arbitration with the Singapore International Arbitration Centre alleging that MaxLinear breached the Merger Agreement. Silicon Motion seeks payment of the termination fee, additional damages, fees, and costs. The arbitration will be confidential.
MaxLinear believes that it properly terminated the Merger Agreement. MaxLinear remains confident in its decision and will vigorously defend its right to terminate the Silicon Motion transaction without penalty.
Class Action Complaint
On August 31, 2023, a Silicon Motion stockholder filed a putative class action complaint in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California captioned Water Island Event-Driven Fund v. MaxLinear, Inc., No. 23-cv-01607 (S.D. Cal.), against MaxLinear and certain of its current officers. The complaint includes two claims: (1) an alleged violation of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder; and (2) an alleged violation of Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act. On December 20, 2023, the Court appointed the lead plaintiffs, who filed the Consolidated Complaint on February 15, 2024. The Consolidated Complaint alleges that the defendants made false and misleading statements and/or omitted material facts that MaxLinear had a duty to disclose, concerning the Company’s ability and intention to timely close the merger with Silicon Motion, including that: (i) MaxLinear had allegedly decided it would not consummate the merger because the economic circumstances surrounding the merger had materially changed, including a material downturn in the semiconductor industry and rising interest rates; (ii) MaxLinear had allegedly determined to unilaterally terminate the merger in the event the merger was approved by Chinese antitrust regulators; (iii) MaxLinear had allegedly intended to argue that certain conditions in Article 6 of the Merger Agreement had not been satisfied as required by May 5, 2023 as a basis to terminate the merger; and (iv) as a result, MaxLinear had allegedly materially misrepresented the viability of the merger, the purported benefits of the merger, and the likelihood that the merger would be consummated. The complaint seeks compensatory damages, including interest, costs and expenses and such other equitable or injunctive relief that the court deems appropriate. MaxLinear will vigorously defend its position. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Consolidated Complaint on March 29, 2024. Plaintiffs’ response is due on May 13, 2024.
Comcast Litigation
On December 1, 2023, MaxLinear filed claims against Comcast Management, LLC and Comcast Cable Communications, LLC (together, “Comcast”) in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. MaxLinear alleges that in 2020, MaxLinear shared its proprietary design and know-how for a full-duplex, or FDX, amplifier with Comcast in the hope of securing future business with Comcast. MaxLinear shared its design and know-how on several occasions, all pursuant to a non-disclosure agreement between MaxLinear and Comcast, with the expectation that Comcast would keep the information confidential. MaxLinear alleges that Comcast needed this technology in order to effectively compete with fiber-optic internet providers. Instead of engaging MaxLinear to develop the FDX amplifier, Comcast allegedly shared MaxLinear’s proprietary designs with MaxLinear’s direct competitor. Comcast allegedly then worked with MaxLinear’s competitor to develop the FDX-amplifier technology. MaxLinear brought claims for trade secret misappropriation, unfair competition, and breach of the parties’ non-disclosure agreement, and it sought an unspecified amount of compensatory damages, punitive damages, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, costs, expenses, and attorney fees as well as an injunction against Comcast’s use or disclosure of MaxLinear’s trade secrets.
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On March 19, 2024, Comcast amended its claims for declaratory judgments, indemnification, and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and on April 3, 2024, MaxLinear moved to dismiss all claims against it. MaxLinear intends to amend and refile its trade-secret and related claims.
Dish Litigation
On February 10, 2023, Entropic Communications, LLC (“Entropic”) filed claims for patent infringement against Dish Network Corporation, Dish Network LLC, Dish Network Service, LLC, and Dish Network California Service Corporation in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. At that time, MaxLinear was not a party to the action. On September 21, 2023, Dish Network California Service Corporation (“Dish California”) filed four counterclaims against MaxLinear. The four claims are declaratory judgment, breach of contract, fraud and negligent misrepresentation, and civil conspiracy.
On January 31, 2024, the Dish defendants, together with DISH Technologies L.L.C. (collectively, “Dish”), filed eight counterclaims (amended counterclaims for Dish California) against MaxLinear. The eight counterclaims are (1) breach of contract, (2) fraud and negligent misrepresentation, (3) fraud arising from a civil conspiracy, (4) quasi-contract for restitution/unjust enrichment, (5) combination in restraint of trade, (6) violation of the Cartwright Act (by Dish California only), (7) patent misuse, and (8) violation of Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 et seq. Dish’s eight counterclaims revolve around a core allegation that MaxLinear is a member of the Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA) and that MaxLinear violated its obligation under MoCA’s Intellectual Property Rights Policy (“IPR Policy”) by acting with Entropic to rid the asserted patents of the RAND encumbrances. Dish seeks an unspecified amount of compensatory damages, disgorgement, attorneys’ fees, experts’ fees, and costs.
Cox Litigations
On February 10, 2023, Entropic sued Cox Communications, Inc., CoxCom, LLC, and Cox Communications California, LLC (together, “Cox”) in two separate actions in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. On October 6, 2023, Cox filed counterclaims against MaxLinear in each of the two actions.
In the first action, Cox alleges that when MaxLinear assigned certain patents to Entropic, MaxLinear violated its obligations under MoCA’s IPR Policy by assigning these patents and by allegedly failing to ensure that Cox would be offered a FRAND license for these patents. Cox amended its counterclaims on January 9, 2024 and is asserting claims of breach of contract, unjust enrichment, and declaratory judgment against MaxLinear. Cox seeks an unspecified amount of compensatory damages, equitable relief, attorneys’ fees, expenses, and costs.
In the second action, in response to Entropic suing Cox for patent infringement, Cox filed counterclaims against MaxLinear. Cox alleges that MaxLinear granted CableLabs a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to all patents essential for compliance with DOCSIS specifications. It further alleges that MaxLinear breached this agreement when MaxLinear assigned certain patents to Entropic. Cox amended its counterclaims on January 9, 2024 and is asserting claims for breach of contract, unjust enrichment, and declaratory judgment. Cox seeks an unspecified amount of compensatory damages, equitable relief, attorneys’ fees, expenses, and costs.
The Company records a provision for contingent losses when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. As of March 31, 2024, no material loss contingencies have been accrued for litigation and other legal claims in our consolidated financial statements, since our management currently does not believe that the ultimate outcome of any of the matters described above is probable. An unfavorable outcome of these matters may be reasonably possible in excess of recorded amounts; however, a reasonable estimate of the amount or range of such loss cannot be made at this time.
Other Matters
From time to time, we are subject to threats of litigation or actual litigation in the ordinary course of business as described above, some of which may be material. Results of litigation and claims are inherently unpredictable. Regardless of the outcome, litigation and claims can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or Form 10-Q, including any information that may be incorporated by reference herein, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, referred to as the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “forecast,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and situations that may cause our or our industry’s actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these statements. These factors include those listed below in this Part II, Item 1A and those discussed elsewhere in this Form 10-Q. We encourage investors to review these factors carefully. We may from time to time make additional written and oral forward-looking statements, including statements contained in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission or SEC. However, we do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement that may be made from time to time by or on behalf of us, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law.
The following discussion provides information concerning the material risks and uncertainties that we have identified and believe may adversely affect our business, our financial condition and our results of operations. Before you decide whether to invest in our securities, you should carefully consider these risk factors together with all of the other information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and in our other public filings, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. Our risk factors are not guarantees that no such conditions exist as of the date of this report and should not be interpreted as an affirmative statement that such risks or conditions have not materialized, in whole or in part.
For the risks relating to our terminated merger with Silicon Motion, please refer to the section of these risk factors captioned “Risks Relating to the Terminated Merger with Silicon Motion.”
Risk Factor Summary
Risks Relating to the Terminated Merger with Silicon Motion
•The termination of the Merger Agreement and the related legal proceedings have caused us to incur substantial costs, may divert management’s attention from our business and could otherwise adversely affect our business, financial results and operations.
•If we are required to pay any damages in connection with legal proceedings related to the termination of the Merger Agreement with Silicon Motion, including for any alleged breaches of the Merger Agreement, or if we agree to make any payments in any settlement of legal proceedings related to the termination of the Merger Agreement, the amount of such damages or payments could be significant and require us to draw down on all our existing lines of credit and use our cash resources, which may not be sufficient to satisfy any damages or payments and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. We expect that we may not be able to obtain financing on favorable terms if at all or raise additional capital for any such payments.
Risks Relating to Our Business
•We face intense competition and expect competition to increase in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, revenue growth rate, if any, and market share.
•Global economic conditions, including factors such as high inflation or a potential recession, could continue to adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
•We are subject to the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry.
•A significant variance in our operating results or rates of growth, if any, could continue to lead to substantial volatility in our stock price. Our revenue has declined, and we may not sustain our current level of revenue, which has declined, and/or manage future growth effectively. The impact of excess inventory in the channel has continued to influence our customers’ expected demand for certain of our products.
•Our business, financial condition and results of operations could continue to be adversely affected by military conflicts, geopolitical and economic tensions among or with countries in which we conduct business, including between the United States and China, Israel (and its conflict with Iran), and among other countries. For example, as more entities are added to restricted export control lists, or as semiconductor technology exports to other countries are further controlled, our need to seek authorization from the U.S. government may impact our ability to do business and/or the speed with which we can deliver, if at all.
•We also are subject to risks associated with international geopolitical and military conflicts.
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•Changes in trade policies among the United States and other countries, in particular the imposition of new or higher tariffs, could place pressure on our average selling prices as our customers seek to offset the impact of increased tariffs on their own products. Increased tariffs or the imposition of other barriers to international trade could decrease demand and have a material adverse effect on our revenues and operating results.
•We will lose sales if we are unable to obtain or retain government authorization to export certain of our products or technology or if such authorizations are revoked. In addition, we will be subject to legal and regulatory consequences if we do not comply with applicable export control laws and regulations.
•We depend on a limited number of customers for a substantial portion of our revenue, and the loss of, or a significant reduction in orders from major customers has had and could continue to have a material adverse effect on our revenue and operating results.
•Any legal proceedings or claims against us could be costly and time-consuming to defend and could harm our reputation regardless of the outcome.
•We have been and may in the future be subject to information technology failures, including security breaches, cyber-attacks, design defects or system failures, that could disrupt our operations, damage our reputation and adversely affect our business, operations, and financial results.
•Average selling prices of our products have and could decrease in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and gross margins.
•If we fail to penetrate new applications and markets, our revenue, revenue growth rate, if any, and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
•A significant portion of our revenue is attributable to demand for our products in markets for broadband solutions, and development delays and consolidation trends among cable and satellite Pay-TV and broadband operators could adversely affect our future revenues and operating results.
•We may be unable to make the substantial productive research and development investments that are required to remain competitive in our business.
•The complexity of our products could result in unforeseen delays or expenses caused by undetected defects or bugs, which could reduce the market acceptance of our new products, damage our reputation with current or prospective customers and adversely affect our operating costs.
•Our operating results are subject to substantial quarterly and annual fluctuations and have fluctuated in the past and may fluctuate significantly due to a number of factors that could adversely affect our business and our stock price.
•If we fail to develop and introduce new or enhanced products on a timely basis, our ability to attract and retain customers could be impaired and our competitive position could be harmed.
•We are subject to order and shipment uncertainties, and differences between our estimates of customer demand and product mix and our actual results could continue to negatively affect our inventory levels, sales and operating results.
•We may have difficulty accurately predicting our future revenue and appropriately budgeting our expenses particularly as we seek to enter new markets where we may not have prior experience.
•Our customers require our products and our third-party contractors to undergo a lengthy and expensive qualification process which does not assure product sales.
•We incur significant expenditures to win business and customer product plan cancellations may adversely affect our results of operations.
•A failure to maintain compliance with governmental regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business.
•If we are unable to attract, train and retain qualified personnel and senior management, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could suffer.
•We are subject to a variable amount of interest on the principal balance of our credit agreements and could continue to be adversely impacted by rising interest rates in the future. Such indebtedness adversely affects our operating results and cash-flows, as we satisfy our underlying interest and principal payment obligations and contains financial and operational covenants that could adversely affect our operational freedom or ability to pursue strategic transactions that we would otherwise consider to be in the best interests of stockholders, including obtaining additional indebtedness to finance such transactions. In addition, rising interest rates may make it more difficult for us, our customers, and our distributors to obtain financing and service our respective interest and debt obligations, which in turn has an impact on customer demand for our products and our distributors’ business.
•We are subject to governmental laws, regulations and other legal obligations related to privacy, data protection, and cybersecurity.
•Our products must conform to industry standards in order to be accepted by end users in our markets.
•We may, from time to time, make additional business acquisitions or investments, which involve significant risks.
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Risks Relating to Intellectual Property
•We have settled in the past intellectual property litigation and may in the future face additional claims of intellectual property infringement. Any current or future litigation could be time-consuming, costly to prosecute, defend or settle and result in damages and/or the loss of significant rights.
•If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, our business could be adversely affected.
•We face risks related to security vulnerabilities in our products.
•The use of open source software in our products, processes and technology may expose us to additional risks and harm our intellectual property.
Risks Relating to Reliance on Third Parties
•A lack of long-term supply contracts, and any supply disruption could have a material adverse effect on our business.
•Failure to manage our relationships with our third-party contractors successfully, or impacts from volatility in global supply, natural disasters, public health crises, or other labor stoppages in the regions where such contractors operate, could adversely affect our ability to market and sell our products.
•Should any of our distributors cease or be forced to stop distributing our products, our business would suffer.
•Any failure of third parties to provide services and technology could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Risks Relating to Our Common Stock
•Our share price may be volatile as a result of various factors.
•Our management team may use our available cash and cash equivalents in ways with which you may not agree or in ways which may not yield a return.
•Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our common stock.
•Any future decisions to reduce or discontinue purchasing our common stock, after we resume such purchasing, pursuant to our stock repurchase programs could cause the market price for our common stock to decline.
Risks Relating to our Terminated Merger with Silicon Motion
The termination of the Merger Agreement and the related legal proceedings have caused us to incur substantial costs, may divert management’s attention from our business and could otherwise adversely affect our business, financial results and operations.
We terminated the Merger Agreement on July 26, 2023 and notified Silicon Motion that we are relieved of our obligation to close the merger. Silicon Motion has challenged the validity of that termination. On August 16, 2023, Silicon Motion delivered to us a notice, which Silicon Motion publicly disclosed, that it was purporting to terminate the Merger Agreement and that Silicon Motion would be commencing an arbitration before the Singapore International Arbitration Centre to seek damages from us arising from our alleged breaches of the Merger Agreement. On October 5, 2023, Silicon Motion filed a Notice of Arbitration with the Singapore International Arbitration Centre alleging that we breached the Merger Agreement. Additionally, on August 31, 2023, a Silicon Motion stockholder filed a class action complaint against us and certain of our current officers alleging that we materially misrepresented the likelihood the merger would close. Other potential plaintiffs may file additional lawsuits related to the previously contemplated merger. See Part II, Item 1 (Legal Proceedings) of this report for more information on the Silicon Motion arbitration and the class action lawsuit. We intend to vigorously defend against these legal proceedings and any alleged breaches of the Merger Agreement, but due to the uncertainties inherent in any legal proceedings, we cannot predict the outcome of any legal proceedings. Legal proceedings are time-consuming, and may divert management’s attention from our business. Legal proceedings are also expensive and could result in substantial costs to us, including any damages we are required to pay and costs associated with the indemnification of directors and officers. Please refer to the Risk Factor entitled “If we are required to pay any damages in connection with legal proceedings related to the termination of the Merger Agreement with Silicon Motion, including for any alleged breaches of the Merger Agreement, or if we agree to make any payments in any settlement of legal proceedings related to the termination of the Merger Agreement, the amount of such damages or payments could be significant and require us to draw down on all our existing lines of credit and use our cash resources, which may not be sufficient to satisfy any damages or payments and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. We expect that we may not be able to obtain financing on favorable terms if at all or raise additional capital for any such payments. Even if we are able to finance such payments through the incurrence of additional indebtedness, any material increase in our indebtedness would adversely affect our operating results and cash-
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flows as we satisfy our underlying interest and principal payment obligations. Issuing additional shares of our common stock, if material, will result in dilution of existing shares outstanding. Any loan agreement is also expected to contain financial and operational covenants that would adversely affect our operational freedom or ability to pursue strategic transactions that we would otherwise consider to be in the best interests of stockholders, including obtaining additional indebtedness to finance such transactions.”
We have already incurred, and expect to continue to incur, substantial costs in connection with the previously pending merger, the termination of the Merger Agreement, and the related legal proceedings. Aside from any damages or settlement amounts we may be required to pay, these costs are primarily associated with the fees of our financial advisors, accountants, lenders, and legal counsel. Since the merger has been terminated, we will have received little or no benefit in respect of such costs incurred. We may also experience negative reactions from the financial markets and our suppliers, customers, customer prospects, and employees with regard to legal proceedings related to the termination of the Merger Agreement. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition or on the trading price of our common stock.
If we are required to pay any damages in connection with legal proceedings related to the termination of the Merger Agreement with Silicon Motion, including for any alleged breaches of the Merger Agreement, or if we agree to make any payments in any settlement of legal proceedings related to the termination of the Merger Agreement, the amount of such damages or payments could be significant and require us to draw down on all our existing lines of credit and use our cash resources, which may not be sufficient to satisfy any damages or payments and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. We expect that we may not be able to obtain financing on favorable terms if at all or raise additional capital for any such payments. Even if we are able to finance such payments through the incurrence of additional indebtedness, any material increase in our indebtedness would adversely affect our operating results and cash-flows as we satisfy our underlying interest and principal payment obligations. Issuing additional shares of our common stock, if material, will result in dilution of existing shares outstanding. Any loan agreement is also expected to contain financial and operational covenants that would adversely affect our operational freedom or ability to pursue strategic transactions that we would otherwise consider to be in the best interests of stockholders, including obtaining additional indebtedness to finance such transactions.
If we are required to pay any damages in connection with legal proceedings related to the termination of the Merger Agreement, including for any alleged breaches of the Merger Agreement, or if we agree to make any payments in any settlement of legal proceedings related to the termination of the Merger Agreement, the amount of such damages or payments could be significant and require us to draw down on all our existing lines of credit and use our cash resources, which may not be sufficient to satisfy any damages or payments and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. We expect that we may not be able to obtain financing on favorable terms if at all or raise additional capital for any such payments. However, if we finance all or a portion of the payment of damages or settlement amounts through the incurrence of additional indebtedness, any material payment and increase in our indebtedness would adversely affect our ability to use cash generated from operations as we repay interest and principal under the term loans and revolving credit facility, as applicable. Issuing additional shares of common stock, if material, would result in dilution of existing shares outstanding. In addition, our current credit agreement, and any new loan agreements, contain and would likely contain financial and operational covenants that may adversely affect our ability to engage in certain activities, including certain financing and acquisition transactions, stock repurchases, guarantees, and similar transactions, without obtaining the consent of the lenders, which may or may not be forthcoming. Such financial and operational covenants include compliance with a secured net leverage ratio test. Accordingly, outstanding indebtedness could adversely affect our operational freedom or ability to pursue strategic transactions that we would otherwise consider to be in the best interests of stockholders.
Specifically, if we are required to pay damages in connection with legal proceedings related to the termination of the Merger Agreement, including for alleged breaches of the Merger Agreement, or if we agree to make any payments in any settlement of legal proceedings related to the termination of the Merger Agreement, and we finance all or a portion of the payment of damages through the incurrence of additional indebtedness, any materially increased indebtedness could have important consequences to investors in our common stock, including the following:
•our ability to obtain any necessary financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, or other purposes may be limited or financing may be unavailable;
•rising interest rates may make it more difficult for us, our customers, and our distributors to obtain financing and service our respective interest and debt obligations, which in turn has an impact on customer demand for our products as well as the business of our distributors;
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•we could be subject to substantial variable interest rate risk because our interest rate under term loans typically varies based on a fixed margin over an indexed rate (such as for the Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement) or an adjusted base rate. If interest rates were to continue to increase substantially, and we incur additional indebtedness, it would adversely affect our operating results and could affect our ability to service the indebtedness;
•a portion of our cash flows is dedicated to the payment of interest and when applicable, principal, on our indebtedness and other obligations and will not be available for use in our business;
•our level of indebtedness, combined with rising interest rates, could limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the markets in which we operate, including limiting our future investments or ability to enter into acquisitions and strategic partnerships, and obtain financing for such transactions; and
•our high degree of indebtedness may make us more vulnerable to changes in general economic conditions and/or a downturn in our business, thereby making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations.
If we fail to make required debt payments, or if we fail to comply with other covenants in our debt service agreements, we would be in default under the terms of these agreements. Subject to customary cure rights, any default would permit the holders of the indebtedness to accelerate repayment of this debt and could cause defaults under other indebtedness that we have, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.
Risks Related to Our Business
We face intense competition and expect competition to increase in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, revenue growth rate, if any, and market share.
The global semiconductor market in general, and the broadband, wired and wireless infrastructure, and broader industrial and communications analog and mixed-signal markets in particular, are highly competitive. We compete in different target markets to various degrees on the basis of a number of principal competitive factors, including our products’ performance, features and functionality, energy efficiency, size, ease of system design, customer support, product roadmap, reputation, reliability and price. We expect competition to increase and intensify as a result of industry consolidation and the resulting creation of larger semiconductor companies. Large semiconductor companies resulting from industry consolidation could enjoy substantial market power, which they could exert through, among other things, aggressive pricing that could adversely affect our customer relationships, revenues, margins and profitability. In addition, we expect the internal resources of large, integrated OEMs may continue to enter our markets. Increased competition has resulted in price pressure, decreased demand, reduced revenue and profitability, and loss of market share, any of which could in the future materially and adversely affect our business, revenue, revenue growth rates, if any, and operating results.
As our products are integrated into a variety of communications and industrial platforms, our competitors range from large, international merchant semiconductor companies offering a wide range of semiconductor products to smaller companies specializing in narrow markets, to internal or vertically integrated engineering groups within certain of our customers. Our primary merchant semiconductor competitors include Broadcom Inc., Qualcomm Incorporated, Realtek Semiconductor Corp., Skyworks Solutions, Inc., Credo Semiconductor Inc., MediaTek, Inc., Marvell Technology Group Ltd., MACOM Technology Solutions Holdings, Inc., Texas Instruments Incorporated, Analog Devices, Inc., Renesas Electronics Corporation, Microchip Technology Inc. and Semtech Corporation. It is quite likely that competition in the markets in which we participate will increase in the future as existing competitors improve or expand their product offerings. In addition, other companies are in the process of developing competing products for our current and target markets. Because our products often are building block semiconductors which provide functions that in some cases can be integrated into more complex integrated circuits, we also face competition from manufacturers of integrated circuits, some of which may be existing customers or platform partners that develop their own integrated circuit products. If we cannot offer an attractive solution for applications where our competitors offer more fully integrated products, we may lose significant market share to our competitors. Some of our targeted customers for our optical interconnect solutions are module makers who are vertically integrated, where we compete with internally supplied components, and we compete with much larger analog and mixed-signal catalog competitors in the multi-market high-performance analog markets.
Our ability to compete successfully depends on factors both within and outside of our control, including industry and general economic trends. During past periods of downturns in our industry, competition in the markets in which we operate intensified as manufacturers of semiconductors reduced prices in order to combat production overcapacity and high inventory levels. Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial and other resources with which to withstand similar adverse economic or market conditions in the future. Moreover, the competitive landscape is changing as a result of intense
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consolidation within our industry as some of our competitors have merged with or been acquired by other competitors, and other competitors have begun to collaborate with each other, which could result in significant changes to the competitive landscape. In addition, changes in government trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs and export restrictions, could limit our ability to sell our products to certain customers and adversely affect our ability to compete successfully. These developments may materially and adversely affect our current and future target markets and our ability to compete successfully in those markets.
Global economic conditions, including factors such as high inflation or a potential recession, could continue to adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Inflation and uncertainty in customer demand and the worldwide economy has continued, and we have experienced and could continue to experience a decline in our sales and revenues in the future. In particular, we believe an economic slowdown and inventory oversupply will continue to add to volatility in managing the business. In addition, inventory oversupply could potentially lead to more inventory write-downs, including charges for any excess or obsolete inventory which could negatively impact our gross margins. Our products are incorporated in numerous consumer devices, and demand for such products is ultimately driven by consumer demand for products such as televisions, personal computers, automobiles, and cable modems. Many of these purchases are discretionary. Global economic volatility and economic volatility in the specific markets in which the devices that incorporate our products are ultimately sold, including the impacts of current high rates of inflation and a potential recession, can cause extreme difficulties for our customers and third-party vendors in accurately forecasting and planning future business activities. If banks and financial institutions with whom we have banking relationships enter receivership or become insolvent in the future, we may be unable to access, and we may lose, some or all of our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments to the extent those funds are not insured or otherwise protected by the FDIC. This unpredictability has and could continue to cause our customers to delay or reduce their capital expenditures and spending on our products, which would delay and lengthen sales cycles and negatively affect the overall demand for our products. Worsening economic instability could continue to result in a cancellation of such orders or otherwise adversely affect spending for information technology and limit our ability to forecast future demand for our products, which could reduce expected revenues or result in a write-down of any excess or obsolete inventory. Furthermore, during challenging economic times, our customers may face challenges in gaining timely access to sufficient credit, which could impact their ability to make timely payments to us. These events, together with economic volatility that may face the broader economy and, in particular, the semiconductor and communications industries, may adversely affect, our business, particularly to the extent that consumers decrease their discretionary spending for devices deploying our products. However, the magnitude of such volatility on our business and its duration is uncertain and cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.
Other areas of our business which could be disrupted or subject to negative impacts of negative global economic conditions may include, but may not be limited to, the following:
•Reduced ability to accurately predict our future revenue and budget future expenses;
•Inefficiencies, delays and additional costs in design win, product development, production and fulfillment;
•Accounts receivable collection issues should any of our limited and significant customers experience liquidity concerns;
•Material impacts to the value of our common stock, which may result in impairment of our goodwill;
•Material impairment of our assets, if recoverability thereof becomes a concern; and
•Decreased availability of capital or access thereto in the United States and from other jurisdictions in which we operate.
We are subject to the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry.
The semiconductor industry is highly cyclical and is characterized by constant and rapid technological change, rapid product obsolescence and price erosion, evolving standards, short product life cycles and wide fluctuations in product supply and demand. The current downturn, which was aggravated by certain factors such as high interest rates and excess channel inventory, has resulted in, or any future downturns may result in, diminished product demand, production overcapacity, high inventory levels and accelerated erosion of our average selling prices. Furthermore, any future upturn in the semiconductor industry could result in increased competition for access to third-party foundry and assembly capacity. We are dependent on the availability of this capacity to manufacture and assemble all of our products. None of our third-party foundry or assembly
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contractors has provided assurances that adequate capacity will be available to us in the future. A significant downturn or upturn could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
A significant variance in our operating results or rates of growth, if any, could continue to lead to substantial volatility in our stock price. Our revenue has declined, and we may not sustain our current level of revenue, which has declined, and/or manage future growth effectively. The impact of excess inventory in the channel has continued to influence our customers’ expected demand for certain of our products.
Our net revenue decreased from $248.4 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023, to $95.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024, and the decline in net revenue could continue in future periods. Among other factors, the decrease is as a result of macroeconomic conditions impacting customer demand. Prior to 2023, our net revenues grew to $1.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. We currently expect that revenue will fluctuate in the future, from period-to-period, consistent with the cyclical nature of our industry, and we could experience further decline in revenue in the future due to current macroeconomic conditions impacting customer demand for various products. Further, the impact of excess inventory in the channel has continued to influence our customers’ expected demand for some of our products.
In addition, in the first quarter of 2024, we completed notifications to remaining affected employees regarding the Workforce Reductions to align our operational needs with the changes in macroeconomic conditions and the demand environment. We may not realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits, savings and improvements from the reduction of our workforce if our revenue continues to decline. If we are unable to realize the expected operational efficiencies and cost savings from our reduction of our workforce, our operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected.
You should not rely on our operating results for any prior quarterly or annual periods as an indication of our future operating performance. Please refer to the Risk Factor entitled “Our operating results are subject to substantial quarterly and annual fluctuations and have fluctuated in the past and may fluctuate significantly due to a number of factors that could adversely affect our business and our stock price” for a discussion of factors contributing to variances in our operating results or rates of growth, if any. If we are unable to resume adequate revenue growth and manage our operating expenses, our financial results could suffer and our stock price could decline.
To manage any future growth successfully, we believe we must effectively, among other things:
•successfully develop new products and penetrate new applications and markets;
•recruit, hire, train and manage additional qualified engineers for our research and development activities, especially in the positions of design engineering, product and test engineering and applications engineering;
•implement and improve our administrative, financial and operational systems, procedures and controls; and
•enhance our information technology support for enterprise resource planning and design engineering by adapting and expanding our systems and tool capabilities, and properly training new hires as to their use.
If we are unable to resume and manage our growth effectively, we may not be able to take advantage of market opportunities or develop new products and we may fail to satisfy customer requirements, maintain product quality, execute our business plan, or respond to competitive pressures.
Our business, financial condition and results of operations could continue to be adversely affected by military conflicts, geopolitical and economic tensions among or with countries in which we conduct business, including between the United States and China, Israel (and its conflict with Iran), and among other countries. For example, as more entities are added to restricted export control lists, or as semiconductor technology exports to other countries are further controlled, our need to seek authorization from the U.S. government may impact our ability to do business.
We sell our products throughout the world. Products shipped to Asia accounted for 59% of our net revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2024. In addition, as of March 31, 2024, approximately 77% of our employees are located outside of the United States. The majority of our products are manufactured, assembled and tested in Asia, and our major distributors are located in Asia. Multiple factors relating to our international operations and to particular countries in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. These factors include:
•changes in political, regulatory, legal or economic conditions;
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•geopolitical conflicts and tensions, especially as between the United States and China, that could destabilize trading relationships and economic activity;
•restrictive governmental actions, such as restrictions on the transfer or repatriation of funds and foreign investments and trade protection measures, including export controls and restrictions, duties and quotas and customs duties and tariffs;
•disruptions of capital and trading markets;
•changes in import and/or export control restrictions and regulations by governments, such as changes to licensing requirements or other anti-diversion enforcement measures, as a result of ongoing armed conflict and geopolitical tensions among the United States, China, Russia, Ukraine, Iran, Israel and other countries;
•transportation delays;
•civil disturbances or political instability;
•other unpredictable geopolitical turmoil, including terrorism, war or political or military coups, including the current conflict in Israel and continued escalation of Israel’s conflict with Iran;
•differing employment practices and labor standards;
•limitations on our ability under local laws to protect our intellectual property;
•local business and cultural factors that differ from our customary standards and practices;
•nationalization and expropriation;
•changes in tax laws;
•public health emergencies, such as another outbreak of COVID-19 or other communicable disease;
•currency fluctuations relating to our international operating activities; and
•difficulty in obtaining distribution and support.
In addition to a significant portion of our wafer supply coming from Taiwan, Singapore, China and South Korea, substantially all of our products undergo packaging and final testing in Taiwan, Singapore, China, South Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand. Any conflict or uncertainty in these countries, including due to geopolitical conditions, natural disasters, public health or safety concerns, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if the government of any country in which our products are manufactured or sold sets technical standards for products manufactured in or imported into their country that are not widely shared, it may lead some of our customers to suspend imports of their products into that country, require manufacturers in that country to manufacture products with different technical standards and disrupt cross-border manufacturing relationships which, in each case, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We also are subject to risks associated with international geopolitical and military conflicts.
Our business has been impacted and may continue to be impacted by geopolitical conditions such as international trade wars (including between the United States and China), the military conflict in Israel, including the recent escalation in its conflict with Iran, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and increased political tensions in Russia, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Currently, significant uncertainty surrounds the future trade relationships among the United States, China, and Russia. The U.S. government continues to make significant changes in U.S. trade policies that could negatively affect our business. Additionally, policies made by other countries, such as China and Russia or their allies, could also negatively impact our business. In a number of cases, compliance with these policies has required us to take actions adverse to our business.
Beginning in May 2019, we ceased normal business operations with entities affiliated with Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., and certain other entities following an amendment to the EAR which added these entities to the Entity List for acting contrary to the national security or foreign policy of the United States. We obtained export licenses for certain transactions with these entities. As noted above, export licenses can be revoked or BIS could choose not to renew such licenses, which would halt the currently-approved licensed activities.
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In September 2020, we further restricted business operations with additional entities affiliated with Huawei when the BIS again amended the EAR to add such entities to the Entity List.
Since October 2022, the United States government has taken steps to restrict the export of certain advanced semiconductor products and technology to the People’s Republic of China and/or certain companies located in China due to national security and human rights concerns. In October 2022, BIS announced additional restrictions on products and/or technology destined for use in the People’s Republic of China, including additional export controls and/or requirements on (1) certain advanced computing integrated circuits, computer commodities that contain such integrated circuits and certain semiconductor manufacturing items; (2) products and/or technologies that may be destined for facilities capable of producing certain advanced node integrated circuits; and (3) transactions involving items for supercomputer and semiconductor manufacturing end uses. In October 2023, BIS announced additional restrictions on the export of certain advanced semiconductors and semiconductor manufacturing technology to China, primarily focused on integrated circuits with military, data center, or artificial intelligence applications. Pursuant to those October 2023 export control amendments, various categories of integrated circuits are now subject to export licensing and export control restrictions for export or reexport to China and certain other countries. We have confirmed that some of our products are subject to these new controls. BIS also announced restrictions on exports to (1) companies headquartered in China or whose ultimate parent company is headquartered in China or Macau, and (2) end users in certain countries of concern, in order to prevent diversion of controlled products or technology to China. The United States government has also continued to add Chinese entities to the Entity List. We regularly monitor changes to applicable export control regulations to assess the impact to our business, if any. To date, none of our material customers located in China has been added to the Entity List or other restricted party list.
The BIS continues to add many new entities to the Entity List and Unverified List. As noted above, our ability to sell or distribute products or technology will be limited if BIS further amends the EAR to add restrictions against parties who are or may be our customers.
We are required to obtain special licenses to conduct business with entities on the Entity List and to conduct additional diligence and recordkeeping, including obtaining user statements from entities on the Unverified List. Failure to obtain any required license would likely result in a loss of business and a corresponding negative impact on our financial position and results of operations.
We cannot predict what actions may ultimately be taken with respect to trade relations between the United States and China or other countries, which products may be subject to such actions or what actions may be taken by other countries in retaliation. In response to the United States tightening export controls on China, China has instituted restrictions of its own that affect U.S. companies and may impact us and related entities. We have experienced weakening demand in China, and such future developments related to U.S.-China relations may also have an impact on our supply chain. Additionally, the geopolitical developments in relations between Taiwan and China could affect the supply of our products from Taiwan, including from Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Limited, or TSMC. Such developments could include restriction on the export of products from Taiwan to China and/or restriction on the import of Taiwanese-origin products into China.
We believe direct impacts of the economic sanctions against Russia and the military conflict in Ukraine are currently limited to volatility in the prices of metals used by our outsourced semiconductor assembly and test, or OSAT, supply chain, in particular around the supply of palladium, for which Russia is the top producer in the world, as well as increased fuel costs, which has global impact on transportation costs, including the shipping and delivery of our products. However, the magnitude of such price volatility on our business and its duration is uncertain and cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. We currently do not sell product in Russia, or sell product to distributors for resale in Russia.
The ongoing military conflict in Israel, and the recent escalation in Israel’s conflict with Iran, has resulted in our employees located in Israel having to perform military service and/or being negatively impacted by violence or political instability, which could interrupt business and increase costs associated with relocating employees, engaging with alternative third-party contractors or hiring additional employees outside of Israel. The United States has also imposed additional sanctions on Iran in response to attacks on Israel by Iran. As the conflict and its escalation continues, we cannot provide assurances that our business will not be impacted in the future.
We cannot provide assurances that we will not face disruptions of distribution arrangements in the future, including through the imposition of governmental prohibitions on selling our products to particular customers, further sanctions on Russia or other countries, and/or increases in costs of certain raw materials and transportation that will also adversely affect our revenues and operating results. Loss of a key distributor or customer under similar circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, revenues and operating results.
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Changes in trade policies among the United States and other countries, in particular the imposition of new or higher tariffs, could place pressure on our average selling prices as our customers seek to offset the impact of increased tariffs on their own products. Increased tariffs or the imposition of other barriers to international trade could decrease demand and have a material adverse effect on our revenues and operating results.
The United States has imposed or proposed new or higher tariffs on certain products exported by a number of U.S. trading partners, including China, Europe, Canada, and Mexico. In response, many of those trading partners, including China, have imposed or proposed new or higher tariffs on American products. We have experienced weakening demand in China, and continuing changes in government trade policies create a heightened risk of further increased tariffs that impose barriers to international trade and could further decrease international demand. Our business and operating results are substantially dependent on international trade. Many of our manufacturers sell products incorporating our integrated circuits into international markets.
Tariffs on our customers’ products may adversely affect our gross profit margins in the future due to the potential for increased pressure on our selling prices by customers seeking to offset the impact of tariffs on their own products. In addition, tariffs could make our OEM and ODM customers’ products less attractive relative to products offered by their competitors, which may not be subject to similar tariffs. Some OEM and ODMs in our industry have already implemented short-term price adjustments to offset such tariffs and transitioned their production and supply chain to locations outside of China. We believe that increases in tariffs on imported goods or the failure to resolve current international trade disputes could further decrease demand and have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
Furthermore, compliance with export controls and implementation of additional tariffs may increase compliance costs and further affect our business and operating results.
We will lose sales if we are unable to obtain or retain government authorization to export certain of our products or technology related to the development or production of our products or if such authorizations are revoked, and we will be subject to legal and regulatory consequences if we do not comply with applicable export control laws and regulations.
Certain of our products and technologies are subject to export and/or import controls imposed by countries in which we do business, including the United States Export Administration Regulations, or EAR, administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security, or BIS. Certain of our products and technologies are subject to the EAR, which may require a license authorization from BIS prior to the shipment or sharing of certain products and technologies with certain end users or destinations. Such approval may be delayed, denied, or even revoked after initially being granted by BIS, depending on one or more factors including the type of product or technology at issue, the intended end use, the identity of the end user, the identity of other companies involved in the production process, and whether a license exception might apply, among others. We are subject to similar export controls regulations in other jurisdictions where we operate, including the European Union, Singapore, and Taiwan, among others.
Export control laws, regulations, and orders are complex, change frequently and with limited or no notice, have generally become more stringent over time and have intensified as U.S.-China geopolitical tensions worsen. Since October 2022, the United States has announced export control restrictions on a number of entities based in China due to national security and human rights concerns and additional more severe restrictions may be possible. The addition of new entities to restricted party lists can further increase the scope of export restrictions applicable to our business. The United States has also announced measures intended to further restrict the export of certain advanced semiconductor products and technology, as well as products that incorporate those advanced semiconductor products, to the People’s Republic of China, or China, and/or certain companies located in China due to national security and human rights concerns, including the imposition of new license requirements for certain semiconductor technologies. Failure to obtain required export licenses for our products or the placement of one or more of our customers on any restricted parties lists could significantly reduce our revenue and harm our business.
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Obtaining export licenses can be difficult, costly and time-consuming and we may not always be successful in obtaining necessary export licenses. Our failure to obtain required import or export approval for our products may adversely affect our business, and other limitations imposed on our ability to export or sell our products may also harm our international and domestic revenue. In addition, it is possible that BIS can revoke licenses that have been granted or decline to re-issue such licenses upon their expiration. Although our policies, procedures, and controls are designed to detect and prevent potential violations and maintain ongoing compliance with applicable export controls laws, we cannot assure you that we have been or will be at all times in complete compliance with such laws and regulations. For example, our products could be diverted to bad actors. In addition, if our customers or business partners fail to comply with applicable regulations and laws, we may be subject to liability and may be required to suspend sales or take other action which could damage our reputation and negatively impact our results of operations. If we violate or fail to comply with any of them, a range of consequences could result, including fines, import/export restrictions, sales limitations, criminal and civil liabilities or other sanctions. The absence of comparable restrictions imposed on competitors based in other countries may adversely affect our competitive position.
To the extent that we do business with parties on the Entity List under approved export licenses, our business could be affected if the government delays, denies, or otherwise does not grant or renew required licenses. We currently have licenses from BIS that permit certain of our transactions with two restricted parties, but those licenses may be revoked at any time or denied for renewal when the license expires. One of our third party foundry partners, Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, or SMIC, was added to the BIS Entity list in December 2020. As a result of that Entity List listing, we must obtain export licenses from BIS for the export or reexport to SMIC of any technology for the development or production (fabrication) of our products. Although we have obtained export licenses in order to have SMIC manufacture certain products for us, those export licenses could be revoked at any time. Revocation of any of those export licenses could significantly disrupt our ability to obtain the products in question and fulfill customer requirements. Moreover, the issuance of export licenses for other technology transfers to SMIC is a matter of discretion with the U.S. government, and it is uncertain whether we will be able to obtain export licenses, in a timely manner, for the transfer of technology required by SMIC to produce semiconductor wafers for us. If we are unable to obtain those export licenses, it may be necessary to have the products fabricated by other semiconductor foundries, which may be more costly alternatives to SMIC, and which may have limited capacity to fabricate sufficient products to meet our requirements.
Additionally, current and future business with parties subject to significant export restrictions, including those named on the Entity List may be limited in scope or suspended entirely in order to comply with the EAR or other applicable laws or regulations and, as a result, our revenue could be adversely impacted until a license is granted or renewed. It is possible that the U.S. government may not grant licenses or renew licenses to transact business with entities on the Entity List.
In September 2022, we self-identified a potential violation of the EAR related to certain transactions with one of our foundry partners in China on the Entity List in which limited technology was furnished to our Specific Foundry Partner without authorization under the EAR. Upon discovery, we took immediate action to remediate, including by implementing additional measures to prevent recurrence. Our Audit Committee engaged outside counsel to conduct a privileged investigation. On March 3, 2023, we submitted a comprehensive voluntary self-disclosure to BIS regarding the potential EAR violation described above and other potential export control violations. On June 8, 2023, BIS closed out its review of our voluntary self-disclosure without monetary or other penalties and with the issuance of a “warning letter.”
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We depend on a limited number of customers for a substantial portion of our revenue, and the loss of, or a significant reduction in orders from, one or more of our major customers has had and could continue to have a material adverse effect on our revenue and operating results.
Our customers include electronics distributors, module makers, OEMs and ODMs, which incorporate our products in a wide range of electronic devices. Revenue is also generated from sales of intellectual property and consideration under intellectual property agreements. The recipients of such intellectual property are also referred to as the Company’s customers. In the three months ended March 31, 2024, two customers accounted for 36% of our net revenue, and our ten largest customers collectively accounted for 75% of our net revenue, of which distributor customers accounted for 19% of our net revenue. In the three months ended March 31, 2024, we have continued to experience a decrease in customer demand, and consequently a reduction in orders, primarily due to macroeconomic factors and excess inventory in the channel following the industry-wide supply shortage in 2021 and 2022. We expect that our operating results for the foreseeable future will continue to show a substantial percentage of sales dependent on a relatively small number of customers. In the future, these customers may decide, as they have at times before, not to purchase our products at all, may purchase fewer products than they did in the past, or may defer or cancel purchases or otherwise alter their purchasing patterns. While we are entitled to consideration under intellectual property sales agreements, which consideration has been and could be material, we may not receive such consideration in the future. Factors that could affect our revenue from these large customers include the following:
•macroeconomic and business factors influencing such customers’ demand for our products, including excess inventory in the channel;
•substantially all of our sales to date have been made on a purchase order basis, and we do not have long-term product purchase commitments with our customers;
•some of our customers have sought or are seeking relationships with current or potential competitors which may affect their purchasing decisions;
•service provider and OEM consolidation across cable, satellite, and fiber markets could result in significant changes to our customers’ technology development and deployment priorities and roadmaps, which could affect our ability to forecast demand accurately and could lead to increased volatility in our business;
•technological changes in our markets could lead to substantial volatility in our revenues based on product transitions, and particularly in our broadband markets, we face risks based on changes in the way consumers are accessing and using broadband and cable services, which could affect operator demand for our products; and
• any decrease in revenue generated by the recipient of intellectual property under certain intellectual property sale agreements, including due to any inability to enforce our intellectual property rights as described in the section “Risks Relating to Intellectual Property” under the risk factor “We utilize a significant amount of intellectual property in our business. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, our business could be adversely affected.”
In addition, delays in development could impair our relationships with our strategic customers and negatively impact sales of the products under development. Moreover, it is possible that our customers may develop their own products or adopt a competitor’s solution for products that they currently buy from us. When this occurs, our sales have previously and could in the future decline and/or our market share has previously and may in the future be reduced or smaller than anticipated and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Our relationship with customers has been and could continue to be impaired by our sale of patents. For example, our customers are and could be subject to patent infringement based on patents we divested to the extent that our customers also source components from our competitors, such as those referenced in Part II, Item 1 (Legal Proceedings) of this report.
Our relationships with some customers may deter other potential customers who compete with these customers from buying our products. To attract new customers or retain existing customers, we sometimes offer customers favorable prices on our products which results in a decline in our average selling prices and, if material, a decline in our gross margins. The loss of a key customer, a reduction in sales to any key customer or our inability to attract new significant customers could seriously impact our revenue and materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
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A significant portion of our revenues are from sales of product to distributors, who then resell our product. Our agreements with certain of these distributors provide protection against price reduction on their inventories of our products. The loss of certain distributors could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, and price reductions associated with their inventories of our products could have a material adverse effect on our operating results in the event of a dramatic decline in selling prices for these products.
In addition, the current situation relating to trade with China and governmental and regulatory concerns relating to specific Chinese companies continue to remain fluid and unpredictable. Products shipped to mainland China accounted for less than 10% of our net revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to 16% during the three months ended March 31, 2023. Our current and future operating results could be materially and adversely affected by limitations on our ability to sell to one or more Chinese customers, as described in the section “Risks Related to Our Business” under the risk factor “We are also subject to risks associated with international geopolitical conflicts involving the U.S. and other governments such as China and Russia”, and by tariffs and other trade barriers that may be implemented by governmental authorities.
Any legal proceedings or claims against us could be costly and time-consuming to defend and could harm our reputation regardless of the outcome.
In addition to the legal proceedings referenced in Part II, Item 1 - Legal Proceedings of this report, we are subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, including intellectual property, product liability, employment, class action, customer claims, whistleblower and other litigation claims, and governmental and other regulatory investigations and proceedings and we may not be successful in such proceedings. In addition, we have implemented a reduction in force and the attendant layoffs has resulted and could result in the risk of claims being made by or on behalf of affected employees. Such matters can be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, cause us to incur significant expenses or liability, or require us to change our business practices. In addition, the expense of litigation and the timing of this expense from period to period are difficult to estimate, subject to change, and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Because of the potential risks, expenses, and uncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we have meritorious claims or defenses, by agreeing to settlement agreements. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We have been and may in the future be subject to information technology failures, including security breaches, cyber-attacks, design defects or system failures, that could disrupt our operations, damage our reputation and adversely affect our business, operations, and financial results.
We rely on our information technology systems for the effective operation of our business and for the secure maintenance and storage of confidential data relating to our business and third-party businesses. In June 2020, we announced a security incident resulting from a Maze ransomware attack affecting certain but not all operational systems within our information technology infrastructure. Because we did not satisfy the attacker’s monetary demands, on June 15, 2020, the attacker released online certain proprietary information obtained from our network. In response, our internal information technology team, supplemented by a leading cyber defense firm, took steps aimed at containing and assessing this incident, including implementing enhanced security controls aimed at protecting our information technology systems. Since that event, security breaches and incidents, computer malware and computer hacking attacks have continued to become more prevalent and sophisticated. These threats are constantly evolving, making it increasingly difficult to successfully defend against or implement adequate preventive measures. We experience cyber-attacks of varying degrees on our technology infrastructure and systems and notwithstanding our defensive measures, experienced programmers, hackers, state actors, or others may be able to penetrate our security controls through attacks such as phishing, impersonating authorized users, ransomware, viruses, worms and other malicious software programs, software supply chain attacks, exploitation of design flaws, bugs and other security weaknesses and vulnerabilities, covert introduction of malware to computers and networks, including those using techniques that change frequently or may be disguised or difficult to detect, or designed to remain dormant until a triggering event or that may continue undetected for an extended period of time. Geopolitical tensions or conflicts may create heightened risk of cyber-attacks and attackers have used artificial intelligence and machine learning to launch more automated, targeted and coordinated attacks against targets. Businesses we acquire may increase the scope and complexity of our information technology systems, and this may increase our risk exposure to cyber-attack when there are difficulties integrating diverse legacy systems that support operations for the acquired businesses. Our information technology infrastructure also includes products and services provided by third parties, and these providers can experience breaches of their systems and products, or provide inadequate updates or support, which can impact the security of our systems and our proprietary or confidential information.
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A cybersecurity incident or other compromise of our information technology systems could result in unauthorized publication or misuse of confidential business or proprietary information belonging to us, a customer, supplier, employee or other third party, including personal data, result in violations of privacy or other laws, expose us to a risk of litigation, cause us to incur direct losses if attackers initiate wire transfers or access our bank or investment accounts, or damage our reputation. More generally, any theft, loss, misuse, or other unauthorized processing of any confidential business or proprietary information, including personal data, collected, used, stored, transferred, or otherwise processed by us or on our behalf could result in significantly increased costs, expenses, damage to our reputation, and claims, litigation, demands, and regulatory investigations or other proceedings. The cost and operational consequences of implementing further data protection measures either as a response to specific breaches or incidents or as a result of evolving risks could be significant. In addition, our inability to use or access our information systems at critical points in time could adversely affect the timely and efficient operation of our business. Any delayed sales, significant costs or lost customers resulting from these technology failures could adversely affect our business, operations and financial results. We also may face difficulties or delays in identifying and remediating and otherwise responding to any security breach or incident.
From time-to-time, we upgrade software that we use in our business, including our enterprise resource planning, or ERP, system. Our business may be disrupted if our software does not work as planned or if we experience issues relating to any implementation, or accessing our software as has happened in a previous cybersecurity attack, in which case we may be unable to timely or accurately prepare financial reports, make payments to our suppliers and employees, or ship to, invoice and collect from our customers.
We may be subject to supply chain attacks where threat actors attempt to inject malicious code into our products thus infecting our products and the systems of our customers. Any such supply chain attack could have magnified damages to our business as a direct result of the attack as well as due to a loss of credibility or reputation with our customers. Such attempts are increasing in number and in technical sophistication, and if successful, expose us and the affected parties to risk of loss or misuse of proprietary or confidential information or disruptions of our business operations, including our manufacturing operations.
Third parties with which we conduct business, such as foundries, assembly and test contractors, and distributors, have access to certain portions of our sensitive data, and we rely on third parties to store and otherwise process data for us. We are dependent on the information security systems of these third parties and they face substantial security risks similar to those outlined above. Any security breaches or incidents or other unauthorized access by third parties to the systems of our suppliers, service providers, or other third parties with access to our sensitive data, or the existence of computer viruses, ransomware or other malicious code in their data, software, or hardware, could result in disruptions or failures of systems used in our business, payments to fraudulent bank accounts, and expose us to a risk of loss, misappropriation, unavailability and other unauthorized processing of information. Any of the foregoing, or the perception any of them has occurred, could have a material adverse impact on our business, operations and financial results.
Additionally, we cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be adequate or otherwise protect us with respect to claims, expenses, fines, penalties, business loss, data loss, litigation, regulatory actions, or other impacts arising from any of the security breaches or incidents outlined above, or that such coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or at all. Any of these results could adversely affect our business, operations and financial results, potentially in a material manner.
Average selling prices of our products have and could decrease in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and gross margins.
We have and may in the future experience substantial period-to-period fluctuations in our operating results due to erosion of our average selling prices. From time to time, we have reduced the average unit price of our products due to competitive pricing pressures, new product introductions by us or our competitors, and for other reasons, and we expect that we will have to do so again in the future. In particular, we believe that industry consolidation has provided a number of larger semiconductor companies with substantial market power, which has had a material adverse impact on selling prices in some of our markets. If we are unable to offset any reductions in our average selling prices by increasing our sales volumes or introducing new products with higher margins, our revenue and gross margins will suffer. To support our gross margins, we must develop and introduce new products and product enhancements on a timely basis and continually reduce our and our customers’ costs. Our inability to do so would cause our revenue and gross margins to decline. In addition, under certain of our agreements with key distributors, we provide protection for reductions in selling prices of the distributors’ inventory, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results if the selling prices for those products fell dramatically.
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If we fail to penetrate new applications and markets, our revenue, revenue growth rate, if any, and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
We sell a significant portion of our products to manufacturers of cable broadband voice and data modems and gateways, satellite outdoor units, optical modules for long-haul and metro telecommunications markets, and RF transceivers and modem solutions for wireless infrastructure markets. Our product offerings also include broadband data access, power management and interface technologies which are ubiquitous functions in new and existing markets such as wireless and wireline communications infrastructure, broadband access, industrial, enterprise network, and automotive applications. We have further expanded our product offerings to include Wi-Fi, ethernet and broadband gateway processor SoCs and intellectual property that utilizes patented machine learning techniques to improve signal integrity and power efficiency in SoCs, ASICs, and field-programmable gate arrays, or FPGAs, used in next-generation communication and artificial intelligence systems. Our future revenue growth, if any, will depend in part on our ability to further penetrate into, and expand beyond, these markets with analog, digital and mixed-signal solutions targeting the markets for Wi-Fi and broadband, high-speed optical interconnects for data center, metro, and long-haul optical modules, telecommunications wireless infrastructure, and cable DOCSIS 3.1 network infrastructure products. Each of these markets presents distinct and substantial risks. If any of these markets do not develop as we currently anticipate, or if we are unable to penetrate them successfully, it could materially and adversely affect our revenue and revenue growth rate, if any.
Broadband data modems and gateways and video gateways continue to represent a significant North American and European revenue generator. The North American and European Pay-TV market is dominated by a few OEMs, including Vantiva SA, Commscope Holding Company, Inc., Hitron Technologies Inc., Compal Broadband Networks, Inc., Humax Co., Ltd., and Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. These OEMs are large multinational corporations with negotiating power relative to us and are undergoing significant consolidation. Securing design wins with any of these companies requires a substantial investment of our time and resources. Even if we succeed, additional testing and operational certifications will be required by the OEMs’ customers, which include large Pay-TV television companies such as Comcast Corporation, Liberty Global plc, Charter Communications, Inc., Sky UK Limited, AT&T Inc. and EchoStar Corporation. In addition, our products will need to be compatible with other components in our customers’ designs, including components produced by our competitors or potential competitors. There can be no assurance that these other companies will support or continue to support our products.
If we fail to penetrate these or other new markets upon which we target our resources, our revenue and revenue growth rate, if any, likely will decrease over time and our financial condition could suffer.
A significant portion of our revenue is attributable to demand for our products in markets for broadband solutions, and development delays and consolidation trends among cable and satellite Pay-TV and broadband operators could adversely affect our future revenues and operating results.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, revenue directly attributable to broadband applications accounted for approximately 35% and 33% of our net revenue, respectively. We have experienced a decrease in broadband net revenue of $48.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, and the decline in revenue could continue in future periods. Delays in the development of, or unexpected developments in, the broadband markets, including international macroeconomic headwinds, could have an adverse effect on order activity by OEMs in these markets and, as a result, on our business, revenue, operating results and financial condition. In addition, consolidation trends among Pay-TV and broadband operators may continue, which could delay or lead to cancellations of major spending programs and have a material adverse effect on our future operating results and financial condition.
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We may be unable to make the substantial and productive research and development investments that are required to remain competitive in our business.
The semiconductor industry requires substantial investment in research and development in order to develop and bring to market new and enhanced technologies and products. Many of our products originated with our research and development efforts, which we believe have provided us with a significant competitive advantage. For three months ended March 31, 2024, and 2023, our research and development expense was $64.8 million and $67.3 million, respectively. While we are closely monitoring our current research and development expenses, we expect our research and development expenses to increase in future years when we return to expanding our product portfolio and enhancing existing products. We monitor such expenditures as part of our strategy of devoting focused research and development efforts on the development of innovative and sustainable product platforms. We are committed to investing in new product development internally in order to stay competitive in our markets and plan to maintain research and development and design capabilities for new solutions in advanced semiconductor process nodes such as 16nm and 5nm and beyond, as well as to address challenges of capturing and processing high quality broadband communications and high-speed optical interconnect signals. However, we do not know whether we will have sufficient resources to maintain the level of investment in research and development required to remain competitive as semiconductor process nodes continue to shrink and become increasingly complex. In addition, we cannot assure you that the technologies that are the focus of our research and development expenditures will become commercially successful. Furthermore, we currently receive grants from certain non-U.S. governments, but those grants and any future grants may not be available to us in the future.
The complexity of our products could result in unforeseen delays or expenses caused by undetected defects or bugs, which could reduce the market acceptance of our new products, damage our reputation with current or prospective customers and adversely affect our operating costs.
Highly complex products like our Wi-Fi and broadband RF receivers and RF receiver SoCs, physical medium devices for optical modules, RF transceiver and modem solutions for wireless infrastructure markets, and high-performance analog solutions may contain defects and bugs when they are first introduced or as new versions are released. Where any of our products, including legacy acquired products, contain defects or bugs, or have reliability, quality or compatibility problems, we may not be able to successfully correct these problems. Consequently, our reputation may be damaged and customers may be reluctant to buy our products, which could materially and adversely affect our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers, and our financial results. In addition, these defects or bugs could interrupt or delay sales to our customers. If any of these problems are not found until after we have commenced commercial production of a new product, we may be required to incur additional development costs and product recall, repair or replacement costs, and our operating costs could be adversely affected. These problems may also result in warranty or product liability claims against us by our customers or others that may require us to make significant expenditures to defend these claims or pay damage awards. In the event of a warranty claim, we may also incur costs if we compensate the affected customer. We maintain product liability insurance, but this insurance is limited in amount and subject to significant deductibles. There is no guarantee that our insurance will be available or adequate to protect against all claims. We also may incur costs and expenses relating to a recall of one of our customers’ products containing one of our devices. The process of identifying a recalled product in devices that have been widely distributed may be lengthy and require significant resources, and we may incur significant replacement costs, contract damage claims from our customers and reputational harm. Costs or payments made in connection with warranty and product liability claims and product recalls could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations, and ability to obtain future coverage. Although we purchase insurance to mitigate certain losses, any uninsured losses could negatively affect our operating results. Although we maintain reserves for reasonably estimable liabilities and purchase product liability insurance, if a catastrophic product liability claim were to occur, our reserves may be inadequate to cover the uninsured portion of such claims. Further, our business liability insurance may be inadequate, may not cover the claims, and future coverage may be unavailable on acceptable terms, which could adversely impact our financial results.
Our operating results are subject to substantial quarterly and annual fluctuations and have fluctuated in the past and may fluctuate significantly due to a number of factors that could adversely affect our business and our stock price.
Our revenue and operating results have fluctuated in the past and are likely to fluctuate in the future. For example, our revenue declined from $248.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, to $95.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and revenue could continue to decline. These fluctuations may occur on a quarterly and on an annual basis and are due to a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include, among others:
•seasonality or cyclical fluctuations in our markets;
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•overall demand volatility for semiconductor solutions across a diverse range of communications, industrial and multi-market applications;
•changes in end-user demand for the products manufactured and sold by our customers;
•the receipt, reduction or cancellation of significant orders by customers;
•fluctuations in the levels of component inventories held by our customers;
•the gain or loss of significant customers;
•market acceptance of our products and our customers’ products;
•our ability to develop, introduce, and market new products and technologies on a timely basis;
•size and timing of any consideration received under our intellectual property sale agreements;
•the availability and cost of products from our suppliers;
•the timing and extent of operating expenses, including costs related to product development and personnel compensation and benefits;
•new product announcements and introductions by us or our competitors;
•incurrence of research and development and related new product expenditures;
•government actions, by the United States, China or other countries, that impose barriers or restrictions that would impact our ability to sell or ship products to customers;
•currency fluctuations;
•fluctuations in manufacturing yields of integrated circuits;
•significant warranty claims, including those not covered by our suppliers;
•changes in our product mix or customer mix;
•potential indemnification claims, including those arising as a result of our contractual arrangements or intellectual property disputes;
•intellectual property disputes;
•timing and extent of product development costs;
•loss of key personnel or inability to attract, retain and motivate qualified skilled workers;
•impairment of long-lived assets, including masks and production equipment; and
•the effects of competitive pricing pressures, including decreases in average selling prices of our products.
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For example, we often experience flat to declining revenue in the first quarter of each fiscal year and increasing revenue in the second quarter of each fiscal year. Our historical growth may have reduced the impact of seasonal or cyclical factors that might have influenced our business to date. If our growth rate continues to slow, seasonal or cyclical variations in our operations may become more pronounced over time and may materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. These factors are difficult to forecast, and these, as well as other factors, could materially adversely affect our quarterly or annual operating results. We typically are required to incur substantial development costs in advance of a prospective sale with no certainty that we will ever recover these costs. A substantial amount of time may pass between a design win and the generation of revenue related to the expenses previously incurred, which can potentially cause our operating results to fluctuate significantly from period to period. In addition, a significant amount of our operating expenses are relatively fixed in nature due to our significant sales, research and development costs. Any failure to adjust spending or our operations quickly enough to compensate for a revenue shortfall could magnify its adverse impact on our results of operations.
If we fail to develop and introduce new or enhanced products on a timely basis, our ability to attract and retain customers could be impaired and our competitive position could be harmed.
We operate in a dynamic environment characterized by rapidly changing technologies and industry standards and technological obsolescence. To compete successfully, we must design, develop, market and sell new or enhanced products that provide increasingly higher levels of performance and reliability and meet the cost expectations of our customers. The introduction of new products by our competitors, the market acceptance of products based on new or alternative technologies, or the emergence of new industry standards could render our existing or future products obsolete. Our failure to anticipate or timely develop new or enhanced products or technologies in response to technological shifts has resulted, and could in the future, result in decreased revenue and our competitors winning more competitive bid processes, known as “design wins.” In particular, we may experience difficulties with product design, manufacturing, marketing or certification that could delay or prevent our development, introduction or marketing of new or enhanced products. If we fail or are slow to introduce new or enhanced products that meet the needs of our customers or penetrate new markets in a timely fashion, as has happened previously or in the future, we will lose market share and our operating results will be adversely affected.
In particular, we believe that we will need to develop new products in part to respond to changing dynamics and trends in our end user markets, including (among other trends) consolidation among cable and satellite operators, potential industry shifts away from the hardware devices and other technologies that incorporate certain of our products, advances in artificial intelligence, and changes in consumer television viewing habits and how consumers access and receive broadcast content and digital broadband services. We cannot predict how these trends will continue to develop or how or to what extent they may affect our future revenues and operating results. We believe that we will need to continue to make substantial investments in research and development in an attempt to ensure a product roadmap that anticipates these types of changes; however, we cannot provide any assurances that we will accurately predict the direction in which our markets will evolve or that we will be able to develop, market, or sell new products that respond to such changes successfully or in a timely manner, if at all.
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We are subject to order and shipment uncertainties, and differences between our estimates of customer demand and product mix and our actual results could continue to negatively affect our inventory levels, sales and operating results.
Our revenue is generated on the basis of shipments of products under purchase orders with our customers rather than long-term purchase commitments. In addition, our customers can and have requested to cancel purchase orders or defer the shipments of our products under certain circumstances. Our products are manufactured using a silicon foundry according to our estimates of customer demand, which requires us to make separate demand forecast assumptions for every customer, each of which may introduce significant variability into our aggregate estimate. We have limited visibility into future customer demand and the product mix that our customers will require, which has in the past affected and could in the future adversely affect our revenue forecasts and operating margins. Also, as customer lead times continue to improve, we have seen and expect to continue to see a more normalized demand-planning horizon. While we expect inventory to remain elevated in the near term, we expect that channel inventory will continue to decline thereafter. Moreover, because our target markets are relatively new, many of our customers have difficulty accurately forecasting their product requirements and estimating the timing of their new product introductions, which ultimately affects their demand for our products. Historically, because of this limited visibility, actual results have been different from our forecasts of customer demand. Some of these differences have been material which has led to and could continue to lead to excess inventory or product shortages and revenue and margin forecasts above those we were actually able to achieve. These differences may occur in the future, and the adverse impact of these differences between forecasts and actual results could grow if we are not successful in expanding the customer base for our products. In addition, the rapid pace of innovation in our industry could render significant portions of our inventory obsolete. Excess or obsolete inventory levels could result in unexpected expenses or increases in our reserves that could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Conversely, if we were to underestimate customer demand or if sufficient manufacturing capacity were unavailable, we could forego revenue opportunities, potentially lose market share and damage our customer relationships. In addition, any significant future cancellations or deferrals of product orders or the return of previously sold products due to manufacturing defects could materially and adversely impact our profit margins, increase our write-offs due to product obsolescence and restrict our ability to fund our operations.
We may have difficulty accurately predicting our future revenue and appropriately budgeting our expenses particularly as we seek to enter new markets where we may not have prior experience.
Our operating history had historically focused on developing integrated circuits for specific applications and more recently, the wired whole-home broadband connectivity market and markets for wireless telecommunications infrastructure and power management and interface technologies which are ubiquitous functions in wireless and wireline communications infrastructure, broadband access, industrial, enterprise network, and automotive applications. As part of our growth strategy, we seek to expand our addressable market into new product categories. For example, we expanded into the markets for Wi-Fi, ethernet and broadband gateway processor SoCs and intellectual property that utilizes patented machine learning techniques to improve signal integrity and power efficiency in SoCs, ASICs, and FPGAs used in next-generation communication and artificial intelligence systems. Our limited operating experience in new markets or potential markets we may enter, combined with the rapidly evolving nature of our markets in general, substantial uncertainty concerning how these markets may develop and other factors beyond our control reduces our ability to accurately forecast quarterly or annual revenue. If our revenue does not increase as anticipated, we could incur significant losses due to our higher expense levels if we are not able to decrease our expenses in a timely manner to offset any shortfall in future revenue.
Our customers require our products and our third-party contractors to undergo a lengthy and expensive qualification process which does not assure product sales.
Prior to purchasing our products, our customers require that both our products and our third-party contractors undergo extensive qualification processes, which involve testing of the products in the customer’s system and rigorous reliability testing. This qualification process may continue for six months or more. However, qualification of a product by a customer does not assure any sales of the product to that customer. Even after successful qualification and sales of a product to a customer, a subsequent revision to our solutions, or changes in our customer’s manufacturing process or our selection of a new supplier may require a new qualification process, which may result in delays and in us holding excess or obsolete inventory. After our products are qualified, it can take six months or more before the customer commences volume production of components or devices that incorporate our products. Despite these uncertainties, we devote substantial resources, including design, engineering, sales, marketing and management efforts, to qualifying our products with customers in anticipation of sales. If we are unsuccessful or delayed in qualifying any of our products with a customer, sales of this product to the customer may be precluded or delayed, which may result in a decrease in our revenue and cause our business to suffer.
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Winning business is subject to lengthy competitive selection processes that require us to incur significant expenditures. Even if we begin a product design, customers may decide to cancel or change their product plans, which could cause us to generate no revenue from a product and adversely affect our results of operations.
We are focused on securing design wins to develop RF receivers and RF receiver SoCs, MoCA and G.hn SoCs, DBS-ODU SoCs, physical medium devices for optical modules, interface and power management devices, and SoC solutions targeting infrastructure opportunities within the telecommunications, wireless, industrial and multi-market and Wi-Fi and broadband operator markets for use in our customers’ products. These selection processes typically are lengthy and can require us to incur significant design and development expenditures and dedicate scarce engineering resources in pursuit of a single customer opportunity. We may not win the competitive selection process and may never generate any revenue despite incurring significant design and development expenditures. These risks are exacerbated by the fact that some of our customers’ products likely will have short life cycles. Although this has not occurred to date, failure to obtain a design win could prevent us from offering an entire generation of a product. This could cause us to lose revenue and require us to write off obsolete inventory, and could weaken our position in future competitive selection processes. After securing a design win, we may experience delays in generating revenue from our products as a result of the lengthy development cycle typically required. Our customers generally take a considerable amount of time to evaluate our products. The typical time from early engagement by our sales force to actual product introduction runs from nine to twelve months for the broadband and communications market, and 36 months or longer for industrial, wired and wireless infrastructure markets. The delays inherent in these lengthy sales cycles increase the risk that a customer will decide to cancel, curtail, reduce or delay its product plans, causing us to lose anticipated sales. In addition, any delay or cancellation of a customer’s plans could materially and adversely affect our financial results, as we may have incurred significant expense and generated no revenue. Finally, our customers’ failure to successfully market and sell their products could reduce demand for our products and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we were unable to generate revenue after incurring substantial expenses to develop any of our products, our business would suffer.
Our business is subject to various international and U.S. laws and governmental regulations, and compliance with these laws and regulations may cause us to incur significant expenses. A failure to maintain compliance with applicable laws and regulations could result in a material adverse effect on our business and operating results, and we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties.
Our business is subject to various laws and regulations in the United States and other jurisdictions where we do business, including but not limited to laws, regulations and other legal requirements related to packaging; product content; labor and employment; import and customs; export controls; anti-corruption; personal and data privacy; cybersecurity; human rights; conflict minerals; environment, health and safety; competition and antitrust; and intellectual property ownership and infringement. These laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and with little or no notice, occasionally are conflicting or ambiguous, and have generally become more stringent over time. Complying with these laws and regulations can be costly and we may be required to incur significant costs to remedy any potential gaps or violations that are identified. In addition, because many of our products are regulated or sold into regulated industries, we must comply with additional regulations in marketing our products. Although our policies, procedures, and controls are designed to detect and prevent potential violations and maintain ongoing compliance with applicable laws, we cannot assure you that we have been or will be at all times in compliance with such laws and regulations. If we violate or fail to comply with any of them, a range of consequences could result, including fines, import/export restrictions, sales limitations, criminal and civil liabilities or other sanctions. The costs of complying with these laws (including the costs of any investigations, remediation, auditing and monitoring) could adversely affect our current or future business.
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As indicated elsewhere in this report, we do a substantial portion of our business in Asia and particularly in China. Since October 2022, the United States has taken steps to restrict the export of certain advanced semiconductor products and technology to the People’s Republic of China as well as a number of specific Chinese companies, due to national security and human rights concerns. There has also been a substantial focus by regulators in the United States and Europe on the business practices of certain major Chinese technology companies. Complying with changing export control laws may require us to develop additional policies, procedures, and controls, or incur additional costs, including in connection with the development or performance of additional due diligence in order to prevent diversion of restricted products or technology to China, Russia, or other destinations. Compliance with these laws and regulations may also result in the loss of revenue. Since October 2022, we have restricted shipments and exports to certain major Chinese technology companies, including a semiconductor foundry and OSAT providers. While we intend to continue to conduct our businesses in compliance with all applicable laws, including laws relating to export controls and anti-corruption, it is possible that the nature of our business and customers could result in a review of our relationships and practices by regulatory authorities. At times, we may discover issues that we bring to the attention of the relevant government agencies, as we did on March 3, 2023, when we submitted a comprehensive voluntary self-disclosure to BIS regarding the potential EAR violation described above and other potential export control violations. Although the March 2023 voluntary self-disclosure to BIS resulted in a warning letter, we could incur increased administrative and legal costs in order to remediate any potential compliance gaps or violations, to respond to any inquiries, or in connection with the preparation and submission of any voluntary self-disclosures to the government agencies, as appropriate. Any failure to comply with applicable laws could adversely affect our business and operating results. We have implemented policies and procedures, including adoption of an anti-corruption policy and procedures with respect to applicable export control laws, but there can be no assurance that our policies and procedures will prove effective.
Our products and operations are also subject to the rules of industrial standards bodies, like the International Standards Organization, as well as regulation by other agencies, such as the U.S. Federal Communications Commission. If we fail to adequately address any of these rules or regulations, our business could be harmed.
In addition, climate change and new or revised rules and regulations related thereto, including regulations with respect to greenhouse gas emissions and regulations enacted by the SEC and recent legislation enacted in California, may impact our business in numerous ways. Climate change and its effects could lead to further increases in raw material prices or their reduced availability due to, for example, increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events and any supply chain disruptions resulting therefrom, and could cause increased incidence of disruption to the production and distribution of our products and an adverse impact on consumer demand and spending. In recent months, there have been substantial legislative and regulatory developments on climate-related issues, including proposed, issued and implemented legislation and rulemakings that would require companies to assess and/or disclose climate metrics, risks, opportunities, policies and practices. For example, on March 6, 2024, the SEC adopted rules mandating climate-related disclosures that would require increased climate change-related disclosure in our periodic reports and other filings with the SEC for fiscal year 2025 and beyond, which were stayed on April 4, 2024. The potential impact to us of these legislative and regulatory developments is uncertain at this time, although we expect that the emerging legal and regulatory requirements on climate-related issues will result in additional compliance and may require us to spend or add significant resources and divert management attention. We cannot be sure that we will be able to successfully adapt our operations in response to any climate-related changes or comply with any increased reporting obligations in a cost-effective manner, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
We must also conform the manufacture and distribution of our semiconductors to various laws and adapt to regulatory requirements in all countries as these requirements change. If we fail to comply with these requirements in the manufacture or distribution of our products, we could be required to pay civil penalties, face criminal prosecution and, in some cases, be prohibited from distributing our products in commerce until the products or component substances are brought into compliance.
If we are unable to attract, train and retain qualified personnel and senior management, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could suffer.
Our future success depends on our ability to retain, attract and motivate qualified personnel, including our management, sales and marketing and finance teams, and especially our design and technical staff. In March and October 2023, we initiated reductions of our workforce to align our operational needs with the changes in macroeconomic conditions and the demand environment. These workforce reductions may yield unintended consequences, such as attrition beyond our intended reduction in workforce and reduced employee morale, which may cause our employees who were not affected by the reduction in workforce to seek alternate employment. Employees whose positions were eliminated or those who determine to seek alternate employment may seek employment with our competitors. In addition, our reduction in workforce may adversely impact our ability to implement our business strategy and respond rapidly to any new product, growth or revenue opportunities.
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Additionally, reductions in workforce may make it more difficult to recruit and retain new employees. If we need to increase the size of our workforce in the future, we may encounter a competitive hiring market due to labor shortages, increased employee turnover, changes in the availability of workers and increased wage costs. Employee litigation related to the reduction of our workforce could be costly and time-consuming.
We do not know whether we will be able to attract and retain the required and desirable personnel as we continue to pursue our business strategy. Historically, we have encountered difficulties in hiring and retaining qualified engineers because there is a limited pool of engineers with the expertise required in our field, and expect to continue facing such difficulties in seeking talent. Competition for these personnel is intense in the semiconductor industry. As the source of our technological and product innovations, our design and technical personnel represent a significant asset. In addition, in making employment decisions, particularly in the high-technology industry, job candidates often consider the value of the stock-based compensation they are to receive in connection with their employment. We have experienced fluctuations, including declines, in the market price of our stock and reductions in force which could adversely affect our ability to attract, motivate or retain key employees. In addition, our future performance also depends on the continued services and continuing contributions of our senior management to execute our business plan and to identify and pursue new opportunities and product innovations. Our employment arrangements with our employees do not generally require that they continue to work for us for any specified period, and therefore, they could terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of the services of one or more of our key employees, especially our management and key design and technical personnel, or our inability to retain, attract and motivate qualified design and technical and other personnel, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our future success also depends on the continued contributions of our senior management team and other key personnel. None of our senior management team or other key personnel is bound by written employment contracts to remain with us for a specified period. In addition, we have not entered into non-compete agreements with members of our senior management team or other key personnel, except in limited circumstances (e.g., in connection with the acquisition of other companies). We are fortunate that many members of our senior management team have long tenures with us, but from time to time we also have been required to recruit new members of senior management. With respect to recruitment and retention of senior management, we need to ensure that our compensation programs provide sufficient recruitment and retention incentives as well as incentives to achieve our long-term strategic business and financial objectives. We expect competition for individuals with our required skill sets, particularly technical and engineering skills, to remain intense even in weak global macroeconomic environments. The loss of any member of our senior management team or other key personnel could harm our ability to implement our business strategy and respond to the rapidly changing market conditions in which we operate.
As of March 31, 2024, our aggregate indebtedness was $125.0 million, and we are subject to a variable amount of interest on the principal balance of our credit agreements and could continue to be adversely impacted by rising interest rates in the future. Such indebtedness adversely affects our operating results and cash-flows as we satisfy our underlying interest and principal payment obligations and contains financial and operational covenants that could adversely affect our operational freedom or ability to pursue strategic transactions that we would otherwise consider to be in the best interests of stockholders, including obtaining additional indebtedness to finance such transactions. In addition, rising interest rates may make it more difficult for us, our customers, and our distributors to obtain financing and service our respective interest and debt obligations, which in turn has an impact on customer demand for our products and our distributors’ business.
As of March 31, 2024, our aggregate indebtedness was $125.0 million from an initial secured term B loan facility, or the Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement. The June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement also provides for a revolving credit facility of up to $100.0 million, or the Revolving Facility, which remains undrawn as of March 31, 2024. The credit agreement also permits us to request incremental loans in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed the sum of an amount equal to the greater of (x) $175.0 million and (y) 100% of “Consolidated EBITDA” (as defined in such agreement), plus the amount of certain voluntary prepayments, plus an unlimited amount that is subject to pro forma compliance with certain first lien net leverage ratio, secured net leverage ratio and total net leverage ratio tests. The June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement was amended on June 29, 2023 to implement a benchmark replacement.
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The Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement has a seven-year term expiring in June 2028 and bears interest at either an Adjusted Term SOFR plus a fixed applicable margin of 2.25% or an Adjusted Base Rate plus a fixed applicable margin of 1.25%, at our option. Commencing on September 30, 2021, the Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement amortizes in equal quarterly installments equal to 0.25% of the original principal amount, with the balance payable on June 23, 2028. We are subject to commitment fees ranging from 0.175% to 0.25% on the undrawn portion of the Revolving Facility, and any outstanding loans under the Revolving Facility will bear interest at either an Adjusted Term SOFR plus a margin of 1.00% to 1.75% or an Adjusted Base Rate plus a margin of 0% to 0.75%. Our obligations under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement are required to be guaranteed by certain of our domestic subsidiaries meeting materiality thresholds set forth in the credit agreement. Such obligations, including the guaranties, are secured by substantially all of our assets and those of the subsidiary guarantors.
Our material indebtedness adversely affects our operating expenses through increased interest payment obligations and adversely affects our ability to use cash generated from operations as we repay interest at a variable rate, which has been increasing, and principal under the term loans. In addition, the Revolving Facility provisions under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement include financial covenants such as an initial maximum secured net leverage ratio of 3.50 to 1.00, which temporarily increases to 3.75 to 1.00 following the consummation of certain material permitted acquisitions, and operational covenants that may adversely affect our ability to engage in certain activities, including obtaining additional financing, granting liens, undergoing certain fundamental changes, or making investments or certain restricted payments, and selling assets, and similar transactions, without obtaining the consent of the lenders, which may or may not be forthcoming. The Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement is only subject to operational covenants. Lastly, our borrowing costs can be affected by periodic credit ratings from independent rating agencies. Such ratings are largely based on our performance, which may be measured by credit metrics such as leverage and interest coverage ratios. Accordingly, outstanding indebtedness could adversely affect our operational freedom or ability to pursue strategic transactions that we would otherwise consider to be in the best interests of stockholders, including obtaining additional indebtedness to finance such transactions.
Specifically, our indebtedness and rising interest rates have important consequences to investors in our common stock, including the following:
•rising interest rates may make it more difficult for us, our customers, and our distributors to obtain financing and service our respective interest and debt obligations, which in turn has an impact on customer demand for our products as well as the business of our distributors;
•we are subject to variable interest rate risk because our interest rate under the Initial Term Loan under the June 23, 2021 Credit Agreement varies based on a fixed margin of 2.25% per annum over an adjusted Term SOFR rate or 1.25% per annum over an adjusted base rate and our interest rate for any outstanding principal under the revolving credit facility varies based a margin of 0% to 0.75% over adjusted base rate or a margin of 1.00% to 1.75% over an adjusted Term SOFR rate, and we are also subject to commitment fees ranging from 0.175% to 0.25% on the undrawn portion of the Revolving Facility. If interest rates were to continue to increase substantially, it would adversely affect our operating results and could affect our ability to service our indebtedness;
•a portion of our cash flows is dedicated to the payment of interest and when applicable, principal, on our indebtedness and other obligations and will not be available for use in our business;
•our level of indebtedness, combined with rising interest rates, could limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the markets in which we operate, including limiting our future investments or ability to enter into acquisitions and strategic partnerships, and obtain financing for such transactions; and
•our high degree of indebtedness may make us more vulnerable to changes in general economic conditions and/or a downturn in our business, thereby making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations.
If we fail to make required debt payments, or if we fail to comply with financial or other covenants in our debt service agreements, which include a maximum leverage ratio, we would be in default under the terms of these agreements. Subject to customary cure rights, any default would permit the holders of the indebtedness to accelerate repayment of this debt and could cause defaults under other indebtedness that we have, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.
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We and our subsidiaries may, subject to any limitations in the terms of our existing loan facilities, incur additional debt, secure existing or future debt, recapitalize our debt or take a number of other actions that are not limited by the terms of our term loans that could have the effect of diminishing our ability to make payments under the indebtedness when due. If we incur any additional debt, the related risks that we and our subsidiaries face could intensify. Please refer to the Risk Factor entitled “If we are required to pay any damages in connection with legal proceedings related to the termination of the Merger Agreement with Silicon Motion, including for any alleged breaches of the Merger Agreement, or if we agree to make any payments in any settlement of legal proceedings related to the termination of the Merger Agreement, the amount of such damages or payments could be significant and require us to draw down on all our existing lines of credit and use our cash resources, which may not be sufficient to satisfy any damages or payments and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. We expect that we may not be able to obtain financing on favorable terms if at all or raise additional capital for any such payments. Even if we are able to finance such payments through the incurrence of additional indebtedness, any material increase in our indebtedness would adversely affect our operating results and cash-flows as we satisfy our underlying interest and principal payment obligations. Issuing additional shares of our common stock, if material, will result in dilution of existing shares outstanding. Any loan agreement is also expected to contain financial and operational covenants that would adversely affect our operational freedom or ability to pursue strategic transactions that we would otherwise consider to be in the best interests of stockholders, including obtaining additional indebtedness to finance such transactions”.
We are subject to governmental laws, regulations and other legal obligations related to privacy, data protection, and cybersecurity.
The legislative, enforcement policy and regulatory framework for privacy, data protection and cybersecurity issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and complex and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. We collect and otherwise process data, including personal data and other regulated or sensitive data, as part of our business processes and activities. This data is subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations, including oversight by various regulatory or other governmental bodies. Many foreign countries and governmental bodies, including China, the European Union and other relevant jurisdictions where we conduct business, have laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of personal data, and other data obtained from their residents or by businesses operating within their jurisdictions that are currently more restrictive than those in the U.S. These laws may require that our overall information technology security environment meet certain standards and/or be certified. For example, effective May 2018, the European Union adopted the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, that imposed stringent data protection requirements and provided for greater penalties for noncompliance. The United Kingdom has adopted legislation that substantially implements the GDPR and provides for a similar penalty structure. Similarly, California has adopted the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, or CCPA, which took effect in 2020. The CCPA gives California residents the right to access, delete and opt out of certain sharing of their information, and imposes penalties for failure to comply. California has adopted a new law, the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020, or CPRA, that substantially expands the CCPA and was effective as of January 1, 2023. Additionally, other U.S. states continue to propose privacy-focused legislation. In 2021, the National People’s Congress passed the Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, or the Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, or PIPL. The Data Security Law is the first comprehensive data security legislation in the People’s Republic of China, or China, and aims to regulate a wide range of issues in relation to the collection, storage, processing, use, provision, transaction and publication of any kind of data. In March 2024, the Cyberspace Administration of China published the Provisions on Promoting and Standardizing Cross-Border Data Flows to implement the mechanisms for the cross-border data transfers, including the security assessment. These regulations contain provisions that allow substantial government oversight and include fines for failure to obtain required approval from China’s cyber and data protection regulators for cross-border personal data-related data transfers. However, there is still some uncertainty in how regulators will interpret and enforce these laws.
The laws outlined above are only a sample of the governmental laws, regulations and other legal obligations related to privacy, data protection, and cybersecurity to which we are subject. Various aspects of these laws, including their interpretation and enforcement, remain unclear, resulting in further uncertainty and potentially requiring us to modify our data practices and policies and to incur substantial additional costs and expenses in an effort to comply. Because the interpretation and application of many such laws and regulations, remain uncertain and continue to evolve, it is possible that these laws and regulations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data management practices or the features of our products or solutions, and we could face fines, lawsuits, regulatory investigations, and other claims and penalties, and we could be required to fundamentally change our products or our business practices, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any inability, or perceived inability, to adequately address privacy and data protection concerns, or to comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations, even if unfounded, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
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Our products must conform to industry standards in order to be accepted by end users in our markets.
Generally, our products comprise only a part or parts of a communications device. All components of these devices must uniformly comply with industry standards in order to operate efficiently together. We depend on companies that provide other components of the devices to support prevailing industry standards. Many of these companies are significantly larger and more influential in driving industry standards than we are. Some industry standards may not be widely adopted or implemented uniformly, and competing standards may emerge that may be preferred by our customers or end users. If larger companies do not support the same industry standards that we do, or if competing standards emerge, market acceptance of our products could be adversely affected, which would harm our business.
Products for communications applications are based on industry standards that are continually evolving. Our ability to compete in the future will depend on our ability to identify and ensure compliance with these evolving industry standards. The emergence of new industry standards could render our products incompatible with products developed by other suppliers. As a result, we could be required to invest significant time and effort and to incur significant expense to redesign our products to ensure compliance with relevant standards. If our products are not in compliance with prevailing industry standards for a significant period of time, we could miss opportunities to achieve crucial design wins. We may not be successful in developing or using new technologies or in developing new products or product enhancements that achieve market acceptance. Our pursuit of necessary technological advances may require substantial time and expense.
We may, from time to time, make additional business acquisitions or investments, which involve significant risks.
We have completed multiple acquisitions in the past nine years. We may also enter into alliances or make investments in other businesses to complement our existing product offerings, augment our market coverage or enhance our technological capabilities. Any such transactions has resulted and could result in:
•issuances of equity securities dilutive to our existing stockholders;
•substantial cash payments;
•the incurrence of substantial debt and assumption of unknown liabilities;
•large one-time write-offs;
•amortization expenses related to intangible assets;
•a limitation on our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards;
•the diversion of management’s time and attention from operating our business to acquisition integration challenges;
•stockholder or other litigation relating to the transaction;
•adverse tax consequences;
•costs and expenses associated with any undisclosed or potential liabilities; and
•the potential loss of, or ability to attract, key personnel, customers and suppliers of the acquired businesses.
To the extent we pay the purchase price of any acquisition or investment in cash or through borrowings under our Revolving Facility, it would reduce our cash balances and/or result in indebtedness we must service, which may have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. If the purchase price is paid with our stock, it would be dilutive to our stockholders. In addition, we may assume liabilities associated with a business acquisition or investment, including unrecorded liabilities that are not discovered at the time of the transaction, and the repayment of those liabilities may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
Integrating acquired organizations and their products and services, including the integration of completed acquisitions, may be expensive, time-consuming and a strain on our resources and our relationships with employees, customers, distributors and suppliers, and ultimately may not be successful. The benefits or synergies we may expect from the acquisition of complementary or supplementary businesses may not be realized to the extent or in the time frame we initially anticipate. Some of the risks that may affect our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses include those associated with:
•failure to successfully further develop the acquired products or technology;
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•conforming the acquired company’s standards, policies, processes, procedures and controls with our operations;
•coordinating new product and process development, especially with respect to highly complex technologies;
•loss of key employees or customers of the acquired business;
•hiring additional management and other key personnel;
•in the case of foreign acquisitions, the need to integrate operations across different cultures and languages and to address the particular economic, currency, political and regulatory risks associated with specific countries;
•increasing the scope, geographic diversity and complexity of our operations;
•consolidation of facilities, integration of the acquired businesses’ accounting, human resource and other administrative functions and coordination of product, engineering and sales and marketing functions;
•the geographic distance between the businesses;
•liability for activities of the acquired businesses before the acquisition, including patent and trademark infringement claims, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities; and
•litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired businesses, including claims for terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties.
We may not be able to identify suitable acquisition or investment candidates, or even if we do identify suitable candidates, they may be difficult to finance, expensive to fund and there is no guarantee that we can obtain any necessary antitrust approvals or complete such transactions on terms that are favorable to us.
We have in the past been and may in the future be party to ligation related to acquisitions. Any adverse determination in litigation resulting from acquisitions could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
Risks Relating to Intellectual Property
We have settled in the past intellectual property litigation and may in the future face additional claims of intellectual property infringement. Any current or future litigation could be time-consuming, costly to prosecute, defend or settle and result in damages and/or the loss of significant rights.
The semiconductor industry is characterized by companies that hold large numbers of patents and other intellectual property rights and that vigorously pursue, protect and enforce intellectual property rights. Third parties have in the past and may in the future assert against us and our customers and distributors their patent and other intellectual property rights to technologies that are important to our business. For example, we were recently involved in a litigation with Bell Semiconductor, which has since been settled pursuant to a Settlement and Patent License Agreement. In addition, from time to time, we receive correspondence from competitors and other third parties seeking to engage us in discussions concerning potential claims against us, and we receive correspondence from customers seeking indemnification for potential claims related to infringement claims asserted against down-stream users of our products. We investigate these requests and claims as received and could be required to enter license agreements with respect to third party intellectual property rights or indemnify third parties, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our future operating results.
Claims that our products, processes or technology infringe third-party intellectual property rights, regardless of their merit or resolution are costly to defend or settle and could divert the efforts and attention of our management and technical personnel. In addition, many of our customer and distributor agreements require us to indemnify and defend our customers or distributors from third-party infringement claims and pay damages and attorneys’ fees in the case of adverse rulings. Claims of this sort also could harm our relationships with our customers or distributors and might deter future customers from doing business with us. In order to maintain our relationships with existing customers and secure business from new customers, we have been required from time to time to provide additional assurances beyond our standard terms. If any of our current or future proceedings result in an adverse outcome, we could be required to:
•cease the manufacture, use or sale of the infringing products, processes or technology;
•pay substantial damages, indemnification expenses and attorneys’ fees;
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•expend significant resources to develop non-infringing products, processes or technology;
•license technology from the third-party claiming infringement, which license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all;
•cross-license our technology to a competitor to resolve an infringement claim, which could weaken our ability to compete with that competitor; or
•pay substantial damages to our customers or end users to discontinue their use of or to replace infringing technology sold to them with non-infringing technology.
Any of the foregoing results could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We utilize a significant amount of intellectual property in our business. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, our business could be adversely affected.
Our success depends in part upon our ability to protect our intellectual property. To accomplish this, we rely on a combination of intellectual property rights, including patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets in the United States and in selected foreign countries where we believe filing for such protection is appropriate. Effective patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret protection may be unavailable, limited or not applied for in some countries. Some of our products and technologies are not covered by any patent or patent application. We cannot guarantee that:
•any of our present or future patents or patent claims will not lapse or be invalidated, circumvented, challenged or abandoned;
•our intellectual property rights will provide competitive advantages to us;
•our ability to assert our intellectual property rights against potential competitors or to settle current or future disputes will not be limited by our agreements with third parties or obligations, if any, to standards organizations;
•any of our pending or future patent applications will be issued or have the coverage originally sought;
•our intellectual property rights will be enforced in jurisdictions where competition may be intense or where legal protection may be weak;
•any of the trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets or other intellectual property rights that we presently employ in our business will not lapse or be invalidated, circumvented, challenged or abandoned;
•we will not lose the ability to assert our intellectual property rights against or to license our technology to others and collect consideration that we are entitled to under certain intellectual property sale agreements; or
•our ability to monetize our portfolio through divestiture and/or exclusive licensing transactions may be impacted by conduct of counterparties to any such transactions, and we may face liability arising from our monetization efforts.
In addition, our competitors or others may design around our protected patents or technologies. Effective intellectual property protection may be unavailable or more limited in one or more relevant jurisdictions relative to those protections available in the United States, or may not be applied for in one or more relevant jurisdictions. If we pursue litigation to assert our intellectual property rights, an adverse decision in any of these legal actions could limit our ability to assert our intellectual property rights, limit the value of our technology or otherwise negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly. Unauthorized use of our intellectual property may have occurred or may occur in the future. Although we have taken steps to minimize the risk of this occurring, any such failure to identify unauthorized use and otherwise adequately protect our intellectual property would adversely affect our business. Moreover, if we are required to commence litigation, whether as a plaintiff or defendant as has occurred in the past, not only will this be time-consuming, but we will also be forced to incur significant costs and divert our attention and efforts of our employees, which could, in turn, result in lower revenue and higher expenses.
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We also rely on customary contractual protections with our customers, suppliers, distributors, employees and consultants, and we implement security measures to protect our trade secrets. We cannot assure you that these contractual protections and security measures will not be breached, that we will have adequate remedies for any such breach or that our suppliers, employees or consultants will not assert rights to intellectual property arising out of such contracts. For example, as described in Part II, Item 1 — Legal Proceedings – Comcast Litigation, Comcast shared our proprietary designs with our direct competitor. Comcast then worked with our competitor to develop the FDX-amplifier technology. We have brought claims for trade secret misappropriation, unfair competition, and breach of the parties’ non-disclosure agreement, and sought an unspecified amount of compensatory damages, punitive damages, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, costs, expenses, and attorney fees as well as an injunction against Comcast’s use or disclosure of our trade secrets. However, our claims may not be successful.
In addition, we have a number of third-party patent and intellectual property license agreements. Some of these license agreements require us to make one-time payments or ongoing royalty payments. Also, a few of our license agreements contain most-favored nation clauses or other price restriction clauses which may affect the amount we may charge for our products, processes or technology. We cannot guarantee that the third-party patents and technology we license will not be licensed to our competitors or others in the semiconductor industry. In the future, we may need to obtain additional licenses, renew existing license agreements or otherwise replace existing technology. We are unable to predict whether these license agreements can be obtained or renewed or the technology can be replaced on acceptable terms, or at all.
When we originally settled a trademark dispute with Analog Devices International Unlimited Company (ADIUC) and its predecessor, Linear Technology Corporation, we agreed not to register the “MAXLINEAR” mark or any other marks containing the term “LINEAR”. Pursuant to the original settlement agreement, we agreed not to use the “MAXLINEAR” mark on our products. We have since entered into another settlement agreement with ADIUC that now allows us to use and register the “MAXLINEAR” mark on our products, in addition to continuing to use “MAXLINEAR” as a corporate identifier, including to advertise our products and services. We have filed trademark applications to register the “MAXLINEAR” mark, but prior to approval of the applications and registration of the mark in the relevant jurisdictions, our ability to effectively prevent third parties from using the “MAXLINEAR” mark in connection with similar products or technology will be based on our common law rights in the mark, which may make enforcement challenging. If we are unable to protect our trademarks in certain jurisdictions, we may experience difficulties in achieving and maintaining brand recognition and customer loyalty in such jurisdictions.
We face risks related to security vulnerabilities in our products.
We regularly are subject to security vulnerabilities with respect to our products as well as intellectual property that we purchase or license from third parties for use in our products. Our products are used in application areas that create new or increased cybersecurity and privacy risks, including applications that gather and process large amounts of data, such as the cloud or Internet of Things, and critical infrastructure, payment card applications, and automotive applications. Security features in our products cannot make our products entirely secure, and security vulnerabilities identified in our products have resulted in, and are expected to continue to result in, attempts by third parties to identify and exploit additional vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities are not always mitigated before they become known. We, our customers, and the users of our products do not always promptly learn of or have the ability to fully assess the magnitude or effects of a vulnerability, including the extent, if any, to which a vulnerability has been exploited.
Mitigation techniques designed to address security vulnerabilities, including software and firmware updates or other preventative measures, are not always available on a timely basis, or at all, and at times do not operate as intended or effectively resolve vulnerabilities for all applications. In addition, we are often required to rely on third parties, including hardware, software, and services vendors, as well as our customers and end users, to develop and/or deploy mitigation techniques, and the availability, effectiveness, and performance impact of mitigation techniques can depend solely or in part on the actions of these third parties in determining whether, when, and how to develop and deploy mitigations. We and such third parties make prioritization decisions about which vulnerabilities to address, which can delay, limit, or prevent development or deployment of a mitigation and harm our reputation. Subsequent events or new information can develop that changes our assessment of the impact of a security vulnerability, which can cause certain claims or customer satisfaction considerations, as well as result in litigation or regulatory inquiries or actions over these matters.
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Security vulnerabilities and/or mitigation techniques can result in adverse performance or power effects, reboots, system instability or unavailability, loss of functionality, non-compliance with standards, data loss or corruption, unpredictable system behavior, decisions by customers, regulators and end users to limit or change the applications in which they use our products or product features, and/or the misappropriation of data by third parties. Security vulnerabilities and any limitations or adverse effects of mitigation techniques can adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, customer relationships, prospects, and reputation in a number of ways, any of which may be material.
The use of open source software in our products, processes and technology may expose us to additional risks and harm our intellectual property.
Our products, processes and technology sometimes utilize and incorporate software that is subject to an open source license. Open source software is typically freely accessible, usable and modifiable. Certain open source software licenses require a user who intends to distribute the open source software as a component of the user’s software to disclose publicly part or all of the source code to the user’s software. In addition, certain open source software licenses require the user of such software to make any derivative works of the open source code available to others on unfavorable terms or at no cost. This can subject previously proprietary software to open source license terms.
While we monitor the use of all open source software in our products, processes and technology and try to ensure that no open source software is used in such a way as to require us to disclose the source code to the related product, processes or technology when we do not wish to do so, such use could inadvertently occur. Additionally, if a third party software provider has incorporated certain types of open source software into software we license from such third party for our products, processes or technology, we could, under certain circumstances, be required to disclose the source code to our products, processes or technology. This could harm our intellectual property position and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Relating to Reliance on Third-Parties
We do not have long-term supply contracts with most of our contract manufacturers or suppliers, and any disruption in our supply of products or materials could have a material adverse effect on our business, revenue and operating results.
Currently we do not have long-term supply contracts with most of our other third-party vendors, including but, not limited to ASE, TSMC, and UMC. While certain products are supplied to us by Intel on a turnkey basis under the terms of a supply agreement with an initial term of five years, Intel can terminate the agreement under certain circumstances. We make substantially all of our purchases on a purchase order basis, and our contract manufacturers are not required to supply us products for any specific period or in any specific quantity. Foundry capacity may not be available when we need it or at reasonable prices. Availability of foundry capacity has in the past been reduced from time to time due to strong demand. Foundries can allocate capacity to the production of other companies’ products and reduce deliveries to us on short notice. It is possible that foundry customers that are larger and better financed than we are, or that have long-term agreements with our foundry, may induce our foundry to reallocate capacity to them. This reallocation could impair our ability to secure the supply of components that we need. We generally place orders for products with some of our suppliers approximately four to five months prior to the anticipated delivery date, with order volumes based on our forecasts of demand from our customers. Accordingly, if we inaccurately forecast demand for our products or if orders are placed with a short lead-time, we may be unable to obtain adequate and cost-effective foundry or assembly capacity from our third-party contractors to meet our customers’ delivery requirements, which could harm our reputation and customer relationships, or we may accumulate excess inventories. On occasion, we have been unable to adequately respond to unexpected increases in customer purchase orders and therefore were unable to benefit from this incremental demand. None of our third-party contractors has provided any assurance to us that adequate capacity will be available to us within the time required to meet additional demand for our products.
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We do not have our own manufacturing facilities and rely on a limited number of third parties to manufacture, assemble, and test our products. The failure to manage our relationships with our third-party contractors successfully, or impacts from volatility in global supply, natural disasters, public health crises, or other labor stoppages in the regions where such contractors operate, could adversely affect our ability to market and sell our products.
We operate an outsourced manufacturing business model that utilizes third-party foundry and assembly and test capabilities. As a result, we rely on third-party foundry wafer fabrication, including sole sourcing for many components or products. Currently, a large portion of our products are manufactured by Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, or ASE, TSMC, and United Microelectronics Corporation, or UMC, at foundries located in Taiwan, Singapore, and China. We also use third-party contractors for all of our assembly and test operations. We also rely on Intel Corporation, or Intel, for certain products on a turnkey basis under a supply agreement with an initial term of five years.
Relying on third party manufacturing, assembly and testing presents significant risks to us, including the following:
•capacity shortages during periods of high demand or from events beyond our control or inventory oversupply during periods of decreased demand. For example, we have experienced and could continue to experience inventory oversupply in certain of our products due to changes in customer demand which has added to volatility in managing the business. Inventory oversupply has also led and could continue to lead to inventory write-downs, including charges for any excess or obsolete inventory, which could negatively impact our gross margins;
•failure by us, our customers, or their end customers to qualify a selected supplier;
•reduced control over delivery schedules and quality;
•shortages of materials;
•misappropriation of our intellectual property;
•limited warranties on wafers or products supplied to us;
•potential increases in prices; and
•our use of foundry partners who are currently subject to BIS restrictions, to manufacture certain of our products may be impaired if one or more of the following were to occur: (1) we are unable to obtain U.S. export licenses authorizing its interactions and technology exchanges with these foundry partners, or (2) if BIS increases export control restrictions to Chinese foundries without the ability for us to obtain a U.S. export license, or (3) U.S. providers of semiconductor manufacturer equipment are unable to export such equipment or related spare or replacement parts used in the manufacture of our products, or obtain a license to export such equipment and parts, to current or future Chinese foundry partners.
The ability and willingness of our third-party contractors to perform is largely outside our control. If one or more of our contract manufacturers or other outsourcers fails to perform its obligations in a timely manner or at satisfactory quality levels, our ability to bring products to market and our reputation could suffer. For example, in the event that manufacturing capacity is reduced or eliminated at one or more facilities, manufacturing could be disrupted, we could have difficulties fulfilling our customer orders and our net revenue could decline. In addition, if these third parties fail to deliver quality products and components on time and at reasonable prices, we could have difficulties fulfilling our customer orders, our net revenue could decline and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.
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Additionally, our product shipment and manufacturing capacity may be similarly reduced or eliminated at one or more facilities due to the fact that the majority of our fabrication and assembly and test contractors are all located in the Pacific Rim region, principally in China, Taiwan, and Singapore. The risk of earthquakes in these geographies is significant due to the proximity of major earthquake fault lines, and Taiwan in particular is also subject to typhoons and other Pacific storms, and more recently, a drought impacting the water supply which chip manufacturers rely upon to fabricate chip products. Earthquakes, fire, flooding, drought, or other natural disasters in Taiwan or the Pacific Rim region, or political unrest, war, labor strikes, work stoppages or public health crises, such as the outbreak of COVID-19, in countries where our contractors’ facilities are located could result in the disruption of our product shipments, foundry, assembly, or test capacity. If such disruption were to recur over a prolonged period, it could have a material impact on our revenues and our business. Any disruption resulting from similar events on a larger scale or over a prolonged period could cause significant delays in shipments of our products until we are able to resume such shipments, or shift our manufacturing, assembly, or test from the affected contractor to another third-party vendor, if needed. If such disruption were to recur over a prolonged period, it could have a material impact on our revenue and business. There can be no assurance that alternative capacity could be obtained on favorable terms, if at all.
We are subject to risks associated with our distributors’ product inventories and product sell-through. Should any of our distributors cease or be forced to stop distributing our products, our business would suffer.
We currently sell a significant portion of our products to customers through our distributors, who maintain their own inventories of our products. Sales to distributors accounted for approximately 36%, and 43% of our net revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Upon shipment of product to these distributors, title to the inventory transfers to the distributor and the distributor is invoiced, generally with 30 to 60 day terms. Distributor sales are also recognized upon shipment to the distributor and estimates of future pricing credits and/or stock rotation rights reduce revenue recognized to the net amount before the actual amounts are known. If our estimates of such credits and rights are materially understated it could cause subsequent adjustments that negatively impact our revenues and gross profits in a future period.
If our distributors are unable to sell an adequate amount of their inventories of our products in a given quarter to manufacturers and end users or if they decide to decrease their inventories of our products for any reason, our sales through these distributors and our revenue may decline. In addition, if some distributors decide to purchase more of our products than are required to satisfy end customer demand in any particular quarter, inventories at these distributors would grow in that quarter. These distributors could then reduce future orders until inventory levels realign with end customer demand, which has in the past and could in the future adversely affect our product revenue.
Our reserve estimates with respect to the products stocked by our distributors are based principally on reports provided to us by our distributors, typically on a weekly basis. To the extent that this resale and channel inventory data is inaccurate or not received in a timely manner, we may not be able to make reserve estimates accurately or at all.
We rely on third parties to provide services and technology necessary for the operation of our business. Any failure of one or more of our partners, vendors, suppliers or licensors to provide these services or technology could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We rely on third-party vendors to provide critical services, including, among other things, services related to accounting, billing, compliance, internal audit, human resources, information technology, network development, network monitoring, in-licensing and intellectual property that we cannot or do not create or provide ourselves. We depend on these vendors to ensure that our corporate infrastructure will consistently meet our business requirements and legal obligations. The ability of these third-party vendors to successfully provide reliable and high quality services is subject to technical and operational uncertainties that are beyond our control. While we may be entitled to damages if our vendors fail to perform under their agreements with us, our agreements with these vendors limit the amount of damages we may receive. In addition, we do not know whether we will be able to collect on any award of damages or that these damages would be sufficient to cover the actual costs we would incur as a result of any vendor’s failure to perform under its agreement with us. Any failure of our corporate infrastructure could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Upon expiration or termination of any of our agreements with third-party vendors, we may not be able to replace the services provided to us in a timely manner or on terms and conditions, including service levels and cost, that are favorable to us and a transition from one vendor to another vendor could subject us to operational delays and inefficiencies until the transition is complete.
Additionally, we incorporate third-party technology into and with some of our products, and we may do so in future products. The operation of our products could be impaired if errors occur in the third-party technology we use. It may be more difficult for us to correct any errors in a timely manner if at all because the development and maintenance of the technology is
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not within our control. There can be no assurance that these third parties will continue to make their technology, or improvements to the technology, available to us, or that they will continue to support and maintain their technology. Further, due to the limited number of vendors of some types of technology, it may be difficult to obtain new licenses or replace existing technology. Any impairment of the technology or our relationship with these third parties could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Risks Relating to Our Common Stock
Our share price may be volatile as a result of various factors.
The trading price of our common stock is highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. For example, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, the trading price of our common stock ranged from a low of $16.91 to a high of $24.05. These factors include those discussed in this “Risk Factors” section of this report and others such as:
•any developments related to our terminated merger with Silicon Motion;
•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results;
•overall conditions in the semiconductor market;
•addition or loss of significant customers;
•changes in laws or regulations applicable to our products, including export controls;
•geopolitical changes impacting our business, including with respect to China and Taiwan;
•actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our competitors;
•announcements of technological innovations by us or our competitors;
•announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, or capital commitments;
•departures of, and inability to attract, qualified key personnel;
•competition from existing products or new products that may emerge;
•issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts;
•fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;
•disputes or other developments related to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters, and our ability to obtain intellectual property protection for our technologies;
•actions by institutional or activist stockholders;
•acquisitions may not be accretive and may cause dilution to our earnings per share;
•announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts;
•sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders; and
•general economic and market conditions, including the impacts from sanctions against Russia and the military conflicts in Ukraine and Israel, increased inflationary pressures, and interest rate changes.
Furthermore, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected the market prices of equity securities of many companies, including us. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political, and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes or international currency fluctuations, may negatively impact the market price of our common stock.
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In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock are attractive to momentum, hedge, day-trading, or activist investors who often shift funds into and out of stocks rapidly, exacerbating price fluctuations in either direction, and have also been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of momentum, hedge, day-trading, or activist investors, and have been and may continue to be the target of securities class action litigation in the future. Stockholder activism or securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business. A proxy contest or other activist behaviors could have an adverse effect on us.
Even if a proxy contest or other activist efforts are not successful, the increased costs that we would bear and the distraction of our Board of Directors and senior management could negatively impact our business, although we cannot predict with certainty the extent of such negative impacts.
Our management team may use our available cash and cash equivalents in ways with which you may not agree or in ways which may not yield a return.
We use our cash and cash equivalents for general corporate purposes, including working capital and for repayment of outstanding long-term debt. We may also, in the future, use a portion of our assets to acquire other complementary businesses, products, services or technologies. Our management has considerable discretion in the application of our cash and cash equivalents, and resources, and you will not have the opportunity to assess whether these liquid assets are being used in a manner that you deem best to maximize your return. We may use our available cash and cash equivalents and resources for corporate purposes that do not increase our operating results or market value. In addition, in the future our cash and cash equivalents, and resources may be placed in investments that do not produce significant income or that may lose value.
Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our common stock.
Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as amended and restated, may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. These provisions provide for the following:
•authorize our Board of Directors to issue, without further action by the stockholders, up to 25,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock;
•require that any action to be taken by our stockholders be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent;
•specify that special meetings of our stockholders can be called only by our Board of Directors, our Chairman of the Board of Directors, or our President;
•establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder approvals to be brought before an annual meeting of our stockholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our Board of Directors;
•establish that our Board of Directors is divided into three classes, Class I, Class II and Class III, with each class serving staggered terms;
•provide that our directors may be removed only for cause;
•provide that vacancies on our Board of Directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum;
•specify that no stockholder is permitted to cumulate votes at any election of directors; and
•require supermajority votes of the holders of our common stock to amend specified provisions of our charter documents.
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These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our Board of Directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally restricts a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any “interested” stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an “interested” stockholder.
We have adopted a stock repurchase program to repurchase shares of our common stock; however, any future decisions to reduce or discontinue purchasing our common stock, after we resume such purchasing, pursuant to our stock repurchase programs could cause the market price for our common stock to decline.
Our share repurchase program has been temporarily suspended since July 2022 due to our previously pending (now terminated) merger with Silicon Motion. Although our Board of Directors has authorized a stock repurchase program, any determination to resume our stock repurchase program and execute our stock repurchase program will be subject to, among other things, our financial position and results of operations, available cash and cash flow, capital requirements, and other factors, as well as our Board of Director’s continuing determination that the repurchase program are in the best interests of our stockholders and is in compliance with all laws and agreements applicable to the repurchase program. Our stock repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any common stock. If we fail to meet any expectations related to stock repurchases, the market price of our common stock could decline, and could have a material adverse impact on investor confidence. Additionally, price volatility of our common stock over a given period may cause the average price at which we repurchase our common stock to exceed the stock’s market price at a given point in time.
We may further increase or decrease the amount of repurchases of our common stock in the future. Any reduction or discontinuance by us of repurchases of our common stock, after we resume such repurchases, pursuant to our current stock repurchase program could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. Moreover, in the event repurchases of our common stock are reduced or discontinued, our failure or inability to resume repurchasing common stock at historical levels could result in a lower market valuation of our common stock.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our shares or change their opinion of our shares, our share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.
Future sales of our common stock in the public market could cause our share price to decline.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. As of March 31, 2024, we had approximately 83.1 million shares of common stock outstanding.
All shares of our common stock are freely tradable without restrictions or further registration under the Securities Act unless held by our “affiliates,” as that term is defined under Rule 144 of the Securities Act.
Our Executive Incentive Bonus Plan permits the settlement of awards under the plan in the form of shares of our common stock. We have issued shares of our common stock to settle such bonus awards for our employees, including executives, for the 2014 to 2023 performance periods, and we intend to continue this practice in the foreseeable future. We issued 0.4 million shares of our common stock for the 2023 performance period in February 2024. If we issue additional shares of our common stock to settle bonus awards in the future, such shares may be freely sold in the public market immediately following the issuance of such shares, subject to the applicable conditions of Rule 144 and our insider trading policy, and the issuance of such shares may have a material adverse effect on our share price once they are issued.
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We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings for use in the development of our business and for general corporate purposes. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investments.
General Risk Factors
If we suffer losses to our facilities or distribution system due to catastrophe, our operations could be seriously harmed.
Our facilities and distribution system, and those of our third-party contractors, are subject to risk of catastrophic loss due to fire, flood, drought or other natural or man-made disasters. A number of our facilities and those of our contract manufacturers are located in areas with above average seismic activity and/or which have experienced more frequent, more extreme and less predictable weather conditions. For example, the risk of an earthquake in the Pacific Rim region, including Taiwan, or Southern California is significant due to the proximity of major earthquake fault lines, and Taiwan in particular is also subject to typhoons and other Pacific storms, and more recently, a drought impacting the water supply which chip manufacturers rely upon to fabricate chip products. We have experienced higher insurance costs and may experience a decrease in available coverage in such areas and an increased likelihood of damage, power outages and catastrophic loss to these facilities, which would likely disrupt our operations, delay production, shipments and revenue and result in significant expenses to repair or replace the facility. The majority of the factories we use for foundry, assembly and test, and warehousing services, are located in Asia, principally in China, Taiwan, South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Our corporate headquarters is located in Southern California. Our operations and financial condition could be seriously harmed in the event of a major earthquake, fire, flooding, drought, or other natural disasters in Taiwan or the Pacific Rim region, or political unrest, war, labor strikes, work stoppages or public health crises, such as the outbreak of COVID-19, or other natural or man-made disaster in countries where our contractors’ facilities are located. Such catastrophes could result in the disruption of our product shipments, foundry, assembly, or test capacity.
We have recorded goodwill and other intangible assets in connection with business acquisitions. Goodwill and other acquired intangible assets could become impaired and adversely affect our future operating results.
We account for business acquisitions as business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase price is allocated to net tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets of acquired businesses based on their fair values as of the date of completion of the acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over those fair values is recorded as goodwill. Our acquisitions have resulted in the creation of goodwill and recording of a large amount of intangible assets based upon the application of the acquisition method of accounting. To the extent the value of goodwill or other intangible assets become impaired, we may be required to incur material charges relating to such impairment. We conduct our annual goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment analysis on October 31 each year, or more frequently if we believe indicators of impairment exist. Our reported financial condition and results of operations reflect the balances and results of the acquired businesses but are not restated retroactively to reflect the historical financial position or results of operations of acquired businesses for periods prior to the acquisitions. As a result, comparisons of future results against prior period results will be more difficult for investors. In addition, there can be no guarantee that acquired intangible assets, particularly in-process research and development, will generate revenues or profits that we include in our forecast that is the basis for their fair values as of the acquisition date. Any such impairment charges relating to goodwill or other intangible assets could have a material impact on our operating results in future periods, and the announcement of a material impairment could have a material adverse effect on the trading price and trading volume of our common stock. As of March 31, 2024, our balance sheet reflected goodwill of $318.6 million and other intangible assets of $64.9 million. Consequently, we could recognize material impairment charges in the future.
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Unanticipated changes in our tax rates or unanticipated tax obligations could affect our future results.
We are subject to income taxes in the United States, Singapore and various other foreign jurisdictions. The amount of income taxes we pay is subject to our interpretation and application of tax laws in jurisdictions in which we file. Changes in current or future laws or regulations, the imposition of new or changed tax laws or regulations or new interpretations by taxing authorities or courts could affect our results of operations and lead to volatility with respect to tax expenses and liabilities from period to period. For example, beginning in 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the Tax Act, eliminated the option to deduct research and development expenditures currently and requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize them over five or fifteen years pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 174. This has increased our effective tax rate and our cash tax payable since 2022. If the requirement to capitalize Section 174 expenditures is not modified, it may also impact our effective tax rate and our cash tax liability in future years. The application of tax laws and related regulations is subject to legal and factual interpretation, judgment and uncertainty. We cannot determine whether any legislative proposals may be enacted into law or what, if any, changes may be made to such proposals prior to their being enacted into law. If U.S. or international tax laws change in a manner that increases our tax obligation, it could result in a material adverse impact on our results of operations and our financial position. In addition, many countries are implementing legislation and other guidance to align their international tax rules with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s, or OECD, Base Erosion and Profit Shifting recommendations and action plan that aim to standardize and modernize global corporate tax policy, including changes to cross-border tax, transfer pricing documentation rules, and nexus-based tax incentive practices. The OECD is also continuing discussions surrounding fundamental changes in allocation of profits among tax jurisdictions in which companies do business, as well as the implementation of a global minimum tax (namely the “Pillar One” and “Pillar Two” proposals). The European Union and other countries (including those in which we operate) have enacted or committed to enact global minimum taxes, which may adversely impact our provision for income taxes, existing tax incentives, net income and cash flows. As a result of this heightened scrutiny, prior decisions by tax authorities regarding treatments and positions of corporate income taxes could be subject to enforcement activities, and legislative investigation and inquiry, which could also result in changes in tax policies or prior tax rulings. Any such changes may also result in the taxes we previously paid being subject to change.
Our income tax provision is subject to volatility and our ability to use our deferred tax assets to offset future taxable income may be limited since we are subject to tax examinations, which may adversely impact our future effective tax rate and operating results.
Excess tax benefits associated with employee stock-based compensation are included in income tax expense. However, since the amount of such excess tax benefits and deficiencies depend on the fair market value of our common stock, our income tax provision is subject to volatility in our stock price and in the future, could unfavorably affect our future effective tax rate.
Our future effective tax rate could be unfavorably affected by unanticipated changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, and the ultimate use and depletion of these various tax credits and net operating loss carryforwards. Changes in our effective tax rate could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our net deferred tax assets to the amount that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. In making such determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence quarterly, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and recent financial performance. To the extent we believe it is more likely than not that some portion of our deferred tax assets will not be realized, we record a valuation allowance against the deferred tax asset. Realization of our deferred tax assets is dependent primarily upon future taxable income in the applicable jurisdiction. On a periodic basis we evaluate our deferred tax assets for realizability. Based upon our review of all positive and negative evidence, as of March 31, 2024, we continue to have a valuation allowance on state deferred tax assets, certain federal deferred tax assets, and certain foreign deferred tax assets in jurisdictions where we have cumulative losses or otherwise are not expected to utilize certain tax attributes. The impact of releasing some or all of such valuation allowance in a future period could be material in the period in which such release occurs. Additionally, the amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable, however, could be adjusted in the subsequent periods if estimates of future taxable income are reduced or if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is present. Any future changes in the deferred tax asset realizability assertion may require a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets, which would increase our tax expense in the period the allowance is recognized and affect our results of operations.
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Our corporate income tax liability could materially increase if tax incentives we have negotiated in Singapore cease to be effective or applicable or if we are challenged on our use of such incentives.
We operate under certain favorable tax incentives in Singapore which are effective through March 2027, and generally are dependent on our meeting certain headcount and investment thresholds. Such incentives allow certain qualifying income earned in Singapore to be taxed at reduced rates and are conditional upon our meeting certain employment and investment thresholds over time. If we fail to satisfy the conditions for receipt of these tax incentives, or to the extent U.S. or other tax authorities challenge our operation under these favorable tax incentive programs or our intercompany transfer pricing agreements, our taxable income could be taxed at higher federal or foreign statutory rates and our income tax liability and expense could materially increase beyond our projections. Each of our Singapore tax incentives is separate and distinct from the others, and may be granted, withheld, extended, modified, truncated, complied with or terminated independently without any effect on the other incentives. Absent these tax incentives, our corporate income tax rate in Singapore would generally be the 17% statutory tax rate. We are also subject to operating and other compliance requirements to maintain our favorable tax incentives. If we fail to comply with such requirements, we could lose the tax benefits and could possibly be required to refund previously realized material tax benefits. Additionally, in the future, we may fail to qualify for renewal of our favorable tax incentives or such incentives may not be available to us, which could also cause our future taxable income to increase and be taxed at higher statutory rates. Loss of one more of our tax incentives could cause us to modify our tax strategies and our operational structure, which could cause disruption in our business and have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. Further, there can be no guarantee that such modification in our tax strategy will yield tax incentives as favorable as those we have negotiated with Singapore. Our interpretations and conclusions regarding the tax incentives are not binding on any taxing authority, and if our assumptions about tax and other laws are incorrect or if these tax incentives are substantially modified or rescinded we could suffer material adverse tax and other financial consequences, which would increase our expenses, reduce our profitability and adversely affect our cash flows.
Investor confidence may be adversely impacted if we are unable to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and as a result, our stock price could decline.
We are subject to rules adopted by the SEC pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which require us to include in our Annual Report on Form 10-K our management’s report on, and assessment of the effectiveness of, our internal controls over financial reporting.
If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, there is a risk that we will not comply with all of the requirements imposed by Section 404. Moreover, effective internal controls, particularly those related to revenue recognition, are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to helping prevent financial fraud. Any of these possible outcomes could result in an adverse reaction in the financial marketplace due to a loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our consolidated financial statements and could result in investigations or sanctions by the SEC, the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or Nasdaq, or other regulatory authorities or in stockholder litigation. Any of these factors ultimately could harm our business and could negatively impact the market price of our securities. Ineffective control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.
Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives. However, our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Recent Repurchases of Equity Securities
None.

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ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers
During our last fiscal quarter, no director or officer, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f), adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” each as defined in Regulation S-K Item 408.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Title
31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1(*) |  | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

(*) | In accordance with Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K and SEC Release No. 33-8238 and 34-47986, Final Rule: Management’s Reports on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and Certification of Disclosure in Exchange Act Periodic Reports, the certifications furnished pursuant to this item will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78r), or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. Such certification will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  |  |  | MAXLINEAR, INC.
|  |  |  |  | (Registrant)
Date: | April 24, 2024 |  |  |  | By: |  | /s/ Steven G. Litchfield
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Steven G. Litchfield
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Chief Financial Officer and Chief Corporate Strategy Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Duly Authorized Officer)

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