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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes The table below presents the current and deferred components of income tax expense (benefit) for the following periods:
|  |  |  |  | Successor |  |  | Predecessor
|  |  |  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  | Period from February 10, 2020 to December 31, 2020 |  |  | Period from January 1, 2020 to June 21, 2020
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | (387) |
State |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |
Foreign |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total current income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (384) |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  |  |  | (9,376) |  |  | (3,064) |  |  |  | — |
State |  |  |  |  | (1,893) |  |  | (595) |  |  |  | — |
Foreign |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total deferred income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  | (11,269) |  |  | (3,659) |  |  |  | — |
Total income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  | $ | (11,269) |  |  | $ | (3,659) |  |  |  | $ | (384) |
A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax expense to actual income tax expense is as follows:
|  |  |  |  | Successor |  |  | Predecessor
|  |  |  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  | Period from February 10, 2020 to December 31, 2020 |  |  | Period from January 1, 2020 to June 21, 2020
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  |  |  | $ | (72,806) |  |  | $ | (18,033) |  |  |  | $ | (1,718) |
Federal statutory income tax rate |  |  |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  |  | 21.0 | %
Expected federal provision (benefit) for income taxes at the federal statutory income tax rate |  |  |  |  | (15,289) |  |  | (3,787) |  |  |  | (361) |
State income tax (benefit), net of federal tax benefit |  |  |  |  | (1,946) |  |  | (595) |  |  |  | 29 |
Research and development tax credits |  |  |  |  | 324 |  |  | (20) |  |  |  | (460) |
Permanent differences |  |  |  |  | 1,931 |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | (17) |
Tax (benefits) / non-deductible expenses related to equity-based compensation |  |  |  |  | 5,228 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (119) |
Acquisition costs |  |  |  |  | (1,106) |  |  | 685 |  |  |  | — |
Reserves for unrecognized income tax benefits |  |  |  |  | (273) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 386 |
Change in valuation allowance |  |  |  |  | 458 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 129 |
Other |  |  |  |  | (596) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 29 |
Total tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  | $ | (11,269) |  |  | $ | (3,659) |  |  |  | $ | (384) |
Effective tax rate |  |  |  |  | 15.5 | % |  | 20.3 | % |  |  | 22.4 | %
The effective tax rate for the Successor 2021 Period differs from the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21.0% primarily due to nondeductible compensation costs on the Class P Unit Incentive plan, contingent earnout payments from the MIS acquisition and state income tax expense. The effective tax rate for the Successor 2020 Period differs from the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21.0% primarily due to acquisition costs and state income tax expense. The effective tax rate for the Predecessor 2020 Period differs from the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21.0% primarily due to the full valuation allowance of the net deferred tax asset offset by the income tax benefit of the carry back of net operating losses under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”). The table below presents the components of the deferred tax assets, net and deferred tax liabilities:
| Successor as of
| December 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Accrued expenses and reserves | $ | 1,106 |  |  | $ | 493 |
Deferred rent | 58 |  |  | 82 |
Tax credit carryforwards | 226 |  |  | 346 |
Deferred revenue | 636 |  |  | 1,168 |
Net operating loss carryforwards | 12,052 |  |  | 3,467 |
Interest disallowance | 1,921 |  |  | 271 |
Equity-based compensation | 566 |  |  | — |
Other assets | 14 |  |  | — |
Total deferred tax assets | 16,579 |  |  | 5,827 |
Less: valuation allowance | (515) |  |  | (57) |
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance | 16,064 |  |  | 5,770 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | (23,922) |  |  | (12,949) |
Other | (743) |  |  | (188) |
Deferred tax liabilities | (24,665) |  |  | (13,137) |
Total net deferred tax assets (liabilities) | $ | (8,601) |  |  | $ | (7,367) |
In assessing the realizability of deferred income tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more-likely-than-not that some or all of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of the deferred income tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which the net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards are available. For the Successor 2021 Period and Successor 2020 Period, the Company has concluded that substantially all of the deferred tax assets in the U.S. are more-likely-than-not realizable and that foreign deferred tax assets are more-likely-than not to expire before realization. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $45.2 million of U.S. federal net operating losses resulting in U.S. federal, state (net), and foreign deferred tax assets of $9.5 million, $2.0 million, and $0.5 million, respectively. The $9.5 million in U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards may be carried forward indefinitely to reduce future taxable income for U.S. federal tax purposes, while certain state net operating losses will begin to expire in 2038. Foreign net operating losses will begin to expire in 2036. The Company has federal and state NOL and other tax credit carryforwards. Due to changes in the Company’s ownership, the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards and research and development credit carryforwards, that can be used to offset future taxable income, are subject to annual limits in accordance with Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 382, as well as similar state provisions. The Company does not expect Section 382 to limit the Company’s ability to realize its deferred tax assets. The table below presents changes in reserves for unrecognized income tax benefits for the periods presented:
|  |  |  |  | Successor |  |  | Predecessor
|  |  |  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  | Period from February 10, 2020 to December 31, 2020 |  |  | Period from January 1, 2020 to June 21, 2020
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of period |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,671 |  |  | $ | 1,671 |  |  |  | $ | 1,275 |
Increase (decrease) for tax positions taken related to a prior period |  |  |  |  | (291) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 105 |
Increase (decrease) for tax positions taken during the current period |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 291 |
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of period |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,380 |  |  | $ | 1,671 |  |  |  | $ | 1,671 |
During the Successor 2021 Period, Successor 2020 Period and Predecessor 2020 Period, the Company did not recognize certain tax benefits from uncertain tax positions within the provision for income taxes. As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s estimated gross unrecognized tax benefits were $1.4 million, of which $1.3 million if recognized would favorably impact the Company’s future earnings. The Company believes there will be no material changes to unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months. Due to uncertainties in any tax audit outcome, estimates of the ultimate settlement of our unrecognized tax positions may change and the actual tax benefits may differ from the estimates. During the Successor 2021 Period, Successor 2020 Period and Predecessor 2020 Period, the Company did not recognize any interest and penalties in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in various U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2021, the Company is subject to examination by the IRS for tax years beginning in 2018. The Company is open to state and foreign income tax examinations until the applicable statute of limitations expires, generally four years after tax return filing for state income tax and five years for foreign income tax; however, the ability for the taxing authority to adjust tax attribute carryforwards will continue until the applicable statute of limitations expires after tax attribute utilization or expiration.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 21 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32857-109319 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=122134291&loc=d3e330215-122817 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 17 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32809-109319 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.5.Q1) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=122134291&loc=d3e330036-122817 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 14 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32705-109319 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 270 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424409&loc=d3e44925-109338 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144680 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 30 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (a) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424122&loc=d3e41874-109331 Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=120395691&loc=d3e23780-122690 + Details
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