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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block]
12. INCOME TAXES
The components of income before income taxes are (in thousands):
Year ended September 30,
202320222021
United States$21,149 $13,220 $5,380 
International3,769 5,408 3,619 
Income before income taxes$24,918 $18,628 $8,999 
The components of the income tax benefit are (in thousands):
Year ended September 30,
202320222021
Current:
Federal$9,894 $281 $1,388 
State1,955 766 242 
Foreign598 1,277 1,678 
Deferred:
Federal(12,131)(2,982)(3,627)
State— — (618)
Foreign(168)(97)(430)
Income tax (benefit) expense$148 $(755)$(1,367)
Net deferred tax liability consists of (in thousands):
As of September 30,
20232022
Non-current deferred tax asset$4,884 $— 
Non-current deferred tax liability(1,812)(9,666)
Net deferred tax asset (liability)$3,072 $(9,666)
Depreciation and amortization$(3,362)$(4,930)
Lease asset(2,866)(3,392)
Lease liability3,897 4,497 
Inventories6,407 2,586 
Compensation costs5,559 3,999 
Other accruals9,011 7,413 
Tax credit carryforwards3,867 7,445 
Valuation allowance(3,254)(2,976)
Identifiable intangible assets(25,276)(24,308)
Research and development costs9,089 — 
Net deferred tax asset (liability)$3,072 $(9,666)
As of September 30, 2023, we had $4.1 million of tax carryforwards (net of reserves) related to state research and development tax credits. We also had $0.6 million of carryforwards consisting of U.S. net operating losses of $0.2 million, non-U.S. net operating losses of $0.2 million and foreign tax credits of $0.2 million. The majority of our state research and development tax credits have a 15-year carryforward period. The majority of our non-U.S. net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards have an unlimited carryforward period. Our valuation allowance for certain U.S. and foreign attributes was $3.3 million at September 30, 2023 and $3.0 million at September 30, 2022. The increase in valuation allowance is primarily the result of additional reserves against state research and development credits. The deferred tax assets realized could vary if there are differences in the timing or amount of future reversals of existing deferred tax liabilities or changes in the amounts of future taxable income. If future taxable income projections are not realized, an additional valuation allowance may be required. This would be reflected as income tax expense at the time that any such change in future taxable income is determined.
12. INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED)
The reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax amount to our income tax benefit is (in thousands):
Year ended September 30,
202320222021
Statutory income tax amount$5,233 $3,912 $1,890 
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
State taxes, net of federal benefits636 85 319 
Transaction costs— 2 60 
Employee stock purchase plan165 98 79 
Foreign operations984 1,552 556 
Non-deductible executive compensation373 291 150 
Change in valuation allowance— — (2,187)
Capital Loss Expiration— — 2,301 
Utilization of research and development tax credits(4,678)(2,780)(3,116)
Deferred balance sheet remeasure— — (952)
ASU 2016-09 excess stock compensation(1,678)(2,967)(1,131)
Contingent consideration— (1,239)1,212 
Changes from provision to return181 413 (458)
Adjustment of tax contingency reserves238 417 329 
U.S. deduction for foreign export sales(1,419)(584)(630)
Global intangible low-taxed income— — 33 
Other, net113 45 178 
Income tax (benefit) expense$148 $(755)$(1,367)

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is (in thousands):
Year ended September 30,
202320222021
Unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of fiscal year$3,316 $2,908 $2,600 
Increases related to:
Prior year income tax positions100 — 40 
Current year income tax positions858 524 507 
Decreases related to:
Prior year income tax positions(159)(21)(155)
Settlements— — — 
Expiration of statute of limitations(953)(95)(84)
Unrecognized tax benefits at end of fiscal year$3,162 $3,316 $2,908 
The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits ("UTB") at September 30, 2023 that, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate was $3.2 million. We expect that it is reasonably possible that the total amounts of UTB will decrease by approximately $0.4 million over the next 12 months due to the expiration of various statutes of limitations. Of the $3.2 million of UTB, $2.3 million is included in non-current income taxes payable and $0.9 million is included with non-current deferred tax liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2023.
We recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. During fiscal 2023 and 2022, there were insignificant amounts of interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. We accrued $0.1 million in interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2023 and 2022. These accrued interest and penalties are included in our non-current income taxes payable on our consolidated balance sheets.
12. INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED)
We operate in multiple tax jurisdictions both in the U.S. and outside of the U.S. and face audits from various tax authorities regarding transfer pricing, tax credits, and other matters. Accordingly we must determine the appropriate allocation of income to each of these jurisdictions. This determination requires us to make several estimates and assumptions. Tax audits associated with the allocation of this income, and other complex issues, may require an extended period of time to resolve and may result in adjustments to our income tax balances in those years that are material to our consolidated balance sheets and results of operations.
We file a U.S. federal income tax return and income tax returns in various states and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to state and local or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities.
At September 30, 2023, the majority of undistributed foreign earnings were taxed under the one time transition tax and the global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") provision of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. Additionally, the previously un-taxed accumulated undistributed foreign earnings from prior fiscal years are still permanently reinvested and, as such, we have not accrued additional U.S. tax. It is our position that the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries are to be reinvested indefinitely to fund current operations and provide for future international expansion opportunities and only repatriate earnings to the extent that U.S. taxes have already been recorded. As of September 30, 2023, we are permanently reinvested with respect to previously non-taxed accumulated earnings in all jurisdictions.
Although we have no current need to repatriate historical foreign earnings that have not been taxed in the U.S., if we change our assertion from indefinitely reinvesting undistributed foreign earnings, we would have to accrue applicable taxes. The amount of any taxes and the application of any tax credits would be determined based on the income tax laws at the time of such repatriation. Under current tax law, we estimate the unrecognized tax liability to be immaterial.