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Income Taxes
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
For the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company had an income tax provision totaling $19.7 million on pretax income of $73.4 million, representing an effective tax rate of 26.80%, compared with an income tax provision of $19.9 million on pretax income of $75.4 million, representing an effective tax rate of 26.40% for the three months ended September 30, 2021. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company had an income tax provision totaling $59.6 million on pretax income of $226.1 million, representing an effective tax rate of 26.34%, compared with an income tax provision of $51.6 million on pretax income of $204.6 million, representing an effective tax rate of 25.24% for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 was primarily due to a decrease in affordable housing tax credits compared with the prior year.
The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax, as well as state income taxes. The Company had total unrecognized tax benefits of $3.3 million at both September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 that relate to uncertainties associated with federal and state income tax matters. The Company recognizes interest and penalties on income tax matters in income tax expense. The Company recorded approximately $475 thousand and $387 thousand, for accrued interest (no portion was related to penalties) at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
Management believes it is reasonably possible that the unrecognized tax benefits may decrease by $789 thousand in the next twelve months due to a settlement with the state tax authorities.
The statute of limitations for the assessment of income taxes related to the consolidated federal income tax return is closed for all tax years up to and including 2017. The expiration of the statute of limitations for the assessment of income and franchise taxes related to the various state income and franchise tax returns varies by state. The Company is currently under examination by the New York City Department of Finance for the 2016, 2017, and 2018 tax years. While the outcome of the examination is unknown, the Company expects no material adjustments. New York State Department of Taxation and Finance recently completed the examination for the 2017 tax year with no adjustment to the tax return filed.
Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities (without regard to certain changes to deferred taxes). Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.
Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management evaluates both positive and negative evidence, including the existence of any cumulative losses in the current year and the prior two years, the amount of taxes paid in available carry-back years, the forecasts of future income, applicable tax planning strategies, and assessments of current and future economic and business conditions. This analysis is updated quarterly and adjusted as necessary. Based on the analysis, the Company has determined that a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets was not required as of September 30, 2022