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Revenue | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2019
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract] |
Revenue | Revenue Many of the Company’s revenues are generated from contracts that are outside the scope of ASC 606 and thus are accounted for under other accounting standards. Specifically, many of the Company's Trade and Ethanol sales contracts are derivatives under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging and the Rail Group's leasing revenue is accounted for under ASC 842, Leases. The breakdown of revenues between ASC 606 and other standards is as follows:
| Three months ended March 31,
(in thousands) | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenues under ASC 606 | $ | 315,172 |  |  | $ | 193,650 |
Revenues under ASC 842 | 28,868 |  |  | 26,029 |
Revenues under ASC 815 | 1,632,752 |  |  | 416,060 |
Total Revenues | $ | 1,976,792 |  |  | $ | 635,739 |
The remainder of this note applies only to those revenues that are accounted for under ASC 606. Disaggregation of revenue The following tables disaggregate revenues under ASC 606 by major product/service line for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively:
| Three months ended March 31, 2019
(in thousands) | Trade |  | Ethanol |  | Plant Nutrient |  | Rail |  | Total
Specialty nutrients | $ | 3,938 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 68,400 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 72,338 |
Primary nutrients | 427 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,089 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,516 |
Services | 825 |  |  | 3,436 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 9,947 |  |  | 14,370 |
Products and co-products | 62,758 |  |  | 21,472 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 84,230 |
Frac sand and propane | 80,463 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80,463 |
Other | 1,157 |  |  |  |  | 6,874 |  |  | 2,224 |  |  | 10,255 |
Total | $ | 149,568 |  |  | $ | 24,908 |  |  | $ | 128,525 |  |  | $ | 12,171 |  |  | $ | 315,172 |
| Three months ended March 31, 2018
(in thousands) | Trade |  | Ethanol |  | Plant Nutrient |  | Rail |  | Total
Specialty nutrients | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 75,078 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 75,078 |
Primary nutrients | — |  |  | — |  |  | 53,219 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,219 |
Service | 4,418 |  |  | 2,545 |  |  | 209 |  |  | 8,117 |  |  | 15,289 |
Co-products | — |  |  | 26,646 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,646 |
Other | 210 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,111 |  |  | 16,097 |  |  | 23,418 |
Total | $ | 4,628 |  |  | $ | 29,191 |  |  | $ | 135,617 |  |  | $ | 24,214 |  |  | $ | 193,650 |
Approximately 5% and 8% of revenues accounted for under ASC 606 during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, are recorded over time which primarily relates to service revenues noted above. Specialty and primary nutrients The Company sells several different types of specialty nutrient products, including: low-salt liquid starter fertilizers, micro-nutrients and other specialty lawn products. These products are sold through the wholesale distribution channels as well as directly to end users at the farm center locations. Similarly, the Company sells several different types of primary nutrient products, including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. These products may be purchased and re-sold as is or sold as finished goods resulting from a blending and manufacturing process. The contracts associated with specialty and primary nutrients generally have just a single performance obligation, as the Company has elected the accounting policy to consider shipping and handling costs as fulfillment costs. Revenue is recognized when control of the product has passed to the customer. Payment terms generally range from 0 - 30 days. Services Service revenues primarily relate to the railcar repair business and Trade Group. The Company owns several railcar repair shops which repair railcars through specific contracts with customers or by operating as an agent for a particular railroad to repair cars that are on its rail line per Association of American Railroads (“AAR”) standards. These contracts contain a single performance obligation which is to complete the requested and/or required repairs on the railcars. As the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit of the repair work we perform, revenue for these contracts is recognized over time. The Company uses an input-based measure of progress using costs incurred to total expected costs as that is the measure that most faithfully depicts our progress towards satisfying our performance obligation. Upon completion of the work, the invoice is sent to the customer, with payment terms that generally range from 0 - 30 days. Products and co-products In addition to the feed ingredients sales contracts that are considered derivative instruments, the feed ingredients and specialty products business is a merchandiser of various feed ingredients, pulses and pelleted ingredients around the world. The Group provides these products through a single revenue stream of wholesale commodities. Revenue is recognized when control of the product has passed to the customer which follows shipping terms on the contract. Payment terms generally range from 30 - 45 days. In addition to the ethanol sales contracts that are considered derivative instruments, the Ethanol Group sells several other co-products that remain subject to ASC 606, including E-85, DDGs, syrups and renewable identification numbers (“RINs”). RINs are credits for compliance with the Environmental Protection Agency's Renewable Fuel Standard program and are created by renewable fuel producers. Contracts for these co-products generally have a single performance obligation, as the Company has elected the accounting policy to consider shipping and handling costs as fulfillment costs. Revenue is recognized when control of the product has passed to the customer which follows shipping terms on the contract. Payment terms generally range from 5 - 15 days. Frac sand and propane The Trade Group has an integrated business involved in numerous frac sand related activities, including the processing, merchandising and transloading of frac sand. Frac sand is often purchased, sometimes after processing, and shipped via rail car to Company-owned facilities or third-party storage locations. Product is then typically loaded into customers’ trucks at which time title transfers and revenue is recognized. Payment terms generally range from 30-45 days. Additionally, the Company provides transloading and storage services to customers of frac sand inventory. Revenue is recognized when control of frac sand has passed to the customer which follows shipping terms on the contract. Payment terms generally range from 0 - 30 days. Additionally, the Trade Group merchandises propane, butane and natural gasoline. Under sales contracts, physical goods are delivered to the customer using truck, rail and pipeline transportation. The Company's performance obligation is the delivery of one unit of the quantity on the invoice and recognizes revenue at that point. Shipping charges are included in the price of the commodity. Payment terms generally range from 10 - 15 days. Contract balances The opening and closing balances of the Company’s contract liabilities are as follows:
(in thousands) | 2019 |  | 2018
Balance at January 1, | $ | 28,858 |  |  | $ | 25,520 |
Balance at March 31, | 146,824 |  |  | 67,715 |
Exclusive of acquisition related impacts, the residual difference between the opening and closing balances of the Company’s contract liabilities primarily results from the timing difference between the Company’s performance and the customer’s payment. The contract liabilities have two main drivers including Trade prepayments by counter parties and payments for primary and specialty nutrients received in advance of fulfilling our performance obligations under our customer contracts. The primary and specialty business records contract liabilities for payments received in advance of fulfilling our performance obligations under our customer contracts. Further, due to seasonality of this business, the amount of revenue recognized in the current period related to the beginning of the year contract liability is not material. Contract costs The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient and accordingly recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the assets that the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. These costs are included in Operating, administrative and general expenses. Significant judgments In making its determination of standalone selling price, the Company maximizes its use of observable inputs. Standalone selling price, once established, is then used to allocate total consideration proportionally to the various performance obligations, if applicable, within a contract. To estimate variable consideration, the Company applies both the “expected value” method and “most likely amount” method based on the form of variable consideration, according to which method would provide the best prediction. The expected value method involves a probability-weighted determination of the expected amount, whereas the most likely amount method identifies the single most likely outcome in a range of possible amounts. However, once a method has been applied to one form of variable consideration, it is applied consistently throughout the contract term. The primary types of variable consideration present in the Company’s contracts are product returns, volume rebates and the CPI index. The overall impact of this variable consideration is not material.

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- Definition The entire disclosure of revenue from contract with customer to transfer good or service and to transfer nonfinancial asset. Includes, but is not limited to, disaggregation of revenue, credit loss recognized from contract with customer, judgment and change in judgment related to contract with customer, and asset recognized from cost incurred to obtain or fulfill contract with customer. Excludes insurance and lease contracts. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2122369 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 606 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=49130388 + Details
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