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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2018
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, including those related to recognition of revenue, clinical trial accruals, contract manufacturing accruals, fair value of assets and liabilities, income taxes and stock-based compensation. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other market-specific and relevant assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.
Accrued Research and Development Expenses | Accrued Research and Development Expenses As part of the process of preparing its financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its accrued expenses. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with its personnel to identify services that have been performed on its behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when the Company has not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of the Company’s service providers submit its monthly invoices in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. The Company makes estimates of its accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in its financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to the Company at that time. The Company periodically confirms the accuracy of its estimates with the service providers and makes adjustments if necessary. Examples of estimated accrued research and development expenses include fees paid to:
| · |  | contract research organizations, or CROs, in connection with clinical studies;
| · |  | investigative sites in connection with clinical studies;
| · |  | vendors related to product manufacturing, development and distribution of clinical supplies; and
| · |  | vendors in connection with preclinical development activities.
The Company records expenses related to clinical studies and manufacturing development activities based on its estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple CROs and manufacturing vendors that conduct and manage these activities on its behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract, and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to the Company’s vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the expense. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of subjects and the completion of clinical trial milestones. In accruing service fees, the Company estimates the time period over which services will be performed, enrollment of subjects, number of sites activated and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the Company’s estimate, the Company will adjust the accrued or prepaid expense balance accordingly. To date, there have been no material differences from the Company’s estimates to the amounts actually incurred.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition On January 1, 2018 the Company adopted the new standard for Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Topic 606, on a modified retrospective method as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings of the annual reporting period. On January 1, 2018, the Company recorded an increase in current assets of $5.0 million representing a future receivable related to the first milestone under the Company’s license agreement with Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., or KHK,, which the Company believes is not materially at risk, an increase in current liabilities of $1.0 million representing a future payable related to the corresponding payment to AstraZeneca AB, or AstraZeneca,, in accordance with the Company’s termination agreement with AstraZeneca and a related decrease in its accumulated deficit of approximately $4.0 million as the new standard permits revenue from milestones that possess certain criteria to be recognized earlier of approximately $4.0 million as the new standard contains different recognition criteria related to milestones than under the previous standard, Revenue Recognition, Multiple-Element Arrangements, ASC 605, Licensing revenues. The Company enters into licensing agreements which are within the scope of Topic 606, under which it licenses certain rights to its product candidates to third parties. The terms of these arrangements typically include payment to the Company of one or more of the following: non-refundable, up-front license fees; development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments; and future royalties on net sales of licensed products. Each of these payments results in license, collaboration and other revenues, except for revenues from royalties on net sales of licensed products, which are classified as royalty revenues. In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as it fulfills its obligations under each of its agreements, the Company performs the following steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation. As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company must develop assumptions that require judgment to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract. The Company uses key assumptions to determine the stand-alone selling price, which may include forecasted revenues, development timelines, reimbursement rates for personnel costs, discount rates and probabilities of technical and regulatory success. Milestone Payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes development milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. Amounts of variable consideration are included in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur and when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company or the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. The transaction price is then allocated to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, for which the Company recognizes revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achievement of such development milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect license, collaboration and other revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment. Manufacturing Supply Services: Arrangements that include a promise for future supply of drug substance or drug product for either clinical development or commercial supply at the customer’s discretion are generally considered as options. The Company assess if these options provide a material right to the licensee and if so, they are accounted for as separate performance obligations. If the Company is entitled to additional payments when the customer exercises these options, any payments are recorded in license, collaboration and other revenues when the customer obtains control of the goods, which is upon delivery. Royalties: For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of its licensing arrangements.
Reclassification | Reclassification Approximately $0.2 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017, which was previously recorded within “Proceeds from issuance of common stock under stock plans” in Financing activities in the Statement of Cash Flows, has been reclassified as a Changes in operating assets and liabilities item “Prepaid expenses and other assets” within Operating activities.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Recent Accounting Pronouncements New Accounting Pronouncements - Recently Adopted In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2014-09, which amends the guidance for accounting for revenue from contracts with customers. This ASU supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, and creates a new Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. In 2015 and 2016, the FASB issued additional ASUs related to Topic 606 that delayed the effective date of the guidance and clarified various aspects of the new revenue guidance, including principal versus agent considerations, identifying performance obligations, and licensing, and they include other improvements and practical expedients. The Company adopted this new standard on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective transition method. Impact of Adoption The Company, on adopting Topic 606 on January 1, 2018, has used the modified retrospective transition method with the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings of the annual reporting period that includes the date of initial application. The following adjustments were recorded in the opening balance on January 1, 2018.
|  | December 31, |  | Adjustments |  | January 1,
|  | 2017 |  | Due to Topic 606 |  | 2018
Total current assets |  | $ | — |  | 5,000 |  | $ | 5,000
Total current liabilities |  |  | — |  | 1,000 |  |  | 1,000
Accumulated deficit |  | $ | — |  | 4,000 |  | $ | 4,000
As a result of adopting Topic 606 on January 1, 2018, the following financial statement line items in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at June 30, 2018 and the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income for the six months ended June 30, 2018 were affected.
|  | June 30, 2018
|  | As Reported |  | Under Topic 605 |  | Effect of Change
Total current assets |  | $ | 221,688 |  | 216,688 |  | $ | 5,000
Total current liabilities |  |  | 15,609 |  | 14,609 |  |  | 1,000
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (313,524) |  | (317,524) |  |  | 4,000
|  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
|  | As Reported |  | Under Topic 605 |  | Effect of Change
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Licensing revenue |  | $ | 2,320 |  | 2,320 |  | $ | —
Other revenue |  |  | 30 |  | 30 |  |  | —
Cost of revenue |  |  | 464 |  | 464 |  |  | —
In May 2017, FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Scope of Modification Accounting (ASU 2017-09). The amendments included in this update provide guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. The amendments in this update will be applied prospectively to an award modified on or after the adoption date. On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2017-09 and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which replaces most current lease guidance when it becomes effective. This standard update intends to increase the transparency and improve comparability by requiring entities to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases, with certain exceptions. The new standard states that a lessee will recognize a lease liability for the obligation to make lease payments and a right-of-use asset for the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the consolidated statements of operations. The new guidance will be effective for the Company starting in the first quarter of fiscal 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company plans to adopt the new guidance effective January 1, 2019, and is currently evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. ASU 2018-07 is intended to reduce the cost and complexity and to improve financial reporting for nonemployee share-based payments. ASU 2018-07 expands the scope of Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (which currently only includes share-based payments to employees) to include share-based payments issued to nonemployees for goods or services. Consequently, the accounting for share-based payments to nonemployees and employees will be substantially aligned. ASU 2018-07 supersedes Subtopic 505-50, Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees. ASU 2018-07 is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements. The Company has reviewed all other significant newly-issued accounting pronouncements and concluded that they either are not applicable to the Company’s operations or no material effect is expected on its condensed consolidated financial statements as a result of future adoption.
Fair Value Measurements | Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three-level hierarchy for the inputs to valuation techniques is briefly summarized as follows: Level 1 – Valuations are based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and readily accessible by the Company at the reporting date. Examples of assets and liabilities utilizing Level 1 inputs are certain money market funds, U.S. Treasuries and trading securities with quoted prices on active markets. Level 2 – Valuations based on inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Examples of assets and liabilities utilizing Level 2 inputs are corporate bonds, commercial paper, certificates of deposit and over-the-counter derivatives. Level 3 – Valuations based on unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the Company to develop its own assumptions.

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