<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001104659-22-028658.txt : 20220301
<SEC-HEADER>0001104659-22-028658.hdr.sgml : 20220301
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20220301160619
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001104659-22-028658
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-8
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		8
FILED AS OF DATE:		20220301
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20220301
EFFECTIVENESS DATE:		20220301

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			ARDELYX, INC.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001437402
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		IRS NUMBER:				000000000
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-8
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-263145
		FILM NUMBER:		22697948

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		34175 ARDENWOOD BLVD.
		CITY:			FREMONT
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			94555
		BUSINESS PHONE:		510-745-7047

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		34175 ARDENWOOD BLVD.
		CITY:			FREMONT
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			94555

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	NTERYX INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20080611
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>S-8
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>tm227853d1_s8.htm
<DESCRIPTION>FORM S-8
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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
on March 1, 2022</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Registration&nbsp;No.&nbsp;333&#45;</B></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="width: 100%"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 2pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>UNITED STATES&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Washington, D.C. 20549</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>FORM&nbsp;S&#45;8</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>REGISTRATION STATEMENT</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><I>UNDER</I></B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><I>THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><IMG SRC="tm227853d1_s8img001.jpg" ALT="">&nbsp;<FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Ardelyx,&nbsp;Inc.&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Delaware</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>26&#45;1303944</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="color: #231f20"><B>400
Fifth Ave., Suite&nbsp;210, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451</B></FONT>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(510) 745&#45;1700</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Address, including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code, of registrant&#8217;s principal executive offices)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>2014 Equity Incentive Award Plan</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>2016 Employee Commencement Incentive Plan</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">(Full Title of the Plan)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Elizabeth Grammer</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Chief Legal and Administrative Officer</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Ardelyx,&nbsp;Inc.</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>400 Fifth Avenue, Suite&nbsp;210</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Waltham, MA 02451</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(510) 745&#45;1700</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone
number, including area code, of agent for service)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><I>Copies to:</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Mark V. Roeder,&nbsp;Esq.</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Latham&nbsp;&amp; Watkins LLP</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>140 Scott Drive</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Menlo Park, California 94025</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Telephone: (650)&nbsp;328&#45;4600</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Facsimile: (650)&nbsp;463&#45;2600</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated
filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of
 &#8220;large accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;smaller reporting company&#8221; and &#8220;emerging growth
company&#8221; in Rule&nbsp;12b&#45;2 of the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="width: 41%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Large&nbsp;accelerated&nbsp;filer</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 4%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#120;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 51%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accelerated&nbsp;filer</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Non-accelerated filer</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smaller&nbsp;reporting&nbsp;company</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></TD></TR>

<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="width: 41%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 4%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 51%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging growth&nbsp;company</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT>If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying
with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section&nbsp;7(a)(2)(B)&nbsp;of the Securities Act. <FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT><IMG SRC="image_002.jpg" ALT="" STYLE="height: 1px; width: 156px"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>This registration statement will become effective
upon filing in accordance with Rule&nbsp;462 under the Securities Act. Proposed sale to take place as soon after the effective date of
the registration statement as awards under the plans are exercised and/or vest.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>REGISTRATION OF ADDITIONAL
SECURITIES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">By a registration statement on Form&nbsp;S&#45;8
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;SEC&#8221;) on July&nbsp;14, 2014, File No.&nbsp;333&#45;197408 (the &#8220;Original
Registration Statement&#8221;), Ardelyx,&nbsp;Inc. (the &#8220;Registrant&#8221;) registered 1,646,134 shares of common stock, par value
$0.0001 per share (the &#8220;Common Stock&#8221;) issuable under the Ardelyx,&nbsp;Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Award Plan (the &#8220;2014
Plan&#8221;) and 202,762 shares of Common Stock issuable under the Ardelyx,&nbsp;Inc. 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the &#8220;ESPP&#8221;).
The Original Registration Statement also registered 880,497 shares of Common Stock issuable under the Ardelyx,&nbsp;Inc. 2008 Stock Incentive
Plan, as amended (the &#8220;2008 Plan&#8221;), which shares become available for issuance under the 2014 Plan to the extent awards under
the 2008 Plan are forfeited or lapse unexercised and are not issued under the 2008 Plan.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">By a registration statement on Form&nbsp;S&#45;8
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;SEC&#8221;) on November&nbsp;10, 2016, File No.&nbsp;333&#45;214538 (the
 &#8220;2016 Original Registration Statement&#8221;), the Registrant registered 1,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per
share (the &#8220;Common Stock&#8221;) issuable under the Ardelyx,&nbsp;Inc. 2016 Employment Commencement Incentive Plan (the &#8220;2016
Plan&#8221;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">By the registration statements on Form&nbsp;S-8
listed in the table below filed with the SEC, the Registrant registered the following additional shares of Common Stock issuable under
the 2014 Plan, the ESPP and the 2016 Plan:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="10" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Additional Shares Registered</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Filing Date</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">SEC File Number</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Description</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">2014 Plan</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">ESPP</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">2016 Plan</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">March&nbsp;11, 2015</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 15%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">333-202663</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 20%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">&ldquo;2015 Registration Statement&rdquo;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 10%; text-align: right">743,569</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 10%; text-align: right">185,892</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 10%; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">March&nbsp;10, 2016</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">333-210079</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">&ldquo;2016 Registration Statement&rdquo;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">1,038,595</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">February&nbsp;21, 2017</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">333-216154</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">&ldquo;2017 Registration Statement&rdquo;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">1,892,376</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">March&nbsp;16, 2018</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">333-223694</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">&ldquo;2018 Registration Statement&rdquo;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">1,901,339</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">March&nbsp;8, 2019</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">333-230156</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">&ldquo;2019 Registration Statement&rdquo;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">2,490,417</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">622,604</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">March&nbsp;10, 2020</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">333-237057</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">"2020 Registration Statement"</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">3,552,709</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">March&nbsp;12, 2021</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">333-254187</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1pt">"2021 Registration Statement"</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">3,743,999</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">935,999</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">457,767</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Registrant is hereby registering an additional
5,207,301 shares of Common Stock issuable under the 2014 Plan, which shares are now available for grant due to automatic annual increase
provision in the plan. The Registrant is also hereby registering an additional 2,000,000 shares of Common Stock issuable under the 2016
Plan, which shares are now available for grant following the action of the Board of Directors on January&nbsp;6, 2022.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to Instruction E of Form&nbsp;S&#45;8,
the contents of the Original Registration Statement, the 2015 Registration Statement, the 2016 Registration Statement, the 2017 Registration
Statement, the 2018 Registration Statement the 2019 Registration Statement, the 2020 Registration Statement and the 2021 Registration
Statement are incorporated by reference in this registration statement on Form&nbsp;S&#45;8.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PART&nbsp;I</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE SECTION&nbsp;10(a)&nbsp;PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The information called for in Part&nbsp;I of Form&nbsp;S&#45;8
is not being filed with or included in this Form&nbsp;S&#45;8 (by incorporation by reference or otherwise) in accordance with the rules&nbsp;and
regulations of the SEC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PART&nbsp;II</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>In this registration statement, Ardelyx,&nbsp;Inc.
is sometimes referred to as &#8220;Registrant,&#8221; &#8220;we,&#8221; &#8220;us&#8221; or &#8220;our.&#8221;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 3. <U>Incorporation&nbsp;of&nbsp;Documents&nbsp;by&nbsp;Reference</U>.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The SEC allows us to &#8220;incorporate by reference&#8221;
the information we file with them, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring to those documents. The
information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this registration statement, and later information filed with the SEC
will update and supersede this information. We hereby incorporate by reference into this registration statement the following documents
previously filed with the SEC:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 3%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 95%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1437402/000162828022004226/ardx-20211231.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">The Registrant&#8217;s Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10&#45;K for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2021, as filed with the SEC on February&nbsp;28, 2022 (File No.&nbsp;<FONT STYLE="background-color: White">001&#45;36485);</FONT> and</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001437402/000119312514230441/d740908d8a12b.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">The description of the Registrant&#8217;s Common Stock contained in the Registrant&#8217;s registration statement on Form&nbsp;8-A (File No.&nbsp;001-36485), filed by the Registrant with the SEC under Section&nbsp;12(b)&nbsp;of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &#8220;Exchange Act&#8221;), on June&nbsp;9, 2014</A></FONT>, including any amendments or reports filed for the purpose
    of updating such description</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">All documents that the Registrant subsequently
files pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 and 15(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act prior to the filing of a post-effective amendment to the
registration statement which indicates that all of the shares of Common Stock offered have been sold or which deregisters all of such
shares then remaining unsold, shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference in this registration statement and to be a part hereof from
the date of the filing of such documents; except as to any portion of any future annual or quarterly report to stockholders, or document
or current report furnished under any current or future items of Form&nbsp;8&#45;K (including current Items 2.02 and 7.01, and exhibits
furnished on such form that relate to such items), in each case, that is not deemed filed under such provisions. For the purposes of this
registration statement, any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed
to be modified or superseded to the extent that a statement contained herein or in any other subsequently filed document which also is
or is deemed to be incorporated by reference herein modifies or supersedes such statement. Any such statement so modified or superseded
shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this registration statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Under no circumstances will any information filed
under current Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form&nbsp;8&#45;K, and exhibits furnished on such form that relate to such items, be deemed incorporated
herein by reference unless such Form&nbsp;8&#45;K expressly provides to the contrary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 4. <U>Description&nbsp;of&nbsp;Securities</U>.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Not applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 5. <U>Interests&nbsp;of&nbsp;Named&nbsp;Experts&nbsp;and&nbsp;Counsel</U>.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Not applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 6. <U>Indemnification&nbsp;of&nbsp;Directors&nbsp;and&nbsp;Officers</U>.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As permitted by Section&nbsp;102 of the Delaware
General Corporation Law, we have adopted provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws that limit or
eliminate the personal liability of our directors for a breach of their fiduciary duties of care as directors. The duty of care generally
requires that, when acting on behalf of the corporation, directors exercise an informed business judgment based on all material information
reasonably available to them. Consequently, a director will not be personally liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages for
breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for liability for:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&#8226;</TD><TD>any breach of the director&#8217;s duty of loyalty to us or our stockholders;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&#8226;</TD><TD>any act or omission not in good faith or that involves intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&#8226;</TD><TD>any act related to unlawful stock repurchases, redemptions or other distributions or payment of dividends; or</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&#8226;</TD><TD>any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">These limitations of liability do not affect the
availability of equitable remedies such as injunctive relief or rescission. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation also
authorizes us to indemnify our officers, directors and other agents to the fullest extent permitted under Delaware law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As permitted by Section&nbsp;145 of the Delaware
General Corporation Law, our amended and restated bylaws provide that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&#8226;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">we may indemnify our directors, officers and employees to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law, subject
to limited exceptions;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&#8226;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">we may advance expenses to our directors, officers and employees in connection with a legal proceeding to the fullest extent permitted
by the Delaware General Corporation Law, subject to limited exceptions; and</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&#8226;</TD><TD>the rights provided in our amended and restated bylaws are not exclusive.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation
and our amended and restated bylaws provide for the indemnification provisions described above and elsewhere herein. We have also entered
into separate indemnification agreements with our directors and officers which may be broader than the specific indemnification provisions
contained in the Delaware General Corporation Law. These indemnification agreements generally require us, among other things, to indemnify
our officers and directors against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, other than
liabilities arising from willful misconduct. These indemnification agreements also generally require us to advance any expenses incurred
by the directors or officers as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they could be indemnified. In addition, we have purchased
a policy of directors&#8217; and officers&#8217; liability insurance that insures our directors and officers against the cost of defense,
settlement or payment of a judgment in some circumstances. These indemnification provisions and the indemnification agreements may be
sufficiently broad to permit indemnification of our officers and directors for liabilities, including reimbursement of expenses incurred,
arising under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 7. <U>Exemption&nbsp;from&nbsp;Registration&nbsp;Claimed</U>.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Not applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 8. <U>Exhibits</U>.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="5" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Incorporated
    by Reference</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Exhibit</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Number</B></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit&nbsp;Description</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Form</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Date</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Exhibit</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Number</B></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Filed</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Herewith</B></P></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1437402/000119312514247380/d748616dex31.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation</FONT>.</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8&#45;K</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June&nbsp;24,
    2014</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1437402/000119312514247380/d748616dex32.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended and Restated Bylaws</FONT>.</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8&#45;K</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June&nbsp;24,
    2014</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>

<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 9%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 43%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1437402/000119312514240520/d704770dex42.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of Common Stock Certificate</FONT>.</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 2%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 7%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S&#45;1/A</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 18%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June&nbsp;18,
    2014</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 9%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 8%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 0.1in"><A HREF="tm227853d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.1</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><A HREF="tm227853d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Opinion
    of Latham&nbsp;&amp; Watkins LLP.</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><A HREF="tm227853d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">X</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 0.1in"><A HREF="tm227853d1_ex23-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.1</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><A HREF="tm227853d1_ex23-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent
    of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><A HREF="tm227853d1_ex23-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">X</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 0.1in"><A HREF="tm227853d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.2</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><A HREF="tm227853d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent
    of Latham&nbsp;&amp; Watkins LLP (included in Exhibit&nbsp;5.1).</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><A HREF="tm227853d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">X</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">24.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><A HREF="#a_001"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Power of Attorney (included on signature page&nbsp;hereto)</FONT></A>.</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">X</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.1(#)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1437402/000119312514267896/d758186dex993.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Ardelyx,&nbsp;Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Award Plan</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S&#45;8</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">July&nbsp;14,
    2014</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.2(#)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1437402/000119312516764653/d276142dex991.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Ardelyx,&nbsp;Inc. 2016 Employment Commencement Incentive Plan</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-8</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">November&nbsp;10,
    2016</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.3(#)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1437402/000119312514229371/d704770dex106b.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Form&nbsp;of Stock Option Grant Notice and Stock Option Agreement under the Ardelyx,&nbsp;Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Award Plan</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S&#45;1/A</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June&nbsp;9,
    2014</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.6(b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.4(#)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1437402/000119312514229371/d704770dex106c.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Form&nbsp;of Restricted Stock Award Agreement and Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Ardelyx,&nbsp;Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Award Plan</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S&#45;1/A</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June&nbsp;9,
    2014</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.6(c)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 0.1in"><A HREF="tm227853d1_ex-filingfees.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">107.1</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt"><A HREF="tm227853d1_ex-filingfees.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Filing
    Fee Table.</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><A HREF="tm227853d1_ex-filingfees.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">X</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: white"><IMG SRC="image_002.jpg" ALT="" STYLE="height: 1px; width: 156px"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in">#Indicates&nbsp;management&nbsp;contract&nbsp;or&nbsp;compensatory&nbsp;plan.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 9. <U>Undertakings</U>.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(a)&nbsp;The Registrant hereby undertakes:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(1)&nbsp;To file, during any
period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify">(i)&nbsp;To include any prospectus required
by Section&nbsp;10(a)(3)&nbsp;of the Securities Act;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(ii)&nbsp;To reflect
in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective
amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration
statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities
offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range
may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)&nbsp;if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume
and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the &#8220;Calculation of Registration
Fee&#8221; table in the effective registration statement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify">(iii)&nbsp;To include any material information
with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information
in the registration statement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Provided, however, that paragraphs (a)(1)(i)&nbsp;and
(a)(1)(ii)&nbsp;do not apply if the registration statement is on Form&nbsp;S-8 and the information required to be included in a post-effective
amendment by those paragraphs is contained in periodic reports filed with or furnished to the SEC by the Registrant pursuant to Section&nbsp;13
or 15(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(1)&nbsp;That, for the purpose
of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement
relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide
offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(2)&nbsp;To remove from registration
by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(b)&nbsp;The Registrant hereby undertakes that,
for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the Registrant&#8217;s annual report pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a)&nbsp;or
15(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan&#8217;s annual report pursuant to Section&nbsp;15(d)&nbsp;of
the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating
to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering
thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(h)&nbsp;Insofar as indemnification for
liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant
pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such
indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a
claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a
director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted
by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in
the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the
question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the
final adjudication of such issue.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SIGNATURES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Act of 1933, as amended, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for
filing on Form&nbsp;S&#45;8 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly
authorized, in Fremont, California, on February&nbsp;28, 2022.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">RDELYX</FONT>,&nbsp;INC.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 51%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 7%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 42%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Michael Raab</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Michael Raab</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">President and Chief Executive Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_001"></A>POWER OF ATTORNEY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each
individual whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Michael Raab and Justin Renz, and each of them, as attorneys-in-fact,
each with the power of substitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments
(including post-effective amendments) to this Registration Statement, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and all documents
in connection therewith, with the SEC, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to
do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could
do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that such attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or their substitute or substitutes,
may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Act of 1933, as amended, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 37%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Signature</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 2%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 42%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Title</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 17%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Date</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Michael Raab</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">President,
    Chief Executive Officer and <BR>
Director <BR>
(<I>principal executive officer</I>)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February&nbsp;28, 2022</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Michael Raab</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Justin Renz</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief Financial Officer<BR>
(<I>principal financial officer and principal <BR>
accounting officer</I>)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February&nbsp;28, 2022</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Justin Renz</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ David Mott</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chairman of the Board of Directors</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February&nbsp;28, 2022</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">David Mott</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Robert Bazemore</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February&nbsp;28, 2022</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Robert Bazemore</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ William Bertrand,&nbsp;Jr.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February&nbsp;28, 2022</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">William Bertrand,&nbsp;Jr.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Muna Bhanji</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February&nbsp;28, 2022</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Muna Bhanji</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Geoffrey A. Block</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February&nbsp;28, 2022</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Geoffrey A. Block</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Onaiza Cadoret-Manier</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February&nbsp;28, 2022</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Onaiza Cadoret-Manier</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Jan M. Lundberg</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Director</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 93pt">&nbsp;</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February&nbsp;28, 2022</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Jan M. Lundberg, Ph.D.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Richard Rodgers</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD ROWSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February&nbsp;28, 2022</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Richard Rodgers</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 2.65pt; padding-left: 2.65pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>tm227853d1_ex5-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 5.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">140 Scott Drive</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">Menlo Park, California&nbsp;&nbsp;94025</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">Tel: +1.650.328.4600&nbsp;&nbsp;Fax: +1.650.463.2600</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">www.lw.com</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD ROWSPAN="4"><IMG SRC="tm227853d1_ex5-1img002.jpg" ALT=""></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">FIRM / AFFILIATE OFFICES</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>Austin</TD>
    <TD>Moscow</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>Beijing</TD>
    <TD>Munich</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>Boston</TD>
    <TD>New York</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 60%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%">Brussels</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 30%">Orange County</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>Century City</TD>
    <TD>Paris</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>Chicago</TD>
    <TD>Riyadh</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>February 28, 2022</TD>
    <TD>Dubai</TD>
    <TD>San Diego</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>D&uuml;sseldorf</TD>
    <TD>San Francisco</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>Frankfurt</TD>
    <TD>Seoul</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>Hamburg</TD>
    <TD>Shanghai</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>Hong Kong</TD>
    <TD>Silicon Valley</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>Houston</TD>
    <TD>Singapore</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>London</TD>
    <TD>Tel Aviv</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>Los Angeles</TD>
    <TD>Tokyo</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>Madrid</TD>
    <TD>Washington, D.C.</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>Milan</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Ardelyx, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in">400 Fifth Avenue, Suite 210</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in">Waltham, MA 32081</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><B>Re:</B></TD><TD><B><U>Registration Statement on Form S-8; 7,207,301 shares of Common Stock of Ardelyx, Inc., par value $0.0001 per share</U></B></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">To the addressee set forth above:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have acted as special counsel
to Ardelyx, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &ldquo;<B><I>Company</I></B>&rdquo;), in connection with the registration by the Company
of 7,207,301 shares of common stock of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share (the &ldquo;<B><I>Shares</I></B>&rdquo;), issuable under
the Company&rsquo;s 2014 Equity Incentive Award Plan (the &ldquo;<B><I>2014 Plan</I></B>&rdquo;) and 2016 Employment Commencement Incentive
Plan (the &ldquo;<B><I>2016 Plan</I></B>&rdquo; and together with the 2014 Plan, the &ldquo;<B><I>Plans</I></B>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Shares are included in
a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;<B><I>Act</I></B>&rdquo;), filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;<B><I>Commission</I></B>&rdquo;) on February 28, 2022 (the &ldquo;<B><I>Registration Statement</I></B>&rdquo;).
This opinion is being furnished in connection with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Act, and no opinion
is expressed herein as to any matter pertaining to the contents of the Registration Statement or the related prospectuses, other than
as expressly stated herein with respect to the issuance of the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As such counsel, we have examined
such matters of fact and questions of law as we have considered appropriate for purposes of this letter. With your consent, we have relied
upon certificates and other assurances of officers of the Company and others as to factual matters without having independently verified
such factual matters. We are opining herein as to the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the &ldquo;<B><I>DGCL</I></B>&rdquo;),
and we express no opinion with respect to any other laws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt">February 28, 2022</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt">Page 2</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tm227853d1_ex5-1img003.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to the foregoing and
the other matters set forth herein, it is our opinion that, as of the date hereof, when the Shares shall have been duly registered on
the books of the transfer agent and registrar therefor in the name or on behalf of the purchasers and have been issued by the Company
for legal consideration (not less than par value) in the circumstances contemplated by the Plans, assuming in each case that the individual
issuances, grants or awards under the Plans are duly authorized by all necessary corporate action and duly issued, granted or awarded
and exercised in accordance with the requirements of law and the Plans (and the agreements and awards duly adopted thereunder and in accordance
therewith), the issuance and sale of the Shares will have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company, and the
Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. In rendering the foregoing opinion, we have assumed that the Company will
comply with all applicable notice requirements regarding uncertificated shares provided in the DGCL.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This opinion is for your benefit
in connection with the Registration Statement and may be relied upon by you and by persons entitled to rely upon it pursuant to the applicable
provisions of the Act. We consent to your filing this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement. In giving such consent, we
do not thereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section&nbsp;7 of the Act or the rules and
regulations of the Commission thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Sincerely,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">/s/ Latham &amp; Watkins LLP</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 3in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 3in"></P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>tm227853d1_ex23-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 23.1
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 23.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting
Firm</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We consent to the incorporation by reference in
the Registration Statement (Form S-8) pertaining to the 2014 Equity Incentive Award Plan, 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and 2016 Employment
Commencement Incentive Plan of Ardelyx, Inc. of our reports dated February&nbsp;28, 2022, with respect to the financial statements of
Ardelyx, Inc. and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Ardelyx, Inc. included in its Annual Report (Form
10-K) for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2021, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">/s/ Ernst &amp; Young LLP</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Redwood City, California</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">February&nbsp;28, 2022</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-FILING FEES
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>tm227853d1_ex-filingfees.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-FILING FEES
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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit&nbsp;107.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Calculation of Filing Fee Tables</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Form&nbsp;S-8&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Form&nbsp;Type)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Ardelyx,&nbsp;Inc.</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><U>Table 1: Newly Registered Securities</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">Security Type</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">Security Class&nbsp;<BR>
Title</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">Fee Calculation Rule</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">Amount
    Registered<SUP>(1)</SUP></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Proposed
    <BR>
    Maximum Offering<BR>
    Price Per Unit<SUP>(2)</SUP></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Maximum<BR>
 Aggregate Offering<BR>
 Price</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">Fee Rate</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">Amount of Registration Fee</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 8%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 3.85pt; vertical-align: top">Equity</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 12%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 3.85pt">Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 12%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 1.5pt">Rule&nbsp;457(c)&nbsp;and Rule&nbsp;457(h)</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5,207,301
</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(3)</SUP></FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 13%; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">0.75</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 13%; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">3,905,475.75</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 8%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 1.5pt">$92.70 per $1,000,000</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 12%; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">362.04</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 3.85pt; vertical-align: top">Equity</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 3.85pt">Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 1.5pt">Rule&nbsp;457(c)&nbsp;and Rule&nbsp;457(h)</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">2,000,000</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(4)</SUP></FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">0.75</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">1,500,000.00</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 1.5pt">$92.70 per $1,000,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">139.05</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD COLSPAN="6" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 1.5pt">Total Offering Amounts</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">5,405,475.75</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 1.5pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">501.09</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD COLSPAN="6" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 1.5pt">Total Fee Offsets</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 1.5pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><SUP>(5)</SUP></FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD COLSPAN="6" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 1.5pt">Net Fee Due</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 1.5pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">501.09</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 1.75pt 1.25pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 1.75pt 1.25pt 1.75pt 0.05in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant to Rule&nbsp;416(a)&nbsp;under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;Securities Act&#8221;), this registration statement shall also cover any additional shares of the Registrant&#8217;s common stock that become issuable under the 2014 Equity Incentive Award Plan (the &#8220;2014 Plan&#8221;), the 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the &#8220;ESPP&#8221;) or the 2016 Employee Commencement Incentive Plan by reason of any stock dividend, stock split, recapitalization or similar transaction effected without the Registrant&#8217;s receipt of consideration which would increase the number of outstanding shares of common stock.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 1.75pt 1.25pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 1.75pt 1.25pt 1.75pt 0.05in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the amount of the registration fee pursuant to Rule&nbsp;457(h)&nbsp;and Rule&nbsp;457(c)&nbsp;promulgated under the Securities Act. The proposed maximum offering price per share and the proposed maximum aggregate offering price for shares reserved for future issuance under the 2014 Plan are based on the average of the high and the low price of Registrant&#8217;s Common Stock as reported on The Nasdaq Global Market on February&nbsp;25, 2022.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 1.75pt 1.25pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(3)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 1.75pt 1.25pt 1.75pt 0.05in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Represents the shares of the Registrant&#8217;s common stock issuable under the 2014 Plan resulting from an annual increase as of January&nbsp;1, 2022.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 1.75pt 1.25pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(4)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 1.75pt 1.25pt 1.75pt 0.05in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Represents the shares of the Registrant&#8217;s common stock issuable under the 2016 Employment Commencement Incentive Plan resulting from an increase as of January&nbsp;6, 2022.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding: 1.75pt 1.25pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(5)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding: 1.75pt 1.25pt 1.75pt 0.05in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Registrant does not have any fee offsets.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">&nbsp;</P>



<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
