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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2011
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

1.     Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

        CRA International, Inc. (the "Company," or "CRA") is a worldwide leading consulting services firm that applies advanced analytic techniques and in-depth industry knowledge to complex engagements for a broad range of clients. CRA offers services in two broad areas: litigation, regulatory, and financial consulting and management consulting. CRA operates in one business segment, which is consulting services. CRA operates its business under its registered trade name, Charles River Associates.

Fiscal Year Change

        On December 17, 2010, the Company's Board of Directors approved a change in the Company's fiscal year end from the last Saturday in November to the Saturday nearest December 31 of each year. The fiscal year change was effective beginning with the 2011 fiscal year, which began January 2, 2011 and ended December 31, 2011. As a result of the change, the Company had a five-week transition period which began November 28, 2010 and ended January 1, 2011 ("transition period"). The audited results of the five-week transition period are presented herein. The fiscal year change was not effective until after the completion of the 2010 fiscal year. Therefore, the prior year comparative financial and other information reported in the financial statements herein continues to be presented based on the Company's prior fiscal year end calendar.

        CRA's fiscal years periodically contain 53 weeks rather than 52 weeks. Fiscal 2011, fiscal 2010 and fiscal 2009 were 52-week years.

Principles of Consolidation

        The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. In addition, as more fully explained below, the consolidated financial statements include the Company's interest in NeuCo, Inc. ("NeuCo"). All significant intercompany accounts have been eliminated.

NeuCo Interest

        During fiscal 2009, the Company's ownership interest in NeuCo was 49.15%. During fiscal 2010, NeuCo acquired $0.9 million of its outstanding shares. As a result of this transaction, the Company's ownership interest in NeuCo increased from 49.15% to 55.89%. CRA's ownership interest has constituted control under GAAP for all periods presented. Therefore, NeuCo's financial results have been consolidated with CRA and the portion of NeuCo's results allocable to its other owners is shown as "noncontrolling interest." The increase in the Company's ownership in NeuCo during the second quarter of fiscal 2010 was accounted for as an adjustment to shareholders' equity in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

        NeuCo's revenues included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for fiscal 2011, the five-week transition period ended January 1, 2011, fiscal 2010, and fiscal 2009 totaled approximately $6.2 million, $0.4 million, $6.4 million, and $8.9 million, respectively. NeuCo's net income included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for fiscal 2011 was approximately $0.2 million. NeuCo's net loss included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the five-week transition period ended January 1, 2011, fiscal 2010, and fiscal 2009 totaled approximately $0.1 million, $1.3 million, and $1.5 million, respectively. NeuCo's net income, net of amounts allocable to its other owners, included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for fiscal 2011 was approximately $0.1 million. NeuCo's net loss, net of amounts allocable to its other owners, included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the five-week transition period ended January 1, 2011, fiscal 2010, and fiscal 2009 totaled approximately $39,000, $0.7 million, and $0.8 million, respectively.

        NeuCo's interim reporting schedule is based on calendar month-ends, and its fiscal year end is the last Saturday of November. Prior to CRA changing its fiscal year, the first three quarters of CRA's fiscal year could have included up to a three-week reporting lag between CRA's quarter end and the most recent financial statements available from NeuCo. Starting with the new fiscal year beginning January 2, 2011, CRA's quarterly results could include a few days reporting lag between CRA's quarter end and the most recent financial statements available from NeuCo. CRA does not believe that the reporting lag, if any, will have a significant impact on CRA's consolidated statements of operations or financial condition.

Estimates

        The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires management to make significant estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of consolidated revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, accounts receivable allowances, revenue recognition on fixed price contracts, depreciation of property and equipment, share-based compensation, valuation of acquired intangible assets, impairment of long lived assets, goodwill, accrued and deferred income taxes, valuation allowances on deferred tax assets, accrued compensation, accrued exit costs, and other accrued expenses. These items are monitored and analyzed by the Company for changes in facts and circumstances, and material changes in these estimates could occur in the future. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. CRA bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that CRA believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from those estimates if CRA's assumptions based on past experience or other assumptions do not turn out to be substantially accurate.

Revenue Recognition

        CRA derives substantially all of its revenues from the performance of professional services. The contracts that CRA enters into and operates under specify whether the engagement will be billed on a time-and-materials or a fixed-price basis. These engagements generally last three to six months, although some of CRA's engagements can be much longer in duration. Each contract must be approved by one of CRA's vice presidents.

        CRA recognizes substantially all of its revenues under written service contracts with its clients when the fee is fixed or determinable, as the services are provided, and only in those situations where collection from the client is reasonably assured and sufficient contractual documentation has been obtained. In certain cases CRA provides services to its clients without sufficient contractual documentation, or fees are tied to performance-based criteria, which require the Company to defer revenue in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In these cases, these amounts are fully reserved until all criteria for recognizing revenue are met.

        Most of CRA's revenue is derived from time-and-materials service contracts. Revenues from time-and-materials service contracts are recognized as services are provided based upon hours worked and contractually agreed-upon hourly rates, as well as indirect fees based upon hours worked.

        Revenues from the majority of the Company's fixed-price engagements are recognized on a proportional performance method based on the ratio of costs incurred, substantially all of which are labor-related, to the total estimated project costs. CRA derived approximately 22%, 26%, 21%, and 12% of consolidated revenues from fixed-price engagements in fiscal 2011, the five-week transition period ended January 1, 2011, fiscal 2010, and fiscal 2009, respectively. Project costs are based on the direct salary of the consultants on the engagement plus all direct expenses incurred to complete the engagement. The proportional performance method is used since reasonably dependable estimates of the revenues and costs applicable to various stages of a contract can be made, based on historical experience and terms set forth in the contract, and are indicative of the level of benefit provided to CRA's clients. Fixed-price contracts generally include a termination provision that converts the agreement to a time-and-materials contract in the event of termination of the contract. CRA's management maintains contact with project managers to discuss the status of the projects and, for fixed-price engagements, management is updated on the budgeted costs and resources required to complete the project. These budgets are then used to calculate revenue recognition and to estimate the anticipated income or loss on the project. Occasionally, CRA has been required to commit unanticipated additional resources to complete projects, which has resulted in lower than anticipated income or losses on those contracts. CRA may experience similar situations in the future. Provisions for estimated losses on contracts are made during the period in which such losses become probable and can be reasonably estimated. To date, such losses have not been significant.

        Revenues also include reimbursable expenses, which include travel and other out-of-pocket expenses, outside consultants, and other reimbursable expenses. Reimbursable expenses are as follows (in thousands):

 
  Year Ended   Transition
Period
  Year Ended   Year Ended  
 
  December 31,
2011
(52 weeks)
  January 1,
2011
(5 weeks)
  November 27,
2010
(52 weeks)
  November 28,
2009
(52 weeks)
 

Reimbursable expenses

  $ 39,722   $ 2,936   $ 37,585   $ 43,961  

        CRA maintains accounts receivable allowances for estimated losses and disputed amounts resulting from clients' failure to make required payments. The Company bases its estimates on historical collection experience, current trends, and credit policy. In determining these estimates, CRA examines historical write-offs of its receivables and reviews client accounts to identify any specific customer collection issues. If the financial condition of CRA's customers were to deteriorate or disputes were to arise regarding the services provided, resulting in an impairment of their ability or intent to make payment, additional allowances may be required.

        Unbilled services represent revenue recognized by CRA for services performed but not yet billed to the client. Deferred revenue represents amounts billed or collected in advance of services rendered.

        CRA collects goods and services and value added taxes from customers and records these amounts on a net basis, which is within the scope of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 605-45, "Principal Agent Considerations".

Cash Equivalents and Investments

        Cash equivalents consist principally of funds holding only U.S. government obligations, money market funds, and commercial paper, with maturities of three months or less when purchased. As of December 31, 2011, a portion of the Company's cash accounts was concentrated at a single financial institution, which potentially exposes the Company to credit risks. As of December 31, 2011, the financial institution has generally "stable" credit ratings and the Company has not experienced any losses related to such accounts. The short-term credit rating of this financial institution is A-1 by Standard & Poor's ratings services. The Company does not believe that there is significant risk of non-performance by the financial institution, the cash on deposit is fully liquid, the Company continually monitors the credit ratings of the institution, and limits the amount of cash maintained at this institution.

        Short-term investments generally consist of commercial paper and Canadian government bonds and have maturities of more than three months and less than one year when purchased. These short-term investments are expected to be held-to-maturity and are classified as such in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The carrying amounts of these instruments classified as cash equivalents and short-term investments are stated at amortized cost, which approximates fair value because of their short-term maturity. As of December 31, 2011, short-term investments included $14.5 million in commercial paper and are considered Level 2 inputs within the fair value hierarchy. At January 1, 2011, CRA did not hold any short-term investments. At November 27, 2010, short-term investments included $4.5 million in commercial paper and $1.8 million in Canadian government bonds which were considered Level 2 and Level 1 inputs, respectively, within the fair value hierarchy.

        If a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis of an investment is judged to be other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the investment is written down to fair value. For those investments for which the fair value of the investment is less than its amortized cost, the credit-related portion of other-than-temporary impairment losses is recognized in earnings while the noncredit-related portion is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of related taxes. The Company does not intend to sell such investments, if any, and it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell such investments prior to the recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current period credit losses. During fiscal 2011, the five-week transition period ended January 1, 2011, fiscal 2010, and fiscal 2009, the Company did not write-down any investment balances.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

        The Company's financial instruments, including cash, cash equivalents, investments, accounts receivable, receivables from employees and non-employee experts, accounts payable, and accrued expenses, are carried at cost, which approximates their fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments or the stated interest rates are indicative of market interest rates.

Goodwill

        In accordance with ASC Topic 350, "Intangibles—Goodwill and Other", goodwill is not subject to amortization, but is monitored at least annually for impairment, or more frequently, as necessary, if there are other indicators of impairment. For the Company's goodwill impairment analysis, the Company operates under one reporting unit. Any impairment would be measured based upon the fair value of the related asset. Under ASC Topic 350, in performing the first step of the goodwill impairment testing and measurement process, the Company compares its entity-wide estimated fair value to net book value to identify potential impairment. Management estimates the entity-wide fair value utilizing the Company's market capitalization, plus an appropriate control premium. Market capitalization is determined by multiplying the shares outstanding on the assessment date by the average market price of CRA's common stock over a reasonable period of time based upon management's judgment. The Company has utilized a control premium which considers appropriate industry, market and other pertinent factors, including indications of such premiums from data on recent acquisition transactions. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the book value, the second step is performed to determine if goodwill is impaired. If the Company determines through the impairment evaluation process that goodwill has been impaired, an impairment charge would be recorded in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company completed the annual impairment test required during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2011 and determined that there was no impairment. At the time of the annual test, the entity-wide estimated fair value exceeded the net book value by approximately 25%. The Company continues to monitor its market capitalization. If the Company's market capitalization, plus an estimated control premium, is below its carrying value for a period considered to be other-than-temporary, it is possible that the Company may be required to record an impairment of goodwill either as a result of the annual assessment that the Company conducts in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, or in a future quarter if an indication of potential impairment is evident. A non-cash goodwill impairment charge would have the affect of decreasing the Company's earnings in such period.

Intangible Assets

        Intangible assets that are separable from goodwill and have determinable useful lives are valued separately and amortized over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight line basis over the related estimated lives and consist of non-competition agreements, customer relationships, customer lists, developed technology, and trademarks, which are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over their remaining useful lives of four to ten years.

Property and Equipment

        Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of three years for computer equipment, three to five years for computer software, and ten years for furniture and fixtures. Amortization of leasehold improvements is calculated using the straight-line method over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the leasehold improvements. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Expenditures for renewals and betterments are capitalized.

Leases and Deferred Rent

        The Company leases all of its office space. Leases are evaluated and classified as operating or capital leases for financial reporting purposes. For leases that contain rent escalations and rent holidays, the Company records the total rent payable during the lease term, as determined above, on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease and records the difference between the rents paid and the straight-line rent as deferred rent. Additionally, any tenant improvement allowances received from the lessor are recorded as a reduction to deferred rent.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

        The Company reviews the carrying value of its long-lived assets (primarily property and equipment, receivables from employees and non-employee experts, and intangible assets) to assess the recoverability of these assets whenever events indicate that impairment may have occurred. Factors CRA considers important that could trigger an impairment review include the following:

  • a significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results;

    a significant change in the manner of CRA's use of the acquired asset or the strategy for CRA's overall business;

    a significant negative industry or economic trend; and

    CRA's entity-wide fair value relative to net book value.

        If CRA determines that an impairment review is required, CRA would review the expected future undiscounted cash flows to be generated by the assets or asset groups. If CRA determines that the carrying value of long-lived assets or asset groups may not be recoverable, CRA would measure any impairment based on a projected discounted cash flow method using a discount rate determined by CRA to be commensurate with the risk inherent in CRA's current business model. If impairment is indicated through this review, the carrying amount of the assets would be reduced to their estimated fair value.

Concentration of Credit Risk

        The Company's billed and unbilled receivables consist of receivables from a broad range of clients in a variety of industries located throughout the U.S. and in other countries. The Company performs a credit evaluation of its clients to minimize its collectability risk. Periodically, the Company will require advance payment from certain clients. However, the Company does not require collateral or other security. Historically, the Company has not experienced significant write-offs. The Company maintains accounts receivable allowances for estimated losses and disputed amounts resulting from clients' failures to make required payments. The Company bases its estimates on historical collection experience, current trends, and credit policy. In determining these estimates, CRA examines historical write-offs of its receivables and reviews client accounts to identify any specific customer collection issues. If the financial condition of any of CRA's customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability or intent to make payment, additional allowances may be required.

        A rollforward of the accounts receivable allowances is as follows (in thousands):

 
   
  Transition
Period
   
 
 
  Fiscal
Year
  Fiscal
Year
 
 
  January 1,
2011
 
 
  2011   2010  

Balance at beginning of period

  $ 7,036   $ 6,946   $ 6,812  

Change related to NeuCo

    (155 )       13  

Additions charged to revenues

    4,628     646     2,733  

Amounts written off

    (4,961 )   (556 )   (2,612 )
               

Balance at end of period

  $ 6,548   $ 7,036   $ 6,946  
               

        Amounts deemed uncollectible, either due to the client's inability or unwillingness to pay, are recorded as a reduction to revenues.

Share-Based Compensation

        CRA accounts for equity-based compensation using a fair value based recognition method. Under the fair value recognition requirements of ASC Topic 718, "Compensation-Stock Compensation" ("ASC Topic 718"), share-based compensation cost is estimated at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period of the award. The amount of share-based compensation expense recognized at any date must at least equal the portion of grant date value of the award that is vested at that date.

        For share-based awards granted to non-employee experts, CRA accounts for the compensation under variable accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 718 and ASC Topic 505-50, "Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees" (formerly Emerging Issues Task Force 96-18, "Accounting for Equity Instruments That Are Issued to Other Than Employees for Acquiring, or in Conjunction with Selling, Goods or Services"), and recognizes the cost over the related vesting period. For performance-based restricted stock units awarded to employees, CRA accounts for the compensation under variable accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 718, and recognizes the cost over the related vesting period.

Income Taxes

        The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based upon anticipated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective income tax bases, and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized.

        In addition, the calculation of the Company's tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in several different tax jurisdictions. The Company records liabilities for estimated tax obligations resulting in a provision for taxes that may become payable in the future, in accordance with ASC Topic 740-10, "Income Taxes," which prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, and disclosure. CRA includes accrued interest and penalties, if any, related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense.

Foreign Currency Translation

        Balance sheet accounts of the Company's foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at year-end exchange rates and operating accounts are translated at average exchange rates for each year. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded in shareholders' equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Foreign currency transactions are translated at current exchanges rates, with adjustments recorded in the statement of operations. The effect of transaction gains and losses recorded in income (loss) amounted to a loss of $0.4 million for fiscal 2011, a gain of $47,000 during the five-week transition period ended January 1, 2011, a loss of $0.5 million for fiscal 2010, and a gain of $44,000 for fiscal 2009.

Recent Accounting Standards

Goodwill

        In September 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2011-08, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Testing Goodwill for Impairment ("ASU 2011-08"). The objective of ASU 2011-08 is to simplify how entities test goodwill for impairment. The amendments in ASU 2011-08 permit an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test described in Topic 350. The more-likely-than-not threshold is defined as having a likelihood of more than 50 percent. ASU 2011-08 is effective for annual and interim goodwill impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2011. Early adoption is permitted. The Company believes the adoption of ASU 2011-08 will have no impact on its financial position, results of operations, cash flows, or disclosures.

        In December 2010, the FASB issued ASU No. 2010-28, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): When to Perform Step 2 of the Goodwill Impairment Test for Reporting Units with Zero or Negative Carrying Amounts ("ASU 2010-28"). ASU 2010-28 clarifies the requirement to test for impairment of goodwill. Topic 350 requires that goodwill be tested for impairment if the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. Under ASU 2010-28, when the carrying amount of a reporting unit is zero or negative, an entity must assume that it is more likely than not that a goodwill impairment exists, perform an additional test to determine whether goodwill has been impaired, and calculate the amount of that impairment. The modifications to Topic 350 resulting from the issuance of ASU 2010-28 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2010 and interim periods within those years. The adoption of the provisions of ASU 2010-28 had no effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations, cash flows, or disclosures.

Comprehensive Income

        In June 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-05, Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Presentation of Comprehensive Income ("ASU 2011-05"). The objective of ASU 2011-05 is to increase the prominence of items reported in other comprehensive income. The main provisions of ASU 2011-05 provide that an entity that reports items of other comprehensive income has the option to present comprehensive income in either one or two consecutive financial statements. The option in current U.S. GAAP that permits the presentation of other comprehensive income in the statement of changes in equity has been eliminated. ASU 2011-05 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2011 and should be applied retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company believes the adoption of ASU 2011-05 changes its financial statement presentation but will have no impact on its financial position, results of operations, cash flows, or disclosures.

Fair Value Measurements

        In May 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-04, Fair Value Measurements (Topic 820): Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRSs ("ASU 2011-04"). ASU 2011-04 does not require additional fair value measurements and is primarily a convergence of words between U.S. GAAP and IFRS. ASU 2011-04 is effective for the first interim or annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2011, and the Company believes the adoption of ASU 2011-04 will have no impact on its financial position, results of operations, cash flows, or disclosures.

Business Combinations

        In December 2010, the FASB issued ASU No. 2010-29, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Disclosure of Supplementary Pro Forma Information for Business Combinations ("ASU 2010-29"), which requires a public entity to disclose pro forma information for business combinations that occurred in the current reporting period. The amendments in ASU 2010-29 are effective prospectively for business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2010. The adoption of the provisions of ASU 2010-29 had no effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations, cash flows, or disclosures.