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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes The components of the provision for income taxes were as follows:
| Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 33,523 |  |  | $ | 40,113 |  |  | $ | 75,525 |
State | 10,171 |  |  | 19,107 |  |  | 24,974 |
Total current tax expense (benefit) | 43,694 |  |  | 59,220 |  |  | 100,499 |
Deferred |  |  |  |  |
Federal | 789 |  |  | (1,506) |  |  | (6,241) |
State | 605 |  |  | (454) |  |  | (3,423) |
Total deferred tax expense (benefit) | 1,394 |  |  | (1,960) |  |  | (9,664) |
Total expense (benefit) for income taxes | $ | 45,088 |  |  | $ | 57,260 |  |  | $ | 90,835 |
The following presents a reconciliation of the provision (benefit) for income taxes computed at the federal statutory rate to the provision (benefit) for income taxes recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years indicated:
| Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Tax at statutory rate | $ | 39,178 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 34,416 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 74,271 |  |  | 21 | %
State taxes, net of federal benefit | 9,240 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 14,736 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 17,283 |  |  | 5 | %
Excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation | (1,767) |  |  | (1) | % |  | (2,792) |  |  | (1) | % |  | (4,095) |  |  | (1) | %
Nondeductible compensation | 2,106 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 2,356 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 3,461 |  |  | 1 | %
Effect of net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | (2,299) |  |  | (1) | % |  | (1,435) |  |  | (1) | % |  | (2,637) |  |  | (1) | %
Change in valuation allowance | (1,547) |  |  | (1) | % |  | 9,596 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 1,941 |  |  | 1 | %
Other, net | 177 |  |  | — | % |  | 383 |  |  | — | % |  | 611 |  |  | — | %
Income tax expense (benefit) | $ | 45,088 |  |  | 24 | % |  | $ | 57,260 |  |  | 35 | % |  | $ | 90,835 |  |  | 26 | %
The provision for income taxes reflects U.S. federal, state and local taxes at an effective tax rate of 24%, 35% and 26% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company's tax position for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was impacted by changes in the valuation allowance related to the unrealized and realized gains and losses on the Company's investments. Deferred taxes resulted from temporary differences between the amounts reported on the consolidated financial statements and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. The tax effects of temporary differences were as follows:
| December 31,
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Intangible assets | $ | 19,206 |  |  | $ | 17,773 |
Net operating losses | 10,754 |  |  | 11,881 |
Compensation accruals | 19,614 |  |  | 16,813 |
Lease liability | 19,009 |  |  | 10,026 |
Investments | 11,643 |  |  | 18,283 |
Capital losses | 6,139 |  |  | 2,197 |
Other | 2,188 |  |  | 94 |
Gross deferred tax assets | 88,553 |  |  | 77,067 |
Valuation allowance | (16,539) |  |  | (19,480) |
Gross deferred tax assets after valuation allowance | 72,014 |  |  | 57,587 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Intangible assets | (26,746) |  |  | (24,163) |
Right of use asset | (15,677) |  |  | (7,672) |
Fixed assets | (4,197) |  |  | (1,869) |
Other investments | (370) |  |  | (712) |
Gross deferred tax liabilities | (46,990) |  |  | (34,416) |
Deferred tax assets, net | $ | 25,024 |  |  | $ | 23,171 |
At each reporting date, the Company evaluates the positive and negative evidence used to determine the likelihood of realization of its deferred tax assets. The Company maintained a valuation allowance in the amount of $16.5 million and $19.5 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, relating to deferred tax assets on items of a capital nature as well as certain state deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had net operating loss carry-forwards for federal income tax purposes represented by a $6.1 million deferred tax asset. The related federal net operating loss carry-forwards are scheduled to begin to expire in the year 2031. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had state net operating loss carry-forwards, varying by subsidiary and jurisdiction, represented by a $4.6 million deferred tax asset. Certain state net operating loss carry-forwards are scheduled to begin to expire in 2024. Internal Revenue Code Section 382 ("Section 382") limits tax deductions for net operating losses, capital losses and net unrealized built-in losses after there is a substantial change in ownership in a corporation's stock involving a 50-percentage point increase in ownership by 5% or larger stockholders. At December 31, 2023, the Company had pre-change losses represented by deferred tax assets totaling $7.0 million that are subject to Section 382 limits. The utilization of these assets is subject to an annual limitation of $1.1 million. Activity in unrecognized tax benefits were as follows:
| Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 856 |  |  | $ | 1,235 |  |  | $ | 1,021 |
Decrease related to tax positions taken in prior years | (214) |  |  | (593) |  |  | — |
Increase related to positions taken in the current year | 214 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 214 |
Balance, end of year | $ | 856 |  |  | $ | 856 |  |  | $ | 1,235 |
If recognized, $0.7 million of the $0.9 million gross unrecognized tax benefit balance at December 31, 2023 would favorably impact the Company's effective income tax rate. The Company does not expect any significant changes to its liability for unrecognized tax benefits during the next 12 months. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters within income tax expense. The Company recorded no interest or penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. The earliest federal tax year that remains open for examination is 2020. The earliest open years in the Company's major state tax jurisdictions are 2010 for Connecticut and 2020 for all of the Company's remaining state tax jurisdictions.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 946 -SubTopic 20 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 13 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480990/946-20-50-13 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2)) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//740/tableOfContent Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 14 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-14 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 21 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-21 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 270 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482526/740-270-50-1 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 17 -Subparagraph (b) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-17 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.5.Q1) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479360/740-10-S99-1 Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479360/740-10-S99-2 Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 30 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (a) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482603/740-30-50-2 + Details
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